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Paná S, Marinelli MV, Bonansea M, Ferral A, Valente D, Camacho Valdez V, Petrosillo I. The multiscale nexus among land use-land cover changes and water quality in the Suquía River Basin, a semi-arid region of Argentina. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4670. [PMID: 38409175 PMCID: PMC10897139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Agricultural intensification and urban sprawl have led to significant alterations in riverscapes, and one of the critical consequences is the deterioration of water quality with significant implications for public health. Therefore, the objectives of this study were the assessment of the water quality of the Suquía River, the assessment of LULC change at different spatial scales, and the analysis of the potential seasonal correlation among LULC change and Water Quality Index (WQI). The Sample Sites (SS) 1 and 2 before Cordoba city had the highest WQI values while from SS3 the WQI decreased, with the lowest WQI close to the wastewater treatment plant (SS7) after Cordoba city. From SS8 in a agricultural context, the WQI increases but does not reach the original values. In light of analysis carried out, the correlation between water quality variables and the different LULC classes at the local and regional scales demonstrated that WQI is negatively affected by agricultural and urban activities, while natural classes impacted positively. The spatialization of the results can help strongly in assessing and managing the diffusion of point and non-point pollution along the riverscape. The knowledge gained from this research can play a crucial role in water resources management, which supports the provision of river ecosystem services essential for the well-being of local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Paná
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Cdad. de Valparaíso S/N, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Gulich, Centro Espacial Teófilo Tabanera, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONAE, Ruta 45 km 8, Falda del Cañete, 5187, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Victoria Marinelli
- Instituto Gulich, Centro Espacial Teófilo Tabanera, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONAE, Ruta 45 km 8, Falda del Cañete, 5187, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Matías Bonansea
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Cdad. de Valparaíso S/N, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Departamento de Estudios Básicos y Agropecuarios, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria (FAyV), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Argentina.
| | - Anabella Ferral
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Cdad. de Valparaíso S/N, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Gulich, Centro Espacial Teófilo Tabanera, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONAE, Ruta 45 km 8, Falda del Cañete, 5187, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Donatella Valente
- Laboratory of Landscape Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov. Le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Vera Camacho Valdez
- CONAHCYT- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de las Casas, México
| | - Irene Petrosillo
- Laboratory of Landscape Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov. Le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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Malafaia G, Rahman MM, Islam ARMT, Arias AH, Da-Silva-Júnior FMR. Do human pathogens represent a threat to aquatic organisms? A question with few ecotoxicological answers. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 266:106805. [PMID: 38145608 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh; Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andrés Hugo Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Flávio Manoel Rodrigues Da-Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos - LEFT, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande-RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande-RS, Brazil
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Denpetkul T, Pumkaew M, Sittipunsakda O, Sresung M, Chyerochana N, Kongprajug A, Rattanakul S, Patarapongsant Y, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of the gastrointestinal risks to swimmers at Southeast Asian urban beaches using site-specific and combined autochthonous and fecal bacteria exposure data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:165818. [PMID: 37517714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Recreational exposure to microbial pollution at urban beaches poses a health risk to beachgoers. The accurate quantification of such risks is crucial in managing beaches effectively and establishing warning guidelines. In this study, we employed a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) framework to assess marine water quality and estimate the risks associated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an autochthonous pathogen that causes gastrointestinal illnesses, and enterococci, a traditional fecal bacteria indicator. The microbial contamination levels of V. parahaemolyticus and enterococci were determined from 48 water samples collected at two beaches in Thailand during dry and wet seasons. The accidentally ingested water volumes were obtained through a survey involving 438 respondents. The probability of illness (Pill) was estimated using dose-response models and Monte Carlo simulation. The results revealed that enterococci posed a higher risk of illness than V. parahaemolyticus at all seven study sites. The median combined gastrointestinal (GI) risk from both bacteria at all sites met the US EPA risk benchmark of 0.036 and the 0.05 benchmark set by the WHO, but the 95th percentile risk data at all sites exceeded the benchmarks. This emphasizes the need for the continuous monitoring and management of microbial pollution at these sites. The site-specific exposure data showed higher estimated risks with increased variations compared to the WHO-referenced values, which highlights the significance of locally measured microbial concentrations and survey exposure data to avoid underestimation. Estimating the risks from recreational exposure to waterborne bacteria can inform beach management policies aimed at reducing public health risks to swimmers. The study findings improve the understanding of the risks associated with water recreation activities at Southeast Asian beaches and offer valuable insights for the development of water quality guidelines, which are crucial for the sustainable development of the blue economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thammanitchpol Denpetkul
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Monchai Pumkaew
- Environmental Engineering and Disaster Management Program, School of Multidisciplinary, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand
| | - Oranoot Sittipunsakda
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Montakarn Sresung
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Surapong Rattanakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Yupin Patarapongsant
- Behavioral Research and Informatics in Social Sciences Research Unit (RU-BRI), SASIN School of Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Ishaq S, Sadiq R, Chhipi-Shrestha G, Farooq S, Hewage K. Developing an Integrated "Regression-QMRA method" to Predict Public Health Risks of Low Impact Developments (LIDs) for Improved Planning. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 70:633-649. [PMID: 35543727 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide Low Impact Developments (LIDs) are used for sustainable stormwater management; however, both the stormwater and LIDs carry microbial pathogens. The widespread development of LIDs is likely to increase human exposure to pathogens and risk of infection, leading to unexpected disease outbreaks in urban communities. The risk of infection from exposure to LIDs has been assessed via Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) during the operation of these infrastructures; no effort is made to evaluate these risks during the planning phase of LID treatment train in urban communities. We developed a new integrated "Regression-QMRA method" by examining the relationship between pathogens' concentration and environmental variables. Applying of this methodology to a planned LID train shows that the predicted disease burden of diarrhea from Campylobacter is highest (i.e. 16.902 DALYs/1000 persons/yr) during landscape irrigation and playing on the LID train, followed by Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Norovirus. These results illustrate that the risk of microbial infection can be predicted during the planning phase of LID treatment train. These predictions are of great value to municipalities and decision-makers to make informed decisions and ensure risk-based planning of stormwater systems before their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ishaq
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Shaukat Farooq
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kasun Hewage
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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Lanrewaju AA, Enitan-Folami AM, Sabiu S, Edokpayi JN, Swalaha FM. Global public health implications of human exposure to viral contaminated water. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981896. [PMID: 36110296 PMCID: PMC9468673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are common waterborne pathogens found in environmental water bodies contaminated with either raw or partially treated sewage discharge. Examples of these viruses include adenovirus, rotavirus, noroviruses, and other caliciviruses and enteroviruses like coxsackievirus and polioviruses. They have been linked with gastroenteritis, while some enteric viruses have also been implicated in more severe infections such as encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis (hepatitis A and E viruses), cancer (polyomavirus), and myocarditis (enteroviruses). Therefore, this review presents information on the occurrence of enteric viruses of public health importance, diseases associated with human exposure to enteric viruses, assessment of their presence in contaminated water, and their removal in water and wastewater sources. In order to prevent illnesses associated with human exposure to viral contaminated water, we suggest the regular viral monitoring of treated wastewater before discharging it into the environment. Furthermore, we highlight the need for more research to focus on the development of more holistic disinfection methods that will inactivate waterborne viruses in municipal wastewater discharges, as this is highly needed to curtail the public health effects of human exposure to contaminated water. Moreover, such a method must be devoid of disinfection by-products that have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan-Folami
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan-Folami,
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Joshua Nosa Edokpayi
- Water and Environmental Management Research Group, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Feroz Mahomed Swalaha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Bortagaray V, Gamazo P, Castro S, Grilli M, Colina R, Victoria M. Comparison of the risk of infection of human rotavirus and astrovirus according to fishing and swimming activities at Las Cañas beach, Uruguay. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3523-3533. [PMID: 36000509 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the risk of human Rotavirus (RV) and Astrovirus (HAstV) infections for swimmers and fishers at Las Cañas beach, Uruguay. METHODS AND RESULTS Surface water samples were collected monthly for one year. The dose response models used were β Poisson and 1 F1 hypergeometric for RV and HAstV, respectively. The probabilities of infection were calculated using a kernel density estimate to fitting the data and then sampling from this distribution (Monte Carlo simulation). The probability of RV infection for fishers was between 0 and 65% and for swimmers was between 0 and 50% (<18 years old) and between 0 and 38% (>18 years old). For HAstV, the probability of infection for fishers was between 0% and 45% and for swimmers was between 0 and 38% (<18 years old) and between 0 and 18% (>18 years old). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that fishers are at higher risk of infection for both viruses when compared with swimmers mainly due to higher viral frequency and concentration at the site for fishing activities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study highlights the different risk of infection for Rotavirus and Astrovirus, determined according to two popular activities such as swimming and fishing evidencing their negative impact in public health when contaminated waters are used mainly in developing countries like Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Bortagaray
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Gamazo
- Department of Water, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Castro
- Department of Mathematics and Estadistic from litoral (DMEL), CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Marcos Grilli
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Matias Victoria
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
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Cammarata RV, Barrios ME, Díaz SM, García López G, Fortunato MS, Torres C, Blanco Fernández MD, Mbayed VA. Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Fresh Vegetables and Oysters Produced in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:507-519. [PMID: 34449055 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fresh vegetables and shellfish are prone to microbial contamination through irrigation or breeding with sewage-polluted waters, as well as by infected food handlers. In this work, we studied the presence of human and bovine polyomaviruses and human norovirus in fresh lettuces, strawberries and oysters produced in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. In oysters, we also investigated F-specific RNA bacteriophages, indicator Escherichia coli (E. coli) and pathogen bacteria of concern (Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp.). Within vegetables, we found viral contamination of human origin given the presence of human-associated polyomaviruses -MCPyV, HPyV6, JCPyV, and SV40- in lettuce and strawberry samples (16 and 10%, respectively), probably coming from irrigation waters and food handling. Among oysters, human (MCPyV, 4.2%) and bovine (BPyV1, 8.4%) polyomaviruses were detected even with low counts of E. coli. Bacteriophages (n = 3) and Salmonella spp. (n = 1) were also found, while Vibrio spp. was not detected. These results may indicate that the contamination in oysters comes from human and animal excreta, probably present in breeding waters. Norovirus was not detected in any food sample. To our knowledge, this is the first description of SV40 in lettuces and MCPyV and BPyV1 in oysters. The detection of different viral contaminants encourages further studies to evaluate the need for including viral indicators in microbiological standards. The identification of possible sources and routes of contamination using viral markers during routine microbiological controls, such as the polyomaviruses used in this work, would be useful to focus attention on the most hazardous stages of the food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertina Viviana Cammarata
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Elizabeth Barrios
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Micaela Díaz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Godoy Cruz 2370, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe García López
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Salud Pública e Higiene Ambiental, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Susana Fortunato
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Salud Pública e Higiene Ambiental, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Torres
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Dolores Blanco Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Andrea Mbayed
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Zhao Y, Hu N, Jiang Q, Zhu L, Zhang M, Jiang J, Xiong M, Yang M, Yang J, Shen L, Zhang S, Niu L, Chen L, Chen D. Protective effects of sodium butyrate on rotavirus inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis via PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:69. [PMID: 34112268 PMCID: PMC8194137 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV) is a major pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis in infants and young animals. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent apoptosis play pivotal role in virus infection. However, the protective mechanisms of intestinal damage caused by RV are poorly defined, especially the molecular pathways related to enterocytes apoptosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of sodium butyrate (SB) on RV-induced apoptosis of IPEC-J2 cells. RESULTS The RV infection led to significant cell apoptosis, increased the expression levels of ER stress (ERS) markers, phosphorylated protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), caspase9, and caspase3. Blocking PERK pathway using specific inhibitor GSK subsequently reversed RV-induced cell apoptosis. The SB treatment significantly inhibited RV-induced ERS by decreasing the expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), PERK, and eIF2α. In addition, SB treatment restrained the ERS-mediated apoptotic pathway, as indicated by downregulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) mRNA level, as well as decreased cleaved caspase9 and caspase3 protein levels. Furthermore, siRNA-induced GPR109a knockdown significantly suppressed the protective effect of SB on RV-induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SB exerts protective effects against RV-induced cell apoptosis through inhibiting ERS mediated apoptosis by regulating PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway via GPR109a, which provide new ideas for the prevention and control of RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Ningming Hu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Qin Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Manyi Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Mingxian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Lili Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211#, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China.
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Emilse PV, Matías V, Cecilia ML, Oscar GM, Gisela M, Guadalupe D, Elizabeth RV, Victorio PJ, Rodney C, Viviana NS, Angélica BP. Enteric virus presence in green vegetables and associated irrigation waters in a rural area from Argentina. A quantitative microbial risk assessment. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Kiulia NM, Gonzalez R, Thompson H, Aw TG, Rose JB. Quantification and Trends of Rotavirus and Enterovirus in Untreated Sewage Using Reverse Transcription Droplet Digital PCR. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:154-169. [PMID: 33591485 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quantification and trends in concentrations for naturally occurring rotaviruses (RV) and enteroviruses (EV) in untreated sewage in various wastewater systems have not often been compared. There is now greater interest in monitoring the infections in the community including live vaccine efficacy by evaluating untreated sewage. The goals of this study were to 1) survey the concentrations of naturally occurring RV and EV in untreated sewage using a reverse transcription-droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR) and 2) investigate the use of a new adsorption elution (bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) using ViroCap filters) against more traditional polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation for virus concentration. Sewage samples were collected from lagoons in Kenya and Michigan (MI), the United States (USA) and from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the USA. RVs were detected at geometric mean concentrations in various locations, California (CA) 1.31 × 105 genome copies/L (gc/L), Kenya (KE) 2.71 × 104 gc/L and Virginia (VA) 1.48 × 105 gc/L, and EVs geometric means were 3.72 × 106 gc/L (CA), 1.18 × 104 gc/L (Kenya), and 6.18 × 103 gc/L (VA). The mean RV concentrations using BMFS-ViroCap in split samples compared to PEG precipitation methods demonstrated that the levels were only 9% (#s BMFS/PEG) in the Michigan lagoons which was significantly different (p < 0.01). This suggests that RV concentrations in Kenya are around 1.69 × 106 gc/L. Overall, there was no difference in concentrations for the other sampling locations across the methods of virus recovery (i.e., PEG precipitation and HA filters) using one-way ANOVA (F = 1.7, p = 0.2739) or Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparisons (p > 0.05). This study provides useful data on RV and EV concentrations in untreated sewage in Kenya and the USA. It also highlights on the usefulness of the RT-ddPCR for absolute quantification of RV and EV in sewage samples. The BMFS using ViroCap filters while less efficient compared to the more traditional PEG precipitation method was able to recover RVs and EVs in untreated sewage and may be useful in poor resource settings while underestimating viruses by 1 to 1.5 logs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Kiulia
- The Water Quality, Environmental and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Enteric Pathogens and Water Research Laboratory, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, 1434 Air Rail Avenue, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, USA
| | - Hannah Thompson
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, 1434 Air Rail Avenue, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, USA
| | - Tiong Gim Aw
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Joan B Rose
- The Water Quality, Environmental and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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11
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Singh NK, Sanghvi G, Yadav M, Padhiyar H, Thanki A. A state-of-the-art review on WWTP associated bioaerosols: Microbial diversity, potential emission stages, dispersion factors, and control strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124686. [PMID: 33309139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) associated bioaerosols have emerged as one of the critical sustainability indicators, ensuring health and well-being of societies and cities. In this context, this review summarizes the various wastewater treatment technologies which have been studied with a focus of bioaerosols emissions, potential emission stages, available sampling strategies, survival and dispersion factors, dominant microbial species in bioaerosols, and possible control approaches. Literature review revealed that most of the studies were devoted to sampling, enumerating and identifying cultivable microbial species of bioaerosols, as well as measuring their concentrations. However, the role of treatment technologies and their operational factors are investigated in limited studies only. Moreover, few studies have been reported to investigate the presence and concentrations of air borne virus and fungi in WWTP, as compared to bacterial species. The common environmental factors, affecting the survival and dispersion of bioaerosols, are observed as relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, and solar illumination. Further, research studies on recent episodes of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 virus) pandemic also revealed that continuous and effective surveillance on WWTPs associated bioaerosols may led to early sign for future pandemics. The evaluation of reported data is bit complicated, due to the variation in sampling approaches, ambient conditions, and site activities of each study. Therefore, such studies need a standardized methodology and improved guidance to help informed future policies, contextual research, and support a robust health-based risk assessment process. Based on this review, an integrated sampling and analysis framework is suggested for future WWTPs to ensure their sustainability at social and/or health associated aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar Singh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Marwadi Education Foundations Group of Institutions, Rajkot, India.
| | - Gaurav Sanghvi
- Department of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India.
| | - Manish Yadav
- Central Mine Planning Design Institute, Bhubaneshwar, India.
| | - Hirendrasinh Padhiyar
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Marwadi Education Foundations Group of Institutions, Rajkot, India.
| | - Arti Thanki
- Department of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India.
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12
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Zhang Y, Wu R, Li W, Chen Z, Li K. Occurrence and distributions of human-associated markers in an impacted urban watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116654. [PMID: 33582625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous genetic markers for microbial source tracking (MST) have been evaluated by testing a panel of target and nontarget faecal samples. However, the performance of MST markers may vary between faecal and water samples, thereby resulting in inaccurate water quality assessment. In this study, a 30-day sampling study was conducted in an urban river impacted by human- and sewage-associated pollution to evaluate the performance of different human-associated markers in environmental water. Additionally, marker decay was assessed via a microcosms approach. Overall, Bacteroidales 16sRNA and crAssphage markers exhibited higher prevalence in the study area, and their detection frequencies exceeded 90%. In contrast, Bacteroidales protein markers exhibited poor detection frequencies compared to other markers, with the prevalence of Hum2 and Hum163 reaching only 63% and 84%, respectively. Regarding marker abundance, there was no significant difference in the detection concentrations between Bacteroidales 16sRNA and crAssphage markers (p > 0.05); however, the concentrations of Bacteroidales protein markers were nearly 1 order of magnitude lower than those of other MST markers. The microcosm experiments indicated that the decay rate of crAssphage markers was significantly lower than that of other bacterial target markers, which may improve their detectability when the pollution source is located far from the sampling site. Due to the observed differences in performance and decay patterns among Bacteroidales 16sRNA, crAssphage, and Bacteroidales protein markers, we recommend the simultaneous use of multiple markers from different target microorganisms to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the pollution sources. This approach would also provide an accurate assessment of pollution levels and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510530, PR China
| | - Renren Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510530, PR China.
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510530, PR China
| | - Zhongying Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510530, PR China
| | - Kaiming Li
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
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13
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Masachessi G, Prez VE, Michelena JF, Lizasoain A, Ferreyra LJ, Martínez LC, Giordano MO, Barril PA, Paván JV, Pisano MB, Farías AA, Isa MB, Ré VE, Colina R, Nates SV. Proposal of a pathway for enteric virus groups detection as indicators of faecal contamination to enhance the evaluation of microbiological quality in freshwater in Argentina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143400. [PMID: 33199001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An environmental survey was conducted in order to assess the frequency of detection of picobirnavirus (PBV), human adenovirus (HAdV) and infective enterovirus (iEV) as indicators of faecal contamination in freshwater, and to determine their potential as reporters of the presence of other enteric viruses, such as group A rotavirus (RVA). The study was carried out over a three-year period (2013-2015) in the San Roque Dam, Córdoba, Argentina. The overall frequency detection was 62.9% for PBV, 64.2% for HAdV and 70.4% for iEV. No significant differences were observed in the rates of detection for any of these viruses through the years studied, and a seasonal pattern was not present. Whenever there was RVA detection in the samples analyzed, there was also detection of iEV and/or HAdV and/or PBV. At least one of the viral groups analyzed was demonstrated in the 100% of the samples with faecal coliforms values within the guideline limits. In this setting, especially in those samples which reveal faecal indicator bacteria within the guideline limit, we propose to carry out a pathway, involving PBV, HAdV and iEV detection in order to enhance the evaluation of microbiological quality in freshwater in Argentina. The proposed methodological strategy could report faecal contamination in water, mainly of human origin, and the condition of the matrix to maintain viral viability. In addition, the viral groups selected could report the presence of RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Masachessi
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina.
| | - V E Prez
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
| | - J F Michelena
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Lizasoain
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular-Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte-Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - L J Ferreyra
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L C Martínez
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M O Giordano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P A Barril
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI A.C.), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, CP 8309 Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - J V Paván
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M B Pisano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
| | - A A Farías
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M B Isa
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - V E Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
| | - R Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular-Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte-Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - S V Nates
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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14
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Farkas K, Walker DI, Adriaenssens EM, McDonald JE, Hillary LS, Malham SK, Jones DL. Viral indicators for tracking domestic wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115926. [PMID: 32417460 PMCID: PMC7211501 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne enteric viruses are an emerging cause of disease outbreaks and represent a major threat to global public health. Enteric viruses may originate from human wastewater and can undergo rapid transport through aquatic environments with minimal decay. Surveillance and source apportionment of enteric viruses in environmental waters is therefore essential for accurate risk management. However, individual monitoring of the >100 enteric viral strains that have been identified as aquatic contaminants is unfeasible. Instead, viral indicators are often used for quantitative assessments of wastewater contamination, viral decay and transport in water. An ideal indicator for tracking wastewater contamination should be (i) easy to detect and quantify, (ii) source-specific, (iii) resistant to wastewater treatment processes, and (iv) persistent in the aquatic environment, with similar behaviour to viral pathogens. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of 127 peer-reviewed publications, to critically evaluate the effectiveness of several viral indicators of wastewater pollution, including common enteric viruses (mastadenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and Aichi viruses), the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and gut-associated bacteriophages (Type II/III FRNA phages and phages infecting human Bacteroides species, including crAssphage). Our analysis suggests that overall, human mastadenoviruses have the greatest potential to indicate contamination by domestic wastewater due to their easy detection, culturability, and high prevalence in wastewater and in the polluted environment. Aichi virus, crAssphage and PMMoV are also widely detected in wastewater and in the environment, and may be used as molecular markers for human-derived contamination. We conclude that viral indicators are suitable for the long-term monitoring of viral contamination in freshwater and marine environments and that these should be implemented within monitoring programmes to provide a holistic assessment of microbiological water quality and wastewater-based epidemiology, improve current risk management strategies and protect global human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK.
| | - David I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - James E McDonald
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Luke S Hillary
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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15
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Islam MMM, Islam MA. Quantifying public health risks from exposure to waterborne pathogens during river bathing as a basis for reduction of disease burden. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:292-305. [PMID: 32589616 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) technique was applied to assess the public health risk from exposure to infectious microorganisms at bathing areas of three rivers in Bangladesh. The QMRA assessed the probability of illness due to the accidental ingestion of river water impacted by untreated sewage. The simplified QMRA was based on average concentrations of four reference pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, Cryptosporidium spp, norovirus and rotavirus relative to indicator bacterium E. coli. Public health risk was estimated as the probability of infection and illness from a single exposure of bathers. The risks of illness were ranged from 7 to 10% for E. coli O157:H7, 13 to 19% for Cryptosporidium, 7 to 10% for norovirus and 12 to 17% for rotavirus. The overall risk of illness at the rivers was slightly higher in children (9-19%) compared to adults (7-16%). The risks of illness in individuals exposed to the river bathing were unacceptably high, exceeding the USEPA acceptable risk of 3-6 illnesses per hundred bathing events. This study gives a basis for reducing the burden of disease in the population by applying appropriate risk management. Findings and methods of this study will be helpful for other countries with similar socio-economic and geographic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Majedul Islam
- Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh E-mail:
| | - Md Atikul Islam
- Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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16
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Prez VE, Poma HR, Giordano GG, Victoria M, Nates SV, Rajal VB, Barril PA. Rotavirus contamination of surface waters from the northwest of Argentina. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:409-415. [PMID: 32589625 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution of water is a serious concern because it is associated with the transmission of pathogens. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of group A rotavirus (RVA) in surface waters from the Arias-Arenales River in Salta, a northern city in Argentina, and to define possible sources of fecal viral pollution. A total of 116 water samples were analyzed and RVA was detected in 3.4% (95% CI: 0.1-7.0%), with concentrations ranging from 1.9 × 105 to 3.8 × 106 genome copies per liter. RVA strains were characterized as G1P[8], G4P[8] and G9P[8], which are common genotypes circulating in the local population. The Arias-Arenales River presented unusual and sporadic contamination by RVA, originated from stormwater discharges and a variety of non-identified sources, and support the essential need of viral indicators for enhanced monitoring of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Emilse Prez
- Instituto de Virología 'Dr. J. M. Vanella', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina E-mail:
| | - Hugo Ramiro Poma
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina E-mail: ; Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina
| | - Georgina Gisela Giordano
- Instituto de Virología 'Dr. J. M. Vanella', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Matías Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Viviana Nates
- Instituto de Virología 'Dr. J. M. Vanella', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Verónica Beatriz Rajal
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina E-mail: ; Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina and Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Patricia Angélica Barril
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina E-mail: ; Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria - Asociación Civil (CIATI A.C.), Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina
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17
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Bortagaray V, Girardi V, Pou S, Lizasoain A, Tort LFL, Spilki FR, Colina R, Victoria M. Detection, Quantification, and Microbial Risk Assessment of Group A Rotavirus in Rivers from Uruguay. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:89-98. [PMID: 31792742 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect, quantify, and assess the risk of infection and illness for Group A Rotavirus (RVA) in the watersheds of the Santa Lucia and Uruguay rivers in Uruguay. Monthly sampling was carried out for one year in six sites in the watershed of the Santa Lucía River and four in the Uruguay River. All the collection sites are used for recreational activities. Viral concentration was performed with the adsorption-elution method, and detection and quantification of RVA was carried out by TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR). Quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to estimate the daily and annual risk of RVA infection, as well as the daily risk of illness considering direct exposure through recreational activity. RVA was detected in 42% (20/48) of the analyzed samples in the Uruguay River and 40% (29/72) in the Santa Lucía River. The virus was present in all the analyzed points in both watersheds. A pattern of seasonality, characterized by a higher detection frequency of the virus during coldest month of the year, was observed in both basins. The mean concentration for RVA was 1.3 × 105 genomic copies/L. The microbiological risk assessment shows that Santa Lucía watershed presented the highest daily risk of infection (6.41E-01) and illness (3.20E-01) estimated for the point downstream of Florida City; meanwhile for Uruguay River, the highest probabilities of infection (6.82E-01) and illness (3.41E-01) were estimated for the collection site for drinking water intake in Salto city. These results suggest that RVA contamination of these important rivers negatively impact on their microbiological quality since they are used for recreation and drinking water intake, demonstrating that the disposal of waste from cities located in their riverside confers a constant threat of infection for the general population, especially for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Bortagaray
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Pou
- Institute of Research in Health Sciences (INICSA), Faculty of Medical Sciences, CONICET and Biostatistics Unit, School of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical SciencesNational University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés Lizasoain
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Luis Fernando López Tort
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matias Victoria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay.
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18
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Federigi I, Verani M, Donzelli G, Cioni L, Carducci A. The application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to natural recreational waters: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 144:334-350. [PMID: 31180003 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the aims of and approaches to the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of untreated recreational waters. The literature search was conducted on four databases and yielded 54 papers, which were analyzed on a quantitative (time-trend, geographical distribution, water type) and qualitative (aims, source of microbial data, pathogens and their measurement or estimation, ways to address variability and uncertainty, sensitivity analysis) basis. In addition, the parameters, implications, and limitations were discussed for each QMRA step. Since 2003, the number of papers has greatly increased, highlighting the importance of QMRA for the risk management of recreational waters. Nevertheless, QMRA still exhibits critical issues, above all regarding contamination data and dose-response relationships. To our knowledge, this is the first review to give a wide panoramic view on QMRA in relation to recreational exposure to untreated waters. This could be useful in identifying the current knowledge gaps and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Federigi
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56123 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
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19
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Brouwer AF, Masters NB, Eisenberg JNS. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment and Infectious Disease Transmission Modeling of Waterborne Enteric Pathogens. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 5:293-304. [PMID: 29679300 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Waterborne enteric pathogens remain a global health threat. Increasingly, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and infectious disease transmission modeling (IDTM) are used to assess waterborne pathogen risks and evaluate mitigation. These modeling efforts, however, have largely been conducted independently for different purposes and in different settings. In this review, we examine the settings where each modeling strategy is employed. RECENT FINDINGS QMRA research has focused on food contamination and recreational water in high-income countries (HICs) and drinking water and wastewater in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). IDTM research has focused on large outbreaks (predominately LMICs) and vaccine-preventable diseases (LMICs and HICs). Human ecology determines the niches that pathogens exploit, leading researchers to focus on different risk assessment research strategies in different settings. To enhance risk modeling, QMRA and IDTM approaches should be integrated to include dynamics of pathogens in the environment and pathogen transmission through populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nina B Masters
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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20
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Bischel HN, Caduff L, Schindelholz S, Kohn T, Julian TR. Health Risks for Sanitation Service Workers along a Container-Based Urine Collection System and Resource Recovery Value Chain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7055-7067. [PMID: 31082211 PMCID: PMC6587154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Container-based sanitation (CBS) within a comprehensive service system value chain offers a low-cost sanitation option with potential for revenue generation but may increase microbial health risks to sanitation service workers. This study assessed occupational exposure to rotavirus and Shigella spp. during CBS urine collection and subsequent struvite fertilizer production in eThekwini, South Africa. Primary data included high resolution sequences of hand-object contacts from annotated video and measurement of fecal contamination from urine and surfaces likely to be contacted. A stochastic model incorporated chronological surface contacts, pathogen concentrations in urine, and literature data on transfer efficiencies of pathogens to model pathogen concentrations on hands and risk of infection from hand-to-mouth contacts. The probability of infection was highest from exposure to rotavirus during urine collection (∼10-1) and struvite production (∼10-2), though risks from Shigella spp. during urine collection (∼10-3) and struvite production (∼10-4) were non-negligible. Notably, risk of infection was higher during urine collection than during struvite production due to contact with contaminated urine transport containers. In the scale-up of CBS, disinfection of urine transport containers is expected to reduce pathogen transmission. Exposure data from this study can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of measures to protect sanitation service workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N. Bischel
- School
of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lea Caduff
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Schindelholz
- School
of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- School
of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy R. Julian
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Swiss
Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, CH 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Poma HR, Kundu A, Wuertz S, Rajal VB. Data fitting approach more critical than exposure scenarios and treatment of censored data for quantitative microbial risk assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:45-53. [PMID: 30771706 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recreational waters are a source of many diseases caused by human viral pathogens, including norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) and enterovirus (EV). Water samples from the Arenales river in Salta, Argentina, were concentrated by ultrafiltration and analyzed for the concentrations of NoV GII and EV by quantitative PCR. Out of 65 samples, 61 and 59 were non-detects (below the Sample Limit of Detection limit, SLOD) for EV and NoV GII, respectively. We hypothesized that a finite number of environmental samples would lead to different conclusions regarding human health risks based on how data were treated and fitted to existing distribution functions. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was performed and the risk of infection was calculated using: (a) two methodological approaches to find the distributions that best fit the data sets (methods H and R), (b) four different exposure scenarios (primary contact for children and adults and secondary contact by spray inhalation/ingestion and hand-to-mouth contact), and (c) five alternatives for treating censored data. The risk of infection for NoV GII was much higher (and exceeded in most cases the acceptable value established by the USEPA) than for EV (in almost all the scenarios within the recommended limit), mainly due to the low infectious dose of NoV. The type of methodology used to fit the monitoring data was critical for these datasets with numerous non-detects, leading to very different estimates of risk. Method R resulted in higher projected risks than Method H. Regarding the alternatives for treating censored data, replacing non-detects by a unique value like the average or median SLOD to simplify the calculations led to the loss of information about the particular characteristics of each sample. In addition, the average SLOD was highly impacted by extreme values (due to events such as precipitations or point source contamination). Instead, using the SLOD or half- SLOD captured the uniqueness of each sample since they account for the history of the sample including the concentration procedure and the detection method used. Finally, substitution of non-detects by Zero is not realistic since a negative result would be associated with a SLOD that can change by developing more efficient and sensitive methodology; hence this approach would lead to an underestimation of the health risk. Our findings suggest that in most cases the use of the half-SLOD approach is appropriate for QMRA modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramiro Poma
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina
| | - Arti Kundu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Verónica Beatriz Rajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; Facultad de Ingeniería, UNSa, Salta, Argentina.
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22
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Girardi V, Demoliner M, Gularte J, Spilki F. 'Don't put your head under water': enteric viruses in Brazilian recreational waters. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 29:100519. [PMID: 30899523 PMCID: PMC6406054 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Like in many other countries, virologic analyses are not routinely performed in Brazil in monitoring water quality for recreational purposes. We surveyed current research regarding viral contamination of recreational water environments in Brazil. Among the enteric viruses studied in Brazilian recreational waters, we highlight adenoviruses, rotaviruses, enteroviruses and noroviruses. Although there has been relatively little research on outbreaks related to bathing in recreational water environments in Brazil, noroviruses and adenoviruses are the viruses that are most often related to outbreaks. Better surveillance of the occurrence of enteric viruses in water could improve the assessment of risk to human health as well as indicate the sources of contamination and thus demonstrate the importance of adequate environmental sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Girardi
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - M. Demoliner
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - J.S. Gularte
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - F.R. Spilki
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
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23
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Prez VE, Martínez LC, Victoria M, Giordano MO, Masachessi G, Ré VE, Pavan JV, Colina R, Barril PA, Nates SV. Tracking enteric viruses in green vegetables from central Argentina: potential association with viral contamination of irrigation waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:665-671. [PMID: 29758423 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of green vegetable products is commonly viewed as a potential risk factor for infection with enteric viruses. The link between vegetable crops and fecally contaminated irrigation water establishes an environmental scenario that can result in a risk to human health. The aim of this work was to analyze the enteric viral quality in leafy green vegetables from Córdoba (Argentina) and its potential association with viral contamination of irrigation waters. During July-December 2012, vegetables were collected from peri-urban green farms (n = 19) and its corresponding urban river irrigation waters (n = 12). Also, urban sewage samples (n = 6) were collected to analyze the viral variants circulating in the community. Viruses were eluted and concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation and then were subject to Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction to assess the genome presence of norovirus, rotavirus and human astrovirus. The concentrates were also inoculated in HEp-2 (Human Epidermoid carcinoma strain #2) cells to monitor the occurrence of infective enterovirus. The frequency of detection of the viral groups in sewage, irrigation water and crops was: norovirus 100%, 67% and 58%, rotavirus 100%, 75% and 5%, astrovirus 83%, 75% and 32% and infective enterovirus 50%, 33% and 79%, respectively. A similar profile in sewage, irrigation water and green vegetables was observed for norovirus genogroups (I and II) distribution as well as for rotavirus and astrovirus G-types. These results provide the first data for Argentina pointing out that green leafy vegetables are contaminated with a broad range of enteric viruses and that the irrigation water would be a source of contamination. The presence of viral genomes and infective particles in food that in general suffer minimal treatment before consumption underlines that green crops can act as potential sources of enteric virus transmission. Public intervention in the use of the river waters as irrigation source is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Prez
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n - Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina.
| | - L C Martínez
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n - Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, Uruguay
| | - M O Giordano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n - Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G Masachessi
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n - Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
| | - V E Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n - Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
| | - J V Pavan
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n - Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - R Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, Uruguay
| | - P A Barril
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI A.C.), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, CP 8309 Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - S V Nates
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n - Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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24
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Enteric Viruses in Surface Waters from Argentina: Molecular and Viable-Virus Detection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02327-17. [PMID: 29269500 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02327-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water resources contaminated with wastewater are an important source for the dissemination of enteric viruses with an impact on the health of the population. The aim of the study was to assess the viral contamination of freshwater from a dam in Argentina by using infectious enterovirus detection, viral RNA amplification, and a genetic characterization of five enteric viruses associated with diarrhea and hepatitis. Enterovirus infectivity (iEV) was evaluated by cell culture and direct immunofluorescence. The detection of the viral genome of rotavirus (RV), human astrovirus (HAstV), norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) was performed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). A total of 48 water samples from 4 monitoring points on the body of the dam from January to December 2012 and 66 water samples from 3 tourist beaches on the edge of the dam from October 2013 to October 2015 were collected monthly. During the first period, the overall viral frequency detection was 52.1% for group A RV, 50% for HAstV, 60.4% for NoV, 22.9% for HAV, 2.1% for HEV, and 64.6% for iEV. The overall frequency detection for the second sampling was 18.2% for RV and HAstV, 31.8% for NoV, 7.57% for HEV, and 66.7% for iEV. There was no detection of HAV during this period. The genotypes and genogroups detected through the study correlated with the most common genomic variants associated with human gastrointestinal and hepatitis illnesses. The results obtained could alert the health systems and environmental sanitation to make decisions for viral control and prevention in our environment.IMPORTANCE The study shows the impact of anthropic contamination of one of the most important tourist water resources in Argentina. This course of recreational water would be a favorable scenario for infection, as well as a reservoir for the enteric viruses, creating a risk for the population exposed to these waters. The results obtained could alert the health systems and environmental sanitation to make decisions for the control and prevention of viral diseases in this environment.
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25
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Moazeni M, Nikaeen M, Hadi M, Moghim S, Mouhebat L, Hatamzadeh M, Hassanzadeh A. Estimation of health risks caused by exposure to enteroviruses from agricultural application of wastewater effluents. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 125:104-113. [PMID: 28841422 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural reuse of wastewater is a common practice worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid area due to the freshwater scarcity. Wastewater irrigation in the Middle East, one of the most water-stressed regions in the world, could be a key factor for socio-economic development, but the microbial contamination of untreated or partially treated wastewater is a serious public health concern. Potential transmission of enteric viral infections through wastewater reuse in agricultural activities represents a true health risk for exposed individuals. Accordingly, it is important to assess the health risks associated with wastewater reuse. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) with Monte-Carlo simulation was used to estimate the annual risk of enterovirus (EV) infection and disease burden for farmers and consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Iran, a semiarid country in the Middle East region. Risk analysis was performed based on the measured concentrations of EV in effluent of two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Wastewater effluent sampling was carried out over a nine-month period, and the presence of total and fecal coliforms and EV was determined. Fecal coliform bacteria were found at a high level exceeded the guideline limit for wastewater reuse in agriculture. EVs were detected in 40% of samples with the highest frequency in summer with a mean of 12 and 16 pfu/ml for WWTP-A and B, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no correlation between the concentration of fecal coliforms and EV. The estimated infection risk for EVs was 8.8 × 10-1 and 8.2 × 10-1 per person per year (pppy) for farmers of WWTP-A and -B, respectively which was about 2 log higher than the tolerable infection risk of 2 × 10-3 pppy. The estimated risk for lettuce consumers exhibited a lower level of infection and disease burden but higher than the guideline limits. The median disease burden for consumption of lettuce irrigated with activated sludge effluents was about 10-3 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) pppy which exceeded the WHO guideline threshold of 10-4 DALY pppy. The results of study indicated that the activated sludge effluents require an additional reduction of EVs to achieve the acceptable level of risk for agricultural reuse of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Moazeni
- Student Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leili Mouhebat
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Hatamzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akbar Hassanzadeh
- Department of Statistics & Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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26
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Chhipi-Shrestha G, Hewage K, Sadiq R. Microbial quality of reclaimed water for urban reuses: Probabilistic risk-based investigation and recommendations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 576:738-751. [PMID: 27810759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although Canada has abundant freshwater resources, many cities still experience seasonal water shortage. Supply-side and demand-side management is a core strategy to address this water shortage. Under this strategy, reclaimed water, which the Canadian public is willing to use for non-potable purposes, is an option. However, no universal guidelines exist for reclaimed water use. Despite the federal government's long-term goal to develop guidelines for many water reuse applications, guidelines have only been prescribed for reclaimed water use in toilet and urinal flushing in Canada. At the provincial level, British Columbia (BC) has promulgated guidelines for wide applications of reclaimed water but only at broad class levels. This research has investigated and proposed probabilistic risk-based recommended values for microbial quality of reclaimed water in various non-potable urban reuses. The health risk was estimated by using quantitative microbial risk assessment. Two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations were used in the analysis to include variability and uncertainty in input data. The proposed recommended values are based on the indicator organism E. coli. The required treatment levels for reuse were also estimated. In addition, the recommended values were successfully applied to three wastewater treatment effluents in the Okanagan Valley, BC, Canada. The health risks associated with other bacterial pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp.), virus (adenovirus, norovirus, and rotavirus), and protozoa (Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia spp.), were also estimated. The estimated risks indicate the effectiveness of the E. coli-based water quality recommended values. Sensitivity analysis shows the pathogenic E. coli ratio and morbidity are the most sensitive input parameters for all water reuses. The proposed recommended values could be further improved by using national or regional data on water exposures, disease burden per case, and the susceptibility fraction of population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Kasun Hewage
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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27
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Dalahmeh S, Lalander C, Pell M, Vinnerås B, Jönsson H. Quality of greywater treated in biochar filter and risk assessment of gastroenteritis due to household exposure during maintenance and irrigation. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1427-1443. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.S. Dalahmeh
- Department of Energy and Technology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Uppsala Sweden
| | - C. Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Uppsala Sweden
| | - M. Pell
- Department of Microbiology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Uppsala Sweden
| | - B. Vinnerås
- Department of Energy and Technology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Uppsala Sweden
| | - H. Jönsson
- Department of Energy and Technology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Uppsala Sweden
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