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Liu S, Yang S, Chen D, Mao L, Cheng X, Zhou Z, Pei C, Li M, Cheng C. Influence of ozone pollution on the mixing state and formation of oxygenated organics containing single particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171880. [PMID: 38531461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The formation and aging processes of oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) are important for understanding the formation mechanisms of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the field. In this study, we investigated the mixing states of OOM particles by identifying several oxygenated species along with the distributions of secondary organic carbon (SOC) during both clean and ozone (O3)-polluted periods in July and September of 2022 in Guangzhou, China. OOM-containing particles accounted for 57 % and 49 % of the total detected single particles in July and September, respectively. Most of the OOM particles were internally mixed with sulfate and nitrate, while elemental carbon and hydrocarbon species were absent. Despite the higher SOC/OC ratio in September (81 %) than it in July (72 %), comparative investigations of the mass spectra, diurnal patterns, and distributions of OOM particles revealed the same composition and aging states of OOMs in two O3 pollution periods. As the O3 concentration increased from the clean to the polluted periods, the ratio of SOC to OC increased along with the relative abundance of secondary OOM particles among total OOM particles. In contrast, the relative abundance of OC-type OOM particles gradually decreased, indicating the conversion of hydrocarbon species into OOMs as the SOC/OC ratio increased. Both the bulk analysis of SOC from filter measurement and the mixing states of OOM particles suggested that OOM production and degree of oxidation were higher in the O3-polluted periods than in the clean periods. These results elucidate the effects of O3 pollution on the OOM formation process and offer new perspectives for the joint investigation of SOA production based on filter sampling and single-particle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulin Liu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Suxia Yang
- Guangzhou Research Institute of Environment Protection Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Duanying Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyuan Mao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoya Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Science, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Yang Y, Guo W, Sun J, Chen Q, Meng X, Wang L, Tao H, Yang L. Characteristics of volatile organic compounds and secondary organic aerosol pollution in different functional areas of petrochemical industrial cities in Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159903. [PMID: 36334656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to better understand the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) pollution in different functional areas of petrochemical industrial cities. In Lanzhou, a typical petrochemical industrial city in Northwest China, with the use of an Integrated Atmospheric Mobile Monitoring Vehicle (IAMMV), various real-time online monitoring instruments, including a VOC monitoring instrument (TH-300B) and single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS), were used in combination. These instruments were employed to determine PM2.5, VOCs and other factors at monitoring sites in Xigu (XG) and Chengguan (CG) districts in September 2020 and 2021, respectively. The results revealed that during the monitoring period, the average VOC concentrations at the XG and CG monitoring sites were 102.3 and 35.8 ppb, respectively. Benzene (45.58 %) and toluene (24.47 %) significantly contributed to the SOA formation potential at the XG site. M/P-xylene (27.88 %) and toluene (23.64 %) more notably contributed to the SOA formation potential at the CG site. The PM2.5 mass concentration at the XG site (24.1 μg·m-3) was similar to that at the CG site (21.2 μg·m-3), but the proportion of particulate matter components greatly differed. The proportion of organic carbon (OC) at the XG site (19.00 %) was higher than that at the CG site (9.97 %). The number of particles containing C2H3O+ (m/z = 43) accounted for 36.96 % and 15.41 % of the total particles at the XG and CG sites, respectively. The mixing ratios of OC and hybrid carbon (OCEC) with C2H3O+ (m/z = 43) were 0.81 and 0.53, respectively, at the XG site and reached only 0.48 and 0.25, respectively, at the CG site. The secondary ageing degree of particles in XG district was high. These results could provide a reference for ambient air quality improvement and the formulation of governance measures in different functional areas of petrochemical industrial cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Northwest Institute of Eco-environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Gansu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenkai Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Gansu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xianhong Meng
- Northwest Institute of Eco-environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Gansu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huijie Tao
- Gansu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Lanzhou 730000, China
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3
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Li L, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhang T, Wang S, Tian J, Chen Y, Hang Ho SS, Han Y, Cao J. Impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions on chemical characteristics of urban aerosol by individual particle analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135013. [PMID: 35618050 PMCID: PMC9701139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed in a heavily polluted area of China during a coronavirus lockdown to explore the impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions on the chemical composition, size distributions, mixing state, and secondary formation of urban aerosols. Ten particle groups were identified using an adaptive resonance network algorithm. Increased atmospheric oxidation during the lockdown period (LP) resulted in a 42.2%-54% increase in the major NaK-SN particle fraction relative to the normal period (NP). In contrast, EC-aged particles decreased from 31.5% (NP) to 23.7% (LP), possibly due to lower emissions from motor vehicles and coal combustion. The peak particle size diameter increased from 440 nm during the NP to 500 nm during LP due to secondary particle formation. High proportions of mixed 62NO3- indicate extensive particle aging. Correlations between secondary organic (43C2H3O+, oxalate) and secondary inorganic species (62NO3-, 97HSO4- and 18NH4+) versus oxidants (Ox = O3 + NO2) and relative humidity (RH) indicate that increased atmospheric oxidation promoted the generation of secondary species, while the effects of RH were more complex. Differences between the NP and LP show that reductions in primary emissions had a remarkable impact on the aerosol particles. This study provides new insights into the effects of pollution emissions on atmospheric reactions and the specific aerosol types in urban regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment of CAS, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, NV, 89512, United States
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Zhang J, Liu Q, Chen L, Li H, Zhao R, Huang X, Zhang W, Wang Y. Interannual evolution of elemental carbon-containing particles in winter in the atmosphere of Chengdu, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150133. [PMID: 34509847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the important components of PM2.5, elemental carbon (EC) particles could quickly mix with other organic or inorganic species after entering the atmosphere, which directly affected its climate and environmental effects and impact on human health. In order to study the mixture and evolution of EC particles in the atmosphere, this study used single particle aerosol mass spectrometry to measure the EC-containing particles in three winters (2016/17, 2018/19 and 2019/20) in Chengdu, one of the most polluted megacities in China. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the three winters were 121 ± 58 μg m-3, 90 ± 32 μg m-3 and 79 ± 38 μg m-3, respectively, and the mass ratios of PM2.5/PM10 were 0.71, 0.78 and 0.78, respectively. EC-containing particles accounted for 40.7%-54.7% of all particles and could be divided into six categories: EC-dust (EC-D), fresh EC (ECf), EC-organic carbon (EC-OC), EC-nitrate (EC-N), EC-sulfate (EC-S) and EC-sulfate-nitrate (EC-SN). From winter 2016/17 to 2019/20, the contributions of EC-N and EC-OC particles increased, while the contributions of EC-S and EC-SN particles decreased. Meanwhile, EC-N particles became increasingly important for the formation of heavy pollution. Photochemical and liquid-phase processes dominated the formation of EC-N and EC-S particles, respectively, while the dominant formation mechanism of EC-SN particles changed from photochemical to liquid-phase processes from winter 2016/17 to 2019/20. Total EC and EC-S particles in Chengdu were mainly transported from the east and southeast areas to Chengdu, while ECf particles mainly derived from local emissions. Compared with the previous two winters, the potential source areas of the EC-containing particles in winter 2019/20 reduced significantly. These findings provide new insight into the atmospheric behavior of urban particles and are important reference for the study of EC particles in other regions in the world, especially in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Luyao Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Huan Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Zhang S, Wang Z, Zhang J, Guo D, Chen Y. Inhalable cigarette-burning particles: Size-resolved chemical composition and mixing state. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111790. [PMID: 34329636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the size-resolved chemical compositions of cigarette-burning particles (CBPs). CBPs in the size range of 0.2-2.0 μm were characterized using a single particle mass spectrometer (SPAMS). CBPs were found to contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organonitrate, vinylpyridine, indene, guaiacol, methylindane, and metals such as Fe, Cr, Mn, and Cu. Fresh CBPs showed a single modal size distribution which peaked at 0.40 μm. CBPs in the size range of 0.5-0.1 μm contained more biomass burning markers (K+, K2Cl+, and levoglucosan), sulfate, naphthalene, and methylindane than CBPs in the size range of 0.2-0.5 μm. Nicotine is favorable to uptake on large particles (>0.5 μm). Among all particles, 57% contained PAHs. Heavy metals Fe, Mn, Cr, and Cu had mixing ratios of 0.06, 0.57, 0.26, and 0.34 respectively; nicotine and guaiacol had mixing ratios of 0.26 and 0.27; and vinylpyridine, indene, and methylindane had mixing ratios of 0.54, 0.55, and 0.65 respectively. Four particle types were resolved: cigarette-burning biomass burning (CB-BB, 50.3%), CB-BB-Metals (49.3%), CB-Nicotine (0.3%), and CB-Aged (0.1%). These results improve the scientific understanding of CBPs and provide useful references for smoking exposure studies that consider the size-resolved chemical compositions and mixing states of particle-phase components. The result can also benefit the study of exposure to secondhand smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongmei Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
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Qian R, Zhang S, Peng C, Zhang L, Yang F, Tian M, Huang R, Wang Q, Chen Q, Yao X, Chen Y. Characteristics and potential exposure risks of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 in the three gorges reservoir area, Southwestern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126425. [PMID: 32197172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a novel class of hazardous substances that can exist stably in airborne particles for a period ranging from days to weeks and are potentially toxic to human health. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) was used to characterize particulate EPFRs in Wanzhou in the Three Gorges Reservoir area in 2017. During the whole of 2017, the average concentration of particulate EPFRs was 7.0 × 1013 ± 1.7 × 1013 spins/m3. The seasonal concentration of EPFRs in PM2.5 showed a trend of autumn > winter > spring > summer. The maxima and minima of EPFRs occurred in spring with concentrations of 2.1 × 1014 spins/m3 and 9.4 × 1012 spins/m3 respectively. The EPFRs in PM2.5 were mainly carbon-centered radicals with adjacent oxygen atoms. Significant positive correlations were found between EPFRs and SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ (r > 0.55, n = 111), indicating that EPFRs are associated with secondary sources. The atmospheric processing of particles from coal combustion, traffic, and agriculture were important sources of EPFRs. They were also particularly well correlated with K+ and Cl- in winter, suggesting that EPFRs may also be derived from wintertime biomass burning emissions. The amount of inhalable EPFRs in Wanzhou was equivalent to the range of 2.3-6.8 cigarettes per capita per day. This study provides evidence of the potential health risks of EPFRs in PM2.5, and references for air pollution control in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhi Qian
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Liuyi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), And Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), And Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiaojiang Yao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
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Cai QL, Dai XR, Li JR, Tong L, Hui Y, Cao MY, Li M, Xiao H. The characteristics and mixing states of PM 2.5 during a winter dust storm in Ningbo of the Yangtze River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136146. [PMID: 31905585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dust particulates play an essential role for the nucleation, hygroscopicity and also contribute to aerosol mass. We investigated the chemical composition, size distribution and mixing states of PM2.5 using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS), Monitor for AeRosols and Gases (MARGA), and off-line membrane sampling from 2018.1.24 to 2018.2.20 at a coastal supersite in Ningbo, a port city in Yangtze River Delta, China. During the study campaign, the eastern part of China had experienced a wide range of cooling, sandstorm, and snowfall processes. The entire sampling campaign was categorized into five sub-periods based on the levels of PM2.5 and the ratios of PM2.5/PM10, namely clean (T1), heavy pollution (T2), light pollution (T3), dust (sandstorm) (T4) and cleaning pollution (T5) period. After comparing the average mass spectrum for each period, it shows that the primary ions, such as Ca2+and SiO3-, rarely coexist with each other within a single particle, but secondary ions generally coexist with these primary ions. Furthermore, the coexistence of each two different ions within a particle does not show distinct variation for the whole study periods. All these suggest that the absorption and partitioning of gaseous contaminants into the surface of primary aerosol through heterogeneous reactions are the major pathways of aging and growth of aerosol; and the merging of particles through collisions usually is insignificant. Although the absolute concentrations of nitrate and sulfate all increased with the PM2.5 concentrations, the relative equivalent concentrations of NO3- and SO42- displayed opposite trends; the relative contribution of sulfate decreased and that of nitrate increased as the increase of pollution. During the dust period, the relative equivalent concentrations of calcium and/or potassium ions in PM2.5 are significantly higher. This study provided deep insights about the mixing states and characteristics of particulate after long-range transport and a visualization tool for aerosol study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Liang Cai
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Dai
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Yi Hui
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Ming-Yang Cao
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Limited Company, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment & Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China.
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8
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Luo J, Zhang J, Huang X, Liu Q, Luo B, Zhang W, Rao Z, Yu Y. Characteristics, evolution, and regional differences of biomass burning particles in the Sichuan Basin, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 89:35-46. [PMID: 31892400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sichuan Basin has experienced serious air pollution from fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the past few years with biomass burning has been identified as a major source of PM2.5 in this region. We used single particle aerosol mass spectrometer to investigate the characteristics of biomass burning particles in three interacting cities representing different types of urban environment in the Sichuan Basin. A total of 739,794, 279,610, and 380,636 biomass burning particles were detected at Ya'an, Guang'an, and Chengdu, which represented 42%, 69%, and 61%, respectively, of the total number of particles. We analyzed the chemical composition, transportation, and evolution of biomass burning particles. The contribution of K-elemental carbon and K-secondary inorganic particles was highest in Ya'an (36%) and Guang'an (47%), respectively, reflecting the important role of fresh biomass burning particles and long-distance transport in these two cities. Air masses originating from different directions corresponded to different levels of PM2.5 and the contributions of polluted clusters increased significantly on polluted days. Fresh and secondary inorganic biomass burning particles increased pollution at Ya'an and Guang'an, respectively, but dominated different stages of pollution in Chengdu. K-nitrate particles were formed by photochemical reactions, whereas K-sulfate particles were formed by both photochemical and liquid-phase reactions. Investigation of the degree of particle aging showed that there were more fresh particles at Ya'an and more aged particles at Guang'an. These results are useful in helping our understanding of the characteristics of biomass burning particles and evaluating their role in PM2.5 pollution in the Sichuan Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Luo
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Zhihan Rao
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Yangchun Yu
- Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan 250101, China
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9
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Luo J, Huang X, Zhang J, Luo B, Zhang W, Song H. Characterization of aerosol particles during the most polluted season (winter) in urban Chengdu (China) by single-particle analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:17685-17695. [PMID: 31030394 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province, is one of the most polluted cities in China. We used single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer to monitor particulate matter pollution in an urban area of Chengdu from December 9, 2015 to January 4, 2016 to determine the characteristics of air pollution during the winter months. The mass concentrations of particulate matter were high during the whole observation period, with mean values for PM2.5 and PM10 of 101 ± 60 and 162 ± 99 μg m-3, respectively. The particles were clustered into nine distinct particle types: dust (3%), potassium-elemental carbon (KEC) (24%), organic carbon (OC) (12%), combined OC and EC (OCEC) (6%), K-organic nitrogen (KCN) (10%), K-nitrate (KNO3) (12%), K-sulfate (KSO4) (18%), K-sulfate and nitrate (KSN) (12%), and metal (3%) particles. Analysis on different types of day showed that: (1) from "excellent" (days with PM2.5 lower than 35 μg m-3) to "light pollution" (PM2.5 between 75 and 115 μg m-3) days, local/regional combustion was the major contributor, whereas the aggravation of pollution from light pollution to "heavy pollution" (PM2.5 higher than 150 μg m-3) days was mainly determined by the combined effect of local/regional combustion and long-distance transport; (2) as the air quality deteriorated, the mixing of sulfate and nitrate in particles increased sharply, especially sulfate; and (3) the relative aerosols acidity increased from excellent to light pollution days, while decreased significantly from light pollution to heavy pollution days. Backward trajectory analysis showed that there were significant differences in PM2.5 concentrations and particle compositions between clusters of trajectories, which affected the level and evolution of PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu. These results give a deeper understanding of PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu and the Sichuan Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Luo
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China.
| | - Bin Luo
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610074, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610074, China
| | - Hongyi Song
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
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10
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Li L, Wang Q, Zhang X, She Y, Zhou J, Chen Y, Wang P, Liu S, Zhang T, Dai W, Han Y, Cao J. Characteristics of single atmospheric particles in a heavily polluted urban area of China: size distributions and mixing states. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11730-11742. [PMID: 30815815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the chemical composition, size distribution, and mixing state of aerosol particles on heavy pollution days, single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry was conducted during 9-26 October 2015 in Xi'an, China. The measured particles were classified into six major categories: biomass burning (BB) particles, K-secondary particles, elemental carbon (EC)-related particles, metal-containing particles, dust, and organic carbon (OC) particles. BB and EC-related particles were the dominant types during the study period and mainly originated from biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and coal combustion. According to the ambient air quality index, two typical episodes were defined: clean days (CDs) and polluted days (PDs). Accumulation of BB particles and EC-related particles was the main reason for the pollution in Xi'an. Most types of particle size were larger on PDs than CDs. Each particle type was mixed with secondary species to different degrees on CDs and PDs, indicating that atmospheric aging occurred. The mixing state results demonstrated that the primary tracers were oxidized or vanished and that the amount of secondary species was increased on PDs. This study provides valuable information and a dataset to help control air pollution in the urban areas of Xi'an. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Xi'an Environmental Monitor Station, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yuanyuan She
- Xi'an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiamao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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11
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Xu L, Wu X, Hong Z, Zhang Y, Deng J, Hong Y, Chen J. Composition, mixing state, and size distribution of single submicron particles during pollution episodes in a coastal city in southeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1464-1473. [PMID: 30426379 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Size-resolved particle composition, size distribution, and mixing state were characterized at the single-particle level during two air pollution episodes during 12-25 January, 2016 in a coastal city in southeast China. The two pollution episodes occurred under distinct meteorological conditions (i.e., different wind speeds, relative humidity, and backward trajectories); thus, they were assigned to stagnation and transport episodes, respectively. Single-particle data, obtained from single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS), showed that carbonaceous particles were the predominant particles during the whole study period, accounting for more than 60% of the total particles. However, the number fractions of carbonaceous particles and nitrate-containing particles significantly increased in the stagnation episode, while the number fractions of sulfate- and ammonium-containing particles both increased in the transport episode compared to the levels over the whole study period. The potassium-rich (K-rich) particle class was more abundant and more strongly mixed with sulfate in the transport episode, which indicates the impact of biomass burning emissions and the subsequent aging process by acquiring sulfate during transport. The particle classes (e.g., carbonaceous and K-rich classes) had a broader size distribution during the pollution episodes than during the clean episode. The diameters of the size distribution peak for all particle classes (except for dust class) were observed to be larger in the transport episode than in the stagnation episode. This suggests that the particles underwent an extensive aging process through the addition of sulfate and ammonium during transport, leading to the growth of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenyu Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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12
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Chen Y, Liu H, Yang F, Zhang S, Li W, Shi G, Wang H, Tian M, Liu S, Huang R, Wang Q, Wang P, Cao J. Single particle characterization of summertime particles in Xi'an (China). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:1279-1290. [PMID: 29913590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban particles in Xi'an during summertime were investigated using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Twelve major particle types were resolved, including EC-Sul-Nit (-Sul stands for sulfate, -Nit for nitrate, and 25% in number fraction), EC(6%), EC-Nit (12%) and, EC-Sul (8%), mixed Elemental and Organic Carbon-Sul-Nit (9%), ECOC-Sul (8%), K-Nit (12%), OC (8%), NaK-Nit (5%), Fe-Nit (5%), Ca-Nit (1%), and Other (1%). Among these particle types, chemical composition, mixing state, and wind-dependent analyses were conducted to investigate their originations and sources. During summertime, traffic-related particles were up to 83% in the SPAMS dataset. Two major originations of urban particles were identified, including the local aging and short-distance transport mainly from the southeast. Size-resolved relative acidity ((sulfate + nitrate) / ammonium) analysis suggested that urban particles were more acidic with an aerodynamic diameter < 0.8 μm. In diurnal cycle, the strongest relative aerosol acidity occurred between 7:00 and 9:00 in the morning when relative humidity was between 60 and 70%, and the weakest acidity occurred from 13:00-15:00. Among all major particle types, OC and K-Nit had stronger relative aerosol acidity than other types. Mixing state analysis indicated that the organic semi-volatile vapor is favorable to condense on the OC-related particles (OC, ECOC-Sul, and ECOC-Sul-Nit) as evidence that primary organic aerosol (POA) would enhance the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation via gas-to-particle phase partitioning when SOA and POA are miscible. Oxalate also tends to be observed in the droplet of OC-related particles. In addition, the enrichment of oxalate was observed in Fe-Nit particles. This study would be useful to understand the characterization, mixing state, source, origination, and processing of urban particles during summertime in Xi'an as well as the urban areas in the Guanzhong Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huanwu Liu
- Xi'an Environmental Monitor Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Shumin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Xi'an Environmental Monitor Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guangming Shi
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Huanbo Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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13
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Dai Q, Bi X, Liu B, Li L, Ding J, Song W, Bi S, Schulze BC, Song C, Wu J, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Chemical nature of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Xi'an, China: Insights into primary emissions and secondary particle formation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:155-166. [PMID: 29734076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Xi'an, a city that frequently experiences serious PM pollution in northern China, 1476 PM10 and 1464 PM2.5 valid daily filter samples were collected at six sites from December 2014 to November 2015 and analyzed for 29 species. The annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were 149.4 ± 93.1, 108.0 ± 70.9 μg/m3, respectively. Organic carbon (OC) is the predominant PM2.5 component while crustal material predominated in PM10. Sulfate concentrations, which was the largest component in Xi'an PM in previous studies, were lower than nitrate. Winter sulfate, OC, and elemental carbon (EC) have decreased since 2003, while nitrate remained constant in recent years and the ratio of NO3-/SO42- increased from 0.4 in 2006 to 1.3 in 2014. This result suggests that the motor vehicle contribution to PM has increased relative to coal-fired power plant emissions over the past decade. The mass fractions of crustal material, sulfate, and EC in PM2.5 decreased as the PM2.5 concentrations increased from "clean" days (<50 μg/m3) to the highest values, while nitrate significantly increased. Despite forming through secondary reactions, the high concentrations of SOC and SO42- in winter are attributed to primary emissions and particularly to residential heating and cooking with coal. Primary SOC and SO42- accounted for 33% and 42% of their total PM2.5 concentrations in winter, respectively. Therefore, control measures applied to these primary sources can substantially improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Liwei Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wenbin Song
- Xi'an Environmental Monitoring Station, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Shiyang Bi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Benjamin C Schulze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Congbo Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Energy and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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14
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Chen Y, Wenger JC, Yang F, Cao J, Huang R, Shi G, Zhang S, Tian M, Wang H. Source characterization of urban particles from meat smoking activities in Chongqing, China using single particle aerosol mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:92-101. [PMID: 28527324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed in the urban area of Chongqing to characterize the particles present during a severe particulate pollution event that occurred in winter 2014-2015. The measurements were made at a time when residents engaged in traditional outdoor meat smoking activities to preserve meat before the Chinese Spring Festival. The measurement period was predominantly characterized by stagnant weather conditions, highly elevated levels of PM2.5, and low visibility. Eleven major single particle types were identified, with over 92.5% of the particles attributed to biomass burning emissions. Most of the particle types showed appreciable signs of aging in the stagnant air conditions. To simulate the meat smoking activities, a series of controlled smoldering experiments was conducted using freshly cut pine and cypress branches, both with and without wood logs. SPAMS data obtained from these experiments revealed a number of biomass burning particle types, including an elemental and organic carbon (ECOC) type that proved to be the most suitable marker for meat smoking activities. The traditional activity of making preserved meat in southwestern China is shown here to be a major source of particulate pollution. Improved measures to reduce emissions from the smoking of meat should be introduced to improve air quality in regions where smoking meat activity prevails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - John C Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fumo Yang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guangming Shi
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China; Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Huanbo Wang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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