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Yu Y, Li J. Biochar-derived dissolved and particulate matter effects on the phytotoxicity of polyvinyl chloride nanoplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167258. [PMID: 37741394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics in environments are potentially detrimental to plant growth. Appropriate doses of biochar can alleviate the phytotoxicity of nanoplastics under hydroponic conditions. However, the specific mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, the effects of biochar-derived dissolved matter (BCDM) and biochar-derived particulate matter (BCPM) on the phytotoxicity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nanoplastics were investigated and the underlying influencing mechanisms were elucidated. The results showed that PVC nanoplastics can be adsorbed and taken up by lettuce roots, inducing oxidative damage to lettuce shoots and roots and reducing their fresh weight. BCDM can promote the aggregation and sedimentation of PVC nanoplastics, and BCPM can adsorb PVC nanoplastics and cause barrier effect, which will reduce the exposure dose of PVC nanoplastics. Furthermore, nutrients in BCDM can promote lettuce growth. As a result, the presence of both BCDM and BCPM significantly mitigated the oxidative stress of lettuce shoots and roots as demonstrated by the decrease in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, lettuce biomass was significantly increased after addition of BCDM and BCPM compared to the single PVC treatment group (p < 0.05). This study provides a theoretical basis for finding solutions to alleviate the phytotoxicity of nanoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China.
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2
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Soja G, Sörensen A, Drosg B, Gabauer W, Ortner M, Schumergruber A, Dunst G, Meitner D, Guillen-Burrieza E, Pfeifer C. Abattoir residues as nutrient resources: Nitrogen recycling with bone chars and biogas digestates. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15169. [PMID: 37095952 PMCID: PMC10121787 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abattoirs produce by-products that may become valuable resources for nutrient recycling and energy generation by including pyrolysis and biogas production in the value creation chain. This study investigated the potential of bone chars as sorbents for ammonium in order to produce a soil amendment useful for fertilizing purposes. Ammonium enriched from the digestate by membrane distillation or from pure ammonium sulphate solutions accommodated the nitrogen sorption to the bone chars. The plant availability of the sorbed nitrogen was studied by a standardized short-term plant test with rye (Secale cereale L.). The results showed that ammonium, both from biogas digestate and from pure salt solutions, could be sorbed successfully to the bone chars post-pyrolysis and increased the nitrogen concentration of the chars (1.6 ± 0.3%) by 0.2-0.4%. This additional nitrogen was desorbed easily and supported plant growth (+17 to +37%) and plant nitrogen uptake (+19-74%). The sorption of ammonium to the bone chars had a positive effect on the reversal of pure bone char phytotoxicity and on nitrogen availability. In summary, this study showed that abattoir wastes are useful pyrolysis input materials to produce bone chars and to provide ammonium source for sorption to the chars. This innovation offers the possibility to produce nitrogen-enriched bone chars as a new type of fertilizer that upgrades the known value of bone char as phosphorus fertilizer by an additional nitrogen fertilizer effect.
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Jin X, Bai Y, Khashi u Rahman M, Kang X, Pan K, Wu F, Pommier T, Zhou X, Wei Z. Biochar stimulates tomato roots to recruit a bacterial assemblage contributing to disease resistance against Fusarium wilt. IMETA 2022; 1:e37. [PMID: 38868709 PMCID: PMC10989760 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Biochar amendment is acknowledged to favor plant resistance against soil-borne diseases. Although plant-beneficial bacteria enrichment in the rhizosphere is often proposed to be associated with this protection, the mechanism behind this stimulating effect remains unelucidated. Here, we tested whether biochar promotes plants to recruit beneficial bacteria to the rhizosphere, and thus develop a disease-suppressive rhizosphere microbiome. In a pot experiment, biochar amendment decreased tomato Fusarium wilt disease severity. Using a transplanting rhizosphere microbiome experiment, we showed that biochar enhanced the suppressiveness of tomato rhizosphere microbiome against Fusarium wilt disease. High-throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene and in vitro cultures further indicated that the recruited suppressive rhizosphere microbiome was associated with the increase of plant-beneficial bacteria, such as Pseudomonas sp. This amendment also enhanced the in vitro chemoattraction and biofilm promotion activity of tomato root exudates. Collectively, our results demonstrate that biochar amendment induces tomato seedlings to efficiently recruit a disease-suppressive rhizosphere microbiome against Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Yang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Muhammad Khashi u Rahman
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xiaojun Kang
- Department of Plant & Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Kai Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Fengzhi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Thomas Pommier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie MicrobienneVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Xingang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Zhong Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Laboratory of Bio‐interactions and Crop Health, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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4
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Yu S, Dong X, Zhao P, Luo Z, Sun Z, Yang X, Li Q, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhou H. Decoupled temperature and pressure hydrothermal synthesis of carbon sub-micron spheres from cellulose. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3616. [PMID: 35750677 PMCID: PMC9232491 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature and pressure of the hydrothermal process occurring in a batch reactor are typically coupled. Herein, we develop a decoupled temperature and pressure hydrothermal system that can heat the cellulose at a constant pressure, thus lowering the degradation temperature of cellulose significantly and enabling the fast production of carbon sub-micron spheres. Carbon sub-micron spheres can be produced without any isothermal time, much faster compared to the conventional hydrothermal process. High-pressure water can help to cleave the hydrogen bonds in cellulose and facilitate dehydration reactions, thus promoting cellulose carbonization at low temperatures. A life cycle assessment based on a conceptual biorefinery design reveals that this technology leads to a substantial reduction in carbon emissions when hydrochar replacing fuel or used for soil amendment. Overall, the decoupled temperature and pressure hydrothermal treatment in this study provides a promising method to produce sustainable carbon materials from cellulose with a carbon-negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, Helix, STW 3.48, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuohua Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Antiflammatory activity and potential dermatological applications of characterized humic acids from a lignite and a green compost. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2152. [PMID: 35140310 PMCID: PMC8828863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with the development of some inflammatory processes related to skin. The goal of modern medicine is the development of new products with antiflammatory action deriving from natural sources to improve environmental and economic sustainability. In this study, two different humic acids (HA) were isolated from from lignite (HA-LIG) and composted artichoke wastes (HA-CYN) and characterized by infrared spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, thermochemolysis-GC/MS, and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), while their antiflammatory activity was evaluated on HaCaT cells. Spectroscopic results showing the predominance of apolar aliphatic and aromatic components in HA-LIG, whereas HA-CYN revealed a presence of polysaccharides and polyphenolic lignin residues. The HA application on human keratinocyte pre-treated with Urban Dust revealed a general increase of viability suggesting a protective effect of humic matter due to the content of aromatic, phenolic and lignin components. Conversely, the gene expression of IL-6 and IL-1β cytokines indicated a significant decrease after application of HA-LIG, thus exhibiting a greater antiflammatory power than HA-CYN. The specific combination of HA protective hydrophobic components, viable conformational arrangements, and content of bioactive molecules, suggests an innovative applicability of humic matter in dermatology as skin protectors from environmental irritants and as antiflammatory agents.
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Liu M, Lin Z, Ke X, Fan X, Joseph S, Taherymoosavi S, Liu X, Bian R, Solaiman ZM, Li L, Pan G. Rice Seedling Growth Promotion by Biochar Varies With Genotypes and Application Dosages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:580462. [PMID: 34234791 PMCID: PMC8256797 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.580462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While biochar use in agriculture is widely advocated, how the effect of biochar on plant growth varies with biochar forms and crop genotypes is poorly addressed. The role of dissolvable organic matter (DOM) in plant growth has been increasingly addressed for crop production with biochar. In this study, a hydroponic culture of rice seedling growth of two cultivars was treated with bulk mass (DOM-containing), water extract (DOM only), and extracted residue (DOM-free) of maize residue biochar, at a volumetric dosage of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1%, respectively. On seedling root growth of the two cultivars, bulk biochar exerted a generally negative effect, while the biochar extract had a consistently positive effect across the application dosages. Differently, the extracted biochar showed a contrasting effect between genotypes. In another hydroponic culture with Wuyunjing 7 treated with biochar extract at sequential dosages, seedling growth was promoted by 95% at 0.01% dosage but by 26% at 0.1% dosage, explained with the great promotion of secondary roots rather than of primary roots. Such effects were likely explained by low molecular weight organic acids and nanoparticles contained in the biochar DOM. This study highlights the importance of biochar DOM and crop genotype when evaluating the effect of biochar on plants. The use of low dosage of biochar DOM could help farmers to adopt biochar technology as a solution for agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Liu
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- School of Agriculture and Environment, UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Zhi Lin
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianlin Ke
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Stephen Joseph
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarasadat Taherymoosavi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongjun Bian
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zakaria M. Solaiman
- School of Agriculture and Environment, UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lianqing Li
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Genxing Pan
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Bento LR, Spaccini R, Cangemi S, Mazzei P, de Freitas BB, de Souza AEO, Moreira AB, Ferreira OP, Piccolo A, Bisinoti MC. Hydrochar obtained with by-products from the sugarcane industry: Molecular features and effects of extracts on maize seed germination. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111878. [PMID: 33388711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse, vinasse and a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and vinasse were hydrothermally carbonized (HTC), with and without the addition of phosphoric acid, in order to propose new applications of sucroenergetic industry by-products on soil. Detailed information on the composition and properties of hydrochars has been obtained through elemental composition, thermogravimetric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and, thermochemolysis GC-MS. The soluble acidic fraction from the hydrochar samples were applied to maize seeds to evaluate the agronomic potential as biostimulants and relate the molecular features with maize seed germination. The HTC treatment converted polysaccharide-based biomasses into hydrochars with hydrophobic characteristics (C-Aryl and C-Akyl). Furthermore, the addition of phosphoric acid further increased the overall hydrophobicity and shifted the thermal degradation of the hydrochars to higher temperatures. Biomass influenced the hydrochars that formed, in which the molecular features of sugarcane bagasse determined the formation of more polar hydrochar, due to the preservation of lignin and phenolic components. Meanwhile, the HTC of vinasse resulted in a more hydrophobic product with an enrichment of condensed and recalcitrant organic fractions. The germination assay showed that polar structures of bagasse may play a role in improving the maize seeds germination rate (increase of ~11%), while the hydrophobic domains showed negative effects. The responses obtained in germination seems to be related to the molecular characteristics that organic extracts can present in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Raimundo Bento
- Laboratório de Estudos Em Ciências Ambientais (LECA), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per L'Ambiente, L'Agroalimentare Ed I Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Spaccini
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per L'Ambiente, L'Agroalimentare Ed I Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvana Cangemi
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per L'Ambiente, L'Agroalimentare Ed I Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mazzei
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per L'Ambiente, L'Agroalimentare Ed I Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Farmacia (DIFARMA), Università Degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Bianca Borge de Freitas
- Laboratório de Estudos Em Ciências Ambientais (LECA), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Eva Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratório de Estudos Em Ciências Ambientais (LECA), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Altair Benedito Moreira
- Laboratório de Estudos Em Ciências Ambientais (LECA), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Odair Pastor Ferreira
- Laboratório de Materiais Funcionais Avançados (LaMFA), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per L'Ambiente, L'Agroalimentare Ed I Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Márcia Cristina Bisinoti
- Laboratório de Estudos Em Ciências Ambientais (LECA), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Insights on Molecular Characteristics of Hydrochars by 13C-NMR and Off-Line TMAH-GC/MS and Assessment of Their Potential Use as Plant Growth Promoters. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041026. [PMID: 33672045 PMCID: PMC7919478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrochar is a carbon-based material that can be used as soil amendment. Since the physical-chemical properties of hydrochar are mainly assigned to process parameters, we aimed at evaluating the organic fraction of different hydrochars through 13C-NMR and off-line TMAH-GC/MS. Four hydrochars produced with sugarcane bagasse, vinasse and sulfuric or phosphoric acids were analyzed to elucidate the main molecular features. Germination and initial growth of maize seedlings were assessed using hydrochar water-soluble fraction to evaluate their potential use as growth promoters. The hydrochars prepared with phosphoric acid showed larger amounts of bioavailable lignin-derived structures. Although no differences were shown about the percentage of maize seeds germination, the hydrochar produced with phosphoric acid promoted a better seedling growth. For this sample, the greatest relative percentage of benzene derivatives and phenolic compounds were associated to hormone-like effects, responsible for stimulating shoot and root elongation. The reactions parameters proved to be determinant for the organic composition of hydrochar, exerting a strict influence on molecular features and plant growth response.
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Thomas SC. Post-processing of biochars to enhance plant growth responses: a review and meta-analysis. BIOCHAR 2021; 3:437-455. [PMID: 34723131 PMCID: PMC8547209 DOI: 10.1007/s42773-021-00115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A number of processes for post-production treatment of "raw" biochars, including leaching, aeration, grinding or sieving to reduce particle size, and chemical or steam activation, have been suggested as means to enhance biochar effectiveness in agriculture, forestry, and environmental restoration. Here, I review studies on post-production processing methods and their effects on biochar physio-chemical properties and present a meta-analysis of plant growth and yield responses to post-processed vs. "raw" biochars. Data from 23 studies provide a total of 112 comparisons of responses to processed vs. unprocessed biochars, and 103 comparisons allowing assessment of effects relative to biochar particle size; additional 8 published studies involving 32 comparisons provide data on effects of biochar leachates. Overall, post-processed biochars resulted in significantly increased average plant growth responses 14% above those observed with unprocessed biochar. This overall effect was driven by plant growth responses to reduced biochar particle size, and heating/aeration treatments. The assessment of biochar effects by particle size indicates a peak at a particle size of 0.5-1.0 mm. Biochar leachate treatments showed very high heterogeneity among studies and no average growth benefit. I conclude that physiochemical post-processing of biochar offers substantial additional agronomic benefits compared to the use of unprocessed biochar. Further research on post-production treatments effects will be important for biochar utilization to maximize benefits to carbon sequestration and system productivity in agriculture, forestry, and environmental restoration. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42773-021-00115-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. Thomas
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B3 Canada
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Silva MP, Nieva Lobos ML, Piloni RV, Dusso D, González Quijón ME, Scopel AL, Moyano EL. Pyrolytic biochars from sunflower seed shells, peanut shells and Spirulina algae: their potential as soil amendment and natural growth regulators. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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11
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Tang J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Chen J, He X, Zhang Q. Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soil-plant-microbe responses to Solidago canadensis L.-derived biochar in coastal saline-alkali soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:138938. [PMID: 32408208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Because salinity of coastal soils is drastically increasing, the application of biochars to saline-alkali soil amendments has attracted considerable attention. Various Solidago-canadensis-L.-derived biochars prepared through pyrolysis from 400 to 600 °C were applied to coastal saline-alkali soil samples to optimise the biochar pyrolysis temperature and investigate its actual ecological responses. All biochars reduced the soil bulk density and exchangeable sodium stress and increased soil water-holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter content. Principal-component-analysis results showed that pyrolysis temperature played an important role in the potential application of biochars to improve the coastal saline-alkali soil, mainly contributed to ameliorating exchangeable sodium stress and decreasing biochar-soluble toxic compounds. Furthermore, soil bulk density and organic matter, as well as carboxylic acids, phenolic acids and amines of biochar were major driving factors for bacterial community composition. Compared to low-temperature biochar (pyrolyzed below 550 °C), which showed higher toxicity for Brassica chinensis L. growth due to the higher content of carboxylic acids, phenols and amines, high-temperature biochar (pyrolyzed at or above 550 °C) possessed less amounts of these toxic functional groups, more beneficial soil bacteria and healthier for plant growth. Therefore, high-temperature biochar could be applied as an effective soil amendment to ameliorate the coastal saline-alkali soil with acceptable environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Tang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shudong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinhuan Chen
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinyu He
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiuzhuo Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Chen Jiazhen, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Sanchez-Reinoso AD, Ávila-Pedraza EA, Restrepo H. Use of Biochar in agriculture. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v25n2.79466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to show in a general way how biochar (BC) can be obtained and its effects on the physicochemical properties of soils and physiological behavior of cultivated plants. BC is a product rich in carbon that comes from the pyrolysis of biomass, generally of vegetable origin. BC is obtained by the decomposition of organic matter exposed to temperatures between 200-900 ºC in an atmosphere with low oxygen availability (pyrolysis), which can be slow, intermediate or fast. Depending on the biomass and the temperature used in its production, BC can contain high levels of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, among others. The main sources to produce biochar are forest, agroindustrial and manure residues. BC quality and physical-chemical characteristics will depend not only on the type of waste or plant material for production, but also on the plant photosynthetic apparatus. The high carbon contents present in organic matter, which are more resistant to biological and chemical decomposition, are stabilized by the pyrolysis process. When incorporated into the soil, BC remains stable for longer periods of time and is not volatilized into the atmosphere; this allows BC to be considered as an important compound for the mitigation of the impacts of polluting substances. Additionally, it has been found that BC application improves the physicochemical characteristics of the soil, including fertility. This improvement generates positive responses in the physiological behavior of cultivated plants such as the increase of germination, accumulation of dry matter, photosynthetic rate, yield and quality of the harvested organ. BC use opens important doors for the sustainable management of agriculture in Colombia. It can be considered in production systems exposed to heavy metals such as vegetables and perennial species, in order to reduce the impact of these substances on human health.
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Wang S, Kwak JH, Islam MS, Naeth MA, Gamal El-Din M, Chang SX. Biochar surface complexation and Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) adsorption in aqueous solutions depend on feedstock type. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136538. [PMID: 32050382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a promising material for efficient removal of toxic metals from wastewater to meet standards for discharge into surface water. We characterized adsorption behaviour of willow (Salix alba) wood (WW) and cattle manure (CM) and their biochars, willow wood biochar (WWB) and cattle manure biochar (CMB), and elucidated the mechanisms for the removal of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions. The kinetic adsorption suggests that the adsorption of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) by feedstock and their biochars was controlled by mass transport, and chemisorption also played a role in the adsorption process. The Elovich model also well described the adsorption kinetics for WW and CM (R2 > 0.92), indicating that heterogeneous diffusion was the mechanism. The Sips isotherm model fitted best (R2 > 0.98) for Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) adsorption by the feedstocks and their biochars, indicating that both monolayer and multilayer adsorption played roles on the heterogeneous surfaces of the four adsorbents. The WWB had a higher while the CMB had a lower adsorption capacity than their respective feedstock due to the presence of abundant -COOH functional group on WWB surface to interact with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) to form surface complexes. The higher specific surface area and lower pH of point of zero charge (PZC) of WWB were other contributing factors for its greater removal capacity. Therefore, we conclude that proper feedstocks need to be selected to produce biochars that are efficient for the removal of toxic metals from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Jin-Hyeob Kwak
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada; Department of Rural Construction Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Shahinoor Islam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Anne Naeth
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada.
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Bento LR, Melo CA, Ferreira OP, Moreira AB, Mounier S, Piccolo A, Spaccini R, Bisinoti MC. Humic extracts of hydrochar and Amazonian Dark Earth: Molecular characteristics and effects on maize seed germination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135000. [PMID: 31791776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the presence of anthropogenic organic matter in highly fertile Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE), which is attributed to the transformation of organic matter over thousands of years, we explored hydrothermal carbonization as an alternative for humic-like substances (HLS) production. Hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane industry byproducts (bagasse and vinasse) in the presence and absence of H3PO4 afforded HLS, which were isolated and compared with humic substances (HS) isolated from ADE in terms of molecular composition and maize seed germination activity. HLS isolated from sugarcane bagasse hydrochar produced in the presence or absence of H3PO4 comprised both hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, differing from other HLS mainly in terms of phenolic content, while HLS isolated from vinasse hydrochar featured hydrophobic structures mainly comprising aliphatic moieties. Compared to that of HLS, the structure of soil-derived HS reflected an increased contribution of fresh organic matter input and, hence, featured a higher content of O-alkyl moieties. HLS derived from lignocellulosic biomass were rich in phenolics and promoted maize seed germination more effectively than HLS comprising alkyl moieties. Thus, HLS isolated from bagasse hydrochar had the highest bioactivity, as the presence of amphiphilic moieties therein seemed to facilitate the release of bioactive molecules from supramolecular structures and stimulate seed germination. Based on the above results, the hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass was concluded to be a viable method of producing amphiphilic HLS for use as plant growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Raimundo Bento
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agroalimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Camila Almeida Melo
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Odair Pastor Ferreira
- Laboratório de Materiais Funcionais Avançados (LaMFA), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, P.O. Box 3151, 60455-900 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Altair Benedito Moreira
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Stéphane Mounier
- Laboratoire MIO, CNRS-IRD-Université de Toulon-AMU - CS 60584, 83041 Toulon, Cedex 9, France
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agroalimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Riccardo Spaccini
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agroalimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Márcia Cristina Bisinoti
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.
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Gu J, Yao J, Jordan G, Roha B, Min N, Li H, Lu C. Arundo donax L. stem-derived biochar increases As and Sb toxicities from nonferrous metal mine tailings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:2433-2443. [PMID: 30121764 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metal(loid)s released from tailing residues of mining operations have become a global issue with regard to environmental impacts. Biochar derived from the agriculture waste is considered as a cost-effective and stable material, which could be applied for remediation of sites contaminated with toxic metal(loid)s. In the present study, tailings were amended for 90 days with increasing concentrations of Arundo donax L. stem-derived biochar (ASBC; at 0, 1, 3, and 5%). The 7-day wheat seed germination toxicity test was then used to assess the bioavailability of toxicants in aqueous leachates of the biochar-amended tailing samples. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Sb in leachates and the Community Bureau of Reference chemical fractions were determined using ICP-OES. The results indicated that tailing leachates were phytotoxic, an effect that was partially decreased due to increasing concentrations of ASBC, with maximum effects (∼47% of tailing phytotoxicity) occurring at 3% ASBC. Results of further fractionation analyses indicated that increasing concentrations of ASBC amendment decreased the mobile fractions of Cd, Cu, and Pb in tailing samples, but increased the mobilities of As and Sb. A novel approach using the relative toxicity index (= sum of toxicities of individual potentially toxic elements) indicated that the toxicity of the tailings decreased when As was not present, since As decreased the biochar-reduced toxicity. Our results suggest that the ability of using biochar to decrease toxicity in tailings (by sequestration of cationic metals such as Cd, Cu, and Pb) is limited by its inability to immobilize oxyanionic metalloids such as As and Sb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihai Gu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gyozo Jordan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Szent István University, Villányiút 35-43, Budapest, 1118, Hungary
| | - Beenish Roha
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Min
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Lu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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Improvement of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) germination by application of biochar leacheate in steeping solution to upgrade malt quality. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 42:305-311. [PMID: 31820283 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate an improvement of barley germination by application of biochar leacheate in the steeping solution for upgrading malt quality. RESULTS Barley germination was improved when biochar leacheate was used in the steeping water during the first steeping cycle. A clear decrease in the time to reach 50% of final germination percentage was detected due to an addition of biochar leacheate, but no significant difference was observed in the percent germination at the end of germination. Hydrolase activities including α-amylase, proteinase and β-glucanase in barley grains were maximally increased during the malting process when 10% biochar leacheate was added to the first steeping water. The wort yielding indexes including both glucose and maltose content and the free amino nitrogen content were significantly increased but the β-glucan content was significantly decreased at a level of p < 0.05 when 10% biochar leacheate was added to the steeping water. CONCLUSIONS Biochar leacheate could be used as a stimulator in the steeping solution during the first steeping cycle to improve barley germination and so upgrade malt quality.
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Fregolente LG, Miguel TBAR, de Castro Miguel E, de Almeida Melo C, Moreira AB, Ferreira OP, Bisinoti MC. Toxicity evaluation of process water from hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane industry by-products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27579-27589. [PMID: 29594880 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical process carried out in an aqueous medium. It is capable of converting biomass into a solid, carbon-rich material (hydrochar), and producing a liquid phase (process water) which contains the unreactive feedstock and/or chemical intermediates from the carbonization reaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of process water generated by HTC from vinasse and sugarcane bagasse produced by sugarcane industry and to evaluate its toxicity to both marine (using Artemia salina as a model organism) and the terrestrial environment (through seed germination studies of maize, lettuce, and tomato). The experiments showed that concentrated process water completely inhibited germination of maize, lettuce, and tomato seeds. On the other hand, diluted process water was able to stimulate seedlings of maize and tomato and enhance root and shoot growth. For Artemia, the LC50 indicated that the process water is practically non-toxic; however, morphological changes, especially damages to the digestive tube and antennas of Artemia, were observed for the concentration of 1000 mg C L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Gomes Fregolente
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Estudos em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus São José do Rio Preto, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2256, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Thaiz Batista Azevedo Rangel Miguel
- Laboratório de Materiais Funcionais Avançados (LaMFA), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, P.O. Box 6030, Fortaleza, Ceará State, 60455-900, Brazil
| | - Emilio de Castro Miguel
- Central Analítica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, P.O. Box 6030, Fortaleza, Ceará State, 60455-900, Brazil
| | - Camila de Almeida Melo
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Estudos em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus São José do Rio Preto, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2256, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Altair Benedito Moreira
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Estudos em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus São José do Rio Preto, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2256, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Odair Pastor Ferreira
- Laboratório de Materiais Funcionais Avançados (LaMFA), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, P.O. Box 6030, Fortaleza, Ceará State, 60455-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Bisinoti
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Estudos em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus São José do Rio Preto, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2256, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, 15054-000, Brazil.
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18
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De la Rosa JM, Sánchez-Martín ÁM, Campos P, Miller AZ. Effect of pyrolysis conditions on the total contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochars produced from organic residues: Assessment of their hazard potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:578-585. [PMID: 30833256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interest of using biochar, the solid byproduct from organic waste pyrolysis, as soil conditioner is significantly increasing. Nevertheless, persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are formed during pyrolysis due to the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Consequently, these pollutants may enter the environment when biochar is incorporated into soil and cause adverse ecological effects. In this study, we examined the content of the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) PAHs in biochars produced from rice husk, wood, wheat and sewage sludge residues using three different pyrolytic reactors and temperatures (400, 500 and 600 °C). The total concentration of PAHs (∑PAH) ranged from 799 to 6364 μg kg-1, being naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene the most abundant PAHs in all the biochars. The maximum amount of PAHs was observed for the rice husk biochar produced in the batch reactor at 400 °C, which decreased with increasing temperature. The ∑PAH value of the wood biochar produced via traditional kilns doubled compared with the wood biochar produced using the other pyrolytic reactors (5330 μg kg-1 in Kiln; 2737 μg kg-1 in batch and 1942 μg kg-1 in the rotary reactor). Looking for a more reliable risk assessment of the potential exposure of PAHs in biochar, the total toxic equivalent concentrations (TTEC) of the 14 produced biochars were calculated. When comparing the same feedstock and temperature, TTEC values indicated that the rotary reactor produced the safest biochars. In contrast, the biochars produced using the batch reactor at 400 and 500 °C have the greatest hazard potential. Our results provide valuable information on the potential risk of biochar application for human and animal health, as well as for the environment due to PAHs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M De la Rosa
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Águeda M Sánchez-Martín
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Paloma Campos
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Z Miller
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Bian R, Joseph S, Shi W, Li L, Taherymoosavi S, Pan G. Biochar DOM for plant promotion but not residual biochar for metal immobilization depended on pyrolysis temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:571-580. [PMID: 30699377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While biochar on metal immobilization was well understood, a small pool of dissolvable organic matter (DOM) from biochar was recently recognized as a bioactive agent for plant growth promotion. However, how the molecular composition and plant effects of this fraction and the performance for metal immobilization of the DOM-removed biochar could vary with pyrolysis temperature had been not well addressed. In this study, wheat straw biochar pyrolyzed at a temperature of 350 °C, 450 °C, 550 °C were extracted with hot water to separate the DOM fraction. The obtained biochar extracts (BE350, BE450, and BE550) were tested as foliar amendment to Chinese cabbage while the extracted (DOM-removed) biochars were tested for heavy metal immobilization in a contaminated soil. The results showed that BE350 was higher in organic matter content, abundance of organic molecules and mineral nutrients than BE450 and BE550. Compared to control, foliar application of BE350 significantly enhanced the shoot biomass (by 89%), increased leaf soluble sugar content (by 83%) but reduced leaf content of nitrate (by 34%) and of potential toxic metals (by 49% for Cd and by 30% for Pb). Moreover, BE350 treatment increased gene expression of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase enzyme activity of the tested plant. Meanwhile, soil amendment of DOM-extracted biochars significantly decreased soil CaCl2 extractable pool of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in a range of 27%-78%. Thus, the performance of DOM extract of biochar on plant growth promotion was indeed dependent of pyrolysis temperature, being greater at 350 °C than at higher temperatures. In contrast, metal immobilizing capacity of biochar was regardless of pyrolysis temperature and DOM removal. Therefore, pyrolyzing wheat straw at low temperature could produce a biochar for valorized separation of a significant DOM pool for use in vegetable production, leaving the residual biochar for amendment to metal contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Bian
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture and Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Stephen Joseph
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture and Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture and Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture and Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | | | - Genxing Pan
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture and Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
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20
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Savy D, Cozzolino V, Drosos M, Mazzei P, Piccolo A. Replacing calcium with ammonium counterion in lignosulfonates from paper mills affects their molecular properties and bioactivity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:411-418. [PMID: 30025241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lignosulfonates are important by-products of the paper industry and may be transformed into different commodities. We studied the molecular properties of ammonium (LS-AM) and calcium Lignosulfonates (LS-C) and evaluated their bioactivity towards the early development of maize plantlets. The FT-IR, 13C NMR and 1H-13C-HSQC-NMR spectra showed that the two lignosulfonates varied in hydroxyl, sulfonate and phenolic content, while DOSY-NMR spectroscopy suggested a similar diffusivity. High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC) was used to simulate the effects of root-exuded acids and describe the conformational dynamics of both LS substrates in acidic aqueous solutions. This technique showed that LS-C was stabilized by the divalent Ca2+ counterion, thus showing a greater conformational stability than LS-AM, whose components could not be as efficiently aggregated by the monovalent NH4+ counter-ion. The plant bioassays revealed that LS-AM enhanced the elongation of the root system, whereas LS-C significantly increased both total and shoot plant weights. We concluded that the lignosulfonate bioactivity on plant growth depended on the applied concentrations, their molecular properties and conformational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Savy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Plant Biology laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Vincenza Cozzolino
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Marios Drosos
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mazzei
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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21
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Backer R, Ghidotti M, Schwinghamer T, Saeed W, Grenier C, Dion-Laplante C, Fabbri D, Dutilleul P, Seguin P, Smith DL. Getting to the root of the matter: Water-soluble and volatile components in thermally-treated biosolids and biochar differentially regulate maize (Zea mays) seedling growth. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206924. [PMID: 30388186 PMCID: PMC6214570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of thermally treated biomass, including biochar, as soil amendments can improve soil fertility by providing nutrients, stable C and improving soil water-holding capacity. However, if the degree of carbonization is low, these soil amendments can lower crop productivity as a result of high salinity or organic compounds. The overall effect of these soil amendments is mediated by complex relationships between production conditions, soil properties and environmental conditions. This study aimed to 1) characterize the physiochemical properties and organic compounds released by three soil amendments (softwood biochar or pyrogenic carbonaceous biosolids), 2) determine the effects of these amendments on maize (Zea mays) seedling productivity, and 3) relate properties of these amendments to effects on maize seedling productivity under controlled environment conditions. Physicochemical properties and mobile organic compounds (water-soluble and volatile organic compounds were determined. The amendments were tested in maize germination and greenhouse experiments. Chemical fingerprinting of volatile and water-soluble compounds revealed over 100 mobile organic species. Increasing treatment temperature from 270 to 320°C reduces phytotoxicity of pyrogenic carbonaceous biosolids soil amendments. Water-soluble components of pyrogenic carbonaceous biosolids produced at 270°C (inorganic N, Na and/or organic compounds) were associated with reduced maize seedling productivity. Volatile components of pyrogenic carbonaceous biosolids produced at 320°C were associated with improved maize seedling productivity; nitrogen uptake was increased in spite of smaller root systems as a result of increased mineralization of soil or amendment N and/or uptake of organic N compounds. These results suggest that pyrogenic carbonaceous biosolids have potential benefits to provide plant nutrients when the amount of organic and inorganic species are limited during early growth stages, under greenhouse conditions. Future studies should examine these effects under field conditions to confirm whether controlled environment results translate into effects on yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Backer
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Michele Ghidotti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, CIRI-EA and CIRSA, Ravenna Campus, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Timothy Schwinghamer
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Werda Saeed
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Claudia Grenier
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Carl Dion-Laplante
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniele Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, CIRI-EA and CIRSA, Ravenna Campus, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Pierre Dutilleul
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Seguin
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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22
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Zhou H, Wang P, Chen D, Shi G, Cheng K, Bian R, Liu X, Zhang X, Zheng J, Crowley DE, van Zwieten L, Li L, Pan G. Short-term biochar manipulation of microbial nitrogen transformation in wheat rhizosphere of a metal contaminated Inceptisol from North China plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1287-1296. [PMID: 30021295 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While metal immobilization had been increasingly reported with biochar soil amendment (BSA), changes in microbial activity and nitrogen (N) transformation in metal contaminated croplands following biochar addition had been insufficiently addressed. In a field experiment, a Pb/Cd contaminated Inceptisol from North China was amended to topsoil with wheat straw biochar at 0 (CK), 20 (C1) and 40 t ha-1 (C2). The changes within two years following BSA were tested in microbial biomass and respiration, and in abundance of N transforming microbial communities and their activities. Corresponding to the results of decreased soil extractable Cd and Pb, significant reductions in qCO2 were found in rhizosphere and bulk soil only under C2 in the first year. The potential nitrification activity was significantly increased by 20-71%, along with an increase in ammonium (by 7-21%) and nitrate (by 21%-70%) concentration, with BSA compared to CK. Meanwhile, N2O production activity was slightly increased (by up to 20%) but N2O reduction activity greatly enhanced (by up to 84%), with a higher ratio of nosZ/(nirS + nirK), under C2 in rhizosphere in both wheat seasons. Whereas, such changes were not remarkable in bulk soil. Moreover, microbial communities were less respondent to biochar in the second year following the addition. Therefore, microbial growth and functioning for N transforming and cycling in metal contaminated soils could be largely improved with BSA at 40 t ha-1. Of course, studies are still deserved to mimic the long term changes with biochar in N cycling of the metal contaminated dry croplands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - De Chen
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gaoling Shi
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kun Cheng
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongjun Bian
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jufeng Zheng
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - David E Crowley
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lukas van Zwieten
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1243 Bruxner Highway, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia
| | - Lianqing Li
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Genxing Pan
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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23
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Marra R, Vinale F, Cesarano G, Lombardi N, d’Errico G, Crasto A, Mazzei P, Piccolo A, Incerti G, Woo SL, Scala F, Bonanomi G. Biochars from olive mill waste have contrasting effects on plants, fungi and phytoparasitic nematodes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198728. [PMID: 29879199 PMCID: PMC5991712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive mill waste (OMW), a byproduct from the extraction of olive oil, causes serious environmental problems for its disposal, and extensive efforts have been made to find cost-effective solutions for its management. Biochars produced from OMW were applied as soil amendment and found in many cases to successfully increase plant productivity and suppress diseases. This work aims to characterize biochars obtained by pyrolysis of OMW at 300 °C to 1000 °C using 13C NMR spectroscopy, LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Chemical characterization revealed that biochar composition varied according to the increase of pyrolysis temperature (PT). Thermal treated materials showed a progressive reduction of alkyl C fractions coupled to the enrichment in aromatic C products. In addition, numerous compounds present in the organic feedstock (fatty acids, phenolic compounds, triterpene acids) reduced (PT = 300 °C) or completely disappeared (PT ≥ 500 °C) in biochars as compared to untreated OMW. PT also affected surface morphology of biochars by increasing porosity and heterogeneity of pore size. The effects of biochars extracts on the growth of different organisms (two plants, one nematode and four fungal species) were also evaluated. When tested on different living organisms, biochars and OMW showed opposite effects. The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs. Conversely, growth of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma fungi was stimulated by organic feedstock, while being inhibited by thermally treated biochars. Our findings showed a pattern of association between specific biochar chemical traits and its biological effects that, once mechanistically explained and tested in field conditions, may lead to effective applications in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Marra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaspare Cesarano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Lombardi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Giada d’Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Crasto
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mazzei
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Environment, Agro-Food, and New Materials (CERMANU), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Environment, Agro-Food, and New Materials (CERMANU), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Incerti
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sheridan L. Woo
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Scala
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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24
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Mosa A, El-Ghamry A, Tolba M. Functionalized biochar derived from heavy metal rich feedstock: Phosphate recovery and reusing the exhausted biochar as an enriched soil amendment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:351-363. [PMID: 29421750 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a circular win-win approach for recycling rhizofiltration biomass into multifunctional engineered biochar for various environmental applications (e.g. phosphate recovery) with a potential reuse of the exhausted biochar as an enriched soil amendment. Functionalized biochars were derived from the disposals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) plants grown in synthetic contaminated water spiked with either Fe2+ (Fe-B), Mn2+ (Mn-B), Zn2+ (Zn-B) or Cu2+ (Cu-B) comparing with the original drainage water as a control treatment (O-B). The in-situ functionalization of biochar via the inherently heavy metal-rich feedstock produced homogenous organo-mineral complexes on biochar matrix without environmental hazards (e.g. volatilization or chemical sludge formation) associated with other post-synthetic functionalization methods. Physicochemical analyses (SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, BET and zeta potential (ζ)) confirmed the functionalization of Fe-B, Zn-B and Cu-B due to organo-mineral complexes formation, maximizing specific surface area, lowering the electronegativity, originating positively charged functional groups, and thus improving the anion exchange capacity (AEC) comparing with O-B. In contrary, physicochemical characteristics of Mn-B was in similarity with those of O-B. Phosphate recovery by the functionalized biochar was much greater than that of the unfunctionalized forms (O-B and Mn-B). Precipitation was the dominant chemisorption mechanisms for phosphate sorption onto biochar compared to other mechanisms (ion exchange, electrostatic attraction and complexation with active functional groups). The exhausted biochar showed an ameliorating effect on the low water and nutrient supply potentials of sandy soil, and thus improved fresh biomass yield and nutritional status of maize seedlings with some restrictions on its high micronutrient content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mosa
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Ayman El-Ghamry
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona Tolba
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
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25
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Korai PK, Xia X, Liu X, Bian R, Omondi MO, Nahayo A, Pan G. Extractable pool of biochar controls on crop productivity rather than greenhouse gas emission from a rice paddy under rice-wheat rotation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:802. [PMID: 29339780 PMCID: PMC5770379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of extractable pool of biochar in crop productivity and soil greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission is not yet clear. In this study, two biochars with and without extraction was added to a paddy before rice transplantation at 20 t·ha-1. Crop yield, plant traits and greenhouse gas emission monitored throughout a rice-wheat rotation. Between the biochar treatments, changes in bulk density and microbial biomass carbon were insignificant. However, the increase in organic carbon was similar between maize and wheat biochars while higher under bulk wheat biochar than extracted one. The increase in available P and K was higher under wheat than maize biochar regardless of extraction. Moreover, the increase in plant traits and grain yield, in rice season only, was higher under bulk than extracted biochars. Yet, there was no difference in changes in GHGs emission between bulk and extracted biochars regardless of feedstock. Nevertheless, increased methane emission for rice season was lower under extracted biochars than bulk ones. Overall, crop productivity rather than GHGs emission was affected by treatment of extraction of biochars. Thus, use of unextracted biochar is recommended for improving soil crop productivity in the paddy soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punhoon Khan Korai
- Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongjun Bian
- Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Morris Oduor Omondi
- Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Alphonse Nahayo
- Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Genxing Pan
- Center of Biomass and Biochar Green Technology, Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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26
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Ghidotti M, Fabbri D, Mašek O, Mackay CL, Montalti M, Hornung A. Source and Biological Response of Biochar Organic Compounds Released into Water; Relationships with Bio-Oil Composition and Carbonization Degree. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6580-6589. [PMID: 28437609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) were extracted from corn stalk biochar produced at increasing pyrolysis temperatures (350-650 °C) and from the corresponding vapors, collected as bio-oil. WSOCs were characterized by gas chromatography (semivolatile fraction), negative electron spray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry (hydrophilic fraction) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The pattern of semivolatile WSOCs in bio-oil was dominated by aromatic products from lignocellulose, while in biochar was featured by saturated carboxylic acids from hemi/cellulose and lipids with concentrations decreasing with decreasing H/C ratios. Hydrophilic species in poorly carbonized biochar resembled those in bio-oil, but the increasing charring intensity caused a marked reduction in the molecular complexity and degree of aromaticity. Differences in the fluorescence spectra were attributed to the predominance of fulvic acid-like structures in biochar and lignin-like moieties in bio-oil. The divergence between pyrolysis vapors and biochar in the distribution of WSOCs with increasing carbonization was explained by the hydrophobic carbonaceous matrix acting like a filter favoring the release into water of carboxylic and fulvic acid-like components. The formation of these structures was confirmed in biochar produced by pilot plant pyrolysis units. Biochar affected differently shoot and root length of cress seedlings in germination tests highlighting its complex role on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ghidotti
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research "Energy and Environment", University of Bologna , via S. Alberto 163, I-48123 Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Fabbri
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research "Energy and Environment", University of Bologna , via S. Alberto 163, I-48123 Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh , Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Logan Mackay
- SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas Hornung
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Institute Branch Sulzbach-Rosenberg, An der Maxhütte 1, 92237 Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany
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