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Li Y, Tian F, Zhong R, Zhao H. Source characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soils of Shenyang, China: A comparison of two receptor models combined with Monte Carlo simulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132805. [PMID: 37871439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The surface soil concentrations of 16 PAHs and 15 PCBs were simultaneously determined by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 21 locations of urban areas of Shenyang. The average concentrations of PAHs and PCBs were 26.40 ± 34.68 mg/kg and 48.03 ± 27.47 μg/kg, respectively. Factor analysis with nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC) and absolute principal component score with multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model were used to explore and evaluate the sources of PAHs and PCBs in the study area. The results of FA-NNC showed that PAHs in soils were mainly from traffic emissions (49.64%), coal combustion (46.88%) and petrogenic source (3.49%). The PCBs in soils were mainly from commercial and high temperature combustion mixed sources (20.3%), combustion and industry emission mixed sources (21.1%), electrical equipment sources (22.2%) and traffic emission sources (36.4%). The results of APCS-MLR were consistent with those of FA-NNC. The uncertainty of FA-NNC and APCS-MLR model was analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation method. The results revealed the reliability of the two receptor models on source apportionment. The estimated carcinogenic risks indicated that the risks of PAHs in soils exceed the acceptable range (10-6-10-4), while the risks of PCBs were below the acceptable risk level of 10-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China; School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Fulin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China; School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.
| | - Rui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China; School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Zhao
- Liaoning Academy of Analytical Sciences, Shenyang, P.R. China
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Dalanggud M, Lv Y, Liu C, Zhang Z, Jin J, Wang S, Wang Y, Wei Y, Jin J. Dechlorane Plus in environmental samples and human serum samples from new and old electronic waste dismantling areas in East China: Levels, composition profiles, and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167571. [PMID: 37797757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The global presence of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in environmental and human samples highlights the need for further research into its ecological risks and health effects. This study determined DP concentrations in soil and air samples from an old electronic waste dismantling area (Fengjiang) and a new electronic waste dismantling area (Binhai) in Taizhou City, China. Both syn-DP and anti-DP isomers were found in all soil and air samples. The median concentrations of DP in soil and air were 90.5 ng/g and 48.4 pg/m3 in Fengjiang, and 6.69 ng/g and 28.8 pg/m3 in Binhai. DP were widespread in the local environment, and in general at moderate levels compared with reports from other electronic waste dismantling areas. The analysis of DP isomer profiles in different seasons and the calculation of related fugacity fraction showed that anti-DP perhaps easier than syn-DP to migrate from soil to air in summer. DP concentrations in serum of residents from Fengjiang (median 9.74 ng/g) were significantly higher than those from Huangyan (common control area, median 2.77 ng/g; p < 0.01), while the fanti value showed that Fengjiang was significantly lower than Huangyan (p < 0.05). This revealed that DP exposure levels in serum perhaps one of the crucial factors influencing fanti value. Moreover, DP concentrations in serum showed an increasing trend with increasing body mass index (BMI) or age. However, the relationship between DP and sex was not observed. The fanti values of serum samples were higher than those in soil and air samples, suggested that DP perhaps stereo-selectively absorbed into the body or stereo-selectively metabolised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moson Dalanggud
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Lv
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zitong Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingxi Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China.
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Wang J, Dong F, Tang Z, Niu L, Zhao X. Insights into the Electronic Structure Effect of SnMnO x Nanorod Catalysts for Low-Temperature Catalytic Combustion of o-Dichlorobenzene. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300413. [PMID: 37358431 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
For the catalytic combustion reaction of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs), the redox properties and acid sites of the catalyst surface are key factors in determining the activity, selectivity, and chlorine-resistance stability. Herein, a series of SnMnOx catalysts for the catalytic combustion of CVOCs were prepared by the changing of Sn-doping way to regulate the electron valance state of Mn element, including reflux (R-SnMnOx ), co-precipitation (C-SnMnOx ) and impregnation (I-SnMnOx ). It was discovered that the R-SnMnOx catalyst had better activity and chlorine resistance than the R-MnOx , C-SnMnOx and I-SnMnOx catalyst, and we discovered that the doping ways of Sn in MnOx catalyst could regulate greatly the surface acidity, active oxygen species, the chemical state of Mnn+ species, and redox ability. Especially, the R-SnMnOx catalysts exhibit excellent water resistance, and the reasons were related to the strong interaction of Snn+ and Mnn+ , which could promote obviously the dispersion of active Mn species, form a large number of acid sites, provide the abundant lattice oxygen species, and own the excellent redox ability, which accelerate the rate of charge transfer between Snn+ and Mnn+ (Sn4+ +Mn2+ →Sn2+ +Mn4+ ) to produce the abundant active species and accelerate the rapid conversion of benzene and intermediates conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- School of Petroleum and Chemical, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, and National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Fang Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, and National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, and National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Niu
- School of Petroleum and Chemical, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Petroleum and Chemical, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
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Li JN, Zhang Y, Wang JX, Xiao H, Nikolaev A, Li YF, Zhang ZF, Tang ZH. Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Road Environments from Harbin, a Megacity of China. TOXICS 2023; 11:695. [PMID: 37624200 PMCID: PMC10458957 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
To obtain a comprehensive understanding about that occurrence, sources, and effects on human health of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road environmental samples from Harbin, concentrations of 32 PAHs in road dust, green belt soil, and parking lot dust samples were quantified. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 0.95 to 40.7 μg/g and 0.39 to 43.9 μg/g in road dust and green belt soil, respectively, and were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs). Despite the content of PAHs in arterial roads being higher, the composition profile of PAHs was hardly influenced by road types. For parking lot dust, the range of total PAH concentrations was 0.81-190 μg/g, and three-ring to five-ring PAHs produced the maximum contribution. Compared with surface parking lots (mean: 6.12 μg/g), higher total PAH concentrations were detected in underground parking lots (mean: 33.1 μg/g). The diagnostic ratios of PAHs showed that petroleum, petroleum combustion, and biomass/coal combustion were major sources of PAHs in the samples. Furthermore, according to the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk model, the cancer risks of three kinds of samples for adults and children were above the threshold (10-6). Overall, this study demonstrated that PAHs in the road environment of Harbin have a certain health impact on local citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Nong Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.-N.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.-X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.-N.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.-X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.-N.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.-X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia;
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, ON M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.-N.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.-X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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5
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Sanli G, Celik S, Joubi V, Tasdemir Y. Concentrations, phase exchanges and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) In Bursa-Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116344. [PMID: 37290625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the pollution levels derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, plant and soil samples and to reveal the PAH exchange at the soil-air, soil-plant and plant-air interfaces. In this context, air and soil samples were collected in approximately 10-day periods between June 2021 and February 2022 from a semi-urban area in Bursa, an industrial city with a dense population. Also, plant branch samples were collected for the last three months. Total PAH concentrations in the atmosphere (∑16PAH) and soil (∑14PAH) ranged from 4.03 to 64.6 ng/m3 and 13-189.4 ng/g DM, respectively. PAH levels in the tree branches varied between 256.6 and 419.75 ng/g DM. In all air and soil samples, PAH levels were low in the summer and reached higher values in the winter. 3-ring PAHs were the dominant compounds, and their distribution in air and soil samples varied between 28.9%-71.9% and 22.8%-57.7%, respectively. According to the results of diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA), both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources were found to be effective in PAH pollution in the sampling region. The fugacity fraction (ff) ratio and net flux (Fnet) values indicated that the direction of movement of PAHs was from soil to air. In order to better understand the PAH movement in the environment, soil-plant exchange calculations were also achieved. The ratio of ∑14PAH values measured to modeled concentrations (1.19<ratio<1.52) revealed that the model worked well for the sampling region and produced reasonable results. The ff and Fnet levels showed that branches were saturated with PAHs and the direction of PAH movement was from plant to soil. The plant-air exchange results indicated that the direction of movement of PAHs was from plant to air for low molecular weight PAHs and the opposite was true for compounds with high molecular weight ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Sanli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Semra Celik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Viam Joubi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
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Zhang Q, Gao M, Sun X, Wang Y, Yuan C, Sun H. Nationwide distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil of China and the association with bacterial community. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 128:1-11. [PMID: 36801025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has raised great environmental concerns. However, the information on national wide distribution of PAHs in soil as well as their effect on soil bacterial community are limited. In this study, 16 PAHs were measured in 94 soil samples collected across China. The total concentration of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) in soil ranged from 74.0 to 17,657 ng/g (dry weight basis), with a median value of 200 ng/g. Pyrene was the major soil PAH, with a median concentration of 71.3 ng/g. Soil samples from Northeast China had a higher median concentration of ∑PAHs (1,961 ng/g) than those from other regions. Petroleum emission and wood/grass/coal combustion were potential sources for soil PAHs based on diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factors analysis. A nonnegligible ecological risk (hazard quotients > 1) was found in over 20% of soil samples analyzed and the highest median total HQs value (8.53) was found in soils from Northeast China. The effect of PAHs on bacterial abundance, α-diversity, and β-diversity was limited in the soils surveyed. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of some members in genera Gaiella, Nocardioides, and Clostridium was significantly correlated with the concentrations of some PAHs. Especially, the bacterium Gaiella Occulta showed potential in indicating soil contamination by PAH, which is worth further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinhui Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Chaolei Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Ghadrshenas A, Tabatabaie T, Amiri F, Pazira AR. Spatial distribution, sources identification, and health risk assessment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and polychlorinated biphenyl compounds in total suspended particulates (TSP) in the air of South Pars Industrial region-Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1635-1653. [PMID: 35567675 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01286-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
South Pars Industrial Energy Zone, located in the southwest of Iran along the Persian Gulf coast, encompasses many industrial units in the vicinity of urban areas. This research study investigated the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on human health and the environment. Suspended particulate matters (SPM) in the air sampled, in summer and winter 2019, from ten stations next to industrial units and residential areas. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Spatial distribution maps of pollutants in the region were prepared using GIS software. The highest carcinogenic risk due to PAHs and PCBs measured as ([Formula: see text]) and ([Formula: see text], respectively. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency limit ([Formula: see text]), the cancer risks from PAH compounds were significant and need further investigation. The PCB cancer risks were within acceptable ranges. The highest adsorption ratios for PAHs were obtained through skin and PCBs by ingestion. The maximum measured non-carcinogenic hazard indexes (HI) turned out to be 0.037 and 0.023 for PAH and PCB, respectively, and were reported as acceptable risks. The predominant source of PAH in industrial areas was liquid fossil combustion, and in urban areas replaced by coal-wood-sugarcane combustion. Petrochemical complexes, flares, power plants (69%), electric waste disposal sites, and commercial pigments (31%) were reported as PCB sources. Industries activities were the most effective factors in producing the highest level of carcinogenic compounds in the region, and it is necessary to include essential measures in the reform programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghadrshenas
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Tabatabaie
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fazel Amiri
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Abdul Rahim Pazira
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
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Pacín C, Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E, Aboal JR, De Nicola F, Fernández JÁ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in PM 10 and bulk deposition using Mosspheres: A pilot study in an urban environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115406. [PMID: 36746206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Study air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) capturing the spatial variability of their concentrations is not economically feasible with conventional methods. In the present work we tested, for the first time and under real conditions, the suitability for intensive monitoring and mapping these contaminants of innovative, cost-effective passive air samplers known as "Mosspheres". The Mosspheres, filled with a devitalised Sphagnum palustre L. moss clone, were placed in a 575 m. grid in a medium-sized European city for three months. Concentrations in the moss tissues of 15 priority PAHs, including benzo(a)pyrene, were determined and converted into PM10 and bulk deposition with the equations proposed in a recent study. Low concentrations of PAHs were detected, with only a few enriched points never exceeding the legal thresholds, near industrial areas and busy roads. Despite these low PAH concentrations, Mosspheres were able to detect spatial structure for several PAHs and high-resolution pollution maps were constructed for these compounds. The results prove the high sensitivity and suitability of Mosspheres for mapping PAH levels and for quantitative (i.e. PAHs with 4 or more rings) and qualitative (3-ring PAHs) monitoring. Thus, this study supports their widespread application and its potential inclusion in European Directives on air quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Pacín
- CRETUS Center, Department of Functional Biology, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Javier Martínez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño Spain
| | | | - Jesús R Aboal
- CRETUS Center, Department of Functional Biology, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Flavia De Nicola
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi del Sannio di Benevento, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - J Ángel Fernández
- CRETUS Center, Department of Functional Biology, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Ossai CJ, Iwegbue CMA, Tesi GO, Olisah C, Egobueze FE, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Spatial characteristics, sources and exposure risk of polychlorinated biphenyls in dusts and soils from an urban environment in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163513. [PMID: 37061053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated organic compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are a threat to both humans and the environment because of their toxicity, persistence, and capacity for long-range atmospheric transport. The concentrations of 28 PCB congeners, including 12 dioxin-like and seven indicator PCBs, were investigated in soils, and indoor and outdoor dusts from Port Harcourt city, Nigeria, in order to evaluate the characteristic distribution patterns in these media, their sources, and possible risk. The PCB concentrations varied from 4.59 to 116 ng g-1 for soils, and from 1.80 to 23.0 ng g-1 and 2.73 to 57.4 ng g-1 for indoor and outdoor dusts respectively. The sequence of PCB concentrations in these matrices was soil > outdoor dust > indoor dust. The composition of PCBs in these matrices indicated the prevalence of lower chlorinated PCBs in indoor and outdoor dusts, while the higher chlorinated congeners were dominant in soils. Di-PCBs were the predominant homologues in indoor dusts, while deca-PCBs were the most prevalent homologues in outdoor dusts and soils. The TEQ values of dioxin-like PCBs in 60 % of the soils, 100 % of the indoor dust, and 30 % of the outdoor dust were above the indicative value of 4 pg TEQ g-1 established by the Canadian authority. The hazard index (HI) values for exposure of adults and children to PCBs in these media were mostly greater than one, while the total cancer risk (TCR) values exceeded the acceptable risk value of 10-6, which indicate probable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks resulting from exposure to PCBs in these media. Source analysis for PCBs in these matrices shows that they originated from diverse sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu J Ossai
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | | | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | | | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Eker Sanli G, Erkul SN, Tasdemir Y. Spatio-Temporal Variations, Fugacity Fractions and Air-Soil Exchanges of PCBs in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Rural Sites. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2023.2185267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Eker Sanli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Seyma Nur Erkul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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11
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Zhang Q, Shi B, Su G, Zhao X, Meng J, Sun B, Li Q, Dai L. Application of a hybrid GEM-CMB model for source apportionment of PAHs in soil of complex industrial zone. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130565. [PMID: 37055973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate source apportionment is essential for preventing the contamination of pervasive industrial zones. However, a limitation of traditional receptor models is their negligence of transmission loss, which consequently reduces their accuracy. Herein, chemical mass balance (CMB) and generic environmental model (GEM) was fused into a new method, which was employed to determine the traceability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a complex zone containing three coking plants, two steel plants, and one energy plant. Five categories of fingerprints comprising various compounds were established for the six plant sources where seven PAHs with low-high rings were screened as the best. Considering volatilization, dry deposition, and advective and dispersive transport, the GEM model generated 232 "compartments" in multimedia to capture subtle variations of PAHs during transmission. More than 90 % of the transmission of the seven PAHs varied between 0.4 % and 6.0 %. Over pure CMB model, acceptable results and best-fit results improved by 1.6-44.4 % and 0.3-80.8 % in the GEM-CMB model. Additionally, the coking, steel, and energy industries accounted for 36.4-56.1 %, 25.6-41.7 %, and 18.3-23.6 % of PAHs sources at four receptor points, respectively. Furthermore, quantifying contaminant loss rendered the traceability results more realistic, judged by distances and discharge capacities. Accordingly, these outcomes can help in precisely determining soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bohua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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12
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Chaplygin V, Dudnikova T, Chernikova N, Fedorenko A, Mandzhieva S, Fedorenko G, Sushkova S, Nevidomskaya D, Minkina T, Sathishkumar P, Rajput VD. Phragmites australis cav. As a bioindicator of hydromorphic soils pollution with heavy metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136409. [PMID: 36108759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The work is devoted to evaluation of the ability of Phragmites australis Сav. to indicate the soil pollution with heavy metals (HMs) and priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by studying changes in the plant's ultrastructure. The concentration of Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni as well as 16 priority PAHs in hydromorphic soils and macrophyte plants (Phragmites australis Cav.) were increasing with distance decreasing to the power station and approaching to the direction of prevailing wind (northwest). The analyze of distribution of the studied pollutants in plants showed that the highest concentration have prevailed in the roots. A decrease in the diameter of the roots, and an increase in the thickness of the leaf blade was established. The transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the ultrastructure of P. australis chloroplasts changed affected by accumulation of HMs and PAHs: a rise in the number of plastoglobules; a drop in the number of lamellae in granules, as well as changes in the shape, size, and electron density of mitochondria and peroxisomes. The most serious destructive violations of the main cellular organelles were noted for plants from the site within a 2.5 km from the emissions source and located on the predominant wind rose (north-west) direction. These macrophytes reflect spatial variations of pollutants metals in hydromorphic soils, therefore they are of potential use as bioindicators of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Grigorii Fedorenko
- Federal Research Centre the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Tatiana Minkina
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
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13
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Yang MR, Dai XR, Huang ZW, Huang CY, Xiao H. Research progress of the POP fugacity model: a bibliometrics-based analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:86899-86912. [PMID: 36261637 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of environmental issues regarding persistent organic pollutants (POPs), fugacity models have been widely used in the concentration prediction and exposure assessment of POPs. Based on 778 relevant research articles published between 1979 and 2020 in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC), the current research progress of the fugacity model on predicting the fate and transportation of POPs in the environment was analyzed by CiteSpace software. The results showed that the research subject has low interdisciplinarity, mainly involving environmental science and environmental engineering. The USA was the most paper-published country, followed by Canada and China. The publications of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lancaster University, and Environment Canada were leading. Collaboration between institutions was inactive and low intensity. Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the most concerning compounds, while air, water, soil, and sediment were the most concerning environmental media. Through co-citation cluster analysis, in addition to the in-depth exploration of traditional POPs, research on emerging POPs such as cyclic volatile methyl siloxane and dechlorane plus were new research frontiers. The distribution and transfer of POPs in the soil-air environment have attracted the most attention, and the regional grid model based on fugacity has been gradually improved and developed. The co-citation high-burst detection showed that the research hotspots gradually shifted from pollutant persistence and long-range transport potential to pollutant distribution rules among the different environmental media and the long-distance transmission simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800, China.
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Zhong-Wen Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, China
| | - Cen-Yan Huang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800, China
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14
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Ghadrshenas A, Tabatabaie T, Amiri F, Pazira AR. Distribution, source finding, ecological hazard assessment, and water-sediment exchange rate of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in South Pars Industrial Zone, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:157. [PMID: 36441256 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
South Pars Industrial Zone is located near an Assaluyeh city on the coast of the Persian Gulf and is known as the energy capital of Iran. In this study, environmental and health effects due to PCB congeners had an assessment. In this study, 10 air stations, 10 seawater, and sediments stations were systematically selected and sampled in two seasons. Air, seawater, and sediment pollution made by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were evaluated. Seawater-sediment exchange conditions using the fugacity coefficient reviewed. PCB levels in marine sediments, seawater, and air based on the analysis of the obtained data were 107.33-172.92 ng/g, ND-135.68 ng/L, and ND-4.4 ng/m3, respectively. The highest concentration was observed in the vicinity of refineries, petrochemicals, and petroleum export facilities. These values had increased significantly compared to values of studies, conducted in similar areas. The sources were electrical wastes, storage sites, power generation units, and wastewater treatment. The ecological risk of seawater was assessed to be low to high, while sediment risks were reported with a low to moderate risk range. In 70% of the stations, the predominant transfer was from sediments to seawater; sediments were in fact the secondary source of seawater pollution. It is suggested for the area to be continuously monitored, while engineering and management measures should be adopted to improve the situation and also prevent the spread of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghadrshenas
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Tabatabaie
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fazel Amiri
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Abdul Rahim Pazira
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
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15
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Tan J, Grathwohl P, Lohmann R. Spatial origin analysis on atmospheric bulk deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120162. [PMID: 36113643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) onto soil threatens terrestrial ecosystem. To locate potential source areas geographically, a total of 139 atmospheric bulk deposition samples were collected during 2012-2019 at eight sites in Shanghai and its surrounding areas. A multisite joint location method was developed for the first time to locate potential source areas of atmospheric PAHs based on an enhanced three dimensional concentration weighted trajectory model. The method considered spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric boundary layer height and homogenized all results over the eight sites via geometric mean. Regional transport was an important contributor of PAH atmospheric deposition while massive local emissions may disturb the identification of potential source areas. Northwesterly winds were associated with elevated deposition fluxes. Potential source areas were identified by the multisite joint location method and included Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong and Jiangsu to the north, and Anhui to the west of Shanghai. PM and SO2 data from the national ground monitoring stations confirmed the identified source areas of deposited PAHs in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change, Shanghai, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianguo Tan
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change, Shanghai, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Meteorological IT Support Center, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197, United States
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16
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Othman N, Ismail Z, Selamat MI, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH, Shibraumalisi NA. A Review of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Pollution in the Air: Where and How Much Are We Exposed to? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192113923. [PMID: 36360801 PMCID: PMC9657815 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely used in industrial and commercial applications, until they were banned in the late 1970s as a result of their significant environmental pollution. PCBs in the environment gained scientific interest because of their persistence and the potential threats they pose to humans. Traditionally, human exposure to PCBs was linked to dietary ingestion. Inhalational exposure to these contaminants is often overlooked. This review discusses the occurrence and distribution of PCBs in environmental matrices and their associated health impacts. Severe PCB contamination levels have been reported in e-waste recycling areas. The occurrence of high PCB levels, notably in urban and industrial areas, might result from extensive PCB use and intensive human activity. Furthermore, PCB contamination in the indoor environment is ten-fold higher than outdoors, which may present expose risk for humans through the inhalation of contaminated air or through the ingestion of dust. In such settings, the inhalation route may contribute significantly to PCB exposure. The data on human health effects due to PCB inhalation are scarce. More epidemiological studies should be performed to investigate the inhalation dose and response mechanism and to evaluate the health risks. Further studies should also evaluate the health impact of prolonged low-concentration PCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naffisah Othman
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Zaliha Ismail
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Ikhsan Selamat
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Nur Amirah Shibraumalisi
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
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17
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Kou J, Li X, Zhang M, Wang L, Hu L, Liu X, Mei S, Xu G. Accumulative levels, temporal and spatial distribution of common chemical pollutants in the blood of Chinese adults. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119980. [PMID: 35985432 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China has been in a rapid development period in recent decades, the mass production and use of chemical industrial products and pesticides have resulted in a large amount of pollutants in the environment. These pollutants enter the human body through environmental exposure and dietary intake, causing adverse health effects. Although many of them have been banned and restricted in the production and use in China, these pollutants still remain in the human body due to their high persistence and strong bioaccumulation. In this review, we aim to reveal the accumulation levels and profiles, as well as the temporal and spatial distribution of common chemical pollutants including chlorinated paraffins (CPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), new halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalic acid esters, perfluorinated compounds, bisphenols, organophosphorus pesticides and pyrethroid insecticides in the blood (including whole blood, serum and plasma) of Chinese adults by extracting 93 related studies published from 1990 to 2021. Results have shown that CPs, OCPs and PAHs were the main pollutants in China, the levels of short-chain chlorinated paraffin, p,p'-DDE and phenanthrene in blood even reached 11,060.58, 740.41 and 498.28 ng/g lipid respectively. Under the strict control of pollutants in China, the levels of most pollutants have been on a downward trend except for perfluoro octanoate and perfluoro nonanoate. Besides, OPFRs, NHFRs and PAHs may have a potential upward trend, requiring further research and observation. As for spatial distribution, East China (Bohai Bay and Yangtze River Delta) and South China (Pearl River Delta) were the major polluted regions due to their fast development of industry and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Mingye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Liqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, China
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, China
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18
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Han J, Xu C, Jin J, Hu J. PCNs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs in Soil around a Cement Kiln Co-Processing Municipal Wastes in Northwestern China: Levels, Distribution, and Potential Human Health Risks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12860. [PMID: 36232160 PMCID: PMC9566703 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the impact of the first cement kiln co-processing municipal wastes in northwest China on the surrounding environment, the concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in 17 soil samples collected around the plant. The concentration ranges of PCNs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs were 132-1288, 10.8-59.5, and 2.50-5.95 pg/g, and the ranges of toxic equivalents (TEQ) were 1.98-20.8, 2.36-48.0, and 73.2-418 fg/g, respectively. The concentrations of PCNs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs in this study were generally lower than those in soil around municipal waste incinerators and industrial parks in other areas. An exponential function equation was applied for the relationship between the concentration of the target compounds and the distance from the cement kiln stack, the results showed that PCN and PCB concentrations declined with the increasing of distance from the stack. Furthermore, it was found that the effect of the cement kiln on surrounding soil contaminations with PCNs and PCBs was stronger than that of PCDD/Fs by comparing the PCN, PCB, and PCDD/F homologue profiles in the fly ash sample from the plant and soil samples at different distances. The total carcinogenic risks (CR) of PCNs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs for children and adults in soil were 1.65 × 10-8-8.93 × 10-8 and 1.70 × 10-8-9.16 × 10-8, respectively, which was less than the risk threshold (CR = 1 × 10-6), and there was no health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Han
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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19
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Shi J, Huang L, Sanganyado E, Mo J, Zhao H, Xiang L, Wong MH, Liu W. Spatial distribution and ecological risks of polychlorinated biphenyls in a river basin affected by traditional and emerging electronic waste recycling in South China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:114010. [PMID: 36030683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With development of e-waste related legislation in China, formal recycling activities are designated in some areas while informal ones are illegally transferred to emerging areas to avoid supervision. However, the resulting environmental impact and ecological risks are not clear. Here, we investigated the discharge of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to soil and aquatic environments by e-waste recycling activities in the Lian River Basin, China. The study area included a designated industrial park in the traditional e-waste recycling area (Guiyu, known as the world's largest e-waste center), several emerging informal recycling zones, and their surrounding areas and coastal area. A total of 27 PCBs were analyzed, and the highest concentration was found in an emerging site for soil (354 ng g-1) and in a traditional site for sediment (1350 ng g--1) respectively. The pollution levels were significantly higher in both the traditional and emerging recycling areas than in their respective upstream countryside areas (p = 0.0356 and 0.0179, respectively). Source analysis revealed that the traditional and emerging areas had similar PCB sources mainly associated with three PCB technical mixtures manufactured in Japan (KC600) and the USA (Aroclor 1260 and Aroclor 1262). The PCB pollution in their downstream areas including the coastal area was evidently affected by the formal and informal recycling activities through river runoff. The ecological risk assessments showed that PCBs in soils and sediments in the Lian River Basin could cause adverse ecotoxicological consequences to humans and aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
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20
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Hasanoglu S, Göktaş RK. Fugacity-based analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in Izmit Bay, Turkey: An analytical framework for assessment with limited data. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:113990. [PMID: 35939930 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An analytical framework was proposed for analyzing long-term chemical pollution in a coastal region with limited environmental data. The framework consists of compiling and synthesizing the available knowledge including the chemical's properties and the environmentally relevant data, as well as the data obtained by past monitoring studies. The gathered data is analyzed to assess multimedia fate of the pollutant by using fugacity-based intermedia transport calculations. Uncertainty analysis by applying Monte Carlo simulations is an integrated part of the framework. Dispersion factor (k) values were adopted, enabling a unified and intuitive way to define lognormal uncertainty distributions. The proposed framework was applied to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in Izmit Bay, a coastal region in Turkey, impacted by industrialization and population growth. The analysis showed the importance of atmospheric pollution as a PAH source and indicated that Izmit Bay sediments may be at steady state for most PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyye Hasanoglu
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Recep Kaya Göktaş
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
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Vardar S, Demirel B, Onay TT. Impacts of coal-fired power plants for energy generation on environment and future implications of energy policy for Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:40302-40318. [PMID: 35318602 PMCID: PMC8940263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Turkish government aimed to increase the installed capacities of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) according to several policies and strategic plans published in recent years. Energy production from CFPPs and subsidizing the coal sector were selected for reducing the import dependency as a cheaper option. CFPPs with gaseous emissions as well as fly ash and fine dust, along with ash storage, coal storage, and coal mining operations and water use for cooling of the plants, affect the environmental quality. Hence, the health of inhabitants of the environment is affected. CFPPs to be built, according to strategic plans, will emit a significant amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and would severely undermine the targets for a 1.5 ℃ or 2 ℃ warmer world. Subsidies to the coal sector, along with exemptions from environmental regulations, combined with slower growth of energy production from renewable energy sources (RES), may lead to a path dependence on coal, while the rest of the world increases their energy production from RES. This study demonstrates the concrete examples of pollution caused by CFPPs in Turkey, along with health effects with the addition of policy context toward utilization of CFPPs, to point out the risks these plants constitute both for the environment and economy. Increasing the share of RES in the energy mixture is particularly important for Turkey due to being in a geographical region that is highly vulnerable to climate change effects. This study also briefly discusses how the increase of RES and de-carbonization in Turkey could be conducted in the short- and long-term, upon the literature provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Vardar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Hisar Campus, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burak Demirel
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Hisar Campus, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgut T Onay
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Hisar Campus, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Li HH, Yang ZB, Xu XX, Zhu XM, Xian JR, Yang YX, Cheng Z. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from different functional areas in Chengdu, China: seasonal variation and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:1161-1173. [PMID: 34195906 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation that identified seasonal variation, possible sources and health risk of 16 PAHs in street dust sampled park area (PA), educational area (EA), commercial area (CA), residential area (RA), and traffic area (TA) of Chengdu, one of the new first-tier cities in China. The total PAHs (∑16PAHs) concentrations of averaging over two seasons varied from 2.15 to 10.6 mg/kg with a median value of 4.61 mg/kg and in winter (5.48 ± 1.52 mg/kg) were significantly higher than that in summer (4.04 ± 0.91 mg/kg). The highest ∑16PAHs concentration was found in TA (median 6.74 mg/kg). Statistical analysis results indicated that mixture sources of petroleum combustion and combustion of biomass and coal seem to be the primary source of the PAHs in street dust. Carcinogenic risk by incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model for PAHs in street dust indicates an acceptable potential cancer risk for residents. The same sequences of cancer risk to be observed for both children and adults among different functional areas: TA > CA > EA > RA > PA. The results provided advice for habitants in Chengdu to encourage outdoor activities in parks and residential areas and minimize traffic areas and commercial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Han Li
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Biao Yang
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xun Xu
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhu
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ren Xian
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Xiang Yang
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
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A M, Cao R, Geng N, Zhu X, Chen J. Characteristics of PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in atmospheric fine particulate matter in Dalian, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132488. [PMID: 34624346 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic species in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may exhibit significant health risks. The level, composition and sources of PM2.5-bound organic pollutants are temporally and spatially highly variable. In this study, the pollution characteristics and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) in PM2.5 of Dalian were investigated. PM2.5-bound organic pollutants in Dalian were generally lower than other regions in China and other countries, significant seasonal changes were observed, higher levels appeared in winter than in summer. Concentrations of 16 PAHs were 2.07 ng/m3 and 13.99 ng/m3 in summer and winter, respectively. PAHs with 4-ring and 5-ring were the dominant components. Diagnostic analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PAHs mainly originate from petroleum emissions and combustion. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in PM2.5 ranged from 0.05 to 3.27, 0.04-0.65 and 0.05-1.42 pg/m3, respectively. PCDD/Fs and PCBs were mainly consisted of high-chlorinated homologues during the sampling period. High-chlorinated PCNs were dominated only in winter, while low-chlorinated PCNs were dominated in summer, industrial thermal activity was one of the main sources of PCNs. The high correlation coefficients of the concentration of PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs with that of SO2 indicated that combustion sources contributed more to PM2.5-bound organic pollutants than that of motor vehicle emissions. The incremental lifetime cancer risk induced by PM2.5-bound POPs is relatively lower in Dalian than other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila A
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China; Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China.
| | - Xiuhua Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China.
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
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Jiang Q, Feng J, Sun M. Carbon fibers modified with carbon nanoparticles by a facile and fast flame preparation for in-tube solid-phase microextraction. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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25
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Jakovljević I, Šimić I, Mendaš G, Sever Štrukil Z, Žužul S, Gluščić V, Godec R, Pehnec G, Bešlić I, Milinković A, Bakija Alempijević S, Šala M, Ogrizek M, Frka S. Pollution levels and deposition processes of airborne organic pollutants over the central Adriatic area: Temporal variabilities and source identification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112873. [PMID: 34428622 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
First data on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) in aerosols as well as of PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and NACs in bulk and wet atmospheric deposition samples were simultaneously obtained during 6-month-long field campaign at the costal central Adriatic area. Special attention was given to open-fire biomass burning episodes as extreme events common for the overall Mediterranean coastal area in order to gain a better understanding of the atmospheric variabilities and potential sources of trace organic pollutants in coastal environments. Diesel and gasoline combustion related to land and maritime traffic as well as occasional open-fire episodes (forest fires) were found to be the dominant pollution sources of PAHs in PM10 particles. NACs were determined almost exclusively in samples affected by biomass burning episodes. Open-fire episodes had a strong contribution to the overall NACs atmospheric deposition fluxes. Several chlorinated congeners of PCBs were predominantly contributed in deposition samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Šimić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gordana Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Silva Žužul
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Gluščić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranka Godec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Milinković
- Laboratory for Marine and Atmospheric Biogeochemistry, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saranda Bakija Alempijević
- Laboratory for Marine and Atmospheric Biogeochemistry, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Šala
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Ogrizek
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sanja Frka
- Laboratory for Marine and Atmospheric Biogeochemistry, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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26
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Kumar M, Bolan NS, Hoang SA, Sawarkar AD, Jasemizad T, Gao B, Keerthanan S, Padhye LP, Singh L, Kumar S, Vithanage M, Li Y, Zhang M, Kirkham MB, Vinu A, Rinklebe J. Remediation of soils and sediments polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: To immobilize, mobilize, or degrade? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126534. [PMID: 34280720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated due to incomplete burning of organic substances. Use of fossil fuels is the primary anthropogenic cause of PAHs emission in natural settings. Although several PAH compounds exist in the natural environmental setting, only 16 of these compounds are considered priority pollutants. PAHs imposes several health impacts on humans and other living organisms due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic properties. The specific characteristics of PAHs, such as their high hydrophobicity and low water solubility, influence their active adsorption onto soils and sediments, affecting their bioavailability and subsequent degradation. Therefore, this review first discusses various sources of PAHs, including source identification techniques, bioavailability, and interactions of PAHs with soils and sediments. Then this review addresses the remediation technologies adopted so far of PAHs in soils and sediments using immobilization techniques (capping, stabilization, dredging, and excavation), mobilization techniques (thermal desorption, washing, electrokinetics, and surfactant assisted), and biological degradation techniques. The pros and cons of each technology are discussed. A detailed systematic compilation of eco-friendly approaches used to degrade PAHs, such as phytoremediation, microbial remediation, and emerging hybrid or integrated technologies are reviewed along with case studies and provided prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Son A Hoang
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ankush D Sawarkar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440 010, India
| | - Tahereh Jasemizad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bowen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - S Keerthanan
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Lal Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Ossai CJ, Iwegbue CMA, Tesi GO, Olisah C, Egobueze FE, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Distribution, sources and exposure risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt city, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1328-1350. [PMID: 34318837 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the concentrations, composition, sources, and potential risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt city in Nigeria. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the detection and quantification of PAH species in the samples. The concentrations of the US EPA 16 PAHs plus 2-methyl-naphthalene (∑17 PAHs) in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt city ranged from 240 to 38 400, 276 to 9130 and 44 to 13 200 μg kg-1 (dry weight, d.w.) respectively. The PAH concentrations in these matrices followed the sequence: soil > indoor dust > outdoor dust. The composition of PAHs in soils and dust (indoor and outdoor) showed remarkable differences with prominence of 3- and 5-ring PAHs. The estimated carcinogenic risk to the residents arising from exposure to these concentrations of PAHs in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt was above the acceptable target cancer risk value of 10-6. We concluded that these sites require clean-up, remedial actions and implementation of stringent pollution control measures with the intention of reducing the undesirable impacts of PAHs on both the ecosystem and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu J Ossai
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | | | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Francis E Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Rumueme, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Baştabak B, Gödekmerdan E, Koçar G. A holistic approach to soil contamination and sustainable phytoremediation with energy crops in the Aegean Region of Turkey. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130192. [PMID: 33740653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this current review article is to evaluate the current knowledge of the contaminated soil in the study area based on reports and the results of previous experimental studies in the literature and to discuss the feasibility of phytoremediation with biofuel production using energy crops. The results indicated that the soil contamination was related mainly to the thermal power plant and mining activities in Kütahya, high industrial activity in İzmir, heavy metal and radioactive pollution in Manisa and Muğla. Moreover, the sources of the contamination are geothermal resources and transportation in Aydın and Denizli, respectively. However, soil pollution in Afyonkarahisar and Uşak provinces has not been discussed due to a lack of detailed reports and data in the literature. Besides, energy crops such as Zea mays, Ricinus communis, and Gossypium hirsitum were identified as appropriate candidates for İzmir, Denizli, Manisa, and Aydın due to being resistant to the arid climate. In Muğla province, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus bicostata can be cultivated because of having adaptation to moderate climatic conditions. Ricinus communis and Helianthus annuus were determined to be very suitable energy crops for the phytoremediation of many heavy metals in Kütahya. The review promotes the development of economic, environmental, and social benefits to regain the contaminated areas through phytoremediation. The findings of the study are important for creating sustainable solutions for remediation of polluted soils in Turkey, as well as for shedding light on the process of establishing appropriate policies to make soils contaminated suitable for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benginur Baştabak
- Ege University, Biomass Energy Systems and Technologies Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Elif Gödekmerdan
- Ege University, Biomass Energy Systems and Technologies Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Günnur Koçar
- Ege University, Biomass Energy Systems and Technologies Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.
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Tian L, Li J, Zhao S, Tang J, Li J, Guo H, Liu X, Zhong G, Xu Y, Lin T, Lyv X, Chen D, Li K, Shen J, Zhang G. DDT, Chlordane, and Hexachlorobenzene in the Air of the Pearl River Delta Revisited: A Tale of Source, History, and Monsoon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9740-9749. [PMID: 34213322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been banned for more than three decades, their concentrations have only decreased gradually. This may be largely attributable to their environmental persistence, illegal application, and exemption usage. This study assessed the historic and current regional context for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which were added to the Stockholm Convention in 2001. An air sampling campaign was carried out in 2018 in nine cities of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), where the historical OCP application was the most intensive in China. Different seasonalities were observed: DDT exhibited higher concentrations in summer than in winter; chlordane showed less seasonal variation, whereas HCB was higher in winter. The unique coupling of summer monsoon with DDT-infused paint usage, winter monsoon with HCB-combustion emission, and local chlordane emission jointly presents a dynamic picture of these OCPs in the PRD air. We used the BETR Global model to back-calculate annual local emissions, which accounted for insignificant contributions to the nationally documented production (<1‰). Local emissions were the main sources of p,p'-DDT and chlordane, while ocean sources were limited (<4%). This study shows that geographic-anthropogenic factors, including source, history, and air circulation pattern, combine to affect the regional fate of OCP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaopu Lyv
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Duohong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jin Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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30
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Wang X, Wang C, Gong P, Wang X, Zhu H, Gao S. Century-long record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from tree rings in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125152. [PMID: 33540264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited studies have been carried out on the historical variations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in remote regions of the world. In this study, century-long record of PAHs (1916-2018) were reconstructed from tree rings in the remote southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The total concentrations of 15 PAHs varied from 27.5 to 6.05 × 102 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 1.40 × 102 ng/g dw. Higher levels of PAHs were observed during World War Ⅱ and the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, and increasing trends were observed starting from rapid industrialization in India. Both the isomer ratios and the positive matrix factorization model results indicated biomass and coal combustion were the dominant sources of PAHs. The carcinogenic risk of PAHs to local residents was assessed, which might have been negligible in most past periods and lower than in other regions of the world. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the 21st century, the cancer risk has been increasing year by year, indicating more actions are needed to reduce emissions of PAHs. This study provides an idea for reconstructing the pollution history of PAHs at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; South-East Tibetan Plateau Station for Integrated Observation and Research of Alpine Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nyingchi 860119, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Zhao Y, Chen YP, Macdonald DW, Li J, Ma QY. Organochlorine compounds pose health risks to the Qinling Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116427. [PMID: 33445128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess organochlorine compound (OC) contamination, its possible sources, and adverse health impacts on giant pandas, we collected soil, bamboo, and panda fecal samples from the habitat and research center of the Qinling panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis)-the rarest recognized panda subspecies. The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) concentrations were comparatively low which suggests that moderate sources of OC pollution currently. OC levels were lower in samples from nature reserve than in those collected from pandas held in captivity, and OC levels within the reserve increased between functional areas in the order: core, buffer and experimental. The distribution patterns, and correlation analyses, combined with congener distributions suggested PCBs and OCPs originated from similar sources, were dispersed by similar processes, being transported through atmosphere and characterized by historical residues. Backward trajectory analyses results, and detected DRINs (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and isodrin) both suggest long-range atmospheric transport of pollution source. PCBs pose potential cancer risk, and PCB 126 was the most notable toxicant as assessed be the high carcinogenic risk index. We provide data for health risk assessment that can guide the identification of priority congeners, and recommend a long-term monitoring plan. This study proposes an approach to ecotoxicological threats whereby giant pandas may be used as sentinel species for other threatened or endangered mammals. By highlighting the risks of long-distance transmission of pollutants, the study emphasizes the importance of transboundary cooperation to safeguard biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qing-Yi Ma
- Shaanxi Wild Animal Research Center, Zhouzhi, Xi'an, 710402, China
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An optimized sample preparation and analysis method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmospheric bulk deposition samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1633:461599. [PMID: 33091788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method based on solid phase extraction (SPE), gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in atmospheric deposition samples. Six indicator PCB congeners were analysed by GC-ECD equipped with two micro electron-capture detectors and two gas chromatographic columns, while 12 PAH compounds were analysed by GC-MS/MS. Solid phase extraction on silica sorbent proved suitable for accumulation of PAHs and PCBs from deposited matters. The extraction procedure was based by passing the whole sample volume through a silica cartridge with dichloromethane and n-hexane as the eluting solvents. Two different performances of a bulk collector were compared. The method was validated using field total deposited samples collected monthly over a year by bulk method at an urban background station in Zagreb, Croatia. The levels and occurrence of PCBs corresponded to global environmental pollution, with the deposition rates of ∑6PCBs between 6 - 28 ng m-2 d-1. The deposition rates of ∑12PAHs varied between 132 and 714 ng m-2 d-1 during the warm period, whereas it achieved a significantly higher range of 171 to 1069 ng m-2 d-1 in the cold period.
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Kumar B, Verma VK, Joshi D, Kumar S, Gargava P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and rural residential soils, levels, composition profiles, source identification and health risk & hazard. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Ehigbor MJ, Iwegbue CMA, Eguavoen OI, Tesi GO, Martincigh BS. Occurrence, sources and ecological and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from some functional areas of the Nigerian megacity, Lagos. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2895-2923. [PMID: 32424788 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the levels of the USEPA 16 PAHs in soils collected from selected functional areas (cemetery, commercial, industrial and residential areas) of the Nigerian megacity, Lagos. The soil samples were subjected to ultrasonic-assisted extraction in a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of dichloromethane/hexane, and the PAHs in the resulting extracts were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Σ16 PAHs in soils of these functional areas varied between 890-4675, 485-4513, 111-15,577 and 509-2047 μg kg-1 for cemetery, industrial, commercial and residential areas, respectively. The benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic (BaPTEQ) and mutagenic equivalency (BaPMEQ) values of PAHs in these soils spanned from 523 to 1046 and 446 to 1129 µg kg-1, respectively. The hazard index values suggested that there are adverse (non-carcinogenic) health effects for a child's exposure to PAHs in soils of commercial areas. The cancer risk values resulting from an adult's and a child's exposure to PAHs in these urban soils via dermal contact and oral ingestion surpassed the target value of 10-6 which suggested that there is a considerable cancer risk relating to human exposure to PAHs in these urban soils. An ecological risk assessment making use of soil quality guidelines and risk quotients suggested a low ecological risk to organisms in soils of these functional areas except for those from commercial areas. PAH isomeric ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in these soils arise from petrogenic inputs, such as occasional spills of liquid petroleum fuels and discharges from automobile workshops and generator houses, as well as pyrogenic processes including traffic emissions and combustion of fossil fuels and biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monday J Ehigbor
- Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Osayanmo I Eguavoen
- Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Solid phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples by a fiber coated with covalent organic framework modified graphitic carbon nitride. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ari PE, Ari A, Dumanoğlu Y, Odabasi M, Gaga EO. Organic chemical characterization of size segregated particulate matter samples collected from a thermal power plant area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114360. [PMID: 32443206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kütahya city, a thermal power plant (TPPs) affected region of Turkey, has serious air quality problems like similar industrial regions of the world due to the emissions from three closely-located coal-fired TPPs, residential coal combustion along with the contribution of several industrial stacks. The organic chemical speciation of ambient size-segregated particulate matter (PM) was investigated during two seasons at two sites with different pollution characteristics (urban and rural). The ambient PM was collected using a high volume cascade impactor, with 6 stages: PM>10.2, PM10.2-4.2, PM4.2-2.1, PM2.1-1.3, PM1.3-0.69 and PM<0.69. Collected PM samples were extracted with organic solvents and the organic composition (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes and carboxylic acids) was determined by GC-MS. Sources of the organic species were assessed using molecular PAH diagnostic ratios, carbon preference index and wax percentages. More than 70% of the PM-bound PAHs were quantified in submicron particles. Similarly, 34-42% of n-alkanes and approximately 30% of the carboxylic acids were found on the smallest particles. The main sources of the PM-bound organic species were considered as the anthropogenic emissions such as coal and biomass combustion and also vehicular emissions rather than the biogenic sources. Considerably high cancer risk levels were obtained through inhalation of PAHs. Seasonal variations and size distributions of the carboxylic acids and levoglucosan were also evaluated. Polar organic compound concentrations were higher in the summer period at both locations probably due to the higher sunlight intensity and temperature favoring their photochemical formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Ertürk Ari
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Akif Ari
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yetkin Dumanoğlu
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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Wang X, Gong P, Wang C, Wang X, Pokhrel B, Dotel J. Spatial distribution patterns and human exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nepal using tree bark as a passive air sampler. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109510. [PMID: 32311529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nepal is abutted between the populated Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Himalayan mountains. Currently, knowledge on the country-wide distribution and cancer risks of atmospheric organic toxicants in Nepal remains limited. In this study, the concentrations, sources, and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), along with their cancer risks, were investigated in Nepal by using tree bark as a passive air sampler. After transferring by a bark/air partitioning model, the averaged concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑DDTs, ∑HCHs, HCB, ∑Endo and ∑PCBs in the atmosphere of Nepal were 3.71 × 104 pg/m3, 1.10 × 103 pg/m3, 2.92 × 102 pg/m3, 4.38 × 102 pg/m3, 4.66 pg/m3 and 65.8 pg/m3, respectively. Source diagnosis suggested that biomass burning is the major source for PAHs, while local application and long-range transport jointly contribute to the high levels of DDT and HCH in the air. The ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk) value was used to assess the risks of various chemicals. Adults have a higher risk than other age groups; the major exposure pathway for risk is by inhalation; and PAHs and HCHs are the dominant chemical classes that lead to risk. It was also found that, in certain hotspots in south Nepal, the carcinogenic risks caused by DDT and HCH were particularly high (>1 × 10-4). Given that illegal and disordered use of legacy POPs in south Nepal and the IGP region is common, our results highlight an urgent need for voluntary regulation of the ongoing use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, 45200, Nepal
| | - Jagdish Dotel
- Central Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 44618, Nepal
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Chaber P, Gworek B. Surface horizons of forest soils for the diagnosis of soil environment contamination and toxicity caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231359. [PMID: 32287304 PMCID: PMC7156036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants that are released into soils primarily from the air, with wet and dry deposition. To assess the contamination of the forest soil environment, soil samples were collected from organic and mineral horizons from three study areas representing a gradient of pollution across Poland (the ‘pollution transect’). The soils examined varied in PAH contents, generally from 124.3 μg·kg-1 dw in the areas deemed to be the background zone to 9165.5 μk·kg-1 dw in industrial areas in the O horizon and from 12.6 μk·kg-1 dw to 4454.6 μk·kg-1 dw in the A horizon. The PAH toxicities oscillated from 20.0–2670.8 μg TEQ·kg-1 dw in the O horizon and from 1.73–694.7 μg TEQ·kg-1 dw in the A horizon. The enrichment factor values point to a more intensive accumulation of PAHs with relatively high molecular weights along the pollution transect. The PAH diagnostic ratio values indicated that the main PAH emission sources were from coal and wood combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Chaber
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment, Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara Gworek
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment, Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Hong WJ, Li YF, Li WL, Jia H, Minh NH, Sinha RK, Moon HB, Nakata H, Chi KH, Kannan K, Sverko E. Soil concentrations and soil-air exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in five Asian countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:135223. [PMID: 31822410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Asia Soil and Air Monitoring Program (Asia-SAMP) is a large-scale monitoring program spanning China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and India. 47 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in 169 concurrently collected surface soil samples across the five study regions. Total PAH concentrations (∑47PAHs) ranged from 13.1 to 7310 ng/g dry weight, with a median value of 272 ng/g dry weight. Higher concentrations of ΣPAHs were recorded in soils from urban areas, followed by soils from rural areas and background soils. Low correlation coefficients were found between PAHs concentrations with population density, surface air temperature and soil organic content. A trend of depleting high molecular weight PAHs and enrichment of low molecular weight PAHs occurred from east to west in Chinese soils. Based on atmospheric PAHs detected in almost the same sampling sites, the equilibrium status of PAHs in the atmosphere and on the ground was investigated. Sample sites with a soil-air equilibrium status for different PAH congeners recorded differences, and differences were recorded between seasons. 2-ring PAHs were mainly volatilized, and 5- & 6-ring PAHs were mainly deposited in all seasons and across all study regions. 3- & 4-ring PAHs were more affected by soil-air transfer, showing a tendency to accumulate in soils in cold regions/seasons and to be re-volatilized into the atmosphere in warm regions/seasons. Partitioning and exchange of PAHs among soil and air were significantly affected by the air temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Hong
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hongliang Jia
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Nguyen Hung Minh
- DIOXIN LABORATORY, Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), Vietnam Environmental Administration (VEA), 556 Nguyen Van Cu, Long Bien, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- IJRC-PTS, Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan City, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- IJRC-PTS, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kai Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- IJRC-PTS, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Ed Sverko
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Prithiviraj B, Chakraborty P. Atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls from an urban site near informal electronic waste recycling area and a suburban site of Chennai city, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:135526. [PMID: 31784153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies evidenced informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling as a potential source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the metropolitan environment of India. Given the recent evidences on the release of hazardous organic compounds from the informal e-waste recycling workshops in the Chennai city, we have conducted high volume air sampling in an urban site close to the informal e-waste recycling corridor and in a suburban site located about 35 km away from the urban center. Weekly diurnal gaseous and particulate phase samples were collected from both urban and suburban sites during summer and winter samples were collected only from suburban site. Mean atmospheric PCB levels in the urban site (Avg ± Stdev, 46 ± 16 ng/m3) is several orders of magnitude higher than suburban summer (10 ± 12 ng/m3) and winter (4 ± 3 ng/m3). Back trajectories originating from the land seems to have impacted the samples recorded with maximum PCB concentration. No significant difference was seen between summer and winter atmospheric PCBs in the suburban site. In urban site, PCB-52 and dioxin like PCBs (dl-PCBs) have increased from the past observations with maximum PCB-52 concentration in night time samples. Positive matrix factorization source-receptor model outputs suggest that in the urban centers, open burning in municipal dumpsites is a major source for PCB-52, while dl-PCBs were related to e-waste recycling by the informal sector. Exponential increment in most toxic non-ortho dl-PCBs proclaims the severity of on-going sources which contributed to the high toxic equivalency (TEQs) upto 105 pg TEQ/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Prithiviraj
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Yu H, Liu Y, Shu X, Ma L, Pan Y. Assessment of the spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban soil of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125392. [PMID: 31995868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term (2004-2018) persistent organic pollutants (POPs) data were collected for urban soils of China. The dataset included concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils, comprising a range of different compounds. Understanding the source of OCP and PCB pollution is an important step in controlling and reducing pollution levels in the environment. This study aimed to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution, pollution sources, and potential health risks of OCPs and PCBs in urban soils in different regions of China. It was found that the total OCP concentrations ranged from 7.6 to 37331 μg/kg with a mean value of 2861 μg/kg, and PCBs concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 123467 μg/kg with a mean value of 4984 μg/kg. The highest OCP concentrations were observed in Beijing and Hebei, whereas the highest PCB concentrations were found in the Zhejiang province. The geographical distribution showed that the total mean concentration of POPs of urban soil was much higher in East China than in West China. According to the isomer ratios, about 64% of provinces and cities showed new sources of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) input and dicofol input was found in 30% of China. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in urban soils was mainly derived from fresh usage of lindane (γ-HCH) in most regions of China. Lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of OCPs and PCBs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact indicated that PCBs in urban soils of China often exceeded safe levels. The total lifetime carcinogenic risk values of PCBs were higher than the individual lifetime acceptable risk level (10-4) in 64% of the studied regions and the non-carcinogenic risk values exceeded the target risk level (10-1) in 53% of the regions. The improved knowledge of the distribution and main pollution sources of POPs in urban soil of China as a result of this study can contribute to better decision-making support for soil pollution control and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xingquan Shu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yuwei Pan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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Zhao S, Jones KC, Li J, Sweetman AJ, Liu X, Xu Y, Wang Y, Lin T, Mao S, Li K, Tang J, Zhang G. Evidence for Major Contributions of Unintentionally Produced PCBs in the Air of China: Implications for the National Source Inventory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2163-2171. [PMID: 31851493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were not widely manufactured or used in China before they became the subject of international bans on production. Recent work has shown that they have reached China associated with imported wastes and that there are considerable unintentional sources of PCBs that have only recently been identified. As such, it was hypothesized that the source inventory and profile of PCBs may be different or unique in China, compared to countries where they were widely used and which have been widely studied. For the first time in this study, we undertook a complete analysis of 209 PCB congeners and assessed the contribution of unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) in the atmosphere of China, using polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) deployed across a wide range of Chinese locations. ∑209 PCBs ranged from 9 to 6856 pg/m3 (median: 95 pg/m3) during three deployments in 2016-2017. PCB 11 was one of the most detected congeners, contributing 33 ± 19% to ∑209 PCBs. The main sources to airborne PCBs in China were estimated and ranked as pigment/painting (34%), metallurgical industry/combustion (31%), e-waste (23%), and petrochemical/plastic industry (6%). For typical Aroclor-PCBs, e-waste sources were dominated (>50%). Results from our study indicate that UP-PCBs have become the controlling source in the atmosphere of China, and an effective control strategy is urgently needed to mitigate emissions from multiple industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550002 , China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment , Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Shuduan Mao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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Liu C, Wei BK, Bao JS, Wang Y, Hu JC, Tang YE, Chen T, Jin J. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the soil-crop-atmosphere system in e-waste dismantling areas in Taizhou: Concentrations, congener profiles, uptake, and translocation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113622. [PMID: 31761589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Samples of soil, air, and locally grown crops from around an old e-waste dismantling area (Fengjiang) and a new e-waste dismantling area (Binhai) in Taizhou were analyzed to investigate the behavior of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) released during e-waste dismantling in the soil-crop-atmosphere system. The results indicated that PCB pollution is still widespread in the study area. The PCB concentrations were clearly higher in soil from FJ than in soil from BH, and the concentrations in the functional zones decreased strongly in the order industry park > residential area > farmland. Historical and current emissions during e-waste dismantling processes are probably the main sources of PCBs to soil because PCB production and use are banned. The long half-lives of PCBs have caused the target congener concentrations in soil not to decrease markedly over 10 years. The "halo effect" may have caused PCBs in soil in the heavily polluted FJ area to diffuse into the surrounding area. Soil-air exchange of PCBs in heavily contaminated FJ area may supply PCBs to air because the temperatures in Taizhou are often high. PCBs can accumulate in crops through various pathways. Less-chlorinated PCBs (mainly including Tri-PCBs) can enter crops by root uptake and translocated to the aerial tissues, and more-chlorinated PCBs (including Penta-PCBs and Hexa-PCBs) at high concentrations in soil can enter underground crop tissues through passive transport. More-chlorinated PCBs in underground tissues cannot be transferred to aboveground tissues of tall crops but may be transferred to aboveground tissues of short crops through the root-to-stem pathway and through soil dust being transferred to aboveground external surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bao Kai Wei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Song Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ji Cheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yun En Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tan Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
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45
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Caliskan B, Kücük A, Tasdemir Y, Cindoruk SS. PAH levels in a furniture-manufacturing city atmosphere. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124757. [PMID: 31726607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, in order to determine atmospheric PAH concentrations in Inegol/Turkey, ambient air samples were collected from two different sites representing industrial and uncontrolled furniture manufacturers regions. Sampling campaign took place between December 2017 and November 2018. Air samples were collected using high volume air samplers (HVAS) and PAH concentrations were determined in both gas and particulate phases. The mean of the atmospheric PAH concentrations obtained in the gas phase in the furniture workshops (FW) and industrial district (ID) regions were 697.82 ± 637 ng/m3 and 772.92 ± 864.23 ng/m3, respectively. The concentrations in the particulate phase in the regions were 413.52 ± 430.23 ng/m3 and 342.40 ± 527.48 ng/m3, respectively. The average total (gas + particlulate phases) concentration of ∑16PAH determined in the site of FW was 1111.34 ± 1045.24 ng/m3 while that was 772.92 ± 864.23 ng/m3 in ID. These values are over the ambient levels reported for urban sites wherein big industries exist around the world. Additionally, the average of particle phase percentage was 30% because of nearby combustion sources. The determination of possible sources of PAHs in the regions was performed using principal component analysis (PCA). PCA results showed that the main sources of pollutants of the regions are intertwined (combustion, traffic, industries). However, the most effective source is thought to be uncontrolled combustion of furniture wastes as fuel for residential heating. Health risks for the citizens were calculated for both regions and were found not to be at high-class risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Caliskan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Aleyna Kücük
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - S Sıddık Cindoruk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey.
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Olgun B, Doğan G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in soils of greenhouses located in Aksu Antalya, Turkey. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 81:283-292. [PMID: 32333661 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrophobic organic compounds that are generally absorbed on organic fraction of soils. It is known that some PAHs, which can pass to air, soil, water and food as a result of natural or anthropogenic processes, have carcinogenic, toxic and mutagenic effects on humans and animals. One of the important steps that is identified in the transition takes place during agricultural production. Greenhouses are commonly used as a type of agricultural production especially during the winter season in mid and temperate climates. Greenhouse cultivation is abundant in Antalya Aksu Region in Turkey. Two sampling campaigns (autumn and winter) were carried out to sample the soils in 53 glass and polyethylene covered greenhouses. The samples were analysed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 16 PAHs. The result showed that four ring PAHs were dominant in the region. In the winter season, PAHs concentrations increase because of low volatility of motor vehicle exhaust related PAHs in the atmosphere and of coal and wood combustion emissions used in the heating of greenhouses and surrounding village houses. The cross plots of diagnostic ratios also confirmed coal and wood combustion and traffic emissions in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihter Olgun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Güray Doğan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey E-mail:
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47
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Wu D, Liu H, Wang Z, Zhang J, Zhan C, Liu S, Liu T, Zheng J, Yao R, Cao J. Atmospheric Concentrations and Air-Soil Exchange of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Typical Urban-Rural Fringe of Wuhan-Ezhou Region, Central China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:96-106. [PMID: 31729560 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During the summer of 2015, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere were collected by passive air samplers in typical urban-rural fringe of Wuhan-Ezhou region, Central China. The results showed that 16 kinds of PAHs were ubiquitous with the concentrations of ∑16PAHs from 14.69 to 136.30 ng·m-3 and the mean concentration of 43.03 ng·m-3. Phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Fla) and pyrene (Pyr) were major components, which accounted for 81% of ∑16PAHs. PAHs atmospheric concentrations presented obvious spatial variation, being significantly related to geographical environment and influenced by anthropogenic activity. Air-soil exchange status of PAHs was discussed according to the fugacity fraction (ff). The results showed that HMW-PAHs behaved as net deposition, while LMW-PAHs were more likely to establish dynamic equilibrium between atmosphere and soil than MMW-PAHs and HMW-PAHs. For some PAHs, such as acenaphthylene (Acy) and anthracene (Ant), the soil acted as second sources of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China.
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Changlin Zhan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Jingru Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Ruizhen Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
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48
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Liang M, Liang H, Rao Z, Hong X. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban-rural integration area soil, North China: Spatial distribution, sources and potential human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:875-884. [PMID: 31252359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The promotion of urbanization has accelerated the development of small manufacturing workshops and brought serious environmental problems. In this study, spatial distribution, sources and potential health risk for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban-rural integration area soil in North China (800 km2) were discussed. The average total concentration of 16 PAHs was 225 μg kg-1, and range from 25 to 15155 μg kg-1 (n = 250). According to the European soil quality standards, more than 70% of the samples don't reach the pollution level, while around the small workshop concentration area and non-ferrous metal smelter were more contaminated than other area. The spatial distribution of soil PAHs concentration shows that low molecular weight, medium molecular weight and high molecular weight is very similar to the distribution of total PAHs, indicating that is likely to be caused by point source pollution. The sources of PAHs were identified by positive matrix factorization. The main six sources in the region are coal and biomass combustion, creosote, coke tar, vehicle and oil, which is consistent with the local energy consumption structure. Finally, a deterministic assessment of the cancer risk showed that the range for children was 5.94 × 10-8 to 2.53 × 10-5, and adults it ranged from 2.11 × 10-8 to 9.01 × 10-6. There is not a carcinogenic risk value greater than 10-4 in the entire region, but potential carcinogenic risks persisted in some areas. We conclude that PAHs pollution of soil in the area is an issue that deserves urgent attention for the relevant departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhu Rao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, 100037, China.
| | - Xiuping Hong
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
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49
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Zhang Y, Peng C, Guo Z, Xiao X, Xiao R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of China: Distribution, influencing factors, health risk and regression prediction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112930. [PMID: 31374490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils are a risk to the health of residents. To predict those risks, the distribution and the factors influencing the concentration of PAHs were studied by collecting 1120 records of soil PAHs published during 2006-2017 from 26 cities. The mean concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) in soil varied from 123 μg/kg to 5568 μg/kg, with a mean value of 1083 μg/kg, suggesting that a few cities were polluted. The distribution of ∑PAHs in the cities followed two gradients, namely from northern China through eastern China to southern China and from industrial cities through developed cities to cities that are main tourist attractions. The concentrations were significantly correlated to annual temperature, the efficiency of energy use, and to such measures of air quality as PM10 and NO2 concentrations. A regression equation developed to predict the concentration of ∑PAHs in soil and the corresponding health risks to residents of 35 major Chinese cities of China showed that the risks to adults and children were slight in most cities but those in a few industrial cities were of concern, and field investigations are recommended to assess the risk in greater detail. The method offers a useful tool for predicting such risks in other cities even when data on soils PAHs are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Peng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyuan Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
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50
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Liu Y, Xie S, Zheng L, Li T, Sun Y, Ma L, Lin Z, Grathwohl P, Lohmann R. Air-soil diffusive exchange of PAHs in an urban park of Shanghai based on polyethylene passive sampling: Vertical distribution, vegetation influence and diffusive flux. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:734-742. [PMID: 31280155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Compared with dry and wet deposition rates, air-soil exchange fluxes cannot be directly measured experimentally. Polyethylene passive sampling was applied to assess transport directions and to measure concentration gradients in order to calculate diffusive fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across the air-soil interface in an urban park of Shanghai, China. Seven campaigns with high spatial resolution sampling at 18 heights between 0 and 200 cm above the ground were conducted in 2017-2018. Air-to-soil deposition was observed, e.g. for phenanthrene, and soil-to-air volatilization for high molecular weight compounds, such as benzo[b]fluoranthene. Significant linear correlations between gaseous PAH concentration and log-transformed height were observed. Influence of vegetation on vertical concentration gradients of gaseous PAHs was insignificant in most cases except during the growing season. Local micrometeorological conditions resulted in a directional eddy diffusion in air and then influenced vertical diffusion of gaseous PAHs. Furthermore, the vertical eddy diffusivity was estimated as a function of distance to the air-soil surface. Air-soil exchange fluxes based on the Mackay's fugacity approach were calculated and confirmed by diffusive fluxes within air layer based on vertical concentration gradient of PAHs and eddy/molecular diffusion. Polyethylene passive sampling technology provides a useful tool to investigate air-soil exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (Shanghai Meteorological Bureau), IESD, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shuya Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (Shanghai Meteorological Bureau), IESD, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Shanghai Shangde Experimental School, 1688 Xiuyan Road, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhifen Lin
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197, United States
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