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Chen Y, Chen Q, Zuo C, Zhang S, Zhang M, Hou X, Shi H. Leaching potentials of microplastic fibers and UV stabilizers from coastal-littered face masks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134999. [PMID: 38925055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic fibrous textiles are ubiquitous plastic commodities in everyday existence. Nevertheless, there exists a dearth of understanding regarding their environmental occurrence and the releasing capacities of associated additives. In this study, ten additives were determined in twenty-eight kinds of daily used plastic products including face masks, synthetic clothing, and food containers. Our results revealed that a typical kind of fibrous plastic, face masks, contained a greater variety of additives with UV stabilizers in particular, when compared to other plastic commodities. The above phenomena triggered our field investigation for the occurrence and release potentials of face mask fibers and the co-existing UV stabilizers into the environment. We further collected 114 disposed masks from coastal areas and analyzed their UV stabilizer concentrations. Results showed that the abundance of littered face masks ranged from 40-1846 items/km2 along the Yangtze Estuary, China; and UV stabilizers were of 0.3 ± 0.7 ng/g and 0.7 ± 1.7 ng/g in main bodies and ear ropes, respectively. The UV stabilizer concentrations in the field collected masks were only ∼7 % of their new counterparts, implying their potential leaching after disposal. By simulating the weathering scenario, we predict that a substantial amount of microplastics, with 1.1 × 1010 polypropylene fibers and 3.7 × 1010 polyester fibers, are probably be released daily into the coastal environment after face masks disposal; whereas the accompanied leaching amount of UV stabilizers was relatively modest under the current scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chencheng Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengdan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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2
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Ma G, Ma K, Zhang J, Zhao X, Wang Q, Chen Y, Lu J, Wei X, Wang X, Yu H. Mechanistic insight into biotransformation of novel triazine-based flame retardant 1,3,5-tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione by human cytochrome P450s. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123883. [PMID: 38548154 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The escalating focus on the environmental occurrence and toxicology of emerging pollutants underscores the imperative need for a profound exploration of their metabolic transformations mediated by human CYP450 enzymes. Such investigations have the potential to unravel the intricate metabolite profiles, substantially altering the toxicological outcomes. In this study, we integrated the computational simulations with in vitro metabolism experiments to investigate the metabolic activity and mechanism of an emerging pollutant, 1,3,5-tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione (TDBP-TAZTO), catalyzed by human CYP450s. The results highlight the important contributions of CYP2E1, 3A4 and 2C9 to the biotransformation of TDBP-TAZTO, leading to the identification of four distinct metabolites. The effective binding conformations governing biotransformation reactions of TDBP-TAZTO within active CYP450s are unveiled. Structural instability of primary hydroxyTDBP-TAZTO products suggests three potential outcomes: (1) generation of an alcohol metabolite through successive debromination and reduction reactions, (2) formation of a dihydroxylated metabolite through secondary hydroxylation by CYP450, and (3) production of an N-dealkylated metabolite via decomposition and isomerization reactions in the aqueous environment. The formation of a desaturated debrominated metabolite may arise from H-abstraction and barrier-free Br release during the primary oxidation, potentially competing with the generation of hydroxyTDBP-TAZTO. These findings provide detailed mechanistic insight into TDBP-TAZTO biotransformation by CYP450s, which can enrich our understanding of the metabolic fate and associated health risk of this chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Kan Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xianglong Zhao
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Qiuyi Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Yewen Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Jiayu Lu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shuren Street 8, 310015, Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Shindo M, Ishida M, Tokumura M, Wang Q, Miyake Y, Amagai T, Makino M. Determination of potential dermal exposure rates of phosphorus flame retardants via the direct contact with a car seat using artificial skin. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141555. [PMID: 38417497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has received much attention as a major alternative exposure route in recent years. However, the information regarding dermal exposure via direct contact with a product is limited. In addition, in the commonly used dermal permeability test, the target substance is dissolved in a solvent, which is unrealistic. In this study, a dermal permeability test of PFRs in three car seats was performed using artificial skin. The PFR concentrations in the car seats are 0.12 wt% tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), 0.030-0.25 wt% tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), 0.15 wt% triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), 0.89 wt% cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CsDPhP), 0.074 wt% tricresyl phosphate (TCsP), and 0.46-4.7 wt% diethylene glycol bis [di (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (DEG-BDCIPP). The mean skin permeation rates for a contact time of 24 h are 14 (TCEP), 5.4-160 (TCPP), 0.67 (CsDPhP), 0.38 (TPhP), and 3.3-58 ng cm-2 h-1 (DEG-BDCIPP). The concentrations of TCsP in receptor liquid were lower than the limit of quantification at the contact time of 24 h. The skin permeation rates were significantly affected by the type of car seat (e.g., fabric or non-fabric). The potential dermal TCPP exposure rate for an adult via direct contact with the car seat during the average daily contact time (1.3 h), which was the highest value assessed in this study, was estimated to be 16,000 ng kg-1 day-1, which is higher than that related to inhalation and dust ingestion reported as significant exposure route of PFRs in previous studies. These facts reveal that dermal exposure associated with direct contact with the product might be an important exposure pathway for PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Shindo
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Maho Ishida
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masakazu Makino
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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4
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Zhang S, Chen Y, Liu S, Li Y, Zhao H, Chen Q, Hou X. Dissolution-precipitation method concatenated sodium alginate/MOF-derived magnetic multistage pore carbon magnetic solid phase extraction for determination of antioxidants and ultraviolet stabilizers in polylactic acid food contact plastics. Talanta 2024; 270:125487. [PMID: 38101034 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants and UV stabilizers have some endocrine disrupting effects and liver toxicity. Both types of additives are still widely used in food contact plastics to improve the durability of plastic products. However, efficient and rapid detection of antioxidants and UV stabilizers has been a challenge due to the complexity of the plastic matrix and the low content of antioxidants and UV stabilizers. In this study, a sodium alginate/MOF-derived magnetic multistage pore carbon material (MIL-101(Fe)/SA-CAs) was developed, having the merits of abundant multistage pore structure, large specific surface area, and good magnetic separation properties. Thus, this material was selected as the sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction combined with a dissolution-precipitation method for the extraction and purification of antioxidants and UV stabilizers from polylactic acid food contact plastics. The extraction parameters such as sorbent type, sorbent dosage, sample solution pH, ionic strength, sorption time, elution solution type, volume, and time were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, all the analytes determined by UPLC-MS/MS showed good linear range (r > 0.99), detection limit (0.023-3.105 ng g-1), accuracy (70.6-102.3 %), and reproducibility (RSD<9.8 %). Further, the developed method was applied to determine the antioxidants and UV stabilizers in polylactic acid lunch boxes and straws, showing excellent applicability. The results showed that the antioxidants and UV stabilizers were detected in some of the samples, with a maximum detection of antioxidant 1010 at 7297 ng g-1. This study provided a sensitive, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for antioxidants and UV stabilizers in polylactic acid food contact plastics. The ideas for the design of environmentally friendly metal-organic frameworks and biomass composite multifunctional materials would promise in the sample pretreatment field for the emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanghe Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Liu M, Glover CM, Munoz G, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Liu J. Hunting the missing fluorine in aqueous film-forming foams containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:133006. [PMID: 37988941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Since aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are major sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), understanding the quantity and type of PFAS present in AFFFs is crucial for assessing environmental risk and remediation. We characterized 25 foams from Canada and Europe, including two non-AFFFs and two fluorine-free AFFFs. We used liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify novel PFAS, as well as total oxidizable precursor assays (TOP) and total organofluorine (TOF) measurements for comparison. LC-HRMS showed that the two non-AFFF foams and two PFAS-free AFFFs contained little or no PFAS, confirmed by TOF measurement using combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The PFAS-containing AFFFs, however, spanned a wide concentration range of TOF (2200-45,000 mg F/L) and contained 22 new classes of polyfluoroalkyl substances not previously reported. As a result of identifying new compounds, LC-HRMS was fully able to capture the oxidizable precursors determined by TOP assay in all tested fluorotelomer (FT) AFFFs, while unknown compounds still constituted a significant fraction (19-53 mol%) in most electrochemical fluorination (ECF) AFFFs. A fluorine mass balance was achieved by comparing the amounts of compounds identified by LC-HRMS with those detected by CIC, although LC-HRMS overestimated TOF with a recovery of 127 ± 36%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Caitlin M Glover
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada.
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6
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Zhang M, Li Y, Zhang S, Li L, Chen Q, Hou X. Matrix complete dissolution concatenated biochar magnetic solid-phase extraction of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers in polyester fibers prior to UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:496. [PMID: 38038777 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Matrix complete dissolution combined with magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) was applied to extract four benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) from polyester curtains. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was coupled to perform the content of trace BUVSs. The procedure was being developed in two steps. The polymer matrix was initially thoroughly dissolved by 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) followed by the addition of precipitant to separate the target from the dissolved polymer matrix. Next, triiron tetraoxide/biochar magnetic material was prepared and utilized as the sorbent for purification of the extract. Ultrasonic extraction coupled with the MSPE method and the proposed method was compared. Better extraction recovery of four BUVSs was acquired by the novel developed extraction method. The purification effect of the new extraction method was established by comparing the matrix effect of the polymer complete dissolution method and the polymer complete dissolution combined with the MSPE method. The extraction parameters were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, correlation coefficient (r) ranging from 0.9969 to 0.9997, limit of detection of 0.2 to 0.8 ng·g-1, and the recovery varied from 81.5 to 102.7% with RSD smaller than 10.7% were obtained for four BUVSs, respectively. This study provides a potential strategy for the efficient extraction and sensitive determination of BUVSs in polyester fibers samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Chen Q, Gao Z, Wang K, Magnuson JT, Chen Y, Li M, Shi H, Xu L. High accumulation of microplastic fibers in fish hindgut induces an enhancement of triphenyl phosphate hydroxylation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120804. [PMID: 36470455 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fiber shedding from artificial textiles is among the primary sources of pervasive microplastics in various aquatic habitats. To avoid molten drop burning, triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), a typical flame retardant additive, is commonly incorporated into textile fibers. However, the role of microplastic fibers (MFs) as a vehicle for TPhP remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of MFs on the bioaccumulation and metabolism of TPhP in zebrafish. We applied the compound spinning technique for a non-disruptive in situ measurement of fluorescent MFs in fish, and the desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) to display the tissue distribution of TPhP and its metabolites vividly. Laboratory results showed that ingested MFs did not change the TPhP distribution in fish; however, they statistically increased the metabolite p-OH-TPhP concentration in the fish hindgut, which was probably because the high accumulation of MFs there enhanced the TPhP hydroxylation. Field investigation further supported the lab-based analyses. Higher concentrations of MFs did cause a higher ratio of [p-OH-TPhP]/[TPhP] in the wild fish gut, particularly in the hindgut. Collectively, our results demonstrated that MFs can change the distribution and bioavailability of TPhP metabolites, which was confirmed by both laboratory and fieldwork. Therefore, the ingestion of MFs can indirectly but substantially influence the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of co-existing pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhuo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4021, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Yuye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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8
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Bar M, Szychowski KA. Comprehensive review of the impact of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC or TDBP-TAZTO) on living organisms and the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4203-4218. [PMID: 35103871 PMCID: PMC9675702 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC or TDBP-TAZTO) belongs to the group of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The production of this compound is increasing due to the growing demand and wide application in electrical, electronic, musical instrument, and automotive component industries. The properties of TBC, e.g., the high octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa), high octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), and high bioconcentration factor (BCF), indicate a possibility of its spread in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and bioaccumulation in living organisms. The presence of TBC has been confirmed in soil, sediments, river water, and such materials as microplastic, curtains, and e-waste devices. The compound has potential to bioaccumulate in the food chain of living organisms. TBC has been demonstrated to exert a harmful effect mainly on the nervous and endocrine systems, lungs, and liver. The possible mechanism of toxicity of the compound in the nervous system is based on the generation of oxidative stress by TBC leading to apoptosis of neuronal cells, while mitochondrial damage is considered to be responsible for changes in the respiratory organ. Moreover, the potential of mussels and earthworms to be bioindicators of TBC has been proven. Therefore, the literature review is focused on TBC properties and analysis of the identification and impact of the compound on the environment, living organisms, and human cell lines. Given the many toxic effects of TBC highlighted in the literature, there is a need for more profound research on the safety of TBC and methods for identification and degradation of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bar
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland
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9
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Chen Y, Chen Q, Zhang Q, Zuo C, Shi H. An Overview of Chemical Additives on (Micro)Plastic Fibers: Occurrence, Release, and Health Risks. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 260:22. [PMCID: PMC9748405 DOI: 10.1007/s44169-022-00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic fibers are ubiquitous in daily life with additives incorporated to improve their performance. Only a few restrictions exist for a paucity of common additives, while most of the additives used in textile industry have not been clearly regulated with threshold limits. The production of synthetic fibers, which can shed fibrous microplastics easily (< 5 mm) through mechanical abrasion and weathering, is increasing annually. These fibrous microplastics have become the main composition of microplastics in the environment. This review focuses on additives on synthetic fibers; we summarized the detection methods of additives, compared concentrations of different additive types (plasticizers, flame retardants, antioxidants, and surfactants) on (micro)plastic fibers, and analyzed their release and exposure pathways to environment and human beings. Our prediction shows that the amounts of predominant additives (phthalates, organophosphate esters, bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and nonylphenol ethoxylates) released from clothing microplastic fibers (MFs) are estimated to reach 35, 10, 553, 0.4, and 568 ton/year to water worldwide, respectively; and 119, 35, 1911, 1.4, and 1965 ton/year to air, respectively. Human exposure to MF additives via inhalation is estimated to be up to 4.5–6440 µg/person annually for the above five additives, and via ingestion 0.1–204 µg/person. Notably, the release of additives from face masks is nonnegligible that annual human exposure to phthalates, organophosphate esters, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from masks via inhalation is approximately 491–1820 µg/person. This review helps understand the environmental fate and potential risks of released additives from (micro)plastic fibers, with a view to providing a basis for future research and policy designation of textile additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
- Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Chencheng Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
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10
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Zeng L, Cheng D, Mao Z, Zhou Y, Jing T. ZIF-8/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide as thin film microextraction adsorbents for simultaneous determination of novel halogenated flame retardants in crayfish-aquaculture water systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132408. [PMID: 34597646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) have attracted much attention due to their environmental hazard and adverse effects on human health. In this study, a sensitive and simultaneous method for the determination of six novel HFRs was developed, including tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrachlorobisphenolA, TBBPA bis(2-hydroxyethyl ether), TBBPA bis(allyl ether), TBBPA bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) and 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine. ZIF-8 modified nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (ZIF-8@N-rGO) was synthesized and coated onto a syringe filter to prepare a thin film microextraction (TFME) device. The adsorption capacities of ZIF-8@N-rGO for novel HFRs ranged from 50.98 to 112.84 mg g-1, exhibiting good extraction efficiency through a combination of π-π, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding interactions. The TFME device was coupled to a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection system to simultaneously determine target HFRs in crayfish-aquaculture water systems. Under the optimal extraction parameters, the linearities ranged from 0.1 to 100 ng mL-1. The method detection limits ranged from 0.030 to 0.14 ng mL-1 and relative recoveries ranged from 88.6 to 106.2%. We found that novel HFRs were detected in water and crayfish samples and were primarily distributed in the viscera and head shell of the crayfish. The bioconcentration factors ranged from 0.25 to 19.20 L kg-1, indicating non-bioaccumulation in the crayfish. This study provides valuable technology and information for potential health risks of exposure to novel HFRs from consuming crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshuai Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Danqi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yikai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Tao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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11
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Matsukami H, Hashimoto S, Suzuki G. Investigation of novel brominated triazine-based flame retardant (TDBP-TAZTO) and its transformation products emitted from fire-retarded textile manufacturing facility and its downstream sewage treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148233. [PMID: 34126480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of transformation products from novel flame retardants emitted throughout their life cycles is crucial for understanding and predicting environmental and human health risks posed by them during the material and product life cycle. Here, to understand more about the emission of TDBP-TAZTO to the environment, we investigated the presence of novel brominated triazine-based flame retardant 1,3,5-tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione (TDBP-TAZTO) and its transformation products in the effluent from a facility manufacturing fire-retarded textiles, and in the influent, effluent, and sludge of its closest downstream sewage treatment plant. To acquire mass spectra data of the transformation products in the influent, effluent, and sludge, non-target analysis was carried out by electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-high-resolution mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography (LC-ESI-QTOF-HRMS). Then, the HaloSeeker 2.0 software was used to filter the mass spectrometry data for signals attributable to halogenated compounds. Combination of LC-ESI-QTOF-HRMS accurate mass measurements and HaloSeeker screening allowed us to determine the most probable elemental compositions and structures of 11 transformation products from TDBP-TAZTO and to construct a possible transformation pathway that included dehydrobromination, hydroxylation, and decarbonylation reactions. Based on analysis of the absolute intensities, we found that TDBP-TAZTO and its transformation products may not be easily removed by current sewage treatment plant process. There are increasing concerns about environmental contamination by TDBP-TAZTO and its transformation products different from the one which have previously been considered to be c-decaBDE and its lower brominated congeners. However, the present data suggest that concern is also warranted over the presence of TDBP-TAZTO and its transformation products in the environment. The present data will be useful for assessing, predicting, and understanding the environmental contamination and human health risks posed by TDBP-TAZTO, and for considering appropriate measures to control the emission of TDBP-TAZTO and its transformation products during product life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsukami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan.
| | - Shunji Hashimoto
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
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12
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Flame-retardant and anti-dripping coating for PET fabric with hydroxyl-containing cyclic phosphoramide. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Suzuki G, Matsukami H, Michinaka C, Hashimoto S, Nakayama K, Sakai SI. Emission of Dioxin-like Compounds and Flame Retardants from Commercial Facilities Handling Deca-BDE and Their Downstream Sewage Treatment Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2324-2335. [PMID: 33440927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Commercial mixtures of decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE), a brominated flame retardant, contain not only polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, mainly BDE-209) as the main component but also dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) such as polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs). Deca-BDE handling facilities (DHFs) and sewage treatment plants receiving effluent from DHFs are point sources of DLC and flame retardant (FR) pollution. Here, we examined their emission in Japan. For DHF effluents, DLCs detected by the dioxin-responsive chemically activated luciferase expression (DR-CALUX) assay were 1.3-890 pg TCDD-EQ/L (median 46 pg TCDD-EQ/L), while PBDEs and other FRs were <2.0-110,000 ng/L (610 ng/L) and 150-4,800,000 ng/L (41,000 ng/L). Risk quotients based on predicted no-effect concentrations suggested that DLCs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TDBP-TAZTO), and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BPA-BDPP) present significant risks for aquatic organisms. The concentrations of PBDFs, which are impurities in deca-BDE, were expected to decrease with the inclusion of deca-BDE in the Stockholm Convention list of persistent organic pollutants (May 2017). However, DLCs other than PBDFs and alternative FRs such as DBDPE, TDBP-TAZTO, and BPA-BDPP are likely still discharged. Additional findings indicate that strong (e.g., DLCs, DBDPE, and BPA-BDPP), but not weak (e.g., TDBP-TAZTO), hydrophobic compounds are sufficiently removed by current wastewater treatment processes in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Chieko Michinaka
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shunji Hashimoto
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sakai
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Feng H, Cheng Y, Ruan Y, Tsui MMP, Wang Q, Jin J, Wu R, Zhang H, Lam PKS. Occurrence and spatial distribution of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in seawater and sediment of the South China sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116324. [PMID: 33360350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in seawater and surficial sediment samples (N = 19 and 45, respectively) from the South China Sea (SCS) in 2018 were investigated, and the correlation between BFRs and site parameters (total organic carbon, depth, etc.) were assessed by principal component analysis. The concentration ranges of ΣPBDEs in seawater and sediments were 0.90-4.40 ng/L and 0.52-22.67 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively, while those of ΣNBFRs were 0.49-37.42 ng/L and 0.78-82.29 ng/g dw, respectively. BDE-209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane were the predominant BFRs, accounting for 38.65% and 36.94% in seawater and 26.71% and 68.42% in sediments, respectively. Notably, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate and 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, seldomly detected in aquatic matrices worldwide, were detected for the first time in the study area, and their relatively high levels and detection frequencies indicate the ubiquitous application of these NBFRs in the Pearl River Delta. Zhuhai and Jiangmen are the main sources of NBFRs in the SCS. Preliminary risk assessment on NBFRs using hazard quotient indicates low to medium risks to marine organisms at some sites. The occurrence of NBFRs in the SCS highlights the prioritization of more toxicological information on these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yixue Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Mirabelle M P Tsui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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Sun Y, Zhu H. A pilot study of organophosphate esters in surface soils collected from Jinan City, China: implications for risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3344-3353. [PMID: 32915452 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Data monitoring is a prerequisite for the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the soil environment in light of their potential toxicity, bioaccumulation, and environmental persistence. In this study, we determined the concentrations and profiles of OPEs in surface soils collected from Jinan City, East China. The soil concentrations of ΣOPE (sum of all OPEs) were in the range of 2.55-581 ng/g dry weight (dw), with an average value of 106 ng/g dw. Industrial soils (mean: 433 ng/g dw) had significantly higher levels of ΣOPE compared with those in urban (42.1 ng/g dw) and farmland soils (7.89 ng/g dw) (p < 0.01), suggesting that industrial activity is an important source of OPEs to ambient soil environment. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were the most abundant OPEs in industrial soils, contributing 30%, 25%, and 20% of ΣOPE, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that TCIPP, TPHP, and TBOEP in soils derived from respective industrial activities. As compared with other cities within China, the surface soil of Jinan City was mildly contaminated by OPEs, and its human exposure and eco-toxicological risks were found to be negligible. Our study provides current contamination status of OPEs in soils across the multiple functional regions of Jinan, which could be used to support the authorities to make relevant regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Sun
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo Colledge of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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16
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Robinson SA, Young SD, Brinovcar C, McFee A, De Silva AO. Ecotoxicity assessment and bioconcentration of a highly brominated organophosphate ester flame retardant in two amphibian species. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127631. [PMID: 32688321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on the production and use of some highly toxic and persistent flame retardants has resulted in the increased use of alternative phosphate flame retardants that are less-well characterized. The brominated organophosphate ester flame retardant, tris(tribromoneopentyl) phosphate (CAS 19186-97-1, molecular formula C15H24Br9O4P, molecular weight 1018.47 g/mol, acronym TTBrNP) is a compound with potential to bioaccumulate and disrupt endocrine functions. To determine the toxicity of TTBrNP, two Canadian native amphibian species, Lithobates sylvaticus and L. pipiens, were acutely (embryos and Gosner stage 25 (GS25) tadpoles) or sub-chronically (GS25-41 tadpoles) exposed to the following nominal concentrations of TTBrNP: 0 (water and solvent controls), 30.6, 61.3, 122.5 and 245.0 μg/L. Note, measured concentrations declined with time (i.e., 118%-30% of nominal). There was high survival for both species after acute and sub-chronic exposures, where 75%-100% survived the exposures, respectively. There were no differences in the occurrence of abnormalities or hatchling size between controls and TTBrNP treatments for either species exposed acutely as embryos or tadpoles. Furthermore, after 30 d of sub-chronic exposure of L. pipiens tadpoles to TTBrNP there were no effects on size, developmental stage, liver somatic index or sex ratio. Bioconcentration factors were low at 26 ± 3.1 L/kg ww in tadpoles from all treatments, suggesting biotransformation or limited bioavailability via aquatic exposures. Thus, using two species of anurans at different early larval stages, we found TTBrNP up to 245 μg/L to have no overt detrimental effects on survival or morphological responses that would suggest fitness-relevant consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Robinson
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Sarah D Young
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Cassandra Brinovcar
- Aquatics Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Ashley McFee
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatics Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
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17
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Masuda M, Wang Q, Tokumura M, Miyake Y, Amagai T. Quantification of Brominated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Samples by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Post-column Infusion of Dopant. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1105-1111. [PMID: 32378523 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the quantification of brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BrPAHs) in environmental samples is yet to be developed. Here, we optimized the analytical conditions for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization and post-column infusion of dopant (LC-DA-APPI-MS/MS). We then compared the sensitivity of our developed method with that of conventional gas chromatography high-resolution MS (GC-HRMS) by comparing the limits of quantification (LOQs) for a range of BrPAHs. Finally, to evaluate our developed method, 12 BrPAHs in sediments and fish collected from Tokyo Bay, Japan, were analyzed; 9 common PAHs were also targeted. The LOQs of the developed analytical method were 14 - 160 times lower than those of GC-HRMS for the targeted BrPAHs. The developed analytical method is a sensitive approach for determining the concentrations of BrPAHs in sediment and fish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Masuda
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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18
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Zuiderveen EAR, Slootweg JC, de Boer J. Novel brominated flame retardants - A review of their occurrence in indoor air, dust, consumer goods and food. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126816. [PMID: 32417508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This critical review summarizes the occurrence of 63 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in indoor air, dust, consumer goods and food. It includes their EU registration and (potential) risks. The increasing application of NBFRs calls for more research on their occurrence, environmental fate and toxicity. This review reports which NBFRs are actually being studied, which are detected and which are of most concern. It also connects data from the European Chemical Association on NBFRs with other scientific information. Large knowledge gaps emerged for 28 (out of 63) NBFRs, which were not included in any monitoring programs or other studies. This also indicates the need for optimized analytical methods including all NBFRs. Further research on indoor environments, emission sources and potential leaching is also necessary. High concentrations of 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were often reported. The detection of hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 1,4-dimethyltetrabromobenzene (TBX), 4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-1,2-dibromocyclohexane (DBE-DBCH) and tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether (TBBPA-BDBPE) also raises concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A R Zuiderveen
- Department Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - J Chris Slootweg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090, GD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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Kousaiti A, Hahladakis JN, Savvilotidou V, Pivnenko K, Tyrovola K, Xekoukoulotakis N, Astrup TF, Gidarakos E. Assessment of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) content in plastic waste recovered from WEEE. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 390:121641. [PMID: 31740297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the variability of additives and polymer types used in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), and in accordance with the European Directive 2012/19/EU, an implementation of sound management practices is necessary. This work focuses on assessing the content of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC) and their polymer blends (i.e. PC/ABS). A total of 36 plastic housing samples originating from microwave ovens, electric irons, vacuum cleaners and DVD/CD players were subjected to microwave-assisted-extraction (MAE) and/or ultrasound-assisted-extraction (UAE). Maximum mean concentration values of TBBPA measured in DVD/CD players and vacuum cleaners ranged between 754-1146 μg/kg, and varied per polymer type, as follows: 510-2515 μg/kg in ABS and 55-3109 μg/kg in PP. The results indicated that MAE was more sufficient than UAE in the extraction of TBBPA from ABS. To optimize the UAE procedure, various solvents were tested. Higher amounts of TBBPA were obtained from ABS and PP using a binary mixture of a polar-non-polar solvent, isopropanol:n-hexane (1:1), whereas the sole use of isopropanol exhibited incomplete extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Kousaiti
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Politechnioupolis, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - John N Hahladakis
- College of Arts and Sciences, Center for Sustainable Development, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Vasiliki Savvilotidou
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Politechnioupolis, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Kostyantyn Pivnenko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Konstantina Tyrovola
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Politechnioupolis, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Xekoukoulotakis
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Politechnioupolis, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Thomas F Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Evangelos Gidarakos
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Politechnioupolis, Chania 73100, Greece.
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20
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Cao X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhu C, Zheng X, Sun Y, Li D, Mo L, Mai B. Occurrence of organic pollutants in plastics on beach: Stranded foams can be sources of pollutants in islands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136119. [PMID: 31869616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing amount of plastic debris stranded on beach can introduce many foreign substances, including organic pollutants into island ecosystems. In the present study, stranded foams were collected from an island located in South China Sea, to investigate the levels and profiles of several flame retardants (FRs) and plasticizers, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), emerging brominated FRs, and dechlorane plus (DP). The concentrations of PBDEs and OPEs in plastic debris ranged from not detected (ND, <0.60 ng/g) to 0.46 mg/g and from ND (<0.70 ng/g) to 17.3 mg/g, respectively. The high levels of PBDEs and OPEs were expected as the fact that PBDEs and OPEs were incorporated additives in plastics. OPEs were the main chemicals in most of foams. Brominated FRs dominated in some samples. Core and surface parts in foams had similar composition profiles of pollutants. Significantly higher concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were observed in surface samples than core samples (p < .05). TCEP and TPHP in foam surface seem to be from both incorporated additives and adsorbed chemicals from environmental matrices. The density of pollutants introduced by stranded foams in sampling area was estimated in comparison with air deposition of pollutants. The high loading of pollutants in stranded foams indicates that foams can be potential sources for organic pollutants, especially incorporated plastic additives, in islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpei Cao
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection, Monitoring Center of Pearl River Valley Aquatic Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Yi Li
- Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection, Monitoring Center of Pearl River Valley Aquatic Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Chunyou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Daning Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ling Mo
- Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou 510100, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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21
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Yao Z, Liu X, Qian L, Chen Y, Xu B, Qiu Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminum 2-Carboxyethyl-Phenyl-Phosphinate and Its Flame-Retardant Application in Polyester. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121969. [PMID: 31795522 PMCID: PMC6960942 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant aluminum 2-carboxyethyl-phenyl-phosphinate (CPA-Al) was synthesized through the salification reaction. The molecular structure of CPA-Al and thermal stability were characterized by solid nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Subsequently, CPA-Al mixed in polyurethane was coated on polyester textile to obtain flame-retardant samples. The addition of 14.7 wt.% CPA-Al in textile sample can bring a limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 24.5%, 0 s after flame time, and the vertical burning B1 rating. Meanwhile, the incorporated CPA-Al reduced the peak heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, and increased the charring capacity of polyester textiles in contrast to the samples without CPA-Al. CPA-Al exerted not only its flame inhibition effect in gas phase, but also the charring and barrier effect in the condensed phase. Besides, with an increasing CPA-Al ratio in polyester textile, the contact angle gradually decreased from 123.6° to 75.6°, indicating that the surficial property of coating from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, thereby increasing the moisture permeability of polyester textile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Yao
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.X.); (Y.Q.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- National-Certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510520, China;
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.X.); (Y.Q.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-68984011
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.X.); (Y.Q.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.X.); (Y.Q.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (B.X.); (Y.Q.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
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22
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Shen M, Ge J, Lam JCW, Zhu M, Li J, Zeng L. Occurrence of two novel triazine-based flame retardants in an E-waste recycling area in South China: Implication for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:249-257. [PMID: 31132704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in the use of alternative flame retardants (FRs) in consumer products has led to emerging contaminants in the environment. Identification of novel FRs is urgently needed because the potential threat posed by these chemicals has provoked considerable attention, but the details of the threat are not yet widely understood. In this study, two novel triazine-based FRs, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TDBP-TAZTO) and 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ), were identified in dust samples from an e-waste recycling area in China. Two legacy FRs, namely, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), were also analyzed for comparison. The mean level of TDBP-TAZTO in the e-waste dust samples was found to be much higher (2060 ng g-1) than that of HBCDD (526 ng g-1), while the mean level of TTBP-TAZ in residential dust samples was moderately higher (119 ng g-1) than that of HBCDD (35.7 ng g-1). A comparison of the TDBP-TAZTO and TTBP-TAZ concentrations with those of other alternative and legacy FRs indicated that TDBP-TAZTO is a major FR that is currently used in China. The estimated daily intake of TDBP-TAZTO via dust ingestion for occupational workers was much higher than that of HBCDD and was also much higher than for local adults and children. Exposure to TDBP-TAZTO poses a potentially high risk to the health of the local population, especially for the occupational workers, when the multicomponent chemical 'cocktail' effects are taken into account. More investigations on the environmental behaviors and risk factors of TDBP-TAZTO and TTBP-TAZ in various environmental matrices, as well as their toxicological effects, should be performed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Shen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiali Ge
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingshan Zhu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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23
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Dai P, Hou D, Guo S, Zhu L, Lei M, Tang H. Ion chromatographic determination of total bromine in electronic devices in conjunction with a catalytic reduction debromination pretreatment. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1082:49-55. [PMID: 31472712 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new determination method for total bromine in electronic devices was developed by using ultrasound assisted extraction, copper-catalyzed reductive debromination and ion chromatography (UAE-RD-IC). It was found that all the added brominated flame retardants (polybrominateddiphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, tetrabromobisphenol A, and hexabromocyclododecane) could be completely debrominated by using copper-based catalysts and reducing agent N2H4•H2O. The complete debromination of brominated flame retardants released all of their bromine in the form of bromide ions, which could be determined by ion chromatography. After the extraction parameters were optimized by achieving the maximum IC signal in the certified reference material GBW(E) 082725, the UAE-RD-IC method was established for the determination of total bromine in solid samples. By analyzing the certified reference material, the Br content was obtained as 695.3 ± 16.0 mg kg-1, being well consistent with its standard value (694.54 ± 30.63 mg kg-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) of five parallel determinations was 1.7%, indicating the good repeatability of the developed method. The proposed method was further applied to analyze the samples of cables and computer mouse shells. For all these practical samples, the Br contents obtained by the UAE-RD-IC method were in good agreement with that obtained by the standard oxygen bomb combustion-IC method. It was noted that the new method has a detection limit of Br of about 20 mg kg-1, being much lower than that (75 mg kg-1) of the traditional oxygen bomb combustion-IC method for total bromine detection. Therefore, the proposed method was qualified as a practical method to measure total bromine content in actual electronic devices with good analytical performances of accuracy, precision and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Dajiao Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Shun Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Ming Lei
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Heqing Tang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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24
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Wang X, Du T, Wang J, Kou H, Du X. Determination of polybrominated biphenyls in environmental water samples by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Tokumura M, Seo M, Wang Q, Miyake Y, Amagai T, Makino M. Dermal exposure to plasticizers in nail polishes: An alternative major exposure pathway of phosphorus-based compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:316-320. [PMID: 30939370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus-based compounds are used as plasticizers in the manufacture of many products found in the indoor environment. Here we quantitatively investigated dermal exposure to phosphorus-based compounds contained in 45 nail polishes purchased in Japan. The alternative plasticizer triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) was detected in some samples of the nail polishes made in the USA (concentration, 1.1-1.8 wt%). The potential dermal exposure rates for TPhP, estimated using ConsExpo (version 5.0; Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment), were in the range 200 (5%ile)-1700 (50%ile)-5000 (95%ile) ng kg-bw-1 day-1, which is more than 1400 times the reported values for exposure via dust ingestion and inhalation. Thus, dermal exposure via nail polish may be a major route of exposure to TPhP. The margin of exposure range for TPhP was 3.6 × 105-4.1 × 104-1.4 × 104. For comparison, the potential dermal exposure rate range for the conventional plasticizer dibutyl phthalate and the alternative plasticizer acetyl tributyl citrate was 360-3500-14,000 and 430-4100-17,000 ng kg-bw-1 day-1, respectively, and the margin of exposure range was 4.1 × 103-4.2 × 102-1.1 × 102 and 2.3 × 105-2.4 × 104-5.9 × 103, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Makiko Seo
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masakazu Makino
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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26
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Tokumura M, Ogo S, Kume K, Muramatsu K, Wang Q, Miyake Y, Amagai T, Makino M. Comparison of rates of direct and indirect migration of phosphorus flame retardants from flame-retardant-treated polyester curtains to indoor dust. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:464-469. [PMID: 30472470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the pathways for migration of phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tricresyl phosphate (TCsP) which were detected from curtains often, from flame-retardant-treated polyester curtains to indoor dust were investigated. Two possible migration pathways were compared quantitatively: (1) an indirect pathway in which the PFRs in the curtains first evaporate from the curtains and are then adsorbed onto indoor dust and (2) a direct pathway in which the PFRs are directly transferred to dust placed on the curtains. The contribution of the indirect pathway was evaluated by means of emission cell tests, which showed that the area-specific emission rates from curtains treated with PFRs were 0.044 (TDCPP, Curtain 5), 0.17 (TDCPP, Curtain 8), and 0.060 (TCsP, Curtain 12) μg m-2 h-1 at 20 °C (averaged during 24 h). The contribution of the direct pathway was evaluated by measurement of the time dependence of PFR concentrations on the indoor dust placed on the curtains. These measurements indicated that PFR concentrations on the dust increased with time and that the direct migration rates of PFRs from curtains treated with PFRs were 4.4 (TDCPP, Curtain 5), 12 (TDCPP, Curtain 8), and 7.0 (TCsP, Curtain 12) μg m-2 h-1 at 20 °C (averaged during 24 h), or 71-120 times the indirect migration rate. This result suggests that the direct pathway can be expected to predominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ogo
- Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Kosuke Muramatsu
- Department of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Makino
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Li AJ, Kannan K. Elevated Concentrations of Bisphenols, Benzophenones, and Antimicrobials in Pantyhose Collected from Six Countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10812-10819. [PMID: 30137966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pantyhose, a skin-tight item of clothing made of synthetic fibers and worn by women in many countries, is a source of exposure to several endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Little is known regarding the occurrence of and dermal exposure to chemicals present in pantyhose. In this study, concentrations and profiles of 23 endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including bisphenols, benzophenones, chlorophenols, parabens, and triclocarban (TCC), were determined in 74 pantyhose samples collected from 6 countries. Pantyhose samples were analyzed by two extraction methods: complete dissolution and ultrasonic extraction. Dissolution of the fabric in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol/chloroform yielded concentrations of several target chemicals that were up to 286 times higher than in the ultrasonic extraction. Bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol A (BPA) were found in 100% and 96% of the samples at median concentrations of 1430 and 14.3 ng/g, respectively. Several brands of pantyhose contained BPS, bisphenol F (BPF), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), ethyl-paraben (EtP), and TCC at concentrations of milligrams per gram. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (4-HB), and methyl- (MeP) and propyl-parabens (PrP) were found in ≥85% of the samples at median concentrations on the order of several tens to hundreds of nanograms per gram of fabric. Pantyhose made in Japan and China with 21-50% Spandex contained the highest concentrations of BPS (2.2 mg/g), BP-1 (2.4 mg/g), and EtP (88 μg/g). Calculated dermal exposure doses to BPS, BP-1, and EtP by women via pantyhose were as high as 45 900, 50 600, and 1800 picograms per kilogram of body weight per day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Jing Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
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28
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Dong S, Lou Q, Huang G, Guo J, Wang X, Huang T. Dispersive solid-phase extraction based on MoS2/carbon dot composite combined with HPLC to determine brominated flame retardants in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7337-7346. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Tokumura M, Miyake Y, Wang Q, Nakayama H, Amagai T, Ogo S, Kume K, Kobayashi T, Takasu S, Ogawa K. Methods for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants-Comparison of GC-EI-MS, GC-NCI-MS, LC-ESI-MS/MS, and LC-APCI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:475-481. [PMID: 29303426 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1410419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are extensively used as alternatives to banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). In this study, we analyzed 14 PFRs by means of four mass-spectrometry-based methods: gas chromatography combined with electron-impact mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) or negative-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) and liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (LC-ESI-MS/MS) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCI-MS/MS). The limits of quantification (LOQs) for LC-ESI-MS/MS and LC-APCI-MS/MS (0.81-970 pg) were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the LOQs for GC-EI-MS and GC-NCI-MS (2.3-3900 pg). LC-APCI-MS/MS showed the lowest LOQs (mean = 41 pg; median = 3.4 pg) for all but two of the PFRs targeted in this study. For LC-APCI-MS/MS, the lowest LOQ was observed for tributyl phosphate (TBP) (0.81 pg), and the highest was observed for tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) (36 pg). The results of this study indicate that LC-APCI-MS/MS is the optimum analytical method for the target PFRs, at least in terms of LOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tokumura
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Hayato Nakayama
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Takashi Amagai
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Sayaka Ogo
- b Department of Environmental Sciences , Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene , Aoi-ku, Sizuoka , Japan
| | - Kazunari Kume
- c Faculty of Environmental Studies , Tokyo City University , Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- d Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences , Yokohama National University , Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama , Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- e Division of Pathology , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- e Division of Pathology , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
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30
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Guo J, Stubbings WA, Romanak K, Nguyen LV, Jantunen L, Melymuk L, Arrandale V, Diamond ML, Venier M. Alternative Flame Retardant, 2,4,6-Tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, in an E-waste Recycling Facility and House Dust in North America. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3599-3607. [PMID: 29509415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A high molecular weight compound, 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ), was detected during the analysis of brominated flame retardants in dust samples collected from an electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling facility in Ontario, Canada. Gas chromatography coupled with both high-resolution and low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was used to determine TTBP-TAZ's chemical structure and concentrations. To date, TTBP-TAZ has only been detected in plastic casings of electrical and electronic equipment and house dust from The Netherlands. Here we report on the concentrations of TTBP-TAZ in selected samples from North America: e-waste dust ( n = 7) and air ( n = 4), residential dust ( n = 30), and selected outdoor air ( n = 146), precipitation ( n = 19), sediment ( n = 11) and water ( n = 2) samples from the Great Lakes environment. TTBP-TAZ was detected in all the e-waste dust and air samples, and in 70% of residential dust samples. The median concentrations of TTBP-TAZ in these three types of samples were 5540 ng/g, 5.75 ng/m3 and 6.76 ng/g, respectively. The flame retardants 2,4,6-tribromophenol, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, and 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether, BDE-47 and BDE-209 were also measured for comparison. None of these other flame retardants concentrations was significantly correlated with those of TTBP-TAZ in any of the sample types suggesting different sources. TTBP-TAZ was not detected in any of the outdoor environmental samples, which may relate to its application history and physicochemical properties. This is the first report of TTBP-TAZ in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Kevin Romanak
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Linh V Nguyen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science , University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3B1 , Canada
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX) , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29 , 62500 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Victoria Arrandale
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1X3 , Canada
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre , Cancer Care Ontario , Ontario M5G 2L3 , Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science , University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario M1C 1A4 , Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3B1 , Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1X3 , Canada
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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