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Ormanova G, Hopke PK, Omrani AD, Zhakiyev N, Shah D, Torkmahalleh MA. Particulate black carbon mass concentrations and the episodic source identification driven by atmospheric blocking effects in Astana, Kazakhstan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173581. [PMID: 38810750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is a key contributor to adverse human health effects and climate forcing. To date, BC mass concentrations and possible sources in Kazakhstan have not been studied. Thus, understanding the temporal variations of BC for a large developing region with a complex climate is useful. In this study, measurements of fine particulate BC mass concentrations in Astana were made from June 2020 to October 2021 by measuring light absorption of PM2.5 on filters. The mean BC concentration was 2.56 ± 1.29 μg m-3 with maximum and minimum monthly mean BC concentrations being 4.56 ± 2.03 μg m-3 and 1.12 ± 0.42 μg m-3 in January 2021 and June 2020, respectively. Temporal analyses of BC, SO2, PM10, NOx, CO, meteorological and atmospheric stability parameters were performed. Aggregated pollutant 'episodic loadings' during the heating and non-heating periods were identified. Their relationships with blocking anticyclones and cyclones were investigated by examining the reversal of meridional gradients at 500 hPa geopotential height (GPH) maps and identifying Omega (Ω) and Rex blocking types. Astana has some of the highest BC concentrations of cities worldwide. Seasonal BC source location identification using Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) analysis implicated combined heat and power (CHP) plant emissions as the major BC source in Astana. Significant increases in BC concentrations were observed during the cold season due to numerous sources, generally poorer atmospheric dispersion and blocking events. The Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) analysis results showed that the distribution of the 75th percentile of BC during episodic periods actively controlled by blockings exceeding than the entire measurement period, which may reflect cross-border transport and adjacent countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulden Ormanova
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Boulevard CU420644, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | | | - Nurkhat Zhakiyev
- Department of Science and Innovation, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Dhawal Shah
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Zhang T, Yan B, Henneman L, Kinney P, Hopke PK. Regulation-driven changes in PM 2.5 sources in China from 2013 to 2019, a critical review and trend analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173091. [PMID: 38729379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Identifying changes in source-specific fine particles (PM2.5) over time is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of regulatory measures and informing future policy decisions. After the extreme haze events in China during 2013-14, more comprehensive and stringent policies were implemented to combat PM2.5 pollution. To determine the effectiveness of these policies, it is necessary to assess the changes in the specific source types to which the regulations pertain. Multiple studies have been conducted over the past decade to apportion PM2.5. The purpose of this study was to explore the available literature and conduct a critical review of the reliable results. In total, 5008 articles were screened, but only 48 studies were included for further analysis given our inclusion criteria including covering a monitoring period of ≥1 year and having enough speciation data to provide mass closure. Using these studies, we analyzed temporal and spatial trends across China from 2013 to 2019. We observed the overall decrease in the concentration contributions from all main source categories. The reductions from industry, coal and heavy oil combustion, and the related secondary sulfate were more notable, especially from 2013 to 2016-17. The contributions from biomass burning initially decreased but then increased slightly after 2016 in some locations despite new constraints on agricultural and household burning practices. Although the contributions from vehicle emissions and related secondary nitrate decreased, they gradually became the primary contributors to PM2.5 by ∼2017. Despite the substantial improvements achieved by the air pollution regulation implementations, further improvements in air quality will require additional aggressive actions, especially those targeting vehicular emissions. Ultimately, source apportionment studies based on extended duration, fixed-site sampling are recommended to provide a more thorough understanding of the sources impacting areas and transformations in PM2.5 sources prompted by regulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Sid and Reva Dewberry Dept. of Civil, Environmental, & Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, USA.
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Lucas Henneman
- Sid and Reva Dewberry Dept. of Civil, Environmental, & Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, USA
| | - Patrick Kinney
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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3
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Park J, Lee KH, Kim H, Woo J, Heo J, Jeon K, Lee CH, Yoo CG, Hopke PK, Koutrakis P, Yi SM. Analysis of PM 2.5 inorganic and organic constituents to resolve contributing sources in Seoul, South Korea and Beijing, China and their possible associations with cytokine IL-8. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117860. [PMID: 38072108 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
China and South Korea are the most polluted countries in East Asia due to significant urbanization and extensive industrial activities. As neighboring countries, collaborative management plans to maximize public health in both countries can be helpful in reducing transboundary air pollution. To support such planning, PM2.5 inorganic and organic species were determined in simultaneously collected PM2.5 integrated filters. The resulting data were used as inputs to positive matrix factorization, which identified nine sources at the ambient air monitoring sites in both sites. Secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate/oil combustion, soil, mobile, incinerator, biomass burning, and secondary organic carbon (SOC) were found to be sources at both sampling sites. Industry I and II were only identified in Seoul, whereas combustion and road dust sources were only identified in Beijing. A subset of samples was selected for exposure assessment. The expression levels of IL-8 were significantly higher in Beijing (167.7 pg/mL) than in Seoul (72.7 pg/mL). The associations between the PM2.5 chemical constituents and its contributing sources with PM2.5-induced inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-8, IL-8) levels in human bronchial epithelial cells were investigated. For Seoul, the soil followed by the secondary nitrate and the biomass burning showed increase with IL-8 production. However, for the Beijing, the secondary nitrate exhibited the highest association with IL-8 production and SOC and biomass burning showed modest increase with IL-8. As one of the highest contributing sources in both cities, secondary nitrate showed an association with IL-8 production. The soil source having the strongest association with IL-8 production was found only for Seoul, whereas SOC showed a modest association only for Beijing. This study can provide the scientific basis for identifying the sources to be prioritized for control to provide effective mitigation of particulate air pollution in each city and thereby improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kyoung-Hee Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Incheon Regional Customs, Korea Customs Service, 70, Gonghangdong-ro 193 Beon-gil Jung-gu, Incheon, 22381, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Woo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Busan Development Institute, 955 Jungangdae-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47210, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Jeon
- Climate and Air Quality Research, Department Global Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Gyu Yoo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Dai Q, Chen J, Wang X, Dai T, Tian Y, Bi X, Shi G, Wu J, Liu B, Zhang Y, Yan B, Kinney PL, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Trends of source apportioned PM 2.5 in Tianjin over 2013-2019: Impacts of Clean Air Actions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121344. [PMID: 36878277 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A long-term (2013-2019) PM2.5 speciation dataset measured in Tianjin, the largest industrial city in northern China, was analyzed with dispersion normalized positive matrix factorization (DN-PMF). The trends of source apportioned PM2.5 were used to assess the effectiveness of source-specific control policies and measures in support of the two China's Clean Air Actions implemented nationwide in 2013-2017 and 2018-2020, respectively. Eight sources were resolved from the DN-PMF analysis: coal combustion (CC), biomass burning (BB), vehicular emissions, dust, steelmaking and galvanizing emissions, a mixed sulfate-rich factor and secondary nitrate. After adjustment for meteorological fluctuations, a substantial improvement in PM2.5 air quality was observed in Tianjin with decreases in PM2.5 at an annual rate of 6.6%/y. PM2.5 from CC decreased by 4.1%/y. The reductions in SO2 concentration, PM2.5 contributed by CC, and sulfate demonstrated the improved control of CC-related emissions and fuel quality. Policies aimed at eliminating winter-heating pollution have had substantial success as shown by reduced heating-related SO2, CC, and sulfate from 2013 to 2019. The two industrial source types showed sharp drops after the 2013 mandated controls went into effect to phaseout outdated iron/steel production and enforce tighter emission standards for these industries. BB reduced significantly by 2016 and remained low due to the no open field burning policy. Vehicular emissions and road/soil dust declined over the Action's first phase followed by positive upward trends, showing that further emission controls are needed. Nitrate concentrations remained constant although NOX emissions dropped significantly. The lack of a decrease in nitrate may result from increased ammonia emissions from enhanced vehicular NOX controls. The port and shipping emissions were evident implying their impacts on coastal air quality. These results affirm the effectiveness of the Clean Air Actions in reducing primary anthropogenic emissions. However, further emission reductions are needed to meet global health-based air quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuehan Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Tianjiao Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
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5
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Hopke PK, Querol X. Is Improved Vehicular NOx Control Leading to Increased Urban NH 3 Emissions? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11926-11927. [PMID: 35939076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5708, United States
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Tian J, Hopke PK, Cai T, Fan Z, Yu Y, Zhao K, Zhang Y. Evaluation of impact of "2+26″ regional strategies on air quality improvement of different functional districts in Beijing based on a long-term field campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113452. [PMID: 35597294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Consecutive measurements of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from February 2016 to April 2018 have been performed at four representative sites of Beijing to evaluate the impact of "2 + 26" regional strategies implemented in 2017 for air quality improvement in non-heating period (2017NH) and heating period (2017H). The decrease of PM2.5 were significant both in 2017NH (20.2% on average) and 2017H (43.7% on average) compared to 2016NH and 2016H, respectively. Eight sources were resolved at each site from the PMF source apportionment including secondary nitrate, traffic, coal combustion, soil dust, road dust, sulfate, biomass/waste burning and industrial process. The results show that the reductions of industrial process, soil dust, and coal combustion were most effective among all sources at each site after the regional strategies implementation with the large reductions in potential source areas. The decrease of coal combustion in 2017NH were larger than 2017H at all sites while that of soil dust and industrial sources were the opposite. Insignificant reduction of coal combustion contribution at the suburban site in the heating period indicated that rural residential coal burning need further control. The industrial source control in the suburbs were least effective compared with other districts. Traffic was the largest contributer at each site and control of traffic emissions were more effective in 2017H than 2017NH. The local nature and increase of biomass/waste burning contributions emphasized the effect of fireworks and bio-fuel use in rural areas and incinerator emissions in urban districts. Secondary nitrate and sulfate were mainly impacted by the regional transport from southern adjacent areas and favorable meteorological conditions played an important part in the PM2.5 abatements of 2017H. Secondary nitrate became a more major role in the air pollution process because of the larger decrease of sulfate. Finally suggestions for future control are made in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Tian
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Tianqi Cai
- Institute of Electronic System Engineering, Beijing, 100854, China
| | - Zhongjie Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Sino-Japan Friendship Centre for Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kaining Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Yu Q, Chen J, Qin W, Ahmad M, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Xin K, Ai J. Oxidative potential associated with water-soluble components of PM 2.5 in Beijing: The important role of anthropogenic organic aerosols. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128839. [PMID: 35397338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the mainstream toxicological mechanism for the adverse health outcomes of ambient aerosols. However, our understanding of the crucial redox-active species affecting the oxidative potential of water-soluble aerosols (OPWS) remains limited. In this study, the OPWS of PM2.5 in Beijing was measured using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, including DTT consumption rate and ·OH formation rate. OPWS was more closely related to water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) rather than transition metals. Laboratory simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of individual target species in the context of complex metal-organic interactions. The results showed that reducing WSOC can effectively decrease OPWS, while reducing Cu2+ increased OPWS. Parallel factor analysis demonstrated that OPWS was the most significantly correlated with the highly oxidized humic-like or quinone-like substances. Multiple linear regression showed that aromatic secondary organic carbon (SOC) (34.4%), other primary combustion sources of WSOC (20.0%), primary biomass burning WSOC (19.8%), transition metal ions (12.9%) and biomass burning SOC (12.8%) made significant contributions to DTTV. In addition to the anthropogenic sources of WSOC, the aged biogenic SOC also contributed to OHV, particularly in summer. Reducing anthropogenic WSOC was the key to the effective control of OPWS of PM2.5 in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuewei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ke Xin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Ai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Yang Y, Liu B, Hua J, Yang T, Dai Q, Wu J, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Global review of source apportionment of volatile organic compounds based on highly time-resolved data from 2015 to 2021. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107330. [PMID: 35671590 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Highly time-resolved data for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can now be monitored. Source analyses of such high time-resolved concentrations provides key information for controlling VOC emissions. This work reviewed the literature on VOCs source analyses published from 2015 to 2021, and assesses the state-of-the-art and the existing issues with these studies. Gas chromatography system and direct-inlet mass spectrometry are the main monitoring tools. Quality control (QC) of the monitoring process is critical prior to analysis. QC includes inspection and replacement of instrument consumables, calibration curve corrections, and reviewing the data. Approximately 54% published papers lacked details on the quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of QC measures. Among the reviewed works, the number of monitored species varied from 5 to 119, and fraction of papers with more than 90 monitored species increased yearly. US EPA PMF v5.0 was the most commonly used (∼86%) for VOC source analyses. However, conventional source apportionment directly uses the measured VOCs and may be problematic given the impacts of dispersion and photochemical losses, uncertainty setting of VOCs data, factor resolution, and factor identification. Excluding species with high-reactivity or estimation of corrected concentrations were often applied to reduce the influence of photochemical reactions on the results. However, most reports did not specify the selection criteria or the specific error fraction values in the uncertainty estimation. Model diagnostic indexes were used in 99% of the reports for PMF analysis to determine the factor resolution. Due to lack of known local source profiles, factor identification was mainly achieved using marker species and characteristic species ratios. However, multiple sources had high-collinearity and the same species were often used to identify different sources. Vehicle emissions and fuel evaporation were the primary contributors to VOCs around the world. Contribution of coal combustion in China was substantially higher than in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Jing Hua
- Tianjin Ecology and Environment Bureau, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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Huang RJ, Yuan W, Yang L, Yang H, Cao W, Guo J, Zhang N, Zhu C, Wu Y, Zhang R. Concentration, optical characteristics, and emission factors of brown carbon emitted by on-road vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151307. [PMID: 34748827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is a light-absorbing component that affects radiative forcing; however, this effect requires further clarification, particularly with respect to BrC emission sources, chromophores, and optical properties. In the present study, the concentrations, optical properties, and emission factors of organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), and humic-like substances (HULIS) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from vehicles in three road tunnels (the Wucun, Xianyue, and Wenxing tunnels in Xiamen, China) were investigated. The mass concentrations and light absorption of OC, WSOC, and HULIS were higher at the exits of each tunnel than at entrances, demonstrating that vehicle emissions were a BrC source. At each tunnel's exit, the average light absorption contributed by HULIS-BrC to water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) and total BrC at 365 nm was higher than the corresponding carbon mass concentration contributed by HULIS (HULIS-C) to WSOC and OC, indicating that the chromophores of HULIS emitted from vehicles had a disproportionately high effect on the light absorption characteristics of BrC. The emission factors (EFs) of HULIS-C and WSOC mass concentrations were highest at the Xianyue tunnel; however, the EFs of HULIS-BrC and WS-BrC light absorption were highest at the Wenxing tunnel, indicating that the chromophore composition of BrC was different among the tunnels and that the mass concentration EFs did not correspond directly to the light absorption EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Huang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Yuan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huinan Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Cao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Guo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Yuan W, Huang RJ, Yang L, Ni H, Wang T, Cao W, Duan J, Guo J, Huang H, Hoffmann T. Concentrations, optical properties and sources of humic-like substances (HULIS) in fine particulate matter in Xi'an, Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147902. [PMID: 34052478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) are ubiquitous in the atmospheric environment, which affects both human health and climate. We present here the mass concentration and optical characteristics of HULIS isolated from aerosol samples collected in Xi'an, China. Both mass concentration and absorption coefficient (Abs365) of HULIS show clear seasonal differences, with the highest average in winter (3.91 μgC m-3 and 4.78 M m-1, respectively) and the lowest in summer (0.65 μgC m-3 and 0.55 M m-1, respectively). The sources of HULIS_C and light absorption of HULIS were analyzed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) and four major sources were resolved, including secondary formation, biomass burning, coal burning, and vehicle emission. Our results show that secondary formation (i.e., gas-to-particle conversion from e.g., photochemical oxidation) was the major contributor to both HULIS_C (50%) and light absorption (55%) of HULIS in summer, biomass burning and coal burning were major sources of HULIS_C (~70%) and light absorption (~80%) of HULIS in winter. It is worth noting that biomass burning and coal burning had higher contribution to HULIS light absorption (47% in spring, 37% in summer, 73% in fall, and 77% in winter) than their corresponding contribution to HULIS_C concentration (41% in spring, 37% in summer, 54% in fall, and 69% in winter). However, vehicle emission had lower contribution to HULIS light absorption (26% in spring, 8% in summer, 18% in fall, and 11% in winter) than to HULIS_C concentration (24% in spring, 13% in summer, 28% in fall, and 18% in winter). These results suggest that HULIS from biomass burning and coal burning have higher light absorption ability than from vehicle emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; College of Environment and public health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huabin Huang
- College of Environment and public health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Abbasi S, Rezaei M, Keshavarzi B, Mina M, Ritsema C, Geissen V. Investigation of the 2018 Shiraz dust event: Potential sources of metals, rare earth elements, and radionuclides; health assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130533. [PMID: 33892458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the middle of May 2018, an unprecedented dust storm occurred in the Shiraz metropolis. After the storm, several samples were collected from dust that settled around the city. These dust samples were analysed for potentially toxic elements (PTEs), rare earth elements (REEs), and radionuclides. This work is the first study that considered rare earth elements (REEs) for source identification and radionuclide contamination of Shiraz dust event. Hysplit model analysis and NASA and NOAA satellite maps illustrated that the air mass affecting Shiraz was moving mainly through the Saudi Arabian deserts. In addition, REE results of the dust that settled in Shiraz showed a trend similar to shale, sandstone, and especially Saudi Arabian soils. Ti/Al (0.01), Fe/Al (0.92), and Mg/Al (0.55) ratios and the values of LaN/SmN (0.91-0.98), GdN/YbN (1.8-2), LaN/YbN (1.7-1.9), HREE/LREE (0.52-0.6), Ce/Ce∗ (1.09-1.13), Eu/Eu∗ (1.03-1.18), Pr/Pr∗ (0.85-0.87), Gd/Gd∗ (1.1-1.15), and MREEs/MREE∗ (4.3-4.5) ratios provided insights into dust sources. These values indicated that Shiraz dust was affected by Asaluyeh and Iraq soils during transport and the main source of the dust that settled in Shiraz on the May 13, 2018 was Saudi Arabian soil. The concentrations of Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, As, Cd, Ti, Al, Sc, and Fe in the settled dust were 0.24, 47.67, 67.33, 244, 70.27, 19.33, 664, 8.39, 0.65, 537.33, 40933.33, 11.54, and 37800 mg/kg, respectively. According to the enrichment factor (EF), coefficient variation, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model the Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd mainly originated from exhaust emissions and industrial activities. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides 7Be, 4 K, 137Cs, and 235U in the Shiraz-settled dust were 814, 421, 14, and 5.4 Bq kg-1, respectively and the activity concentration of 4 K was higher than the crustal average. Health risk assessment indices for the elements considering all three pathways revealed the following trend: dermal contact (HQderm)< inhalation (HQinh)< ingestion (HQing). The values of HQinh and HQing for children were higher than adults, while the values for the skin adsorption pathway for adults were higher than for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Mahrooz Rezaei
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO. Box 47, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Monireh Mina
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Coen Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO. Box 47, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO. Box 47, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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12
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13
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Huo Y, Guo Z, Li Q, Wu D, Ding X, Liu A, Huang D, Qiu G, Wu M, Zhao Z, Sun H, Song W, Li X, Chen Y, Wu T, Chen J. Chemical Fingerprinting of HULIS in Particulate Matters Emitted from Residential Coal and Biomass Combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3593-3603. [PMID: 33656861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Identification of humic-like substances (HULIS) structures and components is still a major challenge owing to their chemical complexity. This study first employed a complementary method with the combination of two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry to address low-polarity and polar components of HULIS in PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm), respectively. The combination method showed a significant correlation in identifying overlapping species and performed well in uncovering the chemical complexity of HULIS. A total of 1246 compound species in HULIS (65.6-81.0% for each sample), approximately 1 order of magnitude more compounds than that reported in previous studies, were addressed in PM2.5 collected in real-world household biomass and coal combustion. Aromatics were the most abundant compounds (37.4-64.1% in biomass and 34.5-70.0% in coal samples) of the total mass in all HULIS samples according to carbon skeleton determination, while the major components included phenols (2.6-21.1%), ketones (6.0-17.1%), aldehydes (1.1-6.8%), esters (2.9-20.0%), amines/amides (3.2-8.5%), alcohols (3.8-17.0%), and acids (4.7-15.1%). Among the identified HULIS species, 11-36% mass in biomass and 11-41% in coal were chromophores, while another 22-35 and 23-29% mass were chromophore precursors, respectively. The combination method shows promise for uncovering HULIS fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqiang Huo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zihua Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Anlin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dou Huang
- Hexin Instrument (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Building A3, No. 11, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science City, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Gaokun Qiu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Manman Wu
- Hexin Instrument (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Building A3, No. 11, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science City, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- J&X Technologies (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Room 1034, 1599 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weihua Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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Dai Q, Ding J, Song C, Liu B, Bi X, Wu J, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Changes in source contributions to particle number concentrations after the COVID-19 outbreak: Insights from a dispersion normalized PMF. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143548. [PMID: 33189385 PMCID: PMC7647391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Factor analysis models use the covariance of measured variables to identify and apportion sources. These models, particularly positive matrix factorization (PMF), have been extensively used for analyzing particle number concentrations (PNCs) datasets. However, the variation of observed PNCs and particle size distribution are driven by both the source emission rates and atmospheric dispersion as well as chemical and physical transformation processes. This variation in the observation data caused by meteorologically induced dilution reduces the ability to obtain accurate source apportionment results. To reduce the influence of dilution on quantitative source estimates, a methodology for improving the accuracy of source apportionment results by incorporating a measure of dispersion, the ventilation coefficient, into the PMF analysis (called dispersion normalized PMF, DN-PMF) was applied to a PNC dataset measured from a field campaign that includes the Spring Festival event and the start of the COVID-19 lockdown in Tianjin, China. The data also included gaseous pollutants and hourly PM2.5 compositional data. Eight factors were resolved and interpreted as municipal incinerator, traffic nucleation, secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), traffic emissions, photonucleation, coal combustion, residential heating and festival emissions. The DN-PMF enhanced the diel patterns of photonucleation and the two traffic factors by enlarging the differences between daytime peak values and nighttime concentrations. The municipal incinerator plant, traffic emissions, and coal combustion have cleaner and more clearly defined directionalities after dispersion normalization. Thus, dispersion normalized PMF is capable of enhancing the source emission patterns. After the COVID-19 lockdown began, PNC of traffic nucleation and traffic emissions decreased by 41% and 44%, respectively, while photonucleation produced more particles likely due to the reduction in the condensation sink. The significant changes in source emissions indicate a substantially reduced traffic volume after the implement of lockdown measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Jing Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Congbo Song
- School of Geography Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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15
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Chemical and Optical Characteristics and Sources of PM2.5 Humic-Like Substances at Industrial and Suburban Sites in Changzhou, China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical and optical properties and sources of atmospheric PM2.5 humic-like substances (HULIS) were investigated from October to December 2016 in both industrial and suburban areas in Changzhou, China, during polluted and fair days. The average PM2.5 concentration in the industrial region was 113.06 (±64.3) μg m−3, higher than 85.27 (±41.56) μg m−3 at the suburban site. The frequency of polluted days was significantly higher in the industrial region. In contrast, the chemical compositions of PM2.5 at the two sampling sites exhibited no statistically significant differences. Rapidly increased secondary inorganic ions (SNA = NH4+ + SO42− + NO3−) concentrations suggested secondary formation played an important role in haze formation. The daily mean concentration of humic-like substance (HULIS) was 1.8–1.9 times that of HULIS-C (the carbon content of HULIS). Our results showed that HULIS accounted for a considerable fraction of PM2.5 (industrial region: 6.3% vs. suburban region: 9.4%). There were no large differences in the mass ratios of HULIS-C/WSOC at the two sites (46% in the industrial region and 52% in the suburban region). On average, suburban HULIS-C constituted 35.1% of organic carbon (OC), higher than that (21.1%) in the industrial region. Based on different MAE (mass absorption efficiency) values under different pollution levels, we can infer that the optical properties of HULIS varied with PM levels. Moreover, our results showed no distinct difference in E2/E3 (the ratio of light absorbance at 250 nm to that at 365 nm) and AAE300–400 (Absorption Angstrom Exponent at 300–400 nm) for HULIS and WSOC. the MAE365 (MAE at 365 nm) value of HULIS-C was different under three PM2.5 levels (low: PM2.5 < 75 μg m−3, moderate: PM2.5 = 75–150 μg m−3, high: PM2.5 > 150 μg m−3), with the highest MAE365 value on polluted days in the industrial region. Strong correlations between HULIS-C and SNA revealed that HULIS might be contributed from secondary formation at both sites. In addition, good correlations between HULIS-C with K+ in the industrial region implied the importance of biomass burning to PM2.5-bound HULIS. Three common sources of HULIS-C (i.e., vehicle emissions, biomass burning, and secondary aerosols) were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) for both sites, but the contributions were different, with the largest contribution from biomass burning in the industrial region and secondary sources in the suburban region, respectively. The findings presented here are important in understanding PM2.5 HULIS chemistry and are valuable for future air pollution control measures.
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Yang W, Zhang T, Han C, Tang N, Yang H, Xue X. Photoenhanced heterogeneous reaction of O 3 with humic acid: Focus on O 3 uptake and changes in the composition and optical property. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115696. [PMID: 33010673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous photochemical reaction of O3 with humic acid (HA) under simulated sunlight was performed using a flow tube reactor coupled to an O3 analyzer at ambient pressure. It was confirmed that light significantly enhanced the uptake of O3 on HA. The initial uptake coefficient (γi) and the steady-state uptake coefficient (γss) of O3 under irradiation increased by 1.6 and 3.8 times compared to those in the dark, respectively. The γi and γss on HA varied in the range of 0.76-2.77 × 10-5 and 1.50-9.55 × 10-6, respectively, which were dependent on various environmental factors including HA mass, total irradiance, initial O3 concentration, O2 content, temperature, relative humidity (RH) and HA solution pH. Both γi and γss showed linear dependence on the total irradiance (0-2.07 × 1016 photons/(cm2⋅s)) of the light source, and increased with the HA mass (0-3.2 μg/cm2), temperature (278-298 K) and HA solution pH (4.0-9.6). However, they showed negative correlations with the initial O3 concentration and O2 content. The γi remained constant in the RH range of 7%-60%, while γss exhibited the maximum value at RH = 20%. During the ozonization of HA under irradiation, some functional groups were consumed, including CH2, CH3, aromatic CC, OH, CO, COOH and COO-. HA aged by O3 exhibited a decrease in the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) and a small increase in the absorption Ångström exponent between 300 and 600 nm wavelength (AAE300,600), which was ascribed to changes in the composition of HA during the photochemical ozonization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjin Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - He Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiangxin Xue
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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Liu B, Wu J, Wang J, Shi L, Meng H, Dai Q, Wang J, Song C, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Chemical characteristics and sources of ambient PM 2.5 in a harbor area: Quantification of health risks to workers from source-specific selected toxic elements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115926. [PMID: 33153802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Samples of ambient PM2.5 were collected in the Qingdao harbor area between 21 March and May 25, 2016, and analyzed to investigate the compositions and sources of PM2.5 and to assess source-specific selected toxic element health risks to workers via a combination of positive matrix factorization (PMF) and health risk (HR) assessment models. The mean concentration of PM2.5 in harbor area was 48 μg m-3 with organic matter (OM) dominating its mass. Zn and V concentrations were significantly higher than the other selected toxic elements. The hazard index (HI) and cancer risk (Ri) of all selected toxic elements were lower than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limits. There were no non-cancer and cancer risks for workers in harbor area. The contributions from industrial emissions (IE), ship emissions (SE), vehicle emissions (VE), and crustal dust and coal combustion (CDCC) to selected toxic elements were 39.0%, 12.8%, 24.0%, and 23.0%, respectively. The HI values of selected toxic elements from IE, CDCC, SE, and VE were 1.85 × 10-1, 7.08 × 10-2, 6.36 × 10-2, and 3.37 × 10-2, respectively; these are lower than the USEPA limits. The total cancer risk (Rt) value from selected toxic elements in CDCC was 2.04 × 10-7, followed by IE (6.40 × 10-8), SE (2.26 × 10-8), and VE (2.18 × 10-8). CDCC and IE were the likely sources of cancer risk in harbor area. The Bo Sea and coast were identified as the likely source areas for health risks from IE via potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis based on the results of PMF-HR modelling. Although the source-specific health risks were below the recommended limit values, this work illustrates how toxic species in PM2.5 health risks can be associated with sources such that control measures could be undertaken if the risks warranted it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Qingdao Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Laiyuan Shi
- Qingdao Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Congbo Song
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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Zhang J, Peng J, Song C, Ma C, Men Z, Wu J, Wu L, Wang T, Zhang X, Tao S, Gao S, Hopke PK, Mao H. Vehicular non-exhaust particulate emissions in Chinese megacities: Source profiles, real-world emission factors, and inventories. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115268. [PMID: 32836045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular non-exhaust emissions account for a significant share of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) pollution, but few studies have successfully quantified the contribution of non-exhaust emissions via real-world measurements. Here, we conduct a comprehensive study combining tunnel measurements, laboratory dynamometer and resuspension experiments, and chemical mass balance modeling to obtain source profiles, real-world emission factors (EFs), and inventories of vehicular non-exhaust PM emissions in Chinese megacities. The average vehicular PM2.5 and PM10 EFs measured in the four tunnels in four megacities (i.e., Beijing, Tianjin, Zhengzhou, and Qingdao) range from 8.8 to 16.0 mg km-1 veh-1 and from 37.4 to 63.9 mg km-1 veh-1, respectively. A two-step source apportionment is performed with the information of key tracers and localized profiles of each exhaust and non-exhaust source. Results show that the reconstructed PM10 emissions embody 51-64% soil and cement dust, 26-40% tailpipe exhaust, 7-9% tire wear, and 1-3% brake wear, while PM2.5 emissions are mainly composed of 59-80% tailpipe exhaust, 11-31% soil and cement dust, 4-10% tire wear, and 1-5% brake wear. Fleet composition, road gradient, and pavement roughness are essential factors in determining on-road non-exhaust emissions. Based on the EFs and the results of source apportionment, we estimate that the road dust, tire wear, and brake wear emit 8.1, 2.5, and 0.8 Gg year-1 PM2.5 in China, respectively. Our study highlights the importance of non-exhaust emissions in China, which is essential to assess their impacts on air quality, human health, and climate and formulating effective controlling measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Congbo Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chao Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhengyu Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhang
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China
| | - Shuangcheng Tao
- China Academy of Transportation Science, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuohan Gao
- China Academy of Transportation Science, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Pokorná P, Leoni C, Schwarz J, Ondráček J, Ondráčková L, Vodička P, Zíková N, Moravec P, Bendl J, Klán M, Hovorka J, Zhao Y, Cliff SS, Ždímal V, Hopke PK. Spatial-temporal variability of aerosol sources based on chemical composition and particle number size distributions in an urban settlement influenced by metallurgical industry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:38631-38643. [PMID: 32623683 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Moravian-Silesian region of the Czech Republic with its capital city Ostrava is a European air pollution hot spot for airborne particulate matter (PM). Therefore, the spatiotemporal variability assessment of source contributions to aerosol particles is essential for the successful abatement strategies implementation. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to highly-time resolved PM0.15-1.15 chemical composition (1 h resolution) and particle number size distribution (PNSD, 14 nm - 10 μm) data measured at the suburban (Ostrava-Plesná) and urban (Ostrava-Radvanice) residential receptor sites in parallel during an intensive winter campaign. Diel patterns, meteorological variables, inorganic and organic markers, and associations between the chemical composition factors and PNSD factors were used to identify the pollution sources and their origins (local, urban agglomeration and regional). The source apportionment analysis resolved six and four PM0.15-1.15 sources in Plesná and Radvanice, respectively. In Plesná, local residential combustion sources (coal and biomass combustion) followed by regional combustion sources (residential heating, metallurgical industry) were the main contributors to PM0.15-1.15. In Radvanice, local residential combustion and the metallurgical industry were the most important PM0.15-1.15 sources. Aitken and accumulation mode particles emitted by local residential combustion sources along with common urban sources (residential heating, industry and traffic) were the main contributors to the particle number concentration (PNC) in Plesná. Additionally, accumulation mode particles from local residential combustion sources and regional pollution dominated the particle volume concentration (PVC). In Radvanice, local industrial sources were the major contributors to PNC and local coal combustion was the main contributor to PVC. The source apportionment results from the complementary datasets elucidated the relevance of highly time-resolved parallel measurements at both receptor sites given the specific meteorological conditions produced by the regional orography. These results are in agreement with our previous studies conducted at this site. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pokorná
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Ondráčková
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vodička
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Naděžda Zíková
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Moravec
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bendl
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Klán
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Yongjing Zhao
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA
| | - Steven S Cliff
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA
| | - Vladimír Ždímal
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Boulevard, Rochester, NY, 14642-0708, USA
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5708, USA
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Guan Y, Wang L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Xiao J, Wang X, Duan E, Hou L. Temporal variations and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds at an urban site in Shijiazhuang, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:25-34. [PMID: 32933737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Shijiazhuang, the city with the worst air quality in China, is suffering from severe ozone pollution in summer. As the key precursors of ozone generation, it is necessary to control the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) pollution. To have a better understanding of the pollution status and source contribution, the concentrations of 117 ambient VOCs were analyzed from April to August 2018 in an urban site in Shijiazhuang. Results showed that the monthly average concentration of total VOCs was 66.27 ppbv, in which, the oxygenated VOCs (37.89%), alkanes (33.89%), and halogenated hydrocarbons (13.31%) were the main composite on. Eight major sources were identified using Positive Matrix Factorization modeling with an accurate VOCs emission inventory as inter-complementary methods revealed that the petrochemical industry (26.24%), other industrial sources (15.19%), and traffic source (12.24%) were the major sources for ambient VOCs in Shijiazhuang. The spatial distributions of major industrial activities emissions were identified by using geographic information statistics system, which illustrated the VOCs was mainly from the north and southeast of Shijiazhuang. The inverse trajectory analysis using Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) clearly demonstrated the features of pollutant transport to Shijiazhuang. These findings can provide references for local governments regarding control strategies to reduce VOCs emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guan
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Center of Volatile Organic Compounds & Odorous Pollution Control Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Hebei Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Jieying Xiao
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Hebei Province Environmental Emergency and Heavy Pollution Weather Warning Center, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Erhong Duan
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Center of Volatile Organic Compounds & Odorous Pollution Control Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Li'an Hou
- Logistics Science and Technology Research Institute of Rocket Army, Beijing 100011, China
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21
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Hopke PK, Dai Q, Li L, Feng Y. Global review of recent source apportionments for airborne particulate matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140091. [PMID: 32559544 PMCID: PMC7456793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionments have become increasingly performed to determine the origins of ambient particulate pollution. The results can be helpful in designing mitigation strategies to improve air quality. Source specific particulate matter (PM) concentrations are also being used in health effects studies to be able to focus attention on those sources most likely to be responsible for the observed adverse health effects. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) released its initial compilation of source apportionment studies published through August 2014. This initial database was described by Karagulian et al. (Atmospheric Environment120 (2015) 475-483). In the present report, a new compilation has been prepared of those apportionments published since 2014 through December 2019. In addition, the database has been expanded to include apportionments of heavy metals, water-soluble components, and carbonaceous components in ambient PM. As a result of this work, we have developed and presented some perspectives on source apportionment going forward. We also have made a series of recommendations for source apportionment studies and reporting them. It is essential for papers to provide a minimum set of information so that the study can be adequately assessed, and the results utilized by others in making policy decisions or as part of other scientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Linxuan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Liu Y, Wang T, Fang X, Deng Y, Cheng H, Bacha AUR, Nabi I, Zhang L. Brown carbon: An underlying driving force for rapid atmospheric sulfate formation and haze event. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139415. [PMID: 32464390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rapid sulfate formation is a crucial factor determining the explosive growth of fine particles and the frequent occurrence of severe haze events in China. Recent field observations also show that brown carbon is one of the most critical components in aerosol particles sampled during haze episodes. To this day, there is limited knowledge that accesses the role of brown carbon in atmospheric chemistry. In fact, these carbonaceous particulate matters, mainly derived from forest fires, biomass burning, and biogenic release, can act as photosensitizers and produce varieties of active intermediates to alter oxidation capacity. Experimental results in this work provide evidence that hydroxyl radical (∙OH) stems from brown carbon proxies fulvic acid /humic acid (FA/HA) upon irradiation, leading to rapid SO2 oxidation on brown carbon particles in the atmosphere. Further correlation analyses for sulfate formation and chromophore properties of 12 model compounds demonstrate that brown carbon particles with higher aromaticity and E2/E3 (the ratio of absorbance at 254 nm to that at 365 nm) would facilitate ∙OH production and SO2 photo-oxidation. Uptake coefficient measurements and sulfate production rate estimation indicate that brown carbon could gain importance in atmospheric SO2 oxidation. A better understanding of SO2 uptake kinetics on brown carbon surfaces favors in defining new regulations to improve air quality and reduce the harmful effects of haze events on resident health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xiaozhong Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yue Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Aziz-Ur-Rahim Bacha
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Iqra Nabi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China..
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23
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Zhao X, Zhao X, Liu P, Ye C, Xue C, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu J, Chen H, Chen J, Mu Y. Pollution levels, composition characteristics and sources of atmospheric PM 2.5 in a rural area of the North China Plain during winter. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:172-182. [PMID: 32653177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The pollution levels, composition characteristics and sources of atmospheric PM2.5 were investigated based on field measurement at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) from pre-heating period to heating period in winter of 2017. The hourly average concentrations of PM2.5 frequently exceeded 150 µg/m3 and even achieved 400 µg/m3, indicating that the PM2.5 pollution was still very serious despite the implementation of stricter control measures in the rural area. Compared with the pre-heating period, the mean concentrations of organic carbon (OC), element carbon (EC) and chlorine ion (Cl-) during the heating period increased by 20.8%, 36.6% and 38.8%, accompanying with increments of their proportions in PM2.5 from 37.5%, 9.8% and 5.5% to 42.9%, 12.7% and 7.2%, respectively. The significant increase of both their concentrations and proportions during the heating period was mainly ascribed to the residential coal combustion. The proportions of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium respectively increased from 9.9%, 10.9% and 9.0% in nighttime to 13.8%, 16.2% and 11.1% in daytime, implying that the daytime photochemical reactions made remarkable contributions to the secondary inorganic aerosols. The simulation results from WRF-Chem revealed that the emission of residential coal combustion in the rural area was underestimated by the current emission inventory. Six sources identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) based on the measurement were residential coal combustion, secondary formation of inorganic aerosols, biomass burning, vehicle emission and raising dust, contributing to atmospheric PM2.5 of 40.5%, 21.2%, 16.4%, 10.8%, 8.6% and 2.5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Can Ye
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Dai Q, Liu B, Bi X, Wu J, Liang D, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Dispersion Normalized PMF Provides Insights into the Significant Changes in Source Contributions to PM 2.5 after the COVID-19 Outbreak. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9917-9927. [PMID: 32672453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Factor analysis utilizes the covariance of compositional variables to separate sources of ambient pollutants like particulate matter (PM). However, meteorology causes concentration variations in addition to emission rate changes. Conventional positive matrix factorization (PMF) loses information from the data because of these dilution variations. By incorporating the ventilation coefficient, dispersion normalized PMF (DN-PMF) reduces the dilution effects. DN-PMF was applied to hourly speciated particulate composition data from a field campaign that included the start of the COVID-19 outbreak. DN-PMF sharpened the morning coal combustion and rush hour traffic peaks and lowered the daytime soil, aged sea salt, and waste incinerator contributions that better reflect the actual emissions. These results identified significant changes in source contributions after the COVID-19 outbreak in China. During this pandemic, secondary inorganic aerosol became the predominant PM2.5 source representing 50.5% of the mean mass. Fireworks and residential burning (32.0%), primary coal combustion emissions (13.3%), primary traffic emissions (2.1%), soil and aged sea salt (1.2%), and incinerator (0.9%) represent the other contributors. Traffic decreased dramatically (70%) compared to other sources. Soil and aged sea salt also decreased by 68%, likely from decreased traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Danni Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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25
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Rivas I, Beddows DCS, Amato F, Green DC, Järvi L, Hueglin C, Reche C, Timonen H, Fuller GW, Niemi JV, Pérez N, Aurela M, Hopke PK, Alastuey A, Kulmala M, Harrison RM, Querol X, Kelly FJ. Source apportionment of particle number size distribution in urban background and traffic stations in four European cities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105345. [PMID: 31810011 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are suspected of having significant impacts on health. However, there have only been a limited number of studies on sources of UFP compared to larger particles. In this work, we identified and quantified the sources and processes contributing to particle number size distributions (PNSD) using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) at six monitoring stations (four urban background and two street canyon) from four European cities: Barcelona, Helsinki, London, and Zurich. These cities are characterised by different meteorological conditions and emissions. The common sources across all stations were Photonucleation, traffic emissions (3 sources, from fresh to aged emissions: Traffic nucleation, Fresh traffic - mode diameter between 13 and 37 nm, and Urban - mode diameter between 44 and 81 nm, mainly traffic but influenced by other sources in some cities), and Secondary particles. The Photonucleation factor was only directly identified by PMF for Barcelona, while an additional split of the Nucleation factor (into Photonucleation and Traffic nucleation) by using NOx concentrations as a proxy for traffic emissions was performed for all other stations. The sum of all traffic sources resulted in a maximum relative contributions ranging from 71 to 94% (annual average) thereby being the main contributor at all stations. In London and Zurich, the relative contribution of the sources did not vary significantly between seasons. In contrast, the high levels of solar radiation in Barcelona led to an important contribution of Photonucleation particles (ranging from 14% during the winter period to 35% during summer). Biogenic emissions were a source identified only in Helsinki (both in the urban background and street canyon stations), that contributed importantly during summer (23% in urban background). Airport emissions contributed to Nucleation particles at urban background sites, as the highest concentrations of this source took place when the wind was blowing from the airport direction in all cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioar Rivas
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - David C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David C Green
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Leena Järvi
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gary W Fuller
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Air Protection Unit, P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences/Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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