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Royano S, Navarro I, de la Torre A, Martínez MÁ. Occurrence and human risk assessment of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in indoor dust from homes, schools and offices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:49682-49693. [PMID: 39080161 PMCID: PMC11324665 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the current situation and possible health risks due to pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) including analgesics, antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatories, psychiatric and cardiovascular drugs, and metabolites, in indoor environments. To achieve this objective, a total of 85 dust samples were collected in 2022 from three different Spanish indoor environments: homes, classrooms, and offices. The analytical method was validated meeting SANTE/2020/12830 and SANTE/12682/2019 performance criteria. All indoor dust samples except one presented at least one PhAC. Although concentration levels ranged from < LOQ to 18 µg/g, only acetaminophen, thiabendazole, clotrimazole, and anhydroerythromycin showed quantification frequencies (Qf %) above 19% with median concentrations of 166 ng/g, 74 ng/g, 25 ng/g and 14 ng/g, respectively. The PhAC distribution between dust deposited on the floor and settled on elevated (> 0.5 m) surfaces was assessed but no significant differences (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test) were found. However, concentrations quantified at the three types of locations showed significant differences (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis H-test). Homes turned out to be the indoor environment with higher pharmaceutical concentrations, especially acetaminophen (678 ng/g, median). The use of these medicines and their subsequent removal from the body were identified as the main PhAC sources in indoor dust. Relationships between occupant habits, building characteristics, and/or medicine consumption and PhAC concentrations were studied. Finally, on account of concentration differences, estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for inhalation, ingestion and dermal adsorption exposure pathways were calculated for toddlers, adolescents and adults in homes, classrooms and offices separately. Results proved that dust ingestion is the main route of exposure, contributing more than 99% in all indoor environments. Moreover, PhAC intakes for all studied groups, at occupational locations (classrooms and offices) are much lower than that obtained for homes, where hazard indexes (HIs) obtained for acetaminophen (7%-12%) and clotrimazole (4%-7%) at the worst scenario (P95) highlight the need for continuous monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Royano
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- International Doctoral School of the UNED (EIDUNED), National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Navarro
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Battye N, Patch D, Koch I, Monteith R, Roberts D, O'Connor N, Kueper B, Hulley M, Weber K. Mechanochemical degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil using an industrial-scale horizontal ball mill with comparisons of key operational metrics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172274. [PMID: 38604365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Horizontal ball mills (HBMs) have been proven capable of remediating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil. Industrial-sized HBMs, which could easily be transported to impacted locations for on-site, ex-situ remediation, are readily available. This study examined PFAS degradation using an industrial-scale, 267 L cylinder HBM. This is the typical scale used in the industry before field application. Near-complete destruction of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), as well as the non-target PFAS in a modern fluorotelomer-based aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), was achieved when spiked onto nepheline syenite sand (NSS) and using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a co-milling reagent. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) showed much better and more consistent results with scale-up regardless of KOH. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was examined for the first time using a HBM and behaved similarly to PFOS. Highly challenging field soils from a former firefighting training area (FFTA) were purposefully used to test the limits of the HBM. To quantify the effectiveness, free fluoride analysis was used; changes between unmilled and milled soil were measured up to 7.8 mg/kg, which is the equivalent of 12 mg/kg PFOS. Notably, this does not factor in insoluble fluoride complexes that may form in milled soils, so the actual amount of PFAS destroyed may be higher. Soil health, evaluated through the assessment of key microbial and associated plant health parameters, was not significantly affected as a result of milling, although it was characterized as poor to begin with. Leachability reached 100 % in milled soil with KOH, but already ranged from 81 to 96 % in unmilled soil. A limited assessment of the hazards associated with the inhalation of PFAS-impacted dust from ball-milling, as well as the cross-contamination potential to the environment, showed that the risk was low in both cases; however, precautions should always be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Battye
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David Patch
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Iris Koch
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Dylan Roberts
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Natalia O'Connor
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Kueper
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Hulley
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kela Weber
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Tan H, Tang S, Yang L, Li J, Deng Y, Shen H, Dai Q, Gao Y, Wu P, Zhu L, Cai Z. Global quantification of emerging and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in indoor dust: Levels, profiles and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172132. [PMID: 38569952 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in house dust samples from six regions across four continents. PFASs were detected in all indoor dust samples, with total median concentrations ranging from 17.3 to 197 ng/g. Among the thirty-one PFAS analytes, eight compounds, including emerging PFASs, exhibited high detection frequencies in house dust from all six locations. The levels of PFASs varied by region, with higher concentrations found in Adelaide (Australia), Tianjin (China), and Carbondale (United States, U.S.). Moreover, PFAS composition profiles also differed among regions. Dust from Australia and the U.S. contained high levels of 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate ester (6:2 diPAP), while perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were predominant in other regions. Furthermore, our results indicate that socioeconomic factors impact PFAS levels. The assessment of human exposure through dust ingestion and dermal contact indicates that toddlers may experience higher exposure levels than adults. However, the hazard quotients of PFASs for both toddlers and adults were below one, indicating significant health risks are unlikely. Our study highlights the widespread occurrence of PFASs in global indoor dust and the need for continued monitoring and regulation of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shuqin Tang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongfeng Deng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Qingyuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yifei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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Iannone A, Carriera F, Passarella S, Fratianni A, Avino P. There's Something in What We Eat: An Overview on the Extraction Techniques and Chromatographic Analysis for PFAS Identification in Agri-Food Products. Foods 2024; 13:1085. [PMID: 38611389 PMCID: PMC11011820 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of anthropogenic chemicals used in a range of industrial processes and consumer products. Recently, their ubiquitous presence in the environment as well as their toxicological effects in humans have gained relevant attention. Although the occurrence of PFASs is widely investigated in scientific community, the standardization of analytical method for all matrices still remains an important issue. In this review, we discussed extraction and detection methods in depth to evaluate the best procedures of PFAS identification in terms of analytical parameters (e.g., limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), recoveries). Extraction approaches based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), alkaline digestion, and solid phase extraction (SPE), followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis are the main analytical methods applied in the literature. The results showed detectable recoveries of PFOA and PFOS in meat, milk, vegetables, eggs products (90.6-101.2% and of 89.2-98.4%), and fish (96-108%). Furthermore, the low LOD and LOQ values obtained for meat (0.00592-0.01907 ng g-1; 0.050 ng g-1), milk (0.003-0.009 ng g-1; 0.010-0.027 ng g-1), fruit (0.002-0.009 ng g-1; 0.006-0.024 ng g-1), and fish (0.00369-0.017.33 ng g-1; 0.05 ng g-1) also confirmed the effectiveness of the recent quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS) for simple, speedy, and sensitive ultra-trace PFAS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Iannone
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, IT-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.I.); (F.C.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Fabiana Carriera
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, IT-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.I.); (F.C.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Sergio Passarella
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, IT-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.I.); (F.C.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandra Fratianni
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, IT-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.I.); (F.C.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, IT-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.I.); (F.C.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Division of Rome, c/o Ministry of Environment and Energy Security, Via Cristoforo Colombo 44, IT-00147 Rome, Italy
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Baqar M, Saleem R, Zhao M, Zhao L, Cheng Z, Chen H, Yao Y, Sun H. Combustion of high-calorific industrial waste in conventional brick kilns: An emerging source of PFAS emissions to agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167612. [PMID: 37804982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The brick kilns in the South Asian region are widely documented to partially combust high-calorific waste components of synthetic-industrial origin, which contain hazardous constituents, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Correspondingly, these establishments are necessarily built on agricultural land to easily acquire clay by excavating soil horizons, thus making cultivation soils vulnerable to PFAS contaminations. In this pioneering study, the occurrence, distribution profile, traceability and human health risk exposure to forty-four legacy and novel PFAS homologues, including two ultrashort-chain (C2-C3) PFAS, were investigated in agricultural soils around thirty-two conventional brick kilns across three districts of Pakistan. ⅀44PFAS concentrations ranged from 14.3 to 465 ng/g (median: 28.2 ng/g), which were 2 to 70 folds higher than those in background soils, and slightly higher than those reported in agricultural soils in the global literature. The highest occurrence was observed for PFAS alternatives, i.e., 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA) (40 %) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) (4.5 %). A significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was observed among the concentrations of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (C4-C7) and novel PFOS substitutes, implying their origin from common sources. Furthermore, ultrashort-chain and short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) (89 %) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA) (63 %) dominated over long-chain's PFCA (11 %) and PFSA (37 %), respectively. The estimated daily intake to children exposed in surrounding inhabited communities, at 95th percentile concentrations was found to be approaching the European tolerable daily intake limit of 0.63 ng/kg bw/day. Therefore, the brick manufacturing industry is identified as a novel source of PFAS in the adjacent environment and for residents. This suggests the need for further investigations to elucidate the origin of emerging contaminants in the waste streams of the region to safeguard ecological integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Saleem
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Maosen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Parker BA, Valentini E, Graham SE, Starr JM. In vitro modeling of the post-ingestion bioaccessibility of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances sorbed to soil and house dust. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:95-103. [PMID: 37740396 PMCID: PMC10942096 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are regularly found in soils and dusts, both of which can be consumed by children at relatively high amounts. However, there is little data available to model the bioaccessibility of PFAS in soils and dusts when consumed or to describe how the physiochemical properties of PFAS and soils/dusts might affect bioaccessibility of these chemicals. Because bioaccessibility is an important consideration in estimating absorbed dose for exposure and risk assessments, in the current study, in vitro assays were used to determine bioaccessibility of 14 PFAS in 33 sets of soils and dusts. Bioaccessibility assays were conducted with and without a sink, which was used to account for the removal of PFAS due to their movement across the human intestine. Multiple linear regression with backward elimination showed that a segmented model using PFAS chain length, number of branches, and percent total organic carbon explained 78.0%-88.9% of the variability in PFAS bioaccessibility. In general, PFAS had significantly greater bioaccessibility in soils relative to dusts and the addition of a sink increased bioaccessibility in the test system by as much as 10.8% for soils and 20.3% for dusts. The results from this study indicate that PFAS bioaccessibility in soils and dusts can be predicted using a limited set of physical chemical characteristics and could be used to inform risk assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Parker
- Office of Research and Development, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Evelyn Valentini
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Stephen E Graham
- Office of Pesticide Programs, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - James M Starr
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Navarro I, de la Torre A, Sanz P, Baldi I, Harkes P, Huerta-Lwanga E, Nørgaard T, Glavan M, Pasković I, Pasković MP, Abrantes N, Campos I, Alcon F, Contreras J, Alaoui A, Hofman J, Vested A, Bureau M, Aparicio V, Mandrioli D, Sgargi D, Mol H, Geissen V, Silva V, Martínez MÁ. Occurrence of pesticide residues in indoor dust of farmworker households across Europe and Argentina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167797. [PMID: 37838044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used as plant protection products (PPPs) in farming systems to preserve crops against pests, weeds, and fungal diseases. Indoor dust can act as a chemical repository revealing occurrence of pesticides in the indoor environment at the time of sampling and the (recent) past. This in turn provides information on the exposure of humans to pesticides in their homes. In the present study, part of the Horizon 2020 funded SPRINT project, the presence of 198 pesticide residues was assessed in 128 indoor dust samples from both conventional and organic farmworker households across Europe, and in Argentina. Mixtures of pesticide residues were found in all dust samples (25-121, min-max; 75, median). Concentrations varied in a wide range (<0.01 ng/g-206 μg/g), with glyphosate and its degradation product AMPA, permethrin, cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide found in highest levels. Regarding the type of pesticides, insecticides showed significantly higher levels than herbicides and fungicides. Indoor dust samples related to organic farms showed a significantly lower number of residues, total and individual concentrations than those related to conventional farms. Some pesticides found in indoor dust were no longer approved ones (29 %), with acute/chronic hazards to human health (32 %) and with environmental toxicity (21 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Navarro
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sanz
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219 Bordeaux, France
| | - Paula Harkes
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Esperanza Huerta-Lwanga
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Matjaž Glavan
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Porec, Croatia
| | - Marija Polić Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Porec, Croatia
| | - Nelson Abrantes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Campos
- Department of Environment and Planning and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Alcon
- Department of Business Economics, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | - Josefina Contreras
- Department Agricultural Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | - Abdallah Alaoui
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Hofman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Vested
- Department of Public Health - Unit for Environment, Occupation, and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | | | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daria Sgargi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research - part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vera Silva
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
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Overdahl KE, Kassotis CD, Hoffman K, Getzinger GJ, Phillips A, Hammel S, Stapleton HM, Ferguson PL. Characterizing azobenzene disperse dyes and related compounds in house dust and their correlations with other organic contaminant classes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122491. [PMID: 37709124 PMCID: PMC10655148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene disperse dyes are the fastest-growing category of commercial dyestuffs and are implicated in the literature as potentially allergenic. In the indoor environment, these dyes may be shed from various textiles, including clothing and upholstery and accumulate in dust particles potentially leading to exposure in young children who have higher exposure to chemicals associated with dust due to their crawling and mouthing behaviors. Children may be more vulnerable to dye exposure due to their developing immune systems, and therefore, it is critical to characterize azobenzene disperse dyes in children's home environments. Here, we investigate azobenzene disperse dyes and related compounds in house dust samples (n = 124) that were previously analyzed for flame retardants, phthalates, pesticides and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to support both targeted and suspect screening of dyes in dust. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine if dye concentrations were related to demographic information. Detection frequencies for 12 target dyes ranged from 11% to 89%; of the dyes that were detected in at least 50% of the samples, geometric mean levels ranged from 32.4 to 360 ng/g. Suspect screening analysis identified eight additional high-abundance azobenzene compounds in dust. Some dyes were correlated to numerous flame retardants and several antimicrobials, and statistically higher levels of some dyes were observed in homes of non-Hispanic Black mothers than in homes of non-Hispanic white mothers. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study of azobenzene disperse dyes in house dust to date. Future studies are needed to quantify additional dyes in dust and to examine exposure pathways of dyes in indoor environments where children are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Overdahl
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202. United States
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Gordon J Getzinger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Allison Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Stephanie Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States.
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States.
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Yamazaki E, Lalwani D, Ruan Y, Taniyasu S, Hanari N, Kumar NJI, Lam PKS, Yamashita N. Nationwide distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in road dust from India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164538. [PMID: 37271381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In India, information on the occurrence and distribution of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is deficient. In the present study, nationwide 79 road dust samples were collected from 12 states and 1 union territory for the analysis of 34 PFAS. Overall, total concentrations of 21 quantified PFAS (∑21PFAS) ranged 23-861 pg/g (median: 116 pg/g), with perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) being predominant (median: 19.9 pg/g). Short to long chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C4 - C18) were detected, where the concentrations of PFAS decreased with the increase in PFAS carbon chain length. ∑21PFAS was highest in road dust from urban area (n = 27; median: 230 pg/g), followed by suburban (n = 21; median: 126 pg/g) and rural areas (n = 31; median: 76 pg/g), suggesting environmental impacts of industriallization and urbanization on PFAS distribution. PFAS composition in rural road dust was significantly different from those in suburban and urban samples (p < 0.01). Regarding 4 geographical regions of India, PFAS in road dust showed spatial difference where higher concentrations were found in South India compared to other regions. ∑21PFAS were positively associated with city-wise population of India (rs = 0.40, p < 0.01). Strong to moderate positive correlation was observed between ∑21PFAS, fluorotelomer sulfonic acids, and PFCAs (rs = 0.23, 0.30, and 0.28, respectively; p < 0.05) and the total state-wise vehicles in India, suggesting that vehicles exhaust or non-exhaust (e.g., vehicle tire debris and polishing material) might contribute to the PFAS occurrence in Indian road dust. Toddlers (2-5 years) had the highest estimated daily intake of ∑PFAS via road dust ingestion under average-case and worst-case scenarios (0.55 and 1.16 pg/kg bw/day, respectively). This is the first time to evaluate PFAS in Indian road dust nationwide, aiding to provide first-hand data for human exposure to PFAS in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Yamazaki
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Dipa Lalwani
- Institute of Science & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research (ISTAR), Post Box No:13, Vallabh Vidhyanagar 388120, Dist: Anand, Gujarat, India; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sachi Taniyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Hanari
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Nirmal J I Kumar
- Institute of Science & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research (ISTAR), Post Box No:13, Vallabh Vidhyanagar 388120, Dist: Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, 30 Good Shepherd Street, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
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10
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Timshina AS, Sobczak WJ, Griffin EK, Lin AM, Townsend TG, Bowden JA. Up in the air: Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) in airborne dust captured by air conditioning (AC) filters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138307. [PMID: 36878365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitously present in our indoor living environments. Dust is thought to accumulate PFAS released indoors and serve as an exposure pathway for humans. Here, we investigated whether spent air conditioning (AC) filters can be exploited as opportunistic samplers of airborne dust for assessing PFAS burden in indoor environments. Used AC filters from campus facilities (n = 19) and homes (n = 11) were analyzed for 92 PFAS via targeted ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). While 27 PFAS were measured (in at least one filter), the predominant species were polyfluorinated dialkylated phosphate esters (diPAPs), with the sum of 6:2-, 8:2-, and 6:2/8:2diPAPs accounting for approximately 95 and 98 percent of ∑27PFAS in campus and household filters, respectively. Exploratory screening of a subset of the filters revealed the presence of additional species of mono-, di-, and tri-PAPs. Considering the constant human exposure to dust indoors and the potential of PAPs to degrade into terminal species with well-established toxicological risks, assessing dust for these precursor PFAS warrants further investigation with respect to both human health and PFAS loading to landfills from this under studied waste stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Timshina
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - William J Sobczak
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Emily K Griffin
- University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ashley M Lin
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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11
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Zhu L, Hajeb P, Fauser P, Vorkamp K. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor dust: A review of temporal and spatial trends, and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162374. [PMID: 36828075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Several chemicals with widespread consumer uses have been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), with a potential risk to humans. The occurrence in indoor dust and resulting human exposure have been reviewed for six groups of known and suspected EDCs, including phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers, flame retardants, bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), biocides and personal care product additives (PCPs). Some banned or restricted EDCs, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bisphenol A (BPA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are still widely detected in indoor dust in most countries, even as the predominating compounds of their group, but generally with decreasing trends. Meanwhile, alternatives that are also potential EDCs, such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and PFAS precursors, such as fluorotelomer alcohols, have been detected in indoor dust with increasing frequencies and concentrations. Associations between some known and suspected EDCs, such as phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers, FRs and BPs, in indoor dust and paired human samples indicate indoor dust as an important human exposure pathway. Although the estimated daily intake (EDI) of most of the investigated compounds was mostly below reference values, the co-exposure to a multitude of known or suspected EDCs requires a better understanding of mixture effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Zhu
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Parvaneh Hajeb
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Patrik Fauser
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
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12
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Du D, Lu Y, Li Q, Zhou Y, Cao T, Cui H, Han G. Estimating industrial process emission and assessing carbon dioxide equivalent of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its salts in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161507. [PMID: 36642265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution and climate change are closely linked because many greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollutants come from the same source. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are new pollutants that have received high attention in recent years, as they are not only harmful to human health, but also important contributors to climate change. Therefore, PFCs are the key gases for the coordinated governance of air pollution and climate change. With the geographical shift of fluoropolymer production, the main emitters of perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts (PFOA/PFO) moved from North America, Europe and Japan to emerging Asian economies, especially China. In this study, industrial sources of PFOA/PFO in the Chinese atmosphere were identified, and its atmospheric emissions, carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions and environmental risks were assessed. China released about 38.19 tons PFOA/PFO into the atmosphere through industrial activities in 2019, 97 % of which originated from the production of fluoropolymers. PFOA/PFO showed aggregative emission along the eastern coastal zone, especially in the Yangtze River Delta. Cumulative PFOA/PFO emission from all provinces equaled to 0.28-0.47 million tons CO2e, of which Jiangsu and Zhejiang took the lead, while Shanghai's CO2-equivalent emissions intensity of PFOA/PFO in terms of area, population, gross domestic product (GDP), and industrial added value took the first in China. The available monitoring data on atmospheric concentration of PFOA in urban and rural China implied that its distribution pattern was similar to PFOA/PFO emissions, that is, the concentrations in the eastern regions with the highest degree of industrialization were significantly higher than that in the central and western regions, and the PFOA concentrations in urban China were higher than that in the rural, which proved that industrial use was an important source of PFOA pollution and would cause significant risks to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Du
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Qifeng Li
- Bureau of Major R&D Programs, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tianzheng Cao
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Haotian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoxiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Ismail UM, Elnakar H, Khan MF. Sources, Fate, and Detection of Dust-Associated Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:335. [PMID: 37112562 PMCID: PMC10146191 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of sand and dust storms (SDSs) is essential for the geochemical cycling of nutrients; however, it is considered a meteorological hazard common to arid regions because of the adverse impacts that SDSs brings with them. One common implication of SDSs is the transport and disposition of aerosols coated with anthropogenic contaminants. Studies have reported the presence of such contaminants in desert dust; however, similar findings related to ubiquitous emerging contaminants, such as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have been relatively scarce in the literature. This article reviews and identifies the potential sources of dust-associated PFAS that can accumulate and spread across SDS-prone regions. Furthermore, PFAS exposure routes and their toxicity through bioaccumulation in rodents and mammals are discussed. The major challenge when dealing with emerging contaminants is their quantification and analysis from different environmental media, and these PFAS include known and unknown precursors that need to be quantified. Consequently, a review of various analytical methods capable of detecting different PFAS compounds embedded in various matrices is provided. This review will provide researchers with valuable information relevant to the presence, toxicity, and quantification of dust-associated PFAS to develop appropriate mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman M. Ismail
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham Elnakar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Faizan Khan
- Alberta Environment and Protected Areas, Drinking Water and Wastewater, Regulatory Assurance Division, Government of Alberta, 2938 11 St. NE, Calgary, AB T2E 7L7, Canada
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14
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Food simulants and real food – What do we know about the migration of PFAS from paper based food contact materials? Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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15
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Nganda A, Kumar M, Uday V, Srivastava P, Deka BJ, Zitouni F, Mahlknecht J. EI/IOT of PFCs: Environmental impacts/interactions, occurrences, and toxicities of perfluorochemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114707. [PMID: 36436554 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Various studies have been conducted on the perfluorochemicals (PFCs) family over the years. These compounds have been sought in various industrial aspects involving the synthesis of everyday utilities due to their broad range of applications. As a result, PFCs have built up in the environment, causing concern. The presence of PFCs in various environmental media, such as terrestrial and marine settings, as well as the mechanisms of transport, bioaccumulation, and physio-chemical interactions of PFCs within plants, aquatic organisms, microplastics, and, ultimately, the human body, are discussed in this review, which draws on a variety of research publications. The interaction of PFCs with proteins, translocation, and adsorption by hydrophobic interactions were observed, and this had an impact on the natural functioning of biological processes, resulting in events such as phylogenic clustering, competitive inhibition, and many others, posing potential hazards to human health and other relevant organisms in the ecosystem. However, further research is needed to have a better knowledge of PFCs and their interactions so that low-cost treatments can be developed to eliminate them. It is therefore, future research should focus on the role of soil matrix as a defensive mechanism for PFCs, as well as the impact of PFC chain length rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armel Nganda
- Energy Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, India; Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
| | - Vismaya Uday
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Bhaskar Jyoti Deka
- Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India 247667
| | - Faiza Zitouni
- College of Engineering, Applied Science University (ASU), Bahrain
| | - Jurgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
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16
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Kang H, Calafat AM, Karvonen-Gutierrez CA, Park SK. Isomer-Specific Serum Concentrations of Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid among U.S. Adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Multi-Pollutant Study (SWAN-MPS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:385-394. [PMID: 36534511 PMCID: PMC10103141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical fluorination manufacture of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), one of the most studied per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, produces mixtures of linear and branched isomers, but little is known about human exposure to linear or branched PFOS isomers. We examined determinants affecting isomer-specific patterns of PFOS in serum in two adult populations in the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Multi-Pollutant Study (SWAN-MPS). After adjusting for demographic variables, fish consumption (in both populations), a glomerular filtration rate above 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (observed in NHANES; not tested in SWAN-MPS), premenopausal status (only observed in SWAN-MPS), and less consumption of processed food (observed in SWAN-MPS; not tested in NHANES) were associated with a higher proportion of linear PFOS. Non-Hispanic Black and Asian participants were likely to have a higher proportion of linear PFOS than non-Hispanic White participants in both populations. Our findings suggest that isomer-specific patterns of PFOS serum concentrations in humans vary depending on population characteristics that affect PFOS exposure and excretion. Consideration of specific PFOS isomers in future human biomonitoring and epidemiologic studies can provide useful insight to better understand PFOS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habyeong Kang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, United States
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia30341, United States
| | - Carrie A Karvonen-Gutierrez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, United States
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, United States
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17
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Xue X, Gao N, Xu F. Toxicity of perfluooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) to Scenedesmus obliquus: Photosynthetic characteristics, oxidative damage and transcriptome analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120397. [PMID: 36228843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the wide application as an alternative for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. However, the aquatic toxicity of PFBS is still poorly understood. The present work studied the aquatic toxicity of PFBS using freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus) as indicator, and the toxicity of PFOS was also examined for comparison. The results showed that PFBS exhibited much lower toxicity to S. obliquus than PFOS. The EC50 value was higher than 1800 mg L-1 after 7 days of exposure to PFBS. By contrast, a much lower EC50 value of 136.69 mg L-1 was obtained for PFOS. Photosynthetic efficiency analyzed by chlorophyll fluorescence also verified that PFOS induced a higher toxic effect on the algae than PFBS. The malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase results indicate that PFOS exposure led to the accumulation of ROS, which caused oxidative damage to the algae, thereby resulting in the inhibition in the growth and photosynthesis of the algae. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis indicates that the significant down-regulation of key genes related to photosynthesis induced by PFOS was the fundamental mechanism for the inhibition in photosynthetic efficiency and biomass growth of S. obliquus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan Xue
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ning Gao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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18
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Li J, Wang L, Zhang X, Liu P, Deji Z, Xing Y, Zhou Y, Lin X, Huang Z. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and its influence on the intestinal barrier: An overview on the advances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158362. [PMID: 36055502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of artificially synthetic organic compounds that are hardly degraded in the natural environment. PFAS have been widely used for many decades, and the persistence and potential toxicity of PFAS are an emerging concern in the world. PFAS exposed via diet can be readily absorbed by the intestine and enter the circulatory system or accumulate directly at intestinal sites, which could interact with the intestine and cause the destruction of intestinal barrier. This review summarizes current relationships between PFAS exposure and intestinal barrier damage with a focus on more recent toxicological studies. Exposure to PFAS could cause inflammation in the gut, destruction of the gut epithelium and tight junction structure, reduction of the mucus layer, and induction of the toxicity of immune cells. PFAS accumulation could also induce microbial disorders and metabolic products changes. In addition, there are limited studies currently, and most available studies converge on the health risk of PFAS exposure for human intestinal disease. Therefore, more efforts are deserved to further understand potential associations between PFAS exposure and intestinal dysfunction and enable better assessment of exposomic toxicology and health risks for humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Zhuoma Deji
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Yudong Xing
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xia Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China.
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19
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Petromelidou S, Margaritis D, Nannou C, Keramydas C, Lambropoulou DA. HRMS screening of organophosphate flame retardants and poly-/perfluorinated substances in dust from cars and trucks: Occurrence and human exposure implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157696. [PMID: 35908702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Time spent within vehicles' cabin has been largely increased during the last years. As a result, the assessment of indoor dust quality is meaningful since dust can be a source of numerous emerging contaminants associated with adverse effects in human health. To this end, fourteen cars and ten trucks from the city of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece were selected to assess the quality of vehicles' microenvironments. An HRMS-based strategy was deployed for the target and non-target analysis of the collected samples. The target approach aimed at the accurate mass screening of nine organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and nine per-/polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS), revealing mean concentrations for the OPFRs varied from <MQL-3409 ng/g for tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), while the PFASs were either not detected (<MDL) or detected below the quantification limit (<MQL). To exploit the advanced technology of HRMS, a non-target analysis (NTA) workflow was also designed and employed, allowing the identification of 17 non-targets (plasticizers, PPCPs, pesticides and industrial chemicals) at identification confidence levels from 3 to 1. The statistical analysis between the positive findings and vehicles' conditions evidenced a possible of association just for individual cases. Lastly, a preliminary evaluation of human exposure to the target analytes was applied with the view to assess the potential harmful effects. All values were < 1 indicating no special effects because of exposure to this concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Petromelidou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Dimitris Margaritis
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH)/Hellenic Institute of Transport (HIT), 6th km, Charilaou - Thermi Road, GR 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Christos Keramydas
- Department of Supply Chain Management, School of Economics and Business Administration, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece.
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20
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Huang Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Deji Z, Lee HK. Occurrence of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Ice Cream, Instant Noodles, and Bubble Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10836-10846. [PMID: 35998314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Food consumption is a significant exposure route to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The concentrations of 27 PFAS in fast food were determined by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. In ice cream, instant noodles, and bubble tea, some PFAS were detected, among which perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluoro-n-butanoic acid, and 6:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate monoester showed relatively high concentrations. PFAS migrating from bubble tea cups to the food simulant of 50% ethanol aqueous solution showed a difference compared with those migrating into bubble tea matrices. The migration of 27 PFAS to bubble tea samples indicated that long storage time increased PFAS levels (up to 4.8 times) and so did high storage temperature (up to 7.3 times). The hazard ratio, defined as the ratio of the estimated daily intake and the reference dose, was calculated, and it suggests that the total PFAS exposure risk due to consumption of bubble tea should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhuoma Deji
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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21
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Jiao E, Zhu Z, Yin D, Qiu Y, Kärrman A, Yeung LWY. A pilot study on extractable organofluorine and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water from drinking water treatment plants around Taihu Lake, China: what is missed by target PFAS analysis? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1060-1070. [PMID: 35687097 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have raised concerns due to their worldwide occurrence and adverse effects on both the environment and humans as well as posing challenges for monitoring. Further collection of information is required for a better understanding of their occurrence and the unknown fractions of the extractable organofluorine (EOF) not explained by commonly monitored target PFAS. In this study, eight pairs of raw and treated water were collected from drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) around Taihu Lake in China and analyzed for EOF and 34 target PFAS. Mass balance analysis of organofluorine revealed that at least 68% of EOF could not be explained by target PFAS. Relatively higher total target concentrations were observed in 4 DWTPs (D1 to D4) when compared to other samples with the highest sum concentration up to 189 ng L-1. PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS were the abundant compounds. Suspect screening analysis identified 10 emerging PFAS (e.g., H-PFAAs, H-PFESAs and OBS) in addition to target PFAS in raw or treated water. The ratios PFBA/PFOA and PFBS/PFOS between previous and current studies showed significant replacements of short-chain to long-chain PFAS. The ratios of the measured PFAS concentrations to the guideline values showed that some of the treated drinking water exceeds guideline values, appealing for efforts on drinking water safety guarantee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China.
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China.
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China.
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China.
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden.
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden.
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22
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Zhao Z, Yue L, Qiao H, Li Y, Cheng X, Hua X, Lin T, Li Q, Sun H. Perfluoroalkyl acids in dust on residential indoor/outdoor window glass in Chinese cities: occurrence, composition, and toddler exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13881-13892. [PMID: 34595719 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The dust on indoor and outdoor surfaces of the window glasses were collected using sterile cotton balls in 11 cities from China. Two sampling campaigns were conducted with the time interval of 7 days to investigate the accumulation especially during the Spring festival holidays. Twenty-nine perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) were quantified to investigate concentration, composition, and toddlers' exposure. The concentrations of ∑PFAA ranged from no detection (nd) to 43 ng/m2 (mean 8.9 ± 10 ng/m2). Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was detected in 78% samples and accounted for 55 ± 21% of ∑PFAA concentrations. 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) were detected in more than 50% samples indicating the use of alternatives. Fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (FTCA) and fluorotelomer unsaturated acid (FTUCA) were found in the dust, implying the degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH). The highest concentration of ∑PFAA (43 ng/m2) was found in outdoor dust from Xinzhou, Shanxi Province. Higher ∑PFAA concentrations were found in indoor dust than outdoor in 6 paired samples (3 from Feb. 14 and 3 from Feb. 21). In Tianjin and Handan, the concentrations of ∑PFAA from outdoor surfaces were higher in sampling campaign I (SC I, Feb. 21) than in sampling campaign II (SC II, Feb. 14), implying intensive outdoor release. The exposure of 2-year-old toddlers to PFAA via hand-to-mouth ingestion and dermal absorption was estimated; the mean values of intake were 2.1 and 1.5 pg/kg body weight, respectively, assuming an exposure time of 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Linxia Yue
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongqin Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yinong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xianghui Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xia Hua
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Qilu Li
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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23
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Velarde MC, Chan AFO, Sajo MEJV, Zakharevich I, Melamed J, Uy GLB, Teves JMY, Corachea AJM, Valparaiso AP, Macalindong SS, Cabaluna ND, Dofitas RB, Giudice LC, Gerona RR. Elevated levels of perfluoroalkyl substances in breast cancer patients within the Greater Manila Area. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131545. [PMID: 34293563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported exposure of humans to various endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) worldwide. However, there is a lack of data regarding EDC exposures in humans living in Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines. Hence, this study measured levels of 41 EDCs in women residing in the Greater Manila Area, home to the second largest city in Southeast Asia. Urine samples from women with versus without breast cancer were analyzed for 11 phthalate metabolites, 8 environmental phenols, and 10 bisphenols, while serum samples were analyzed for 12 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Out of the four groups of EDCs analyzed, PFAS were significantly associated with breast cancer (adjusted OR = 13.63, 95% CI: 3.24-94.88 p-trend = 0.001 for PFDoA; adjusted OR = 9.26, 95% CI 2.54-45.10, p-trend = 0.002 for PFDA; and adjusted OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 0.95-7.66, p-trend = 0.004 for PFHxA). Long-chain PFAS levels were positively correlated with age and were significantly higher in women from Region IV-A, a heavily industrialized region, than from the National Capital Region. Overall, this study showed baseline information regarding the level of EDCs in Filipinas, providing a glimpse of EDC exposure in women living in a megalopolis city in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Velarde
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Alison Faye O Chan
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ma Easter Joy V Sajo
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Baguio, Baguio City, Philippines
| | - Igor Zakharevich
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gemma Leonora B Uy
- Department of Surgery, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joji Marie Y Teves
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Allen Joy M Corachea
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Apple P Valparaiso
- Department of Surgery, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Shiela S Macalindong
- Department of Surgery, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Nelson D Cabaluna
- Department of Surgery, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rodney B Dofitas
- Department of Surgery, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roy R Gerona
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Cheng J, Tang Z, Ma Y, Yin H, Meng T, Sun J. Methyl siloxanes in soils from a large silicone-manufacturing site, China: concentrations, distributions and potential human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3871-3881. [PMID: 33710420 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methyl siloxanes are widely found in the environment, but little is known about the distributions of these chemicals in soils especially in areas where they are manufactured. We determined the concentrations of four cyclic (D3-D6) and 13 linear methyl siloxanes (L4-L16) in the soils from a siloxane-manufacturing site in China; the total concentrations of these 17 siloxanes (TSi) in the soils were 17.1-3,191 (median, 134) ng/g. We did not find extremely high concentrations of siloxanes in the soils. The median concentrations of total cyclic siloxanes (TCSi) were approximately sevenfold higher than those of total linear congeners. Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane contributed a median of 59.7% and 20.3% of the TSi concentrations, respectively. Higher concentrations of soil TCSi were found in the silicone-manufacturing area relative to the other study areas. Source analysis indicated that industrial activities contributed substantially to soil siloxanes, in addition to the contribution of the siloxane emissions from specific consumer products. We calculated that the median values of daily TSi intakes through soil ingestion were 0.021 and 0.138 ng/kg-body weight/day for adults and children, respectively, under high exposure scenarios. Although our estimated daily intakes of the chemicals from soils were low, more research is required to improve our understanding of the health risks posed to humans exposed to siloxanes through other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yan Ma
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hongmin Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tong Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
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25
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Zheng G, Schreder E, Dempsey JC, Uding N, Chu V, Andres G, Sathyanarayana S, Salamova A. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Breast Milk: Concerning Trends for Current-Use PFAS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7510-7520. [PMID: 33982557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study in the last 15 years to analyze per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in breast milk collected from mothers (n = 50) in the United States, and our findings indicate that both legacy and current-use PFAS now contaminate breast milk, exposing nursing infants. Breast milk was analyzed for 39 PFAS, including 9 short-chain and 30 long-chain compounds, and 16 of these PFAS were detected in 4-100% of the samples. The ∑PFAS concentration in breast milk ranged from 52.0 to 1850 pg/mL with a median concentration of 121 pg/mL. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the most abundant PFAS in these samples (medians 30.4 and 13.9 pg/mL, respectively). Two short-chain PFAS, including perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA, C6) and perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA, C7), were detected in most of the samples with median concentrations of 9.69 and 6.10 pg/mL, respectively. Analysis of the available breast milk PFAS data from around the world over the period of 1996-2019 showed that while the levels of the phased-out PFOS and PFOA have been declining with halving times of 8.1 and 17 years, respectively, the detection frequencies of current-use short-chain PFAS have been increasing with a doubling time of 4.1 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Erika Schreder
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | | | - Nancy Uding
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Valerie Chu
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Gabriel Andres
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington/Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 91807, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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26
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Duan X, Sun W, Sun H, Zhang L. Perfluorooctane sulfonate continual exposure impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via SIRT1-induced upregulation of UCP2 expression. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116840. [PMID: 33689947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are environmentally and biologically persistent anthropogenic chemicals linked to adverse health outcomes. Epidemiological data have revealed association between exposure to specific PFAS and disruption of insulin level in bodies. However, the effect of PFASs on insulin secretion and the responsible molecular mechanism are poorly understood. In the present study, we used perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) as a representative PFAS family member to investigate its effect on the insulin secretion in mouse pancreatic β cells (β-TC-6). Our results showed that exposure to PFOS inhibited silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) activity, and molecular simulation showed PFOS could fit into the pocket overlapped with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) binding cavity in SIRT1. PFOS exposure upregulated uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression, and this upregulation was blunted in the presence of Ex-527, a SIRT1 specific inhibitor. The mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm), as well as the glucose-induced ATP production and Ca2+ influx decreased under PFOS treatment. PFOS continual exposure (48 h) impaired glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), while the gene expression of insulin was not significantly altered. Importantly, the SIRT1 activator and UCP2 inhibitor could partly reverse the PFOS-induced impairment of GSIS. Taken together, the results suggested that PFOS continual exposure could inhibit SIRT1 activity, and the SIRT1-UCP2 pathway mediated, at least partially, the PFOS induced GSIS impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Weijie Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lianying Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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27
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Osorio-Yáñez C, Sanchez-Guerra M, Cardenas A, Lin PID, Hauser R, Gold DR, Kleinman KP, Hivert MF, Fleisch AF, Calafat AM, Webster TF, Horton ES, Oken E. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and calcifications of the coronary and aortic arteries in adults with prediabetes: Results from the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 151:106446. [PMID: 33631604 PMCID: PMC8721596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are endocrine disrupting chemicals that have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors including elevated body weight and hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, PFAS may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, no previous study has evaluated associations between PFAS exposure and arterial calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS This study used data from 666 prediabetic adults enrolled in the Diabetes Prevention Program trial who had six PFAS quantified in plasma at baseline and two years after randomization, as well as measurements of coronary artery calcium (CAC) and ascending (AsAC) and descending (DAC) thoracic aortic calcification 13-14 years after baseline. We performed multinomial regression to test associations between PFAS and CAC categorized according to Agatston score [low (<10), moderate (11-400) and severe (>400)]. We used logistic regression to assess associations between PFAS and presence of AsAC and DAC. We adjusted models for baseline sex, age, BMI, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking, education, treatment assignment (placebo or lifestyle intervention), and statin use. PFAS concentrations were similar to national means; 53.9% of participants had CAC > 11, 7.7% had AsAC, and 42.6% had DAC. Each doubling of the mean sum of plasma concentrations of linear and branched isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was associated with 1.49-fold greater odds (95% CI: 1.01, 2.21) of severe versus low CAC. This association was driven mainly by the linear (n-PFOS) isomer [1.54 (95% CI: 1.05, 2.25) greater odds of severe versus low CAC]. Each doubling of mean plasma N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid concentration was associated with greater odds of CAC in a dose-dependent manner [OR = 1.26 (95% CI:1.08, 1.47) for moderate CAC and OR = 1.37 (95% CI:1.07, 1.74) for severe CAC, compared to low CAC)]. Mean plasma PFOS and n-PFOS were also associated with greater odds of AsAC [OR = 1.67 (95% CI:1.10, 2.54) and OR = 1.70 (95% CI:1.13, 2.56), respectively], but not DAC. Other PFAS were not associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Prediabetic adults with higher plasma concentrations of select PFAS had higher risk of coronary and thoracic aorta calcification. PFAS exposure may be a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular health among high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlalli Osorio-Yáñez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Marco Sanchez-Guerra
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pi-I D Lin
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken P Kleinman
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Human Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abby F Fleisch
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward S Horton
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Jain RB. Impact of kidney hyperfiltration on concentrations of selected perfluoroalkyl acids among US adults for various disease groups. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:21499-21515. [PMID: 33411299 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 6141) for the years 2003-2016 for US adults were analyzed to evaluate the impact of glomerular hyperfiltration on the observed concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) for several disease groups. Hyperfiltrators were defined as having an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 110 mL/min/1.73 m2, and normal filtrators were defined as those having an eGFR between 90 and 110 mL/min/1.73 m2. The seven disease groups for which the data were analyzed were as follows: those (i) without any diseases; (ii) with hypertension only; (iii) with albuminuria only; (iv) with anemia only; (v) with diabetes only; (vi) with hypertension and one or more of diabetes, anemia, and albuminuria; and (vii) with two or more of diabetes, anemia, and albuminuria without hypertension. For almost every PFAA, for all seven disease groups except the albuminuria only group, hyperfiltrators had lower adjusted geometric means (AGM) than normal filtrators. For example, for the disease group with hypertension only, for PFOS, the AGMs for hyperfiltrators and normal filtrators were 8.3 and 10.6 ng/mL, respectively, for the total population. For the group with albuminuria only, normal filtrators were found to have higher AGMs than hyperfiltrators for the total population and males. For example, for PFHxS, the AGMs for normal and hyperfiltrators were 0.98 and 1.05 ng/mL, respectively, for the total population. For females, these AGMs for normal and hyperfiltrators were 0.96 and 0.86 ng/mL respectively. Males usually had higher AGMs than females, but the reverse was also true occasionally. Usually, male-female differences were substantially narrower for normal filtrators than hyperfiltrators. Irrespective of the filtration status, the disease group with hypertension only had the highest AGMs for every PFAA. AGMs for the anemia only group were the lowest for every PFAA as compared with other disease groups among hyperfiltrators.
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29
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De Silva AO, Armitage JM, Bruton TA, Dassuncao C, Heiger-Bernays W, Hu XC, Kärrman A, Kelly B, Ng C, Robuck A, Sun M, Webster TF, Sunderland EM. PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:631-657. [PMID: 33201517 PMCID: PMC7906948 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human and wildlife exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Most human exposure assessments have focused on 2 to 5 legacy PFAS, and wildlife assessments are typically limited to targeted PFAS (up to ~30 substances). However, shifts in chemical production are occurring rapidly, and targeted methods for detecting PFAS have not kept pace with these changes. Total fluorine measurements complemented by suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry are thus emerging as essential tools for PFAS exposure assessment. Such methods enable researchers to better understand contributions from precursor compounds that degrade into terminal perfluoroalkyl acids. Available data suggest that diet is the major human exposure pathway for some PFAS, but there is large variability across populations and PFAS compounds. Additional data on total fluorine in exposure media and the fraction of unidentified organofluorine are needed. Drinking water has been established as the major exposure source in contaminated communities. As water supplies are remediated, for the general population, exposures from dust, personal care products, indoor environments, and other sources may be more important. A major challenge for exposure assessments is the lack of statistically representative population surveys. For wildlife, bioaccumulation processes differ substantially between PFAS and neutral lipophilic organic compounds, prompting a reevaluation of traditional bioaccumulation metrics. There is evidence that both phospholipids and proteins are important for the tissue partitioning and accumulation of PFAS. New mechanistic models for PFAS bioaccumulation are being developed that will assist in wildlife risk evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:631-657. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Ng
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna Robuck
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI USA
| | - Mei Sun
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC USA
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Xu F, Chen D, Liu X, Guan Q, Tan H, Zhou D, Shi Y, Liu J, Hu Y. Emerging and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in house dust from South China: Contamination status and human exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110243. [PMID: 32980300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Our study investigated a large variety of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in house dust collected from Guangzhou, South China during 2015-2018. The perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) exhibited the highest median concentration (17.6 ng/g), followed by linear perfluorooctanoic acid (L-PFOA; 4.8 ng/g), linear perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (L-PFOS; 4.2 ng/g), 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester (6:2 diPAP; 3.4 ng/g), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA; 1.2 ng/g) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA; 1.2 ng/g), and 6:2 chlorinated perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA; 1.1 ng/g). Total concentrations of PFASs (median: 53 ng/g) were generally within the 25-50 percentile of the concentration range reported in global studies. However, our samples exhibited composition profiles different from those reported in many other regions. Analysis based on this and previous studies revealed that the compositions in house dust from East Asia, North America, and Europe exhibit a region-specific pattern. This may indicate region-specific market demands, application patterns, as well as associated human exposure risks. Exploration of dwelling characterizations suggested that renovation history appeared to be a significant factor influencing PFAS concentrations in house dust, although other factors may exist and play a role. Estimation of daily intakes via dust ingestion and dermal contact indicates low exposure risks from these two pathways. However, the PFAS chemical-specific biological effects, possible mixture effects, as well as additional exposure pathways, imply that the risk from indoor PFAS exposure should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Xu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Qingxia Guan
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Daming Zhou
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Yongxia Hu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
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Wang P, Zhang M, Li Q, Lu Y. Atmospheric diffusion of perfluoroalkyl acids emitted from fluorochemical industry and its associated health risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106247. [PMID: 33276313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The fluorochemical industry is an important emission source of atmospheric perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). In this study, air samples were collected through active high-volume air samplers coupled with Tissuquartz™ filters around a fluorochemical manufacturer, and analyzed for PFAAs levels. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was dominant with concentrations as high as 9730 pg/m3, followed by short chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The PFAAs in the air were compared to those measured in outdoor dust and rain collected in the same area. Short chain PFCAs had a greater distribution in air, while PFOA was more distributed in dust and rain. With increasing concentrations, a significant decreasing trend for PFOA was observed in rain (P < 0.05). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PFOA via indoor air inhalation by five age groups were calculated in two scenarios, and compared to the strictest tolerable daily intake (TDI) of PFOA (≤0.63 ng/kg bw/day). Potential health risk occurred in the best-case scenario, while the EDI from the worst-case scenario was comparable to that via indoor dust ingestion, indicating a notable health risk. This suggests that in terms of PFOA exposure and health risks, air inhalation may be as important as dust ingestion. These results highlight the impacts of PFAAs emissions from the fluorochemical industry to the atmosphere and ultimately, human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China; State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Hall SM, Patton S, Petreas M, Zhang S, Phillips AL, Hoffman K, Stapleton HM. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Dust Collected from Residential Homes and Fire Stations in North America. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14558-14567. [PMID: 33143410 PMCID: PMC7939574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has garnered increased attention. Research has focused on PFAS exposure via drinking water and diet, and fewer studies have focused on exposure in the indoor environment. To support more research on the latter exposure pathway, we conducted a study to evaluate PFAS in indoor dust. Dust samples from 184 homes in North Carolina and 49 fire stations across the United States and Canada were collected and analyzed for a suite of PFAS using liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and di-polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid esters (diPAPs) were the most prevalent PFAS in both fire station and house dust samples, with medians of approximately 100 ng/g dust or greater. Notably, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorononanoic acid, and 6:2 diPAP were significantly higher in dust from fire stations than from homes, and 8:2 FTOH was significantly higher in homes than in fire stations. Additionally, when comparing our results to earlier published values, we see that perfluoroalkyl acid levels in residential dust appear to decrease over time, particularly for PFOA and PFOS. These results highlight a need to better understand what factors contribute to PFAS levels in dust and to understand how much dust contributes to overall human PFAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Hall
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sharyle Patton
- Commonweal, Bolinas, California, USA, 451 Mesa Road, Bolinas, California, United States
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Allison L. Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Heather M. Stapleton, PhD, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
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Ssebugere P, Sillanpää M, Matovu H, Wang Z, Schramm KW, Omwoma S, Wanasolo W, Ngeno EC, Odongo S. Environmental levels and human body burdens of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in Africa: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139913. [PMID: 32540660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are known organic pollutants with adverse health effects on humans and the ecosystem. This paper synthesises literature about the status of the pollutants and their precursors, identifies knowledge gaps and discusses future perspectives on the study of PFASs in Africa. Limited data on PFASs prevalence in Africa is available because there is limited capacity to monitor PFASs in African laboratories. The levels of PFASs in Africa are higher in samples from urban and industrialized areas compared to rural areas. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are the dominant PFASs in human samples from Africa. Levels of PFOS and PFOA in these samples are lower than or comparable to those from industrialized countries. PFOA and PFOS levels in drinking water in Africa are, in some cases, higher than the EPA drinking water guidelines suggesting potential risk to humans. The levels of PFASs in birds' eggs from South Africa are higher, while those in other environmental media from Africa are lower or comparable to those from industrialized countries. Diet influences the pollutant levels in fish, while size and sex affect their accumulation in crocodiles. No bioaccumulation of PFASs in aquatic systems in Africa could be confirmed due to small sample sizes. Reported sources of PFASs in Africa include municipal landfills, inefficient wastewater treatment plants, consumer products containing PFASs, industrial wastewater and urban runoff. Relevant stakeholders need to take serious action to identify and deal with the salient sources of PFASs on the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum Müenchen, German National Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Solomon Omwoma
- Department of Physical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya
| | - William Wanasolo
- Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Uganda
| | | | - Silver Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Pirard C, Dufour P, Charlier C. Background contamination of perfluoralkyl substances in a Belgian general population. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:13-21. [PMID: 32659468 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The few Belgian studies on the human exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have until now concerned the Northern part of Belgium (Flanders), while data related to Wallonia (South region) are missing. To fill this gap, 8 perfluorinated carboxylic acids and 3 perfluorinated alkyl sulfonates were measured in the serum of 242 adults (>18 years old) recruited in 2015 and living in the Province of Liege. Some multivariate regression models were also built with the PFAS levels and the participant's answers to a questionnaire about their diet and lifestyle habits in order to identify some predictors of exposure. The results obtained showed that although PFAS levels observed in our population seemed to be similar or lower than those reported in other countries, and especially lower than in the Northern part of Belgium, half of the population showed PFOS and PFOA serum levels above the health guidance values set by the German HBM Commission. As expected, age and gender were the main covariates explaining the different PFAS serum levels between participants, while breastfeeding (for women), consumption of fish and seafood, consumption of rice, and use of nail polish seemed also to impact the PFAS body burden of our population. Nevertheless, the statistical models were poorly predictive suggesting that the main sources of exposure were not taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Patrice Dufour
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Zhang B, He Y, Huang Y, Hong D, Yao Y, Wang L, Sun W, Yang B, Huang X, Song S, Bai X, Guo Y, Zhang T, Sun H. Novel and legacy poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in indoor dust from urban, industrial, and e-waste dismantling areas: The emergence of PFAS alternatives in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114461. [PMID: 32251969 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With the phase out of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the composition profiles of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) in our living environment are unclear. In this study, 25 PFASs were analyzed in indoor dust samples collected from urban, industrial, and e-waste dismantling areas in China. PFOS alternatives, including 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) (median: 5.52 ng/g) and 8:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (8:2 Cl-PFESA) (1.81 ng/g), were frequently detected. By contrast, PFOA alternatives, such as hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HPFO-DA, Gen-X) and ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate (ADONA), were not found in any of the dust samples. As expected, all legacy PFASs were widely observed in indoor dust, and 4 PFAS precursors were also detected. Dust concentrations of 6:2 Cl-PFESA were strongly correlated (p < 0.05) with those of 8:2 Cl-PFESA regardless of sampling sites. 6:2 Cl-PFESA was also significantly associated with that of PFOS in industrial and e-waste (p < 0.01) areas. Association analysis suggested that the sources of PFOS and its alternatives are common or related. Although ∑Cl-PFESA concentration was lower than that of PFOS (17.4 ng/g), industrial areas had the highest 6:2 Cl-PFESA/PFOS ratio (0.63). Composition profiles of PFASs in the industrial area showed the forefront of fluorine change. Thus, the present findings suggested that Cl-PFESAs are widely used as PFOS alternatives in China, and high levels of human Cl-PFESA exposure are expected in the future. Short-chain PFASs (C4-C7) were the predominant PFASs found in dust samples, contributing to over 40% of ∑total PFASs. Furthermore, perfluoro-1-butanesulfonate/PFOS and perfluoro-n-butanoic acid (PFBA)/PFOA ratios were 2.8 and 0.72, respectively. These findings suggested shifting to the short-chain PFASs in the environment in China. To the authors knowledge this is the first study to document the levels of 6:2 Cl-PFESA, 8:2 Cl-PFESA in indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuan He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yingyan Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Danhong Hong
- School of Foreign Languages, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510970, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | | | | | - Xiongfei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shiming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuankai Guo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514015, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514015, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Zhang L, Duan X, Sun W, Sun H. Perfluorooctane sulfonate acute exposure stimulates insulin secretion via GPR40 pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138498. [PMID: 32305757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used synthetic chemicals, showing environmental/biological persistence and adverse effects on ecosystem and human health. Several epidemiological and animal studies have revealed that PFASs levels are associated with elevated serum insulin level; however, the effect of PFASs on insulin secretion and the underlying mechanism are not clear. In this study, the effect of a most concerned PFAS, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on insulin secretion in Beta-TC-6 pancreatic cells was studied. The results showed that PFOS acute exposure stimulated insulin secretion and elevated intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). The PFOS-stimulated [Ca2+]i elevation was resulted from both extra- and intra-cellular sources. PFOS acute exposure decreased ATP content and ATP/ADP ratio, indicating the mitochondrial function was damaged under PFOS acute exposure. The PFOS-stimulated insulin secretion was inhibited by GW1100, a G Protein-coupled Receptor 40 (GPR40) specific inhibitor, but not affected by GW9662, a specific antagonist to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The observation of RNA silencing further demonstrated that the PFOS-stimulated insulin secretion is, at least partially, via GPR40. By using specific inhibitors, we found that the GPR40 downstream pathways, phospholipase C (PLC) and L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCC) were involved in PFOS-stimulated [Ca2+]i elevation and insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianying Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaoyu Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weijie Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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de la Torre A, Navarro I, Sanz P, de Los Ángeles Martínez M. Organophosphate compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in European indoor house dust: Use, evidence for replacements and assessment of human exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 382:121009. [PMID: 31454611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
52 pollutants including organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were evaluated in household dust from Belgium, Italy and Spain. Pollutant pattern was dominated by ∑OPs (12.8 μg/g; median) followed in decreasing order by ∑PBDEs (229 ng/g), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE, 130 ng/g), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE, 1.35 ng/g), hexabromobenzene (HBB, 0.28 ng/g) and finally pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB, 0.03 ng/g). Country differences and substitution of regulated chemicals by unregulated ones were explored. Results clearly reflected a decrease in c-penta and c-octaBDE commercial mixtures, which are mainly substituted by OPs, BTBPE and PBEB. On the other hand, c-decaBDE concentrations increased in Spanish case. However, positive correlations with its proposed substitute (DBDPE) and recent restricted policies make it possible to assume that this trend will change in the coming years. On the basis of the relationship between pollutants, house characteristics and inhabitant habits, potential sources were studied. Finally, data obtained were used to determine estimated daily intakes (EDI) via house dust ingestion and dermal absorption for toddlers and adults at central and upper percentiles. Calculated EDI levels even at worst case scenario were below available reference dose (RfD) values in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián de la Torre
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Navarro
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sanz
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Navarro I, de la Torre A, Sanz P, Martínez MDLÁ. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs): Distribution, trends and aquatic ecological risk assessment in surface water from Tagus River basin (Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113511. [PMID: 31706767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rivers can receive the input of treated or untreated sewage effluents from wastewater treatment plants, urban and industrial discharges and agricultural run-off, becoming an important pathway for the transport and mobilization of pollutants to the oceans. In the present study, the occurrence of 20 PFAAs was determined in the water of Tagus River basin (Spain). PFAAs were detected in 76 out of 92 water samples collected during 5 years (2013-2018), being perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) the predominant compound (<0.01-34 ng/L). The annual average PFOS concentrations (2.9-11 ng/L) detected in Tagus River were above the annual average environmental quality standards (AA-EQS) established in the Directive, 2013/39/EU (0.65 ng/L for inland surface waters) but below the maximum allowable concentration (MAC-EQS; 36000 ng/L). The levels of PFAAs detected in urban and industrial areas were statistically higher (p < 0.01) than those at background or remote areas. The mass flow rates amounted to <0.01-46 kg/y for PFOS and <0.01-22 kg/y for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). A quantitative ecotoxicological risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental potential risk related to PFAAs in the aquatic ecosystem. Risk characterization ratios (RCRwater, RCRsed and RCRoral, fish) were below 1 in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Navarro
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sanz
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María de Los Ángeles Martínez
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Harrad S, Wemken N, Drage DS, Abdallah MAE, Coggins AM. Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water, Indoor Air and Dust from Ireland: Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13449-13457. [PMID: 31702898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in air and dust from cars, homes, offices, and school classrooms in Ireland, along with drinking water from homes and offices. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated air and drinking water, while perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) dominated dust. This is the first report of PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), PFBS, and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) in air inside cars and school classrooms. PFOS concentrations in classroom air exceeded significantly (p ≤ 0.05) those in homes. Atmospheric concentrations of PFOA, PFNA, and methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (MeFOSE) (p ≤ 0.05) were significantly higher in cars containing child car seats than in cars without. PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, and PFHxS were all detected frequently in drinking water, but concentrations of PFASs were low, and although ΣPFASs were 64 ng/L in one bottled water sample, this fell below a Swedish Action Level of 90 ng ΣPFASs/L. The Irish population's exposure to PFOS and PFOA via non-dietary sources is well below estimates of dietary exposure elsewhere in Europe. Moreover, even under a high-end exposure scenario, it falls below the European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) provisional tolerable weekly intakes for PFOS and PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | - Nina Wemken
- School of Physics and the Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland , Galway H91TK33 , Ireland
| | - Daniel Simon Drage
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | | | - Ann-Marie Coggins
- School of Physics and the Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland , Galway H91TK33 , Ireland
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