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Mandal P, Gupta AK, Dubey BK. Simultaneous ammonia and organics degradation from municipal landfill leachate by electrochemical oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38471068 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2323554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The two primary issues for wide implementation of the electrochemical oxidation of wastewater are the significant cost of electrode and high energy consumption. On the other side, conventional biological processes and membrane technology have several drawbacks for recalcitrant landfill leachate (LL) treatment. To address these issues, graphite/PbO2 anode was used to treat medium to mature age (biodegradability index, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand: 0.25) LL. To reduce the cost of the oxidation process and maximize the efficiency, operating conditions were optimized. The optimum parameter values were obtained as 24.7 mA cm-2, 180 ± 3 rpm, and 1.9 cm of current density, stirring rate, and electrode gap, respectively. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia-N removal efficiencies of 55 ± 1.4%, 81 ± 1.9%, and 56 ± 3% were obtained after 8 h of degradation at optimum conditions. The decrease in aromatic substances and ultraviolet (UV) quenching materials were evaluated by UV-Visible spectroscopy and Specific UV absorbance. The conversion of aromatic compounds into simpler molecule compounds was also verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The lab-scale anode synthesis cost was evaluated as 0.42 USD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubali Mandal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani, India
| | - Ashok K Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Brajesh K Dubey
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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2
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Yuan Q, Huang Y, Chi J, Wu W, Qi E. Gas-liquid contact evaporation of concentrate leachate from disk-tube reverse osmosis treatment in waste incineration plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123271. [PMID: 38160769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In order to utilize waste heat such as exhaust steam and hot air passing through air preheater in the waste incineration plant to heat air used for evaporating leachate concentrate (LC) by gas-liquid contact evaporation technology, hot air of 600 °C, 450 °C and 250 °C was used to evaporate LC in a laboratory-scale evaporator to obtain purified condensate used for supplying water for circulating cooling water system. The influence of pH, hot air temperature and evaporation rate on COD and NH3-N in condensate were investigated to identify the optimum operation of this technology. The results showed that COD concentration in condensate obviously decreased with increase in hot air temperature. Higher hot air temperature led to higher initial evaporation temperature, and evaporation rate of water was significantly greater than that of small molecular organic matter with lower boiling point than water with increasing hot air temperature. Reduction in contents of phenol, ketone and benzene was responsible for COD decreasing in condensate. COD in condensate decreased with increase in pH, as the amount of volatile organic matter such as fatty acids escaped from LC to condensate decreased. The pH had little influence on the DOM in condensate according to EEM spectra analysis. Evaporation rate had little influence on COD in the condensate water. NH3-N concentrations in condensate in all experimental groups were far away from the limit value (10 mg/L) in the water quality standard. Under the premise of meeting water quality standard, the lowest temperature (450 °C) of hot air was selected to save energy and use lower grade waste heat. Therefore, the optimum condition was 450 °C of hot air, pH = 7 of LC and CF = 10. At this condition, molecular weight of DOM in the condensate was smaller and humification degree and aromaticity of DOM were lower according to UV-visible absorption spectrum analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Yaji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Jianzhou Chi
- Nanjing Linpu Thermal Energy Technology Co., LTD, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Nanjing Environment Group Co., LTD, Nanjing, 210026, China
| | - Erbing Qi
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Yuan Q, Huang Y, Chi J, Wu W, Qi E. Effective treatment of leachate concentrate from waste incineration plant by combination of coagulation and direct contact evaporation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140880. [PMID: 38061564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
In order to verify that coagulation as pre-treatment can reduce the temperature of the hot air used for direct contact evaporating the leachate concentrate (LC) and low-grade waste heat such as exhaust steam in the waste incineration plant can be used to evaporate the LC. The supernatants after coagulation using polymerized ferrous sulfate (PFS), polymeric-aluminum (PAC), polymeric silicate aluminum ferric (PSAF) and poly-aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) as coagulants were further treated in a lab-scale direct contact evaporation system. The results showed that the best performance with removal efficiencies of COD and NH3-N of 58.70% and 29.09% was achieved after coagulation when PAFC dosage = 15 g/L, PAM dosage = 30 mg/L and initial pH of supernatant = 6. After coagulation, a large amount of the fulvic-like acid and aromatic heterocyclic compounds were removed and the degree of complexity and aromaticity of organics decreased. After direct contact evaporation, using PAFC as coagulant still was the best selection due to its lowest concentrations of COD and NH3-N (22 mg/L and 1.02 mg/L) in the condensate produced by this two-stage treatment when initial pH of supernatant was 6 during evaporation and the condensate produced by this two-stage treatment met the water quality standard for using as supplying water for circulating cooling water system when temperature of hot air used for heating LC was at low temperature (250 °C). The fulvic-like acid and aromatic heterocyclic compounds in the condensate continuously reduced. Phenol, adamantane, 1-isocyanato, phthalic anhydrid, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphat, Heptadecane, 2-methyl, ginsenol and Octadecane, 2-methyl- in the condensate obviously decreased. The effect of four coagulants as pretreatment on reducing the temperature of hot air used for evaporating LC was ranked as PAFC > PFS > PAC > PSAF. PSAF was not recommended due to the large amount of NH3-N produced when using PSAF to treat the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Yaji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Jianzhou Chi
- Nanjing Linpu Thermal Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Nanjing Environment Group Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210026, China
| | - Erbing Qi
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Ahmed Z, Yusoff MS, Kamal NHM, Aziz HA. Humic acid recovery from stabilized leachate: Characterization and interference with chemical oxygen demand-colour removal. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1584-1593. [PMID: 37154233 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231160687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous combinations of organic compounds (humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid) are the prime factor for the high concentration of colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in semi-aerobic stabilized landfill leachate. These organics are less biodegradable and cause a severe threat to environmental elements. Microfiltration and centrifugation processes were applied in this study to investigate the HA removal from stabilized leachate samples and its corresponding interference with COD and colour. The three-stage extraction process recovered a maximum of 1412 ± 2.5 mg/L (Pulau Burung landfill site (PBLS) leachate), 1510 ± 1.5 mg/L (Alor Pongsu landfill site (APLS leachate) at pH 1.5 and 1371 ± 2.5 mg/L (PBLS) and 1451 ± 1.5 mg/L (APLS) of HA (about 42% of the total COD concentration) at pH 2.5, which eventually indicates the process efficiency. Comparative characteristics analysis of recovered HA by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared significantly indicate the existence of identical elements in the recovered HA compared with the previous studies. The higher reduction (around 37%) in ultraviolet (UV) absorbance values (UV254 and UV280) in the final effluent indicates the elimination of aromaticity and conjugated double-bond compounds from leachate. Moreover, 36 and 39% COD and 39 and 44% colour removal exhibit substantial interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaber Ahmed
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Suffian Yusoff
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Hana Mokhtar Kamal
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hamidi Abdul Aziz
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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Kundu A, Reddy CV, Singh RK, Kalamdhad AS. Critical review with science mapping on the latest pre-treatment technologies of landfill leachate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117727. [PMID: 36924707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent strategy for solid waste management, adopted across the globe is landfill. Through microbial decomposition municipal solid waste degrades, producing end products such as carbon dioxide, methane, volatile organic compounds, and leachate. High levels of organic waste and heavy metals content in leachate can cause pervasive damage to the ecosystem and contaminate groundwater. Leachate requires extensive treatment before being released into the environment because of its complex chemical composition and identifying the appropriate technologies for leachate treatment remains a key problem for municipal landfill operations. Given the possible harm caused by substantially contaminated leachate, it should adhere to stricter quality criteria for direct disposal of leachate and one treatment method cannot efficiently tackle all the pollutants. In order to reduce the landfill leachates high fouling power, pre-treatment of landfill leachate is necessary. The study provides a comprehensive review of pre-treatment technologies, as well as a critical assessment of strengths and limitations. Current review-based analysis was undertaken based on the filtered 395 papers published for science mapping and to evaluate the qualitative studies in the area of pre-treatment of Landfill Leachate till 2022. A three-step process was employed to conduct bibliometric analysis, qualitative valuation, and identification of influential and productive journals, countries, researchers and articles, emerging technology, and outlining some of the major research gaps in the research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Kundu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | | | - Ratnesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
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6
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Sun L, Wu J, Wang J, Xu M, Zhou W, Du Y, Li Y, Li H. Fabricating hydroxyapatite functionalized biochar composite using steel slag and Hami melon peel for Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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7
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Li S, Zeng F, Zheng S, Fan Z, Huang L. Multivariate optimization of characteristic parameters of continuous-flow system with a front buffer tank for industrial reverse osmosis concentrate treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139078. [PMID: 37268228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) was electrochemically oxidized using a continuous-flow system (CFS) with a front buffer tank. Multivariate optimization including Plackett-Burman (PBD) and central composite design based on response surface method (CCD-RSM) was implemented to investigate the effects of characteristic (e.g., recirculation ratio (R value), ratio of buffer tank and electrolytic zone (RV value)) and routine (e.g., current density (i), inflow linear velocity (v) and electrode spacing (d)) parameters. R, v values and current density significantly influenced chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4+-N removal and effluent active chlorine species (ACS) level, while electrode spacing and RV value had negligible effects. High chloride content of industrial ROC facilitated the generation of ACS and subsequent mass transfer, low hydraulic retention time (HRT) of electrolytic cell improved the mass transfer efficiency, and high HRT of buffer tank prolonged the reaction between the pollutants and oxidants. The significance levels of COD removal, energy efficiency, effluent ACS level and toxic byproduct level CCD-RSM models were validated by statistical test results, including higher F value than critical effect value, lower P value than 0.05, low deviation between predicted and observed values, and normal distribution of calculated residuals. The highest pollutant removal was achieved at a high R value, a high current density and a low v value; the highest energy efficiency was achieved at a high R, a low current density and a high v value; the lowest effluent ACS and toxic byproduct levels were achieved at a low R value, a low current density and a high v value. Following the multivariate optimization, the optimum parameters were decided to be v = 1.2 cm h-1, i ≥ 8 mA cm-2, d ≥ 4, RV = 10-20 and R = 1 to achieve better effluent quality (i.e., lower effluent pollutant, ACS and toxic byproduct levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Li
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Fantang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Shaokui Zheng
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhongya Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Lu Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
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8
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Yan Z, Zhu Z, Chang H, Fan G, Wang Q, Fu X, Qu F, Liang H. Integrated membrane electrochemical reactor-membrane distillation process for enhanced landfill leachate treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119559. [PMID: 36608523 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of recalcitrant landfill leachate (LFL) induces huge energy consumption and carbon emissions due to its complex composition. Although membrane distillation (MD) exhibits good potential in LFL treatment with waste heat utilization, membrane fouling and ammonia rejection are still the major problems encountered that hinder its application. Herein, membrane electrochemical reactor (MER) was coupled with MD for simultaneous membrane fouling control and resource recovery. LFL pretreatment with membrane-less electrochemical reactor (EO) and without pretreatment were also purified by MD for comparison. Results showed that the MER-MD system rejected almost all CODCr, total phosphorus, metal salts, and ammonia nitrogen (increased by 33.5%-43.5% without chemical addition), and recovered 31% of ammonia nitrogen and 48% of humic acid in the raw LFL. Owing to the effective removal of hardness (61%) and organics (77%) using MER, the MER-MD system showed higher resistance to the membrane wetting and fouling, with about 61% and 14% higher final vapor flux than those of the MD and EO-MD systems, respectively, and the pure water flux could be fully recovered by alkaline solution cleaning. Moreover, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR and XRD characterization further demonstrated the superiority of the MD membrane fouling reversibility of the MER-MD system. Energy consumption and carbon emissions analysis showed that the MER-MD system reduced the total energy consumption/carbon emissions by ∼20% and ∼8% compared to the MD and EO-MD systems, respectively, and the ammonia nitrogen recovered by MER could offset 8.25 kg carbon dioxide equivalent. Therefore, the introduction of MER pretreatment in MD process would be an option to decrease energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions for MD treatment of LFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsen Yan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350002, China; State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Low Grade Refractory Gold Ores, Zijin Mining Group Co. Ltd., Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Zhengshi Zhu
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Haiqing Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China.
| | - Qiankun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Low Grade Refractory Gold Ores, Zijin Mining Group Co. Ltd., Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Fangshu Qu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Moradian F, Ramavandi B, Jaafarzadeh N, Kouhgardi E. Activation of periodate using ultrasonic waves and UV radiation for landfill leachate treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:90338-90350. [PMID: 35867295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, saline leachate of the Bushehr coastal city (Iran) was purified using the ultraviolet/ultrasonication wave/periodate process. The initial TDS and TOC values of the leachate studied were 7390 mg/L and 975 mg/L, respectively. During the effect of various parameters on leachate purification, the experiments were optimized at pH 3, oxidizer concentration of 4 mM, and treatment time of 120 min. The initial BOD5/COD ratio of 0.66 was reduced to 0.42 at the end of the purification time (120 min). After leachate treatment under optimal conditions, the amount of BOD5, COD, and UV254 were 451.5 mg/L, 1072 mg/L, and 12.69 cm-1, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals in crude leachate by ICP-OES were checked. Also, the concentration of organic compounds before and after purification was determined using GC-Mass. The leachate purification kinetics followed the first-order model using the designed method. Based on the COD factor, the system energy consumption for leachate treatment was calculated to be 11.4 kWh/m3. The results showed that the system explored (UV/US/IO4-) can effectively purify high salinity waste leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradian
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Neemat Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Kouhgardi
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
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10
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Yang C, Jin X, Guo K, Diao Y, Jin P. Simultaneous removal of organics and ammonia using a novel composite magnetic anode in the electro-hybrid ozonation-coagulation (E-HOC) process toward leachate treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129664. [PMID: 36104898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To achieve simultaneous organics and ammonia (NH4+-N) removal toward leachate treatment, this study designed a composite anode (CA+), in which iron powders were attracted to RuO2-IrO2/Ti tube surface by an inserted magnet and utilized in electro-hybrid ozonation-coagulation (E-HOC). The E-HOC (CA+) resulted in higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4+-N removal with most content of CO2/H2O and gaseous N in product compared with E-HOC (Fe+), electrolysis ozonation and single ozonation. Reactive chlorine species (RCS) and coagulants were co-produced by compositing RuO2-IrO2/Ti and Fe powders, resulting in multiple reactions including electrocoagulation, ozone oxidation, synergistic between ozone and coagulants (SOC), electrolytic chloride and synergistic oxidation between active chlorine and ozone (SCO) occurred. Hydroxyl radical (•OH) generated through SOC reaction was promoted due the RCS generation in E-HOC. The interaction between •OH and Cl-/ClO- also contributed to enhanced Cl•/ClO• production. Consequently, synergy of chlorine, coagulants and ozone enhanced reactive species generation which contributed to favorable organics and NH4+-N removal. Enhanced •OH and RCS are also attributed to conversion of bio-refractory organics like polyphenol, polycyclic aromatics and S-containing to biodegradable ones, e.g., aliphatic compounds and CHO. This study provides an easily operating strategy for leachate treatment with high content organics and NH4+-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710055, China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China
| | - Kun Guo
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China
| | - Yue Diao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710055, China
| | - Pengkang Jin
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710055, China.
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11
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Chu Y, Li Y, Ni X, Du J, Ma Q, Wang M, Wang Y. Effect of the presence of various natural organic matters on anodic oxidation of electrified carbon nanotube membrane. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:71179-71189. [PMID: 35595891 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of electrified carbon nanotube membranes (ECM) requires to better understand process effectiveness according to limiting phenomena of natural organic matters (NOMs). In this study, the influences of various NOM fractions were investigated on the oxidative degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in ECM. The results showed the decolorizing efficiencies of RhB in the presence of humic acid (HA) were still above 96%, while bovine serum albumin (BSA) reduced firstly and then increased the decolorizing efficiencies of RhB. The decolorizing efficiencies of RhB with alginate (AA) were over 98% at the first 15 min but decreased gradually to 76% after 150 min. These different performances of HA, BSA and AA were mainly due to their influences on the electrochemical reactivity characterization of ECM. ECM with the BSA depositing layer showed the highest exchange current density (j0), while the AA depositing layer restrained electron-transfer activity of ECM. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments showed that the partial electrooxidation of BSA would occur in ECM with its degradation product observed in the effluent. The variation of electrochemical reactivity characterization of ECM resulted into its electri-oxidation and electri-adsorption rates to be the largest with BSA, followed by AA and HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbao Chu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Li
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Ni
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Du
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Sciences Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Ma
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Investigating the Electrocoagulation Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Iron/Graphite Electrodes: Process Parameters and Efficacy Assessment. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation is a widely used method for treating leachate since it is cost effective and eco-friendly. In the present study, the electrocoagulation process was employed to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, and color from landfill leachate. At first, lime was used as a pretreatment, then the Fe/Gr and Ti/PbO2/steel electrodes were used, and the optimum electrode was selected. Afterwards, the effects of some variables, including pH, current density, temperature, the inter-electrode distance, and the type of electrolyte were investigated. Results showed that COD, NH4+, TSS, TDS, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, color, and pH of effluent pretreatment chemical reached 22,371, 385, 884, 21,820 (mg/L), 13.8 (ms/cm3), 1355 (NTU), 8500 (TCU) and 10, respectively (the removal efficiency was 0, 20.37, 32.4, 61.99, 59.18, and 56.6 percent). With the Fe/Gr electrode, the optimal condition was observed as follows: pH of 7.5, current density of 64 mA/cm2, inter-electrode distance was equal to 1.5 cm, temperature at 20 °C, and retention time 2–4 h. Overall, the electrocoagulation with the Fe/Gr electrode was a suitable technology for landfill leachate treatment due to its effectiveness for the removal of both COD and NH4+, with advantageous performance indicators.
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Enhanced organic wastewater treatment performance in electrochemical filtration process of coal-based carbon membrane via the simple Fe2+ addition. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Pap S, Stankovits GJ, Gyalai-Korpos M, Makó M, Erdélyi I, Turk Sekulic M. Biochar application in organics and ultra-violet quenching substances removal from sludge dewatering leachate for algae production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113446. [PMID: 34403921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Algae production in nutrient rich sludge dewatering leachate after biogas production is a promising option for wastewater treatment plants. However, the ultra-violet (UV) absorbing characteristic of UV-quenching substances (UVQS) existing in these waters can notably reduce the light transmission within the liquid body. The present work demonstrates a comparative adsorptive removal of UVQS, and other organic substances (expressed as COD and TOC) onto the "acid catalyst" functionalised adsorbent (PPhA) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) from leachate originating from leftover sludge dewatering after biogas production. Laboratory scale column studies were performed to investigate the adsorption performance of selected parameters. The PPhA increased the UV transmittance of leachate more than 4 times and outperformed CAC. Bed Depth Service Time and Yan models were used on the experimental data in order to estimate the maximum adsorption capacity and evaluate the characteristics of the fixed-bed. The PPhA equilibrium uptake of COD and TOC amounted to 5.7 mg/g and 0.9 mg/g, respectively. The postulated removal mechanism in environmentally relevant conditions (e.g., pH neutral) suggested a complex interaction between the biochar and organic macromolecules. Diluted phosphoric acid solution (0.01 mol/L) was successfully used for the column regeneration. Beside the UVQS, PPhA showed affinity towards toxic heavy metals (e.g., Pb, Ni, Co) pointing out the rich surface chemistry of the PPhA. Based on the obtained results and successfully implemented scale-up methodology, the low-cost PPhA adsorbent might effectively compete with the CAC as a highly efficient platform in wastewaters leachate processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabolc Pap
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad, Serbia; Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, KW14 7JD, UK.
| | - Gergely József Stankovits
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Magdolna Makó
- Budapest Sewage Works Ltd., Asztalos Sándor utca 4, H-1087, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Erdélyi
- Budapest Sewage Works Ltd., Asztalos Sándor utca 4, H-1087, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maja Turk Sekulic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Ahmed Z, Yusoff MS, Kamal NHM, Aziz HA. Optimization of the humic acid separation and coagulation with natural starch by RSM for the removal of COD and colour from stabilized leachate. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2021; 39:1396-1405. [PMID: 33928820 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x211012775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The removal of concentrated colour (around 5039 Pt-Co) and chemical oxygen demand (COD; around 4142 mg L-1) from matured landfill leachate through a novel combination of humic acid extraction and coagulation with natural oil palm trunk starch (OPTS) was investigated in this study. Central composite design from response surface methodology of Design Expert-10 software executed the experimental design to correlate experimental factors with desired responses. Analysis of variance developed the quadratic model for four factors (e.g. coagulant dosage, slow mixing speed and time and centrifugation duration) and two responses (% removal of colour, COD). The model confirmed the highest colour (84.96%) and COD (48.84%) removal with a desirability function of 0.836 at the optimum condition of 1.68 g L-1 coagulant dose, 19.11 rpm slow mixing speed, 16.43 minutes for mixing time and 35.75 minutes for centrifugation duration. Better results of correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.98 and 0.96) and predicted R2 (0.94 and 0.84) indicates the model significance. Electron microscopic images display the amalgamation of flocs through bridging. Fourier transforms infrared spectra confirmed the existence of selected organic groups in OPTS, which eventually signifies the applied method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaber Ahmed
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Suffian Yusoff
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Hamidi Abdul Aziz
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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Treatment of membrane concentrated leachate by two-stage electrochemical process enhanced by ultraviolet radiation: Performance and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Moradian F, Ramavandi B, Jaafarzadeh N, Kouhgardi E. Effective treatment of high-salinity landfill leachate using ultraviolet/ultrasonication/ peroxymonosulfate system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:591-599. [PMID: 33010690 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate, as a complex medium with a high concentration of organic and mineral materials, is a serious problem for the environment. In the current study, the saline landfill leachate of Bushehr coastal city (Iran) was treated using ultraviolet/ultrasonic waves/peroxymonosulfate system. The initial TOC and TDS of the studied leachate was 915 mg/L and 7390 mg/L, respectively. The system had the maximum efficiency at conditions of pH 3, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) of 4 mM, and reaction time of 150 min. Based on the findings, the initial ratio of BOD5/COD (0.66) was reduced to 0.38 using the developed system. After treatment of the landfill leachate at the optimal condition, the values of COD, BOD5, and UV254 were reached to 983 mg/L, 348 mg/L, and 10.16 cm-1, respectively. The concentration of all studied elements (except Pb, As, and Ca) increased after purification. According to the GC-mass spectrometry, the molecular weight and concentration of organic matter in raw leachate were higher than that of the treated one. The studied system had an energy consumption value of 86 kW·h/m3 for the treatment of landfill leachate. The results confirm the effectiveness of the ultraviolet/ultrasonic waves/PMS system for the treatment of high saline landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradian
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Neemat Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Kouhgardi
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
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Deng Y, Zhu X, Chen N, Feng C, Wang H, Kuang P, Hu W. Review on electrochemical system for landfill leachate treatment: Performance, mechanism, application, shortcoming, and improvement scheme. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140768. [PMID: 32726696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is a type of complex organic wastewater, which can easily cause serious negative impacts on the human health and ecological environment if disposed improperly. Electrochemical technology provides an efficient approach to effectively reduce the pollutants in landfill leachate. In this review, the electrochemical standalone processes (electrochemical oxidation, electrochemical reduction, electro-coagulation, electro-Fenton process, three-dimensional electrode process, and ion exchange membrane electrochemical process) and the electrochemical integrated processes (electrochemical-advanced oxidation process (AOP) and biological electrochemical process) for landfill leachate treatment are summarized, which include the performance, mechanism, application, existing problems, and improvement schemes such as cost-effectiveness. The main objective of this review is to help researchers understand the characteristics of electrochemical treatment of landfill leachate and to provide a useful reference for the design of the process and reactor for the harmless treatment of landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chuanping Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haishuang Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peijing Kuang
- College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Weiwu Hu
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Journal Center, Beijing 100083, China
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Liu X, He Z. Decreased formation of disinfection by-products during electrochemical leachate oxidation and their post-removal by electro-adsorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139171. [PMID: 32388383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane electrochemical reactor (MER) is an effective treatment system to remove recalcitrant compounds in landfill leachate but harmful byproducts can be formed during the treatment. Herein, we have investigated the formation of total halogenated organics and the associated toxicity as a side effect of leachate treatment by the MER. Those byproducts are represented by the term "disinfection byproducts, or DBPs", because of the similar formation mechanisms. Several DBP groups were detected during the leachate treatment; however, the amount of DBP generated in the MER only accounted for 19.1 ± 4.5% of that in a membrane-less electrooxidation system (control). Likewise, the total toxicity value in the MER effluent was 26.6 × 10-3, only 15.1% of that in the control system. While trihalomethanes dominated mass concentration by 84.1% in the MER, haloacetonitriles contributed to majority of the additive toxicity due to their higher toxicity index. Increasing the initial leachate pH from 9.5 to 13 could increase the DBP concentration by 2.18 times because of less removal of humic acids. A high initial ammonia concentration of 6000 mg L-1 resulted in the increased DBP formation by 146.8%, compared to that with 2500 mg L-1, due to the increased formation of nitrogenous DBPs. A higher current density of 30 mA cm-2 doubled the DBP formation because of a faster reaction rate and a higher solution temperature. The extended treatment time caused trihalomethanes to continue forming DBP and degradation of most DBPs to some extent. With removing 67.5% of DBP mass concentration and 74.4% of the additive toxicity, the GAC-electrode system was shown more effective than GAC adsorption alone in remediating DBP from the MER effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Liu X, Novak JT, He Z. Synergistically coupling membrane electrochemical reactor with Fenton process to enhance landfill leachate treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125954. [PMID: 32069725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is challenging to treat due to its complex composition. Advanced oxidation processes such as Fenton process can be effective to treat leachate. Herein, a previously developed membrane electrochemical reactor (MER) was coupled with Fenton oxidation through providing synergistic benefits with the low solution pH, reduced organics, and ammonia removal/recovery. This two-stage coupled system reduced the leachate COD by 88%, much higher than that from the standalone Fenton process treating raw leachate. In addition, the usage of chemical reagents has been greatly reduced. At a dimensionless oxidant dose of 1.0, the coupled MER-Fenton system reduced the consumption of both FeSO4⋅7H2O and H2O2 by 39%, H2SO4 by 100%, and NaOH by 55%. Consequently, the sludge production was reduced by 51% in weight and 12% in volume. Despite electricity consumption by the MER, the coupled system cost $4.76 per m3 leachate less than the standalone Fenton treatment. More notably, direct Fenton oxidation removed only 21% of ammonia; in comparison the MER-Fenton system removed ammonia by 98% with the possibility for recovery at a rate of 30.6-55.2 kg N m-3 reactor d-1. Those results demonstrate that coupling MER with Fenton process could mitigate some inherent drawbacks of Fenton oxidation such as ineffective ammonia removal, high acid and chemical reagents dose requirements, and a large amount of sludge generation. This system may be moved towards practical applications by addressing a few challenges such as using renewable energy to power MER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - John T Novak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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