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He J, Owusu-Asumeng E, Zidar K, Stolper J, Attri S, Price JR, Partridge D, Montalto F, Sales CM. Impacts of a herring gull colony on runoff water quality from an urban green roof. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174430. [PMID: 38960163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Green infrastructure (GI) strategies, including green roofs, have become a common, decentralized, nature-based strategy for reducing urban runoff and restoring ecosystem services to the urban environment. In this study, we examined the water quality of incident rainfall and runoff from a green roof installed on top of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City. Since the 2014 installation of this green roof, one of the largest in North America, a colony of nesting herring gulls grew to approximately 100 nesting pairs in 2018 and 150 nesting pairs in 2019. Water quality monitoring took place between September 2018 and October 2019. Except for phosphorus on some occasions, we found concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, chlorine, sulfate to be below federal drinking water standards. Levels of the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), total coliform, E. coli, and Enterococcus, were consistently higher in runoff samples than rainwater, ranging from 150 to over 20,000 CFU/100 mL for E. coli and 100 to over 140,000 CFU/100 mL for total coliform. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods were used to search for potential opportunistic pathogens, including Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Campylobacter spp., and Salmonella spp. Discovery of the presence of Catellicoccus marimammalium, a gull-associated marker in runoff water indicates that herring gulls are the likely source of contamination. Due to habitat loss, herring gulls, and other Larus gull species are increasingly nesting on urban roofs, both green (such as at the Javits Center) and conventional (such as on Rikers and Governors Islands). Habitat creation is one of the target ecosystem services desired from GI systems. Although the discharge from the green roof of the Javits Center is directed to the city's sewer system, this study demonstrates the need to treat runoff from green roofs with nesting gull populations if its intended use involves reuse or human contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie He
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Elrod Owusu-Asumeng
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kate Zidar
- Department of Geology & Planetary Science, University of Pittsburgh, 4107 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Julian Stolper
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sudipti Attri
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacob R Price
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Franco Montalto
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher M Sales
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Itarte M, Forés E, Martínez-Puchol S, Scheiber L, Vázquez-Suñé E, Bofill-Mas S, Rusiñol M. Exploring viral contamination in urban groundwater and runoff. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174238. [PMID: 38925381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The reliance of the global population on urban aquifers is steadily increasing, and urban aquifers are susceptible to pathogenic contamination through sources such as sewer leakage or urban runoff. However, there is insufficient monitoring of groundwater quality in urban areas. In this study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was employed to evaluate the presence of human fecal viral indicators and viral pathogens in urban wastewater (n = 13) and groundwater (n = 12) samples from four locations in Barcelona with different degrees of urbanization, as well as in runoff samples (n = 2). Additionally, a target enrichment sequencing (TES) approach was utilized to explore the viral diversity within groundwater and runoff samples, offering insights into viral contamination and potential virus transmission routes in urban areas. Human adenovirus (HAdV) was identified in all wastewater samples, 67 % (8/12) of groundwater samples, and one runoff sample by qPCR indicating human viral fecal contamination. The viral pathogen Norovirus genogroup GI (NoV GI) was detected in wastewater and two winter groundwater samples from highly and medium urbanized areas. NoV genogroup GII (NoV GII), Enterovirus (EV) and SARS-CoV-2 were exclusively detected in wastewater. Human and other vertebrate viruses were detected in groundwater and runoff samples using TES. This study gives insights about the virome present in urban water sources, emphasizing the need for thorough monitoring and deeper understanding to address emerging public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Itarte
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eva Forés
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Vicerectorat de Recerca, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Scheiber
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Vázquez-Suñé
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rusiñol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
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Lenaker PL, Pronschinske MA, Corsi SR, Stokdyk JP, Olds HT, Dila DK, McLellan SL. A multi-marker assessment of sewage contamination in streams using human-associated indicator bacteria, human-specific viruses, and pharmaceuticals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172505. [PMID: 38636851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Human sewage contaminates waterways, delivering excess nutrients, pathogens, chemicals, and other toxic contaminants. Contaminants and various sewage indicators are measured to monitor and assess water quality, but these analytes vary in their representation of sewage contamination and the inferences about water quality they support. We measured the occurrence and concentration of multiple microbiological (n = 21) and chemical (n = 106) markers at two urban stream locations in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA over two years. Five-day composite water samples (n = 98) were collected biweekly, and sewage influent samples (n = 25) were collected monthly at a Milwaukee, WI water reclamation facility. We found the vast majority of markers were not sensitive enough to detect sewage contamination. To compare analytes for monitoring applications, five consistently detected human sewage indicators were used to evaluate temporal patterns of sewage contamination, including microbiological (pepper mild mottle virus, human Bacteroides, human Lachnospiraceae) and chemical (acetaminophen, metformin) markers. The proportion of human sewage in each stream was estimated using the mean influent concentration from the water reclamation facility and the mean concentration of all stream samples for each sewage indicator marker. Estimates of instream sewage pollution varied by marker, differing by up to two orders of magnitude, but four of the five sewage markers characterized Underwood Creek (mean proportions of human sewage ranged 0.0025 % - 0.075 %) as less polluted than Menomonee River (proportions ranged 0.013 % - 0.14 %) by an order of magnitude more. Chemical markers correlated with each other and yielded higher estimates of sewage pollution than microbial markers, which exhibited greater temporal variability. Transport, attenuation, and degradation processes can influence chemical and microbial markers differently and cause variation in human sewage estimates. Given the range of potential human and ecological health effects of human sewage contamination, robust characterization of sewage contamination that uses multiple lines of evidence supports monitoring and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Lenaker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
| | - Matthew A Pronschinske
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Steven R Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Joel P Stokdyk
- U.S. Geological Survey, Laboratory for Infectious Disease and the Environment, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Hayley T Olds
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Deborah K Dila
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - Sandra L McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
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Paruch AM, Paruch L. Current status of microbial source tracking applications in constructed wetlands serving as nature-based solutions for water management and wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124076. [PMID: 38685556 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Microbial source tracking (MST) has been recognised as an effective tool for determining the origins and sources of faecal contamination in various terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Thus, it has been widely applied in environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys to define specific animal- and human-associated faecal eDNA. In this context, identification of and differentiation between anthropogenic and zoogenic faecal pollution origins and sources are pivotal for the evaluation of waterborne microbial contamination transport and the associated human, animal, and environmental health risks. These concerns are particularly pertinent to diverse nature-based solutions (NBS) that are being applied specifically to secure water safety and human and ecosystem well-being, for example, constructed wetlands (CWs) for water and wastewater treatment. The research in this area has undergone a constant evolution, and there is a solid foundation of publications available across the world. Hence, there is an early opportunity to synthesise valuable information and relevant knowledge on this specific topic, which will greatly benefit future work by improving NBS design and performance. By selecting 15 representative research reports published over 20 years, we review the current state of MST technology applied for faecal-associated contamination measures in NBS/CWs throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Paruch
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research-NIBIO, Oluf Thesens vei 43, 1433, Ås, Norway.
| | - Lisa Paruch
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research-NIBIO, Oluf Thesens vei 43, 1433, Ås, Norway
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Rytkönen A, Meriläinen P, Valkama K, Hokajärvi AM, Ruponen J, Nummela J, Mattila H, Tulonen T, Kivistö R, Pitkänen T. Scenario-based assessment of fecal pathogen sources affecting bathing water quality: novel treatment options to reduce norovirus and Campylobacter infection risks. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1353798. [PMID: 38628869 PMCID: PMC11018956 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1353798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Wastewater discharge and runoff waters are significant sources of human and animal fecal microbes in surface waters. Human-derived fecal contamination of water is generally estimated to pose a greater risk to human health than animal fecal contamination, but animals may serve as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. In this study, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) tools were used to evaluate the hygienic impact of sewage effluents and runoff water from municipalities and animal farms on surface and bathing waters. The human-specific microbial source tracking (MST) marker HF183 was used to evaluate the dilution of fecal pathogens originating from the sewage effluent discharge to the downstream watershed. As novel risk management options, the efficiency of UV-LED disinfection and wetland treatment as well as biochar filtration was tested on-site for the contamination sources. According to the dilution pattern of the MST marker HF183, microbes from wastewater were diluted (2.3-3.7 log10) in the receiving waters. The scenario-based QMRA revealed, that the health risks posed by exposure to human-specific norovirus GII and zoonotic Campylobacter jejuni during the bathing events were evaluated. The risk for gastroenteritis was found to be elevated during wastewater contamination events, where especially norovirus GII infection risk increased (1-15 cases per day among 50 bathers) compared with the business as usual (BAU) situation (1 case per day). The noted C. jejuni infection risk was associated with animal farm contamination (1 case per day, versus 0.2-0.6 cases during BAU). Tertiary treatment of wastewater with wetland treatment and UV-LED disinfection effectively reduced the waterborne gastroenteritis risks associated with bathing. Based on the experiences from this study, a QMRA-based approach for health risk evaluations at bathing sites can be useful and is recommended for bathing site risk assessments in the future. In case of low pathogen numbers at the exposure sites, the MST marker HF183 could be used as a pathogen dilution coefficient for the watershed under evaluation. The full-scale implementation of novel tertiary treatment options at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as well as on-site runoff water treatment options should be considered for infection risk management at locations where scenario-based QMRA implies elevated infection risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annastiina Rytkönen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina Valkama
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Hokajärvi
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Josefiina Ruponen
- Lammi Biological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Bio Research Unit, Häme University of Applied Sciences, Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Jarkko Nummela
- Bio Research Unit, Häme University of Applied Sciences, Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Harri Mattila
- Bio Research Unit, Häme University of Applied Sciences, Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Tiina Tulonen
- Lammi Biological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rauni Kivistö
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
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Yang J, Luo H, Wang H, Qin T, Yang M, Chen L, Wu X, He BJ. Removal effect of pollutants from stormwater runoff in shallow bioretention system with gramineous plants. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:1946-1960. [PMID: 38678401 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
The bioretention system is one of the most widely used low impact development (LID) facilities with efficient purification capacity for stormwater, and its planting design has been a hot spot for research at home and abroad. In this paper, ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), bermuda (Cynodon dactylon Linn.), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), and green grass (Cynodon dactylon × C .transadlensis 'Tifdwarf') were chosen as plant species to construct a shallow bioretention system. The growth traits and nutrient absorption ability of four gramineous plants were analyzed. Their tolerance, enrichment, and transportation capacity were also evaluated to compare plant species and their absorptive capacity of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn). Results showed that the maximum absorption rate (Imax) ranged from 22.1 to 42.4 μg/(g·h) for P and ranged from 65.4 to 104.8 μg/(g·h) for NH4+-N; ryegrass had the strongest absorption capacity for heavy metals and the maximum removal rates of Cu, Pb, and Zn by four grasses were 78.4, 59.4, and 51.3%, respectively; the bioretention cell with ryegrass (3#) was significantly more effective in purifying than the unplanted bioretention cell (1#) during the simulated rainfall test. Overall, the system parameters were optimized to improve the technical application of gramineous plants in the bioretention system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Civil and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hui Luo
- School of Civil and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China E-mail:
| | - Huiteng Wang
- School of Civil and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Teng Qin
- School of Civil and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- School of Civil and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Limin Chen
- School of Civil and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xi Wu
- School of Civil and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Bao-Jie He
- Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Centre for Climate-Resilient and Low-Carbon Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Network for Education and Research on Peace and Sustainability (NERPS), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
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Shafi M, Lodh A, Khajuria M, Ranjan VP, Gani KM, Chowdhury S, Goel S. Are we underestimating stormwater? Stormwater as a significant source of microplastics in surface waters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133445. [PMID: 38198866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Stormwater represent a critical pathway for transporting microplastics (MPs) to surface waters. Due to complex dynamics of MPs in stormwater, its dispersion, weathering, risk, and transport are poorly understood. This review bridges those gaps by summarizing the latest findings on sources, abundance, characteristics, and dynamics involved in stormwater MP pollution. Weathering starts before or after MPs enter stormwater and is more pronounced on land due to continuous heat and mechanical stress. Land use patterns, rainfall intensity, MPs size and density, and drainage characteristics influence the transport of MPs in stormwater. Tire and road wear particles (TRWPs), littering, and road dust are major sources of MPs in stormwater. The concentrations of MPs varies from 0.38-197,000 particles/L globally. Further MP concentrations showed regional variations, highlighting the importance of local monitoring efforts needed to understand local pollution sources. We observed unique signatures associated with the shape and color of MPs. Fibers and fragments were widely reported, with transparent and black being the predominant colors. We conclude that the contribution of stormwater to MP pollution in surface waters is significantly greater than wastewater treatment plant effluents and demands immediate attention. Field and lab scale studies are needed to understand its behavior in stormwater and the risk posed to the downstream water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozim Shafi
- Environmental Engineering and Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Ayan Lodh
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Medha Khajuria
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Ved Prakash Ranjan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Khalid Muzamil Gani
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Shamik Chowdhury
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Sudha Goel
- Environmental Engineering and Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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Azad A, Sheikh MN, Hai FI. A critical review of the mechanisms, factors, and performance of pervious concrete to remove contaminants from stormwater runoff. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121101. [PMID: 38218072 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Stormwater can carry pollutants accumulated on impervious surfaces in urban areas into natural water bodies in absence of stormwater quality improvement devices. Pervious concrete (PC) pavement is one of the low-impact development practices introduced for urban flooding prevention and stormwater pollution reduction. PC removes various types of water contaminants. Mechanisms contributing to the water pollution removal capacity of PC can be categorized into three groups: physical, chemical, and biological. Properties of PC such as permeability, porosity, thickness, and adsorption capacity influence removal of all contaminants, although their impact might differ depending on the pollutant properties. Chemical mechanisms include precipitation, co-precipitation, ion and ligand exchange, complexation, diffusion, and sorption. Bulk organics and nutrients are removed primarily by biodegradation. Physical filtration is the primary mechanism to retain suspended solids, although biological activities may have a minor contribution. Release of calcium (Ca2+) and hydroxide (OH-) from hardened cement elevates the effluent pH, which is an environmental concern. However, the pH elevation is also the prime contributor to heavy metals and nutrients removal through precipitation. Specific cementitious materials (e.g., Pozzolans and nanoparticles) and carbonation curing approach are recommended to control effluent pH elevation. Complexation, diffusion, ion solubility, and stability constants are other mechanisms and parameters that influence heavy metal removal. Organic matter availability, electrostatic attraction, temperature, pH, contact time, specific surface area, and roughness of PC pores contribute to the pathogen removal process. Although PC has been found promising in removing various water pollutants, limited salinity removal can be achieved due to the inherent release of Ca2+and OH- from PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Azad
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - M Neaz Sheikh
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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9
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Galbraith P, Henry R, McCarthy DT. Plants release, pathogens decease: Plants with documented antimicrobial activity are associated with Campylobacter and faecal indicator attenuation in stormwater biofilters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167474. [PMID: 37804974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater biofilters demonstrate promising treatment of faecal microorganisms, however performance can vary with design and operational conditions. This study investigated whether plants with significant documented antimicrobial activity could improve faecal bacterial treatment within biofilters. Laboratory-scale biofilters (n = 30) were dosed with synthetic stormwater containing faecal bacteria Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Campylobacter jejuni under south-eastern Australian climatic conditions. Systems vegetated with Melaleuca species, renowned for their in vitro antimicrobial activity, consistently enhanced removal of all tested culturable bacteria in total outflow and submerged zone water relative to other plant configurations. Within just 1-2 days of stormwater dosing, M. linariifolia submerged zones demonstrated significantly reduced bacterial concentrations compared to C. appressa (p = 0.023 and <0.001 for C. jejuni and E. coli, respectively), removing ∼1.47 log10 MPN/100 mL E. coli, ∼1.14 log10 MPN/100 mL E. faecalis and ∼0.81 log10 MPN/L C. jejuni from inflow. These trends continued even after all but one M. linariifolia replicate perished during an extended drying period (p = 0.002 and 0.003 for C. jejuni and E. coli, respectively). Through a systematic process of elimination, these observations were attributed to enhanced bacterial attenuation with elevated plant inhibitory activity. Cumulative biofilter age reinforced plant-mediated bacterial treatment (p = 0.023 for E. faecalis), ostensibly due to increased plant size/growth and net biological activity. Notably, E. coli and E. faecalis attenuation improved with prolonged antecedent drying length (14 vs. 4 days; p < 0.0001 for both), while the converse was observed for C. jejuni (not significant). This study addresses significant knowledge gaps around plant-mediated faecal microbe treatment within biofilters, providing key direction for real-world system design to optimise stormwater pathogen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Galbraith
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Building 10, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - R Henry
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - D T McCarthy
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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Rentachintala LRNP, Mutukuru Gangireddy MR, Mohapatra PK. Stormwater reuse for water-sensitive city - Integrated analysis of urban hydrology for efficient alternatives of Amaravati city, India. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 88:3151-3167. [PMID: 38154801 PMCID: wst_2023_393 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, Amaravati, a proposed city of Andhra Pradesh, India, is identified for stormwater reuse analysis and for various efficient options for reuse. Peak runoff from the entire catchment is determined for the management of stormwater using different models such as soil and water assessment tool (SWAT), stormwater management model, and intensity-duration-frequency curves by the log Pearson Type III method. Further, the bio-retention cell low-impact development option with 60% impervious area, 60% zero depression impervious area, bio-retention cell for 40% area for each sub-catchment, and the underground stormwater network system, for part of peak runoff reduction, remaining peak runoff is considered for reuse. The remaining peak runoff is proposed to be reused for irrigation purposes (option 1), and storage retention ponds as extended detention ponds (option 2). Also, in situ storage/percolation is recommended for unaccounted stormwater within or around each premise. The findings can help to propose, implement, and maintain various stormwater reuse measures and/or practices for any city.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muni Reddy Mutukuru Gangireddy
- Department of Civil Engineering, A. U. College of Engineering(A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530003, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mohapatra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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11
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Shahirnia M, Vidrio-Sahagún CT, He J, Valeo C, van Duin B, Beaudry M, Neumann NF. Land use and rainfall influences on bacterial levels and sources in stormwater ponds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:112236-112251. [PMID: 37831263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater runoff is a known source of microbial contamination of stormwater ponds. However, less is known about the influences of land use and rainfall on microbial quality over time in these receiving waters. In this study, two fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), namely Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms, were monitored in three stormwater ponds in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The stormwater ponds were selected due to their potential as water sources for beneficial uses such as irrigation, which requires lower water quality than drinking water, thereby alleviating the pressure on the city's potable water demands. The selected stormwater ponds vary in size and shape, contribution catchment size, and percentages of several primary land use types. Microbial source tracking for human, dog, seagull, Canada goose, ruminant, and muskrat was also conducted to determine sources of bacterial contamination in the stormwater ponds. Sampling was conducted near the pond surface and adjacent to the shoreline, specifically near the outfalls that discharge stormwater runoff into the ponds and the inlets that convey water out of the ponds. Overall, the FIB concentrations in the vicinity of pond outfalls were significantly or relatively higher than those near pond inlets. The contamination in the McCall Lake and the Country Hills stormwater ponds showed higher amounts of human markers (40 to 60%) compared to the Inverness stormwater pond (< 20%), which coincided with their higher FIB concentration medians. The results revealed that stormwater drained from catchments with a higher percentage of commercial land use was more contaminated than those with primary residential land use, while the impacts of residential development on the FIB levels in the Inverness stormwater pond were not obvious. Furthermore, FIB concentrations in the ponds increased in response to both rain events and inter-event dry periods, with human-specific markers being predominant despite the high levels of animal markers during inter-event dry periods. Human-origin sources might be among the main microbial loading contributors in the pond catchments in general. All these findings can inform the development or improvement of measures for mitigating microbial pollution, strategies for reusing stormwater, and maintenance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Shahirnia
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Jianxun He
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Caterina Valeo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Bert van Duin
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- City of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Megan Beaudry
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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12
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Al-Hazmi HE, Mohammadi A, Hejna A, Majtacz J, Esmaeili A, Habibzadeh S, Saeb MR, Badawi M, Lima EC, Mąkinia J. Wastewater reuse in agriculture: Prospects and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116711. [PMID: 37487927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable water recycling and wastewater reuse are urgent nowadays considering water scarcity and increased water consumption through human activities. In 2015, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (UN SDG6) highlighted the necessity of recycling wastewater to guarantee water availability for individuals. Currently, wastewater irrigation (WWI) of crops and agricultural land appears essential. The present work overviews the quality of treated wastewater in terms of soil microbial activities, and discusses challenges and benefits of WWI in line with wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture irrigation. Combined conventional-advanced wastewater treatment processes are specifically deliberated, considering the harmful impacts on human health arising from WWI originating from reuse of contaminated water (salts, organic pollutants, toxic metals, and microbial pathogens i.e., viruses and bacteria). The comprehensive literature survey revealed that, in addition to the increased levels of pathogen and microbial threats to human wellbeing, poorly-treated wastewater results in plant and soil contamination with toxic organic/inorganic chemicals, and microbial pathogens. The impact of long-term emerging pollutants like plastic nanoparticles should also be established in further studies, with the development of standardized analytical techniques for such hazardous chemicals. Likewise, the reliable, long-term and extensive judgment on heavy metals threat to human beings's health should be explored in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, 65188, Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Majtacz
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Amin Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering Technology and Industrial Trades, University of Doha for Science and Technology (UDST), 24449, Arab League St, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michael Badawi
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques UMR CNRS 7019, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Eder C Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jacek Mąkinia
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Sen K, Llewellyn M, Taheri B, Turner RJ, Berglund T, Maloney K. Mechanism of fungal remediation of wetland water: Stropharia rugosoannulata as promising fungal species for the development of biofilters to remove clinically important pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in contaminated water. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1234586. [PMID: 37965549 PMCID: PMC10642173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1234586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoremediation uses mushroom forming fungi for remediation of sites contaminated with biotic and abiotic contaminants. The root-like hyphae of many fungi, the mycelia, have been used to remediate soil and water. In this study mushroom mycelia biofilters were evaluated for remediation efficacy of wetland water polluted with crow feces containing antibiotic resistant (AMR) bacteria. Three strains of fungi, Pleurotus ostreatus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, and Pleurotus pulmonarius, were allowed to develop dense mycelia for 3-5 weeks on wood chips within cylindrical jars. Biofilter jars were incubated with wetland water (WW) obtained from a crow roost area that was additionally spiked with AMR bacteria isolated from previous crow fecal collections. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enteritidis were added at concentrations of 1,500-3,500 CFU/100 ml. Remediation was calculated from bacterial counts or gene copy numbers (GCN), before and after passage of water through jars. Stropharia and P. pulmonarius biofilters remediated all bacteria, but Klebsiella, in the range of 43-78%, after 1 h. Incubation of water for 24 h showed Stropharia remediation to be superior relative to other tested fungi. Percent remediation varied as follows: S. aureus-100%, E. faecium-97%, C. jejuni-59%, P. aeruginosa-54%, E. coli-65% and S. enteritidis-27%. The mechanism of remediation was tested by removing the mycelium from the biofilter column after passage of water, followed by extraction of DNA. Association of bacterial DNA with the mycelia was demonstrated by qPCR for all bacteria, except S. aureus and Salmonella. Depending on the bacteria, the GCN ranged from 3,500 to 54,000/250 mg of mycelia. Thus, some of the ways in which mycelia biofilters decrease bacteria from water are through bio-filtration and bio-absorption. Active fungal growth and close contact with bacteria appear necessary for removal. Overall these results suggest that mushroom mycelia biofilters have the potential to effectively remediate water contaminated with pathogenic and AMR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Sen
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), University of Washington, Bothell, WA, United States
| | - Marina Llewellyn
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), University of Washington, Bothell, WA, United States
| | - Babak Taheri
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), University of Washington, Bothell, WA, United States
| | - Robert J. Turner
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Bothell, WA, United States
| | - Tanner Berglund
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), University of Washington, Bothell, WA, United States
| | - Kellen Maloney
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Bothell, WA, United States
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14
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Sresung M, Paisantham P, Ruksakul P, Kongprajug A, Chyerochana N, Gallage TP, Srathongneam T, Rattanakul S, Maneein S, Surasen C, Passananon S, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Microbial source tracking using molecular and cultivable methods in a tropical mixed-use drinking water source to support water safety plans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162689. [PMID: 36898534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination deteriorates source water quality, posing a severe problem for drinking water suppliers worldwide and addressed by the Water Safety Plan framework to ensure high-quality and reliable drinking water. Microbial source tracking (MST) is used to examine different microbial pollution sources via host-specific intestinal markers for humans and different types of animals. However, the application of MST in tropical surface water catchments that provide raw water for drinking water supplies is limited. We analyzed a set of MST markers, namely, three cultivable bacteriophages and four molecular PCR and qPCR assays, together with 17 microbial and physicochemical parameters, to identify fecal pollution from general, human-, swine-, and cattle-specific sources. Seventy-two river water samples at six sampling sites were collected over 12 sampling events during wet and dry seasons. We found persistent fecal contamination via the general fecal marker GenBac3 (100 % detection; 2.10-5.42 log10 copies/100 mL), with humans (crAssphage; 74 % detection; 1.62-3.81 log10 copies/100 mL) and swine (Pig-2-Bac; 25 % detection; 1.92-2.91 log10 copies/100 mL). Higher contamination levels were observed during the wet season (p < 0.05). The conventional PCR screening used for the general and human markers showed 94.4 % and 69.8 % agreement with the respective qPCR results. Specifically, in the studied watershed, coliphage could be a screening parameter for the crAssphage marker (90.6 % and 73.7 % positive and negative predictive values; Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.66; p < 0.001). The likelihood of detecting the crAssphage marker significantly increased when total and fecal coliforms exceeded 20,000 and 4000 MPN/100 mL, respectively, as Thailand Surface Water Quality Standards, with odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of 15.75 (4.43-55.98) and 5.65 (1.39-23.05). Our study confirms the potential benefits of incorporating MST monitoring into water safety plans, supporting the use of this approach to ensure high-quality drinking water supplies worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montakarn Sresung
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Phongsawat Paisantham
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Pacharaporn Ruksakul
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Tharindu Pollwatta Gallage
- Program in Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Thitima Srathongneam
- Program in Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Surapong Rattanakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Siriwara Maneein
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Chatsinee Surasen
- Water Resources and Environment Department, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Passananon
- Line of Deputy Governor (Water Production), Metropolitan Waterworks Authority, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, Thailand.
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15
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Tarek MH, Hubbart J, Garner E. Microbial source tracking to elucidate the impact of land-use and physiochemical water quality on fecal contamination in a mixed land-use watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162181. [PMID: 36775177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli has been widely used as a fecal indicator bacterium (FIB) for monitoring water quality in drinking water sources and recreational water. However, fecal contamination sources remain difficult to identify and mitigate, as millions of cases of infectious diseases are reported yearly due to swimming and bathing in recreational water. The objective of this study was to apply molecular techniques for microbial source tracking (MST) to identify sources of fecal contamination in a representative mixed land-use watershed located in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States of America (USA). Monthly samples were collected over one year at 11 sites, including the confluence of key first-order streams in the study watershed representing distinct land-use types and anticipated fecal sources. Results indicated that coupled monitoring of host-specific MST markers with the FIB E. coli effectively identified sources and quantified fecal contamination in the study watershed. Human-associated MST markers were abundant primarily at developed sites, suggesting septic or sewer failure is a key source of fecal input to the watershed. Across the dataset, samples positive for E. coli and human MST markers were associated with a higher pH than those samples from which each target was not detected, thereby suggesting that acid mine drainage in the watershed likely contributed to inactivation or loss of culturability in E. coli. In addition, this research provides the first evidence that the BacCan-UCD marker is present in fox feces and can influence MST results in areas where substantial wildlife activity is present. Identifying the sources of fecal contamination and better understanding the impact of in-stream physiochemistry throughout this study will help to develop sustainable and effective watershed management plans to control fecal contamination to protect drinking water sources and recreational water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehedi Hasan Tarek
- Wadsworth Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Jason Hubbart
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Emily Garner
- Wadsworth Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
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16
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Jahne MA, Schoen ME, Kaufmann A, Pecson BM, Olivieri A, Sharvelle S, Anderson A, Ashbolt NJ, Garland JL. Enteric pathogen reduction targets for onsite non-potable water systems: A critical evaluation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119742. [PMID: 36848851 PMCID: PMC10084472 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Onsite non-potable water systems (ONWS) collect and treat local source waters for non-potable end uses such as toilet flushing and irrigation. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has been used to set pathogen log10-reduction targets (LRTs) for ONWS to achieve the risk benchmark of 10-4 infections per person per year (ppy) in a series of two efforts completed in 2017 and 2021. In this work, we compare and synthesize the ONWS LRT efforts to inform the selection of pathogen LRTs. For onsite wastewater, greywater, and stormwater, LRTs for human enteric viruses and parasitic protozoa were within 1.5-log10 units between 2017 and 2021 efforts, despite differences in approaches used to characterize pathogens in these waters. For onsite wastewater and greywater, the 2017 effort used an epidemiology-based model to simulate pathogen concentrations contributed exclusively from onsite waste and selected Norovirus as the viral reference pathogen; the 2021 effort used municipal wastewater pathogen data and cultivable adenoviruses as the reference viral pathogen. Across source waters, the greatest differences occurred for viruses in stormwater, given the newly available municipal wastewater characterizations used for modeling sewage contributions in 2021 and the different selection of reference pathogens (Norovirus vs. adenoviruses). The roof runoff LRTs support the need for protozoa treatment, but these remain difficult to characterize due to the pathogen variability in roof runoff across space and time. The comparison highlights adaptability of the risk-based approach, allowing for updated LRTs as site specific or improved information becomes available. Future research efforts should focus on data collection of onsite water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Jahne
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Mary E Schoen
- Soller Environmental, LLC, 3022 King St., Berkeley, CA 94703, USA
| | - Anya Kaufmann
- Trussell Technologies, Inc., 1939 Harrison St., Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Brian M Pecson
- Trussell Technologies, Inc., 1939 Harrison St., Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | | | - Sybil Sharvelle
- Colorado State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1372 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Anita Anderson
- Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert St. N, St. Paul, MN 55164, USA
| | | | - Jay L Garland
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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17
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Simpson IM, Winston RJ, Dorsey JD. Monitoring the effects of urban and forested land uses on runoff quality: Implications for improved stormwater management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160827. [PMID: 36509280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater is a substantial source of non-point source pollution. Despite considerable monitoring efforts, little is known about stormwater quality in certain geographic regions. These spatial gaps induce uncertainty when extrapolating data and reduce model calibration capabilities, thereby limiting pollutant load reduction strategies. In this study, stormwater quality was monitored from 15 watersheds to characterize pollutant event mean concentrations (EMCs) and loads as a function of urban and forested (i.e., surrogates for pre-development) land use and land covers (LULCs) and rainfall patterns from a geographic region where these data are sparse. Residential and heavy industrial, heavy industrial, and industrial and commercial LULCs, respectively, were the primary generators of nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), and heavy metals. Increased rainfall intensities (average and peak) significantly increased the EMCs of all particulate bound pollutants. Pollutant loads increased with rainfall depth and, in general, did not follow the same LULC trends as EMCs, suggesting loads were influenced substantially by watershed hydrologic responses. Mean annual urban loads of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, TSS, and zinc (Zn) ranged from 0.4 (low density residential [LDR]) to 1.5 (heavy industrial), 3.2 (single family residential [SFR]) to 11.5 (heavy industrial), 122.6 (SFR) to 1219.9 (heavy industrial), and 0.1 (LDR) to 0.7 (commercial) kg/ha/yr, respectively. Annual urban loads of TSS were 3.5 to 34 and - 1.5 to 6.8-fold greater than annual loads from forested and agricultural watersheds, respectively. Mean annual loads of heavy metals from urban LULCs were substantially greater than loads produced by forested and agricultural watersheds (e.g., 8.6 to 92 and 6.8 to 73-fold greater, respectively, for Zn), while loads of nutrients were generally similar between urban and agricultural watersheds. Findings herein suggest non-point source pollution will continue to threaten surface water quality as land is developed; results can help guide the development of cost-efficient stormwater management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Simpson
- Tennessee Water Resources Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 600 Henley Street Suite 311, Knoxville, TN 37902, USA; Formerly with Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Ryan J Winston
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jay D Dorsey
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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18
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Al-Awwal N, Anderson SH, El-Dweik M, Udawatta RP, Yang J, Zaid F. Effects of conservation buffer systems on adsorption of fluorescent-labeled Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:303-314. [PMID: 36382799 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of bacterial transport through runoff into surface water or infiltration into groundwater is influenced by the adsorption processes in soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate fluorescent-labeled Escherichia coli (E. coli) adsorption by soil under agroforestry buffer (AB), grass buffer (GB), and row crop (RC) management. Adsorption experiments were conducted by inoculating three masses (0.5, 1, and 10 g) of each treatment (AB, GB, and RC) with E. coli O157:H7-GFP with concentration ranges of 105 -108 colony-forming units (cfu) ml-1 . Adsorption data were evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherm models. The Freundlich isotherm model described the observed data well for all treatments using the 10-g soil mass, with the R2 values closer to unity in all treatments. The Freundlich Kf parameter, an indicator of adsorption capacity, was higher for the AB treatment (9.93 cfu ml-1 ) compared with the GB and RC treatments (2.32 and 1.27 cfu ml-1 , respectively). The multiple pairwise comparisons test (Tukey test) of the Freundlich 1/nf parameter demonstrated a significant difference (p < .05) between the AB treatment and the RC and GB treatments. Similarly, the Kf values were significantly (p = .05) higher for the 10-g mass under the same test conditions, but no significant differences were observed in the 0.5- and 1-g masses. This study demonstrated that AB has a higher E. coli adsorption capacity and the potential for mitigating the effects of E. coli O157:H7 transport to surface or groundwater through the soil ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasruddeen Al-Awwal
- School of Natural Resources, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 302 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO, USA
- Dep. of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences and Cooperative Research Program, Lincoln Univ., Jefferson City, MO, USA
| | - Stephen H Anderson
- School of Natural Resources, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 302 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Majed El-Dweik
- Dep. of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences and Cooperative Research Program, Lincoln Univ., Jefferson City, MO, USA
| | - Ranjith P Udawatta
- School of Natural Resources, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 302 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO, USA
- The Center for Agroforestry, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 203 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John Yang
- Dep. of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences and Cooperative Research Program, Lincoln Univ., Jefferson City, MO, USA
| | - Faraj Zaid
- Dep. of Chemical Engineering, Sirte Univ., Sirte, Libya
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19
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Zuo X, Zhang S, Kong F, Xu Q. Application of electrochemical oxidation for the enhancement of antibiotic resistant bacteria removal in stormwater bioretention cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160477. [PMID: 36436643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) during electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. However, there is still no available literature about the application of electrochemical oxidation (EO) to enhance ARB removal in stormwater bioretention cells. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate target ARB (E. coli K-12 carrying blaTEM, tetR and aphA) removals in bioretention cells with different current densities and ratios of air to water (A/W). ARB removals for bioretention cells with 17.6 μA/m2 of current density and 24:1 of A/W ratio was the largest with 5.28 log reduction, which was obviously higher than the one (3.68 log reduction) in the control (without EO). H2O2 production could be responsible for ARB removals in the used bioretention cells, where H2O2 levels increased at first and then decreased with the increase of current densities and A/W ratios. The evaluation for the application of EO implied that the highest antibiotic resistance (AR) conjugation frequency (3.8 × 10-3) at 3.5 μA/m2 of current density and 48:1 of A/W ratios was 124.5 % of the one in the control, while the largest AR transformation frequencies at 17.6 μA/m2 of current density and 48:1 of A/W ratios was 366.9 % (tetR) and 216.2 % (aphA) of the corresponding in the control, and there were still stable for both dominant microflora and metabolic activities in bioretention cells with electricity and aeration, suggesting that EO could be promising for the enhancement of ARB removals in bioretention cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoJun Zuo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution Control, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - SongHu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution Control, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - FanXin Kong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution Control, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - QiangQiang Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution Control, Nanjing 210044, China
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20
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Fan S, Wen G, Liu A. Urban stormwater disinfection, quality variability during storage and influence on the freshwater algae: Implications for reuse safety. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:655-666. [PMID: 36182171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater reuse is one of the most important ways to mitigate water resource shortage. However, urban stormwater contains many bacteria species, which threaten the reuse safety. Therefore, stormwater disinfection is highly needed. Although disinfection has been widely conducted in the drinking water and reclaimed water, it is rarely carried out for stormwater. This study collected the roof stormwater and undertook chlorination disinfection. Two typical bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) were selected in this study to investigate the disinfection efficiency. It is found that bacteria species present in the stormwater had an important influence on disinfection efficiency while the original stormwater quality did not show an obvious affect. However, when the disinfected stormwater was stored, the stormwater quality was highly variable during its storage process and the variability was affected by bacteria species. The S.aureus containing stormwater showed a high variability of quality and S.aureus significantly regrew. However, the E.coli containing stormwater quality had a relatively low variability and E.coli did not significantly regrew. Additionally, it is noted that after storage, the dissolved form of stormwater was more positive to the freshwater algae's growth while the particulate form (including bacteria and other particulate matters) was less. This implies that a further treatment such as filtration is needed before the stored stormwater is recharged into receiving waters in order to remove particulate forms. These research outcomes can provide useful insight to effective stormwater disinfection and ensure reuse safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Fan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Gang Wen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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21
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Mitchell CJ, Jayakaran AD, McIntyre JK. Biochar and fungi as bioretention amendments for bacteria and PAH removal from stormwater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 327:116915. [PMID: 36462489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention has been widely used to mitigate hydrologic impacts of stormwater runoff and is increasingly being relied upon to treat chemical and biological pollutants transported by stormwater. Despite this reliance, we still lack an understanding of treatment performance for certain organic and biological contaminants which may interact with biotic and abiotic components of bioretention systems. We evaluated the treatment of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in stormwater runoff by bioretention. We compared treatment performance by Washington's standard bioretention mix of 60% sand: 40% compost (by volume), and by three other mixtures amended with biochar, fungi (Stropharia rugosoannulata), or both. All bioretention columns were conditioned with clean water and then dosed with collected roadway runoff at a rate equivalent to a 6 month, 24 h storm in this region during 8 events over a 14-month period. Effluents for each column were analyzed for 23 PAHs, Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total suspended solids (TSS). The fate and transport of PAHs within the bioretention columns was tracked by measuring soil PAHs in media cores taken from the columns. ΣPAH were almost completely removed by all treatments across all storms, with removal rates ranging from 97 to 100% for 94 out of 96 samples. Compost appeared to be a source of PAHs in bioretention media, as biochar-amended media initially contained half the ΣPAHs as treatments with the standard 60:40 sand:compost mixture. We observed a net loss of ΣPAHs (19-73%) in bioretention media across the study, which could not be explained by PAHs in the effluent, suggesting that bioremediation by microbes and/or plants attenuated media PAHs. E. coli and fecal coliform were exported in the first dosing event, but all columns achieved some treatment in subsequent dosing events. Overall, these findings suggest that PAHs in stormwater can be remediated with bioretention, are unlikely to accumulate in bioretention media, and that biochar amendments can improve the treatment of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea J Mitchell
- Washington State University-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA
| | - Anand D Jayakaran
- Washington State University-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA
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22
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Botha TL, Bamuza-Pemu E, Roopnarain A, Ncube Z, De Nysschen G, Ndaba B, Mokgalaka N, Bello-Akinosho M, Adeleke R, Mushwana A, van der Laan M, Mphahlele P, Vilakazi F, Jaca P, Ubomba-Jaswa E. Development of a GIS-based knowledge hub for contaminants of emerging concern in South African water resources using open-source software: Lessons learnt. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13007. [PMID: 36747952 PMCID: PMC9898659 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With population growth and dwindling freshwater sources, protecting such sources has come to the forefront of water resource management. Historically, society's response to a problem is based on funding availability, current threat, and public outcry. Achieving this is largely dependent on the knowledge of the factors that are resulting in compromised water sources. These factors are constantly changing as novel contaminants are introduced into surface water sources. As we are in the information age, the interest in contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) is gaining ground. Whilst research is being conducted to identify contaminants in South African water sources, the research outputs and available information is not collated and presented to the science community and stakeholders in readily available formats and platforms. Current research outcomes need to be made known to regulators in order to develop environmental laws. By using fourth industrial revolution technology, we were able to collate available data in literature and display these in a user-friendly online format to regulatory bodies as well as researchers. A standardized excel spreadsheet was developed and uploaded to a PostgreSQL, running a PostGIS extension and was then processed in the GeoServer to allow for visualization on an interactive map which can be continuously updated. The near real-time access to information will reduce the possibility of duplication of research efforts, enhance collaboration in the discipline, and act as a CEC early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Lee Botha
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Corresponding author. Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa.
| | - Emomotimi Bamuza-Pemu
- OptimalEnviro; Postnet Suite 073, Private Bag X21, Queenswood, Pretoria, 0121, South Africa
| | - Ashira Roopnarain
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zibusiso Ncube
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gert De Nysschen
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Busiswa Ndaba
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ntebogeng Mokgalaka
- University of Pretoria, Mamelodi Campus, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Tshwane University of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Maryam Bello-Akinosho
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Rasheed Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa
| | - Akani Mushwana
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael van der Laan
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC) – Natural Resources and Engineering, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Phedisho Mphahlele
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Fanelesibonge Vilakazi
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa
| | - Penny Jaca
- Water Research Commission, Lynnwood Bridge Office Park, Bloukrans Building, 4 Daventry Street, Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria, 0081, South Africa
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Water Research Commission, Lynnwood Bridge Office Park, Bloukrans Building, 4 Daventry Street, Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria, 0081, South Africa
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23
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Sivaganesan M, Willis JR, Karim M, Babatola A, Catoe D, Boehm AB, Wilder M, Green H, Lobos A, Harwood VJ, Hertel S, Klepikow R, Howard MF, Laksanalamai P, Roundtree A, Mattioli M, Eytcheson S, Molina M, Lane M, Rediske R, Ronan A, D'Souza N, Rose JB, Shrestha A, Hoar C, Silverman AI, Faulkner W, Wickman K, Kralj JG, Servetas SL, Hunter ME, Jackson SA, Shanks OC. Interlaboratory performance and quantitative PCR data acceptance metrics for NIST SRM® 2917. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119162. [PMID: 36191524 PMCID: PMC9932931 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Surface water quality quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technologies are expanding from a subject of research to routine environmental and public health laboratory testing. Readily available, reliable reference material is needed to interpret qPCR measurements, particularly across laboratories. Standard Reference Material® 2917 (NIST SRM® 2917) is a DNA plasmid construct that functions with multiple water quality qPCR assays allowing for estimation of total fecal pollution and identification of key fecal sources. This study investigates SRM 2917 interlaboratory performance based on repeated measures of 12 qPCR assays by 14 laboratories (n = 1008 instrument runs). Using a Bayesian approach, single-instrument run data are combined to generate assay-specific global calibration models allowing for characterization of within- and between-lab variability. Comparable data sets generated by two additional laboratories are used to assess new SRM 2917 data acceptance metrics. SRM 2917 allows for reproducible single-instrument run calibration models across laboratories, regardless of qPCR assay. In addition, global models offer multiple data acceptance metric options that future users can employ to minimize variability, improve comparability of data across laboratories, and increase confidence in qPCR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mano Sivaganesan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jessica R Willis
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mohammad Karim
- Environmental Services Laboratory, City of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Akin Babatola
- Environmental Services Laboratory, City of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - David Catoe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell Wilder
- Department of Environmental Biology, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Hyatt Green
- Department of Environmental Biology, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Aldo Lobos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie Hertel
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Regina Klepikow
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 7 Laboratory, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Alexis Roundtree
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mia Mattioli
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Eytcheson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marirosa Molina
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Molly Lane
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, MI, USA
| | - Richard Rediske
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, MI, USA
| | - Amanda Ronan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2 Laboratory, Edison, NJ, USA
| | - Nishita D'Souza
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Abhilasha Shrestha
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Hoar
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Andrea I Silverman
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Jason G Kralj
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie L Servetas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Monique E Hunter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Scott A Jackson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Orin C Shanks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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24
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Gerrity D, Papp K, Dickenson E, Ejjada M, Marti E, Quinones O, Sarria M, Thompson K, Trenholm RA. Characterizing the chemical and microbial fingerprint of unsheltered homelessness in an urban watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156714. [PMID: 35709998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unsheltered homelessness is rapidly becoming a critical issue in many cities worldwide. The worsening situation not only highlights the socioeconomic plight, but it also raises awareness of ancillary issues such as the potential implications for urban water quality. The objective of this study was to simultaneously leverage diverse source tracking tools to develop a chemical and microbial fingerprint describing the relative contribution of direct human inputs into Las Vegas' tributary washes. By evaluating a wide range of urban water matrices using general water quality parameters, fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), human-associated microbial markers [e.g., HF183, crAssphage, and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)], 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, and concentrations of 52 anthropogenic trace organic compounds (TOrCs), this study was able to differentiate principal sources of these constituents, including contributions from unsheltered homelessness. For example, HF183 (31% vs. 0%), crAssphage (61% vs. 5%), and PMMoV (72% vs. 55%) were more frequently detected in tributary washes with higher homeless census counts vs. 'control' tributary washes. Illicit drugs or their metabolites (e.g., heroin, acetylmorphine, amphetamine, and cocaine) and select TOrCs (e.g., acetaminophen, caffeine, ibuprofen, and naproxen) were also detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in the more anthropogenically-impacted washes. These data can be used to raise awareness of the shared interests between the broader community and those who are experiencing homelessness, notably the importance of protecting environmental health and water quality. Ultimately, this may lead to more rapid adoption of proven strategies for achieving functional zero homelessness, or at least additional resources for unsheltered individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerrity
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, P.O. Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States.
| | - Katerina Papp
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States
| | - Eric Dickenson
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States
| | - Meena Ejjada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, P.O. Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States
| | - Erica Marti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, P.O. Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States
| | - Oscar Quinones
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States
| | - Mayra Sarria
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, P.O. Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States
| | - Kyle Thompson
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States; Carollo Engineers, 8911 N. Capital of Texas Hwy, Austin, TX 78759, United States
| | - Rebecca A Trenholm
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, United States
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25
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Valenca R, Garcia L, Espinosa C, Flor D, Mohanty SK. Can water composition and weather factors predict fecal indicator bacteria removal in retention ponds in variable weather conditions? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156410. [PMID: 35662595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Retention ponds provide benefits including flood control, groundwater recharge, and water quality improvement, but changes in weather conditions could limit the effectiveness in improving microbial water quality metrics. The concentration of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), which is used as regulatory standards to assess microbial water quality in retention ponds, could vary widely based on many factors including local weather and influent water chemistry and composition. In this critical review, we analyzed 7421 data collected from 19 retention ponds across North America listed in the International Stormwater BMP Database to examine if variable FIB removal in the field conditions can be predicted based on changes in these weather and water composition factors. Our analysis confirms that FIB removal in retention ponds is sensitive to weather conditions or seasons, but temperature and precipitation data may not describe the variable FIB removal. These weather conditions affect suspended solid and nutrient concentrations, which in turn could affect FIB concentration in the ponds. Removal of total suspended solids and total P only explained 5% and 12% of FIB removal data, respectively, and TN removal had no correlation with FIB removal. These results indicate that regression-based modeling with a single parameter as input has limited use to predict FIB removal due to the interactive nature of their effects on FIB removal. In contrast, machine learning algorithms such as the random forest method were able to predict 65% of the data. The overall analysis indicates that the machine learning model could play a critical role in predicting microbial water quality of surface waters under complex conditions where the variation of both water composition and weather conditions could deem regression-based modeling less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Valenca
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Lilly Garcia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina Espinosa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dilara Flor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay K Mohanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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26
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Esenther S, Schlick K, Jossart C, Wang N, Dubrow R, Pascucilla M. Improving Water Quality in the Short Beach Neighborhood of Branford, Connecticut, 2019-A Citizen Science Project. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:1261-1264. [PMID: 35797504 PMCID: PMC9382176 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.306943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We initiated a collaboration between local government, academia, and citizen scientists to investigate high frequencies of elevated Escherichia coli bacteria levels in the coastal Short Beach neighborhood of Branford, Connecticut. Citizen scientist involvement enabled collection of short-duration postprecipitation outfall flow water samples (mean E. coli level = 4930 most probable number per 100 mL) and yielded insights into scientific collaboration with local residents. A records review and sanitary questionnaire identified aging properties with septic systems (3.3%) and holding tanks (0.6%) as potential sources of the E. coli contamination. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(9):1261-1264. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306943).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Esenther
- Sarah Esenther, Christopher Jossart, Ningjing Wang, and Robert Dubrow are with the School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Katie Schlick is with the Yale College Environmental Studies Program, Yale University. Michael Pascucilla is with the East Shore District Health Department, Branford, CT
| | - Katie Schlick
- Sarah Esenther, Christopher Jossart, Ningjing Wang, and Robert Dubrow are with the School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Katie Schlick is with the Yale College Environmental Studies Program, Yale University. Michael Pascucilla is with the East Shore District Health Department, Branford, CT
| | - Christopher Jossart
- Sarah Esenther, Christopher Jossart, Ningjing Wang, and Robert Dubrow are with the School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Katie Schlick is with the Yale College Environmental Studies Program, Yale University. Michael Pascucilla is with the East Shore District Health Department, Branford, CT
| | - Ningjing Wang
- Sarah Esenther, Christopher Jossart, Ningjing Wang, and Robert Dubrow are with the School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Katie Schlick is with the Yale College Environmental Studies Program, Yale University. Michael Pascucilla is with the East Shore District Health Department, Branford, CT
| | - Robert Dubrow
- Sarah Esenther, Christopher Jossart, Ningjing Wang, and Robert Dubrow are with the School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Katie Schlick is with the Yale College Environmental Studies Program, Yale University. Michael Pascucilla is with the East Shore District Health Department, Branford, CT
| | - Michael Pascucilla
- Sarah Esenther, Christopher Jossart, Ningjing Wang, and Robert Dubrow are with the School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Katie Schlick is with the Yale College Environmental Studies Program, Yale University. Michael Pascucilla is with the East Shore District Health Department, Branford, CT
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27
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Sherchan S, Shahin S, Alarcon J, Brosky H, Potter C, Dada AC. Microbial source tracking of fecal contamination in stormwater runoff. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1271-1283. [PMID: 36170186 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over fecal contamination in stormwater canals have promoted the need for pollution control strategies, including the use of microbial source tracking, to identify fecal contamination in the Greater New Orleans Area. Surface water samples were collected over a 12-month period at five canal locations within Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the IDEXX method were used to assess the concentrations of coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and human fecal 183 bacteroides (HF183) in stormwater samples. A 100% positive detection rate of total coliforms and E. coli was observed across all tested sites. Despite the closeness of the five sites, when averaged across all sampling time points, Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated that E. coli was present at significantly different concentrations in these locations (χ2(5) = 19.8, p = 0.0005). HF183 was detected in 62% of the water samples collected during the stormwater sampling. Without further testing for HF183 markers, the conclusion from this study would have been that fecal contamination from an unknown source was always present at varying levels during the study period. Analysis of HF183 markers therefore adds another layer of conclusions to the results deductible from E. coli concentrations. A 100% E. coli detection rate, high E. coli concentrations coupled with low rates of HF183 detection particularly at the Esplanade, Poplar Street, and Bonnabel Boat Launch sites, the sites closest to the lake outlet, throughout the study period, indicate that fecal contamination at these stormwater canal sites comes primarily from non-human sources. However, the Metairie Road and Napoleon Avenue sites, which have the highest HF183 detection rates, on top of chronic pollution by other non-human sources, are also influenced by human fecal pollution, possibly because of human development and faulty infrastructure. This study highlights the advantages of the use of microbial source-tracking methods to complement traditional indicator bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samendra Sherchan
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA E-mail: ; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Shalina Shahin
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA E-mail:
| | - Joshua Alarcon
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA E-mail:
| | - Hanna Brosky
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA E-mail:
| | - Collin Potter
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA E-mail:
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Rugh MB, Grant SB, Hung WC, Jay JA, Parker EA, Feraud M, Li D, Avasarala S, Holden PA, Liu H, Rippy MA, Werfhorst LCVD, Kefela T, Peng J, Shao S, Graham KE, Boehm AB, Choi S, Mohanty SK, Cao Y. Highly variable removal of pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes, conventional fecal indicators and human-associated fecal source markers in a pilot-scale stormwater biofilter operated under realistic stormflow conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118525. [PMID: 35533621 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Green stormwater infrastructure systems, such as biofilters, provide many water quality and other environmental benefits, but their ability to remove human pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from stormwater runoff is not well documented. In this study, a field scale biofilter in Southern California (USA) was simultaneously evaluated for the breakthrough of a conservative tracer (bromide), conventional fecal indicators, bacterial and viral human-associated fecal source markers (HF183, crAssphage, and PMMoV), ARGs, and bacterial and viral pathogens. When challenged with a 50:50 mixture of untreated sewage and stormwater (to mimic highly contaminated storm flow) the biofilter significantly removed (p < 0.05) 14 of 17 microbial markers and ARGsin descending order of concentration reduction: ermB (2.5 log(base 10) reduction) > Salmonella (2.3) > adenovirus (1.9) > coliphage (1.5) > crAssphage (1.2) > E. coli (1.0) ∼ 16S rRNA genes (1.0) ∼ fecal coliform (1.0) ∼ intl1 (1.0) > Enterococcus (0.9) ∼ MRSA (0.9) ∼ sul1 (0.9) > PMMoV (0.7) > Entero1A (0.5). No significant removal was observed for GenBac3, Campylobacter, and HF183. From the bromide data, we infer that 0.5 log-units of attenuation can be attributed to the dilution of incoming stormwater with water stored in the biofilter; removal above this threshold is presumably associated with non-conservative processes, such as physicochemical filtration, die-off, and predation. Our study documents high variability (>100-fold) in the removal of different microbial contaminants and ARGs by a field-scale stormwater biofilter operated under transient flow and raises further questions about the utility of human-associated fecal source markers as surrogates for pathogen removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megyn B Rugh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas VA 20110, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Wei-Cheng Hung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emily A Parker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas VA 20110, USA
| | - Marina Feraud
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Sumant Avasarala
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns Hall A239, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns Hall A239, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Megan A Rippy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Laurie C Van De Werfhorst
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Timnit Kefela
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Jian Peng
- Orange County Environmental Resources, 2301 North Glassell Street, Orange, CA 92865, USA
| | - Stella Shao
- GSI Environmental Inc., 19200 Von Karman Ave, St 800, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Katherine E Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel Choi
- Orange County Sanitation District, 10844 Ellis Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA
| | - Sanjay K Mohanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yiping Cao
- Orange County Sanitation District, 10844 Ellis Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA; Source Molecular Corporation, 15280 NW 79th 10 Court, St 107, Miami Lakes, FL 33016, USA.
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Quantification of infectious Human mastadenovirus in environmental matrices using PMAxx-qPCR. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1465-1471. [PMID: 35666431 PMCID: PMC9168632 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular methodologies providing data on viral concentration and infectivity have been successfully used in environmental virology, supporting quantitative risk assessment studies. The present study aimed to assess human mastadenovirus (HAdV) intact particles using a derivative of propidium monoazide associated with qPCR (PMAxx-qPCR) in aquatic matrices. Initially, different concentrations of PMAxx were evaluated to establish an optimal protocol for treating different naturally contaminated matrices, using 10 min incubation in the dark at 200 rpm at room temperature and 15 min of photoactivation in the PMA-Lite™ LED photolysis device. There was no significant reduction in the quantification of infectious HAdV with increasing concentration of PMAxx used (20 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM), except for sewage samples. In this matrix, a reduction of 5.01 log of genomic copies (GC)/L was observed from the concentration of 50 μM and revealed 100% HAdV particles with damaged capsids. On the other hand, the mean reduction of 0.51 log in stool samples using the same concentration mentioned above demonstrated 83% of damaged particles eliminated in the stool. Following, 50 μM PMAxx-qPCR protocol revealed a log reduction of 0.91, 0.67, and 1.05 in other samples of raw sewage, brackish, and seawater where HAdV concentration reached 1.47 × 104, 6.81 × 102, and 2.33 × 102 GC/L, respectively. Fifty micrometers of PMAxx protocol helped screen intact viruses from different matrices, including sea and brackish water.
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Gulumbe BH, Bazata AY, Bagwai MA. Campylobacter Species, Microbiological Source Tracking and Risk Assessment of Bacterial pathogens. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2022. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v5i2.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species continue to remain critical pathogens of public health interest. They are responsible for approximately 500 million cases of gastroenteritis per year worldwide. Infection occurs through the consumption of contaminated food and water. Microbial risk assessment and source tracking are crucial epidemiological strategies to monitor the outbreak of campylobacteriosis effectively. Various methods have been proposed for microbial source tracking and risk assessment, most of which rely on conventional microbiological techniques such as detecting fecal indicator organisms and other novel microbial source tracking methods, including library-dependent microbial source tracking and library-independent source tracking approaches. However, both the traditional and novel methods have their setbacks. For example, while the conventional techniques are associated with a poor correlation between indicator organism and pathogen presence, on the other hand, it is impractical to interpret qPCR-generated markers to establish the exact human health risks even though it can give information regarding the potential source and relative human risk. Therefore, this article provides up-to-date information on campylobacteriosis, various approaches for source attribution, and risk assessment of bacterial pathogens, including next-generation sequencing approaches such as shotgun metagenomics, which effectively answer the questions of potential pathogens are there and in what quantities.
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Guo Y, Sivakumar M, Jiang G. Decay of four enteric pathogens and implications to wastewater-based epidemiology: Effects of temperature and wastewater dilutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:152000. [PMID: 34843787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of pathogens in raw wastewater from a population within certain sewer catchments can provide quantitative information on public health status within the sampled urban area. This so-called wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach has the potential of becoming a powerful tool to monitor pathogen circulation and support timely intervention during outbreaks. However, many WBE studies failed to account for the pathogen decay during wastewater transportation in back calculating the disease prevalence. Various sewer process factors, including water temperature and infiltration/inflow, can lead to the variation of pathogen decay rates. This paper firstly reviewed the effects of temperature and types of water, i.e., wastewater, freshwater, and saline water, on the decay of four selected enteric pathogens, i.e., Campylobacter, Salmonella, Norovirus, and Adenovirus. To elucidate the importance of the pathogen decay rates (measured by culture and molecular methods) to WBE, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on the back-calculation equation for infection prevalence with decay rates collected from published literature. It was found that WBE back-calculation is more sensitive to decay rates under the condition of high wastewater temperature (i.e., over 25 °C) or if wastewater is diluted by saline water (i.e., sewer infiltration or use of seawater as an alternative source of freshwater constituting around 1/3 household water demand in some cities). Stormwater dilution of domestic wastewater (i.e., sewer inflow might achieve 10 times volumetric dilution) was shown to play a role in increasing the sensitivity of WBE back-calculation to bacterial pathogens, but not viral pathogens. Hence, WBE back-calculation in real sewers should account for in-sewer decay of specific pathogen species under different wastewater temperatures and dilutions. Overall, this review contributes to a better understanding of pathogen decay in wastewater which can lead to improved accuracy of WBE back-calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Muttucumaru Sivakumar
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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32
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Willis JR, Sivaganesan M, Haugland RA, Kralj J, Servetas S, Hunter ME, Jackson SA, Shanks OC. Performance of NIST SRM® 2917 with 13 recreational water quality monitoring qPCR assays. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 212:118114. [PMID: 35091220 PMCID: PMC10786215 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution remains a significant challenge for recreational water quality management worldwide. In response, there is a growing interest in the use of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods to achieve same-day notification of recreational water quality and associated public health risk as well as to characterize fecal pollution sources for targeted mitigation. However, successful widespread implementation of these technologies requires the development of and access to a high-quality standard control material. Here, we report a single laboratory qPCR performance assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 2917 (NIST SRM® 2917), a linearized plasmid DNA construct that functions with 13 recreational water quality qPCR assays. Performance experiments indicate the generation of standard curves with amplification efficiencies ranging from 0.95 ± 0.006 to 0.99 ± 0.008 and coefficient of determination values (R2) ≥ 0.980. Regardless of qPCR assay, variability in repeated measurements at each dilution level were very low (quantification threshold standard deviations ≤ 0.657) and exhibited a heteroscedastic trend characteristic of qPCR standard curves. The influence of a yeast carrier tRNA added to the standard control material buffer was also investigated. Findings demonstrated that NIST SRM® 2917 functions with all qPCR methods and suggests that the future use of this control material by scientists and water quality managers should help reduce variability in concentration estimates and make results more consistent between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Willis
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mano Sivaganesan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard A Haugland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason Kralj
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Servetas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Monique E Hunter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Scott A Jackson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Orin C Shanks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Pamuru ST, Forgione E, Croft K, Kjellerup BV, Davis AP. Chemical characterization of urban stormwater: Traditional and emerging contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151887. [PMID: 34826480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increases in urbanization have led to increased stormwater runoff and mobilization of pollutants from urban watersheds. Discharge of these pollutants often leads to contamination of receiving water bodies. Chemical characterization of urban stormwater is necessary to gain deeper insights into the ecological impacts of urban runoff and to evaluate parameters that influence possible treatment technologies. This study assessed stormwater event mean concentrations and particle size fractions from field studies reported in national/international stormwater quality databases (The National Stormwater Quality and The Best Management Practices databases) and peer-reviewed literature. This characterization of urban stormwater includes statistical evaluation of probability distribution, consideration of dissolved and particulate-bound pollutants and focuses on partitioning and speciation behavior. Solids, nutrients, metals, organic pollutants, and bacterial pathogen indicators were evaluated. A significant fraction of stormwater phosphorus, metals and organic pollutants are particle-bound. Results from the speciation of metals demonstrated that metals are predominantly present as either inner-sphere or electrostatic complexes with dissolved organic matter. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the myriad pollutants found in urban stormwater and provides a starting point for addressing ubiquitous and emerging contaminants. Finally, research needs for further detailed stormwater characterization were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Thejaswini Pamuru
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Erica Forgione
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Kristen Croft
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Birthe V Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Allen P Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America.
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Hachad M, Lanoue M, Vo Duy S, Villlemur R, Sauvé S, Prévost M, Dorner S. Locating illicit discharges in storm sewers in urban areas using multi-parameter source tracking: Field validation of a toolbox composite index to prioritize high risk areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152060. [PMID: 34861306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In urban areas served by separate sewerage systems, illicit connections to the storm drain system from residences or commercial establishments are frequent whether these misconnections were made accidentally or deliberately. As a result, untreated and contaminated wastewater enters into storm sewers leading to pollution of receiving waters and non-compliance with water quality standards. Typical procedures for detecting illicit connections to the storm sewer system are time consuming and expensive, especially in a highly urbanised area. In this study, we investigated the use of human wastewater micropollutants WWMPs (caffeine, theophylline, and carbamazepine) and advanced DNA molecular markers (human specific Bacteroides HF183 and mitochondrial DNA) as anthropogenic tracers in order to assist identifying potential cross connections. Water samples from storm outfalls and storm sewer pipes in three urban subcatchments were collected in dry weather from 2013 to 2018. All samples contained various concentrations of these markers especially HF183, caffeine and theophylline, suggesting that the storm pipe system studied is widely contaminated by sanitary sewers. None of the traditional indicators or markers tested is sufficient alone to determine the origin of fecal pollution. In a highly urbanised area, the combination of at least three specific human markers was needed in order to locate the residential section with likely misconnections. The human specific Bacteroides HF183, and theophylline appeared to be the most effective markers (along with E. coli) of crossconnections, whereas carbamazepine can provide an indication of contamination through sanitary sewer exfiltration. A composite sewer cross-connection index was developed, and eight misconnected houses were identified and corrected. The index approach enables the reduction of false positives that could lead to expensive interventions to identify cross-connected households. The results show the multiparameter source tracking toolbox as an effective method to identify sewer cross connections for sustainable storm water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Hachad
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Martine Lanoue
- City of Laval, soutien technique eau et salubrité, service de l'environnement et de l'écocitoyenneté, 480, Boulevard Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC H7V 3Z4, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, succ, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Richard Villlemur
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, succ, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; Canada Research Chair in Microbial Contaminant Dynamics in Source Waters, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, QC, Canada
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Rentachintala LRNP, Reddy MGM, Mohapatra PK. Urban stormwater management for sustainable and resilient measures and practices: a review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:1120-1140. [PMID: 35228358 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater drainage in urban areas has become a challenge due to the rapid and random growth of urban areas, removal of vegetation, reduction in the effectiveness of drainage infrastructure, and climate change. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), Low Impact Development (LID), Best Management Practices (BMP), Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) and the Sponge City Programme (SCP) are various aspects for urban stormwater management in a few parts of the world. Urban hydrology plays a vital role in the urban stormwater management system. However, optimal results can only be possible when the combined effect of climate change, land use patterns, reuse, treatment, ecology, and societal aspects are considered. There is a need to provide sustainable and resilient urban drainage systems to manage stormwater more efficiently. The present review has thoroughly discussed various features related to urban stormwater management, highlighted key drivers, identified knowledge gaps in each of the measures and/or practices, recommended future research needs of urban stormwater management to become sustainable and resilient. Integrated modelling approaches considering various key drivers including reuse and real time governance enables stormwater management to be sustainable and resilient in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M G Muni Reddy
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering(A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India E-mail:
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Shubo T, Maranhão AG, Ferreira FC, de Silva E Mouta Júnior S, de Pedrosa Macena LDG, do Rosário Vaz Morgado C, Warish A, Sidhu JPS, Miagostovich MP. Microbiological characterization of stormwater in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:51. [PMID: 34985601 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater harvesting and reuse in the urban environment is emerging as an alternative water source, despite human pathogens in the stormwater may represent a hazard to public health. This study presents the results of 1-year monitoring to evaluate the quality of stormwater obtained in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro for a set of microbiological parameters as total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), human adenovirus (HAdV), human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), Group A rotavirus (RVA), and norovirus GI and GII. Forty-eight stormwater samples obtained from two multiplex units presented total coliforms and E. coli in 91.7% (n = 44) and 58.3% (n = 28) of samples, while HAdV and JCPyV were detected in 20.8% (n = 10) and 12.5% (n = 6), respectively. Viral quantification ranged from 103 to 104 genomic copies/liter (GC/L) for HAdV and from 101 to 104 GC/L for JCPyV. Neither RVA nor norovirus GI and GII was detected. Fifteen out of sixteen (93.8%) samples containing viruses were compliant as per fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) according to Brazilian standards for rainwater reuse and US EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse, suggesting that viruses monitoring should complement the study of bacterial indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shubo
- Environmental Engineering Program (PEA), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brazil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Silva E Mouta Júnior
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorena da Graça de Pedrosa Macena
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ahmed Warish
- Environmental Contaminant Mitigation & Biotechnologies (ECMB), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jatinder P S Sidhu
- Ecoscience Precinct, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Feng W, Liu Y, Gao L. Stormwater treatment for reuse: Current practice and future development - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113830. [PMID: 34600425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater harvesting is an effective measure to mitigate flooding risk and pollutant migration in our urban environment with the continuously increasing impermeable faction. Treatment of harvested stormwater also provides the fit-for-purpose water sources as an alternative to potable water supply ensuring the reliability and sustainability of the water management in the living complex. In order to provide the water management decision-maker with a broad range of related technology database and to facilitate the implementation of stormwater harvesting in the future, a comprehensive review was undertaken to understand the corresponding treatment performance, the applicable circumstances of current stormwater treatment and harvesting technologies. Technologies with promising potential for stormwater treatment were also reviewed to investigate the feasibility of being used in an integrated process. The raw stormwater quality and the required quality for different levels of stormwater reuses (irrigation, recreational, and potable) were reviewed and compared. The required level of treatment is defined for different 'fit-for-purpose' uses of harvested stormwater. Stormwater biofilter and constructed wetland as the two most advanced and widely used stormwater harvesting and treatment technologies, their main functionality, treatment performance and adequate scale of the application were reviewed based on published peer-reviewed articles and case studies. Excessive microbial effluent that exists in stormwater treated using these two technologies has restricted the stormwater reuse in most cases. Water disinfection technologies developed for wastewater and surface water treatment but with high potential to be used for stormwater treatment have been reviewed. Their feasibility and limitation for stormwater treatment are presented with respect to different levels of fit-for-purpose reuses. Implications for future implementation of stormwater treatment are made on proposing treatment trains that are suitable for different fit-for-purpose stormwater reuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Feng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Li Gao
- Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia; South East Water Corporation, Seaford, VIC, 3198 Australia.
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Olson E, Hargiss CLM, Norland J. Escherichia coli levels and microbial source tracking in stormwater retention ponds and detention basins. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 94:e1675. [PMID: 34871470 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the spatial and temporal changes that occur with Escherichia coli in urban stormwater systems. The goal of this project was to assess E. coli in urban stormwater detention basins and retention ponds, not connected to the sewer system, to determine temporal and spatial differences and evaluate the sources of E. coli utilizing microbial source tracking (MST). Surface water quality was sampled at three detention basins and five retention ponds during major storm events in the summers of 2018 and 2019. One week after each storm, groundwater and surface water were sampled. The MST samples were taken from storm events and normal flows, for both surface and groundwater. E. coli levels were higher during rain events in both detention basins and retention ponds and infrequently met a recreational standard. E. coli in groundwater was pervasive and infrequently met a recreational standard. The MST analysis found sewage, dog, human, and bird markers during storm events and sewage and bird markers during regular flows. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Rain events had significantly more E. coli than during normal flows in both retention ponds and detention basins. E. coli in groundwater was ubiquitous and fluctuates over time. Microbial source tracking (MST) found bird, dog, human, and sewage markers present during all storm events analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Olson
- School of Natural Resources Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Christina L M Hargiss
- School of Natural Resources Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jack Norland
- School of Natural Resources Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Price MT, Blackwood AD, Noble RT. Integrating culture and molecular quantification of microbial contaminants into a predictive modeling framework in a low-lying, tidally-influenced coastal watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148232. [PMID: 34147794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Examinations of stormwater delivery in the context of tidal inundation are lacking. Along the coastal plains of the southeastern United States, tidal inundation is increasing in frequency and severity, often with dramatic adverse impacts on timely stormwater discharge, coastal flooding hazards, and even "sunny day flooding". Therefore, a comprehensive study was conducted to examine tidally-influenced stormwater outfalls discharging to Taylor's Creek, an estuary proximal to Beaufort, NC used regularly for recreation and tourism. Over a wide range of meteorological conditions, water samples were collected and analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB, used for water quality management) and previously published quantitative microbial source tracking (qMST) markers. Nineteen sampling events were conducted from July 2017-June 2018 with samples classified according to tidal state and defined as either inundated, receding, or transition. A first-of-its-kind multiple linear regression model was developed to predict concentrations of Enterococcus sp. by tidal cycle, salinity and antecedent rainfall. We demonstrated that the majority of variability associated with the concentration of Enterococcus sp. could be predicted by E. coli concentration and tidal phase. FIB concentrations were significantly (<0.05) influenced by tide with higher concentrations observed in samples collected during receding (low) tides (EC: log 3.12 MPN/100 mL; ENT: 2.67 MPN/100 mL) compared to those collected during inundated (high) (EC: log 2.62 MPN/100 mL; ENT: 2.11 MPN/100 mL) or transition (EC: log 2.74 MPN/100 mL; ENT: 2.53 MPN/100 mL) tidal periods. Salinity, was also found to significantly (<0.05) correlate with Enterococcus sp. concentrations during inundated (high) tidal conditions (sal: 17 ppt; ENT: 2.04 MPN/100 mL). Tide, not precipitation, was shown to be a significant driver in explaining the variability in Enterococcus sp. concentrations. Precipitation has previously been shown to be a driver of Enterococcus sp. concentrations, but our project demonstrates the need for tidal parameters to be included in the future development of water quality monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Price
- UNC Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell St., Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Angelia D Blackwood
- UNC Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell St., Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Rachel T Noble
- UNC Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell St., Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
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40
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Corsi SR, De Cicco LA, Hansen AM, Lenaker PL, Bergamaschi BA, Pellerin BA, Dila DK, Bootsma MJ, Spencer SK, Borchardt MA, McLellan SL. Optical Properties of Water for Prediction of Wastewater Contamination, Human-Associated Bacteria, and Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Surface Water at Three Watershed Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13770-13782. [PMID: 34591452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Relations between spectral absorbance and fluorescence properties of water and human-associated and fecal indicator bacteria were developed for facilitating field sensor applications to estimate wastewater contamination in waterways. Leaking wastewater conveyance infrastructure commonly contaminates receiving waters. Methods to quantify such contamination can be time consuming, expensive, and often nonspecific. Human-associated bacteria are wastewater specific but require discrete sampling and laboratory analyses, introducing latency. Human sewage has fluorescence and absorbance properties different than those of natural waters. To assist real-time field sensor development, this study investigated optical properties for use as surrogates for human-associated bacteria to estimate wastewater prevalence in environmental waters. Three spatial scales were studied: Eight watershed-scale sites, five subwatershed-scale sites, and 213 storm sewers and open channels within three small watersheds (small-scale sites) were sampled (996 total samples) for optical properties, human-associated bacteria, fecal indicator bacteria, and, for selected samples, human viruses. Regression analysis indicated that bacteria concentrations could be estimated by optical properties used in existing field sensors for watershed and subwatershed scales. Human virus occurrence increased with modeled human-associated bacteria concentration, providing confidence in these regressions as surrogates for wastewater contamination. Adequate regressions were not found for small-scale sites to reliably estimate bacteria concentrations likely due to inconsistent local sanitary sewer inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Laura A De Cicco
- U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Angela M Hansen
- United States Geological Survey, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Peter L Lenaker
- U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Brian A Bergamaschi
- United States Geological Survey, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Brian A Pellerin
- United States Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
| | - Debra K Dila
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Melinda J Bootsma
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Susan K Spencer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Mark A Borchardt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Sandra L McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
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Sala-Comorera L, Reynolds LJ, Martin NA, Pascual-Benito M, Stephens JH, Nolan TM, Gitto A, O'Hare GMP, O'Sullivan JJ, García-Aljaro C, Meijer WG. crAssphage as a human molecular marker to evaluate temporal and spatial variability in faecal contamination of urban marine bathing waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147828. [PMID: 34052479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bathing water quality may be negatively impacted by diffuse pollution arising from urban and agricultural activities and wildlife, it is therefore important to be able to differentiate between biological and geographical sources of faecal pollution. crAssphage was recently described as a novel human-associated microbial source tracking marker. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the crAssphage marker in designated bathing waters. The sensitivity and specificity of the crAss_2 marker was evaluated using faecal samples from herring gulls, dogs, sewage and a stream impacted by human pollution (n = 80), which showed that all human impacted samples tested positive for the marker while none of the animal samples did. The crAss_2 marker was field tested in an urban marine bathing water close to the discharge point of human impacted streams. In addition, the bathing water is affected by dog and gull fouling. Analysis of water samples taken at the compliance point every 30 min during a tidal cycle following a rain event showed that the crAss_2 and HF183 markers performed equally well (Spearman correlation ρ = 0.84). The levels of these marker and faecal indicators (Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, somatic coliphages) varied by up to 2.5 log10 during the day. Analysis of a high-tide transect perpendicular to the shoreline revealed high levels of localised faecal contamination 1 km offshore, with a concomitant spike in the gull marker. In contrast, both the crAss_2 and HF183 markers remained at a constant level, showing that human faecal contamination is homogenously distributed, while gull pollution is localised. Performance of the crAss_2 and HF183 assay was further evaluated in bimonthly compliance point samples over an 18-month period. The co-occurrence between the crAss_2 and HF183 markers in compliance sampling was 76%. A combination of both markers should be applied in low pollution impacted environments to obtain a high confidence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sala-Comorera
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liam J Reynolds
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh A Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Míriam Pascual-Benito
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jayne H Stephens
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tristan M Nolan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurora Gitto
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory M P O'Hare
- UCD School of Computer Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John J O'Sullivan
- UCD School of Civil Engineering, UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cristina García-Aljaro
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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42
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Evaluating the Performance of Machine Learning Approaches to Predict the Microbial Quality of Surface Waters and to Optimize the Sampling Effort. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13182457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to contaminated water during aquatic recreational activities can lead to gastrointestinal diseases. In order to decrease the exposure risk, the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli is routinely monitored, which is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and costly. To assist the stakeholders in the daily management of bathing sites, models have been developed to predict the microbiological quality. However, model performances are highly dependent on the quality of the input data which are usually scarce. In our study, we proposed a conceptual framework for optimizing the selection of the most adapted model, and to enrich the training dataset. This frameword was successfully applied to the prediction of Escherichia coli concentrations in the Marne River (Paris Area, France). We compared the performance of six machine learning (ML)-based models: K-nearest neighbors, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machines, Bagging, Random Forest, and Adaptive boosting. Based on several statistical metrics, the Random Forest model presented the best accuracy compared to the other models. However, 53.2 ± 3.5% of the predicted E. coli densities were inaccurately estimated according to the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Four parameters (temperature, conductivity, 24 h cumulative rainfall of the previous day the sampling, and the river flow) were identified as key variables to be monitored for optimization of the ML model. The set of values to be optimized will feed an alert system for monitoring the microbiological quality of the water through combined strategy of in situ manual sampling and the deployment of a network of sensors. Based on these results, we propose a guideline for ML model selection and sampling optimization.
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43
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Shubo T, Maranhão A, Ferreira FC, Fumian TM, Pimenta MMA, do Rosário Vaz Morgado C, Toze S, Ahmed W, Sidhu J, Miagostovich MP. Virological Characterization of Roof-Harvested Rainwater of Densely Urbanized Low-Income Region. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:412-420. [PMID: 34185277 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) is considered relatively clean water, even though the possible presence of pathogens in the water may pose human health risks. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of enteric viruses in the first flush (10 mm) of RHRW from a densely populated and low-income urbanized region of Rio de Janeiro. One hundred samples (5 L) were collected from 10 rainfall events between April 2015 and March 2017. RNA and DNA viruses were concentrated using the skimmed milk flocculation method and analyzed using the TaqMan® quantitative RT-qPCR and qPCR. Human adenoviruses, noroviruses, rotaviruses A, and avian parvoviruses were detected in 54%, 31%, 12%, and 12% of the positive samples. JC polyomavirus, also targeted, was not detected. Virus concentrations ranged from 1.09 × 101 to 2.58 × 103 genome copies/Liter (GC/L). Partial nucleotide sequence confirmed the presence of HAdV type 41, norovirus genotype GII.4, and avian parvovirus 1. The results suggest that the first flush diversion devices may not adequately remove enteric virus from the rainwater. Additional treatment of RHRW is required to mitigate potential health risks from potable use of captured water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shubo
- Sanitation and Environmental Health Department, Sergio Arouca Public Health National School, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria Araújo Pimenta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Simon Toze
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jatinder Sidhu
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Business Unit, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Wiesner-Friedman C, Beattie RE, Stewart JR, Hristova KR, Serre ML. Microbial Find, Inform, and Test Model for Identifying Spatially Distributed Contamination Sources: Framework Foundation and Demonstration of Ruminant Bacteroides Abundance in River Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10451-10461. [PMID: 34291905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pollution in rivers poses known ecological and health risks, yet causal and mechanistic linkages to sources remain difficult to establish. Host-associated microbial source tracking (MST) markers help to assess the microbial risks by linking hosts to contamination but do not identify the source locations. Land-use regression (LUR) models have been used to screen the source locations using spatial predictors but could be improved by characterizing transport (i.e., hauling, decay overland, and downstream). We introduce the microbial Find, Inform, and Test (FIT) framework, which expands previous LUR approaches and develops novel spatial predictor models to characterize the transported contributions. We applied FIT to characterize the sources of BoBac, a ruminant Bacteroides MST marker, quantified in riverbed sediment samples from Kewaunee County, Wisconsin. A 1 standard deviation increase in contributions from land-applied manure hauled from animal feeding operations (AFOs) was associated with a 77% (p-value <0.05) increase in the relative abundance of ruminant Bacteroides (BoBac-copies-per-16S-rRNA-copies) in the sediment. This is the first work finding an association between the upstream land-applied manure and the offsite bovine-associated fecal markers. These findings have implications for the sediment as a reservoir for microbial pollution associated with AFOs (e.g., pathogens and antibiotic-resistant bacteria). This framework and application advance statistical analysis in MST and water quality modeling more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Wiesner-Friedman
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Rachelle E Beattie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Jill R Stewart
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Krassimira R Hristova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Marc L Serre
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
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Liguori R, Rommel SH, Bengtsson-Palme J, Helmreich B, Wurzbacher C. Microbial retention and resistances in stormwater quality improvement devices treating road runoff. FEMS MICROBES 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Current knowledge about the microbial communities that occur in urban road runoff is scarce. Road runoff of trafficked roads can be heavily polluted and is treated by stormwater quality improvement devices (SQIDs). However, microbes may influence the treatment process of these devices or could lead to stress resistant opportunistic microbial strains. In this study, the microbial community in the influent, effluent and the filter materials used to remove dissolved heavy metals from two different SQIDs were analyzed to determine microbial load, retention, composition, and mobile resistance genes. Although the microbes were replaced by new taxa in the effluent, there was no major retention of microbial genera. Further, the bacterial abundance of the SQIDs effluent was relatively stable over time. The heavy metal content correlated with intl1 and with microbial genera. The filter media itself was enriched with Intl1 gene cassettes, carrying several heavy metal and multidrug resistance genes (e.g. czrA, czcA, silP, mexW and mexI), indicating that this is a hot spot for horizontal gene transfer. Overall, the results shed light on road runoff microbial communities, and pointed to distinct bacterial communities within the SQIDs, which subsequently influence the microbial community and the genes released with the treated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Liguori
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro direzionale Isola –C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Steffen H Rommel
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johan Bengtsson-Palme
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brigitte Helmreich
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Wurzbacher
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Li D, Van De Werfhorst LC, Rugh MB, Feraud M, Hung WC, Jay J, Cao Y, Parker EA, Grant SB, Holden PA. Limited Bacterial Removal in Full-Scale Stormwater Biofilters as Evidenced by Community Sequencing Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9199-9208. [PMID: 34106689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In urban areas, untreated stormwater runoff can pollute downstream surface waters. To intercept and treat runoff, low-impact or "green infrastructure" approaches such as using biofilters are adopted. Yet, actual biofilter pollutant removal is poorly understood; removal is often studied in laboratory columns, with variable removal of viable and culturable microbial cell numbers including pathogens. Here, to assess bacterial pollutant removal in full-scale planted biofilters, stormwater was applied, unspiked or spiked with untreated sewage, in simulated storm events under transient flow conditions, during which biofilter influents versus effluents were compared. Based on microbial biomass, sequences of bacterial community genes encoding 16S rRNA, and gene copies of the human fecal marker HF183 and of the Enterococcus spp. marker Entero1A, removal of bacterial pollutants in biofilters was limited. Dominant bacterial taxa were similar for influent versus effluent aqueous samples within each inflow treatment of either spiked or unspiked stormwater. Bacterial pollutants in soil were gradually washed out, albeit incompletely, during simulated storm flushing events. In post-storm biofilter soil cores, retained influent bacteria were concentrated in the top layers (0-10 cm), indicating that the removal of bacterial pollutants was spatially limited to surface soils. To the extent that plant-associated processes are responsible for this spatial pattern, treatment performance might be enhanced by biofilter designs that maximize influent contact with the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Laurie C Van De Werfhorst
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Megyn B Rugh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5731 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Marina Feraud
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Wei-Cheng Hung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5731 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jennifer Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5731 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yiping Cao
- Source Molecular Corporation, 15280 NW 79th Court, St 107, Miami Lakes, Florida 33016, United States
- Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board, 3737 Main Street, St 500, Riverside, California 92501, United States
| | - Emily A Parker
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Verbyla ME, Calderon JS, Flanigan S, Garcia M, Gersberg R, Kinoshita AM, Mladenov N, Pinongcos F, Welsh M. An Assessment of Ambient Water Quality and Challenges with Access to Water and Sanitation Services for Individuals Experiencing Homelessness in Riverine Encampments. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2021; 38:389-401. [PMID: 34079210 PMCID: PMC8165467 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2020.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness face significant barriers to accessing water, sanitation, and hygiene services, but the risks associated with this lack of access and barriers to service provision have been largely understudied. We analyzed water samples upstream and downstream of three homeless encampments in the San Diego River watershed and interviewed service providers from public and nonprofit sectors to assess local perceptions about challenges and potential solutions for water and sanitation service provision in this context. Water upstream from encampments contained detectable levels of caffeine and sucralose. Escherichia coli concentrations downstream of the encampments were significantly greater than concentrations upstream, but there was no significant change in the concentrations of other pollutants, including caffeine and sucralose. The HF183 marker of Bacteroides was only detected in one sample upstream of an encampment and was not detected downstream. Overall, there was insufficient evidence to suggest that the encampments studied here were responsible for contributing pollution to the river. Nevertheless, the presence of caffeine, sucralose, and HF183 indicated that there are anthropogenic sources of contamination in the river during dry weather and potential risks associated with the use of this water by encampment residents. Interviews with service providers revealed perceptions that the provision of water and sanitation services for this population would be prohibitively expensive. Interviewees also reported perceptions that most riverbank residents avoided contact with service providers, which may present challenges for the provision of water and sanitation service unless trust is first built between service providers and residents of riverine encampments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Verbyla
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, MC-1324, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA. Phone: 619-594-0711; Fax: 619 594 8078;
| | - Jose S. Calderon
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shawn Flanigan
- School of Public Affairs, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mireille Garcia
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rick Gersberg
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alicia M. Kinoshita
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Natalie Mladenov
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Federick Pinongcos
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Megan Welsh
- School of Public Affairs, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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Kongprajug A, Denpetkul T, Chyerochana N, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Human Fecal Pollution Monitoring and Microbial Risk Assessment for Water Reuse Potential in a Coastal Industrial-Residential Mixed-Use Watershed. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647602. [PMID: 33959110 PMCID: PMC8093506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid economic development has caused industrial expansion into residential communities, leading to higher fecal pollution loads that could be discharged into aquatic environments. However, little is known regarding the potential microbial impact on human health. This study investigated microbial contamination from coastal industrial–residential community areas in nine sampling sites in waterways during three dry events. A general microbial source tracking (MST) marker, GenBac3, was detected in all samples from all three events, indicating continuing fecal pollution in the area, mostly from human sewage contamination. This was shown by the human-specific genetic marker crAssphage (88.9%) and human polyomavirus (HPyVs; 92.6%) detection. Enteric human adenovirus (HAdV40/41) showed three positive results only from residential sites in the first event. No spatial difference was observed for MST markers and traditional fecal indicators (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) in each event. Still, a significantly lower abundance of GenBac3, HPyVs, and total coliforms in the first sampling event was detected. Spearman’s rho analysis indicated a strong correlation among certain pairs of microbial parameters. Multivariate analysis revealed two clusters of samples separated by land use type (industrial vs. residential). According to factor analysis of mixed data, the land use parameter was more associated with physicochemical parameters (i.e., salinity, conductivity, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen). A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was then conducted to estimate the annual infection risks of HAdV40/41 for non-potable water reuse purposes using predicted concentrations from crAssphage and HPyVs. The highest risks (95th percentiles) were ranked by food crop irrigation, aquaculture, and toilet flushing, at 10–1, 10–2, and 10–3 per person per year (pppy). Required treatment levels to achieve a 10–4 pppy annual infection risk were estimated. QMRA-based water treatment scenarios were suggested, including chlorination for toilet flushing reuse and depth filtration prior to chlorination for aquaculture and food crop irrigation. Microbial monitoring combined with a QMRA could provide better insights into fecal pollution patterns and the associated risks, facilitating effective water quality management and appropriate prior treatments for water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thammanitchpol Denpetkul
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
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49
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Grogan AE, Mallin MA. Successful mitigation of stormwater-driven nutrient, fecal bacteria and suspended solids loading in a recreational beach community. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111853. [PMID: 33433367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine and estuarine waterways adjacent to urban areas are often the final recipient of polluted stormwater runoff. Microbial degradation of coastal water quality is a direct threat to human health through fecal contamination of bathing waters and shellfish, as well as distressing local economies through the loss of waterways to commercial (shellfishing) and recreational use. In coastal waters reduction of nitrogen loading is a key strategy for prevention of noxious and toxic algal blooms. Best management practices (BMPs) can be successful tools for mitigating such pollutants in runoff, but BMPs must be tailored to individual situations for maximum effectiveness. This study examines the efficacy of a set of BMPs installed in the coastal resort Town of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, USA. The BMPs targeted the highly-impervious (90%+) drainage area of two stormwater outfall pipes emptying into recreationally used Banks Channel. Mitigation measures included replacement of impervious pavement with pervious concrete and construction of an infiltration chamber in the parking lot of a local recreational seaside club. Significant reductions were achieved in total stormwater discharge (62%), as well as loading of the fecal indicator bacteria Enterococcus (76%) and total nitrogen (TN - 87% decrease). Additionally, there were reductions in loading of total phosphorous (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) to estuarine waters following BMP installment. The set of BMPs applied here have wide management applicability to coastal ecosystems, as well as freshwater riparian areas characterized by sandy, porous soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Grogan
- Center for Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA.
| | - Michael A Mallin
- Center for Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA.
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50
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Ruiz-González C, Rodellas V, Garcia-Orellana J. The microbial dimension of submarine groundwater discharge: current challenges and future directions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6128669. [PMID: 33538813 PMCID: PMC8498565 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the relevance of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) for ocean biogeochemistry, the microbial dimension of SGD remains poorly understood. SGD can influence marine microbial communities through supplying chemical compounds and microorganisms, and in turn, microbes at the land–ocean transition zone determine the chemistry of the groundwater reaching the ocean. However, compared with inland groundwater, little is known about microbial communities in coastal aquifers. Here, we review the state of the art of the microbial dimension of SGD, with emphasis on prokaryotes, and identify current challenges and future directions. Main challenges include improving the diversity description of groundwater microbiota, characterized by ultrasmall, inactive and novel taxa, and by high ratios of sediment-attached versus free-living cells. Studies should explore microbial dynamics and their role in chemical cycles in coastal aquifers, the bidirectional dispersal of groundwater and seawater microorganisms, and marine bacterioplankton responses to SGD. This will require not only combining sequencing methods, visualization and linking taxonomy to activity but also considering the entire groundwater–marine continuum. Interactions between traditionally independent disciplines (e.g. hydrogeology, microbial ecology) are needed to frame the study of terrestrial and aquatic microorganisms beyond the limits of their presumed habitats, and to foster our understanding of SGD processes and their influence in coastal biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ruiz-González
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC). Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, E08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentí Rodellas
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Orellana
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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