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Choi D, North M, Ahmed M, Belousova N, Vasileva A, Matelski J, Singer LG, Wu JKY, Jeong CH, Evans G, Chow CW. Pollution exposure in the 1 st 3 months post transplant is associated with lower baseline FEV 1 and higher CLAD risk. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024:S1053-2498(24)01791-1. [PMID: 39142524 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution post lung transplant has been shown to decrease graft and patient survival. This study examines the impact of air pollution exposure in the first 3 months post-transplant on baseline (i.e. highest) forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) achieved and development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). METHODS Double-lung transplant recipients (n=82) were prospectively enrolled for comprehensive indoor and personal environmental monitoring at 6- and 12-weeks post-transplant and followed for >4 years. Associations between clinical and exposure variables were investigated using an exposomics approach followed by analysis with a Cox Proportional Hazards model. Multivariable analyses were used to examine the impact of air pollution on baseline % predicted FEV1 (defined as the average of the 2 highest values achieved post-transplant) and risk of CLAD. RESULTS Multivariable analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship between personal black carbon (BC) levels and baseline % FEV1. The multivariable model indicated that patients with higher-than-median exposure to BC (>350 ng/m3) attained a baseline % FEV1 that was 8.8% lower than those with lower-than-median BC exposure (p = 0.019). Cox proportional hazards model analysis revealed that patients with high personal BC exposure had a 2.4 times higher hazard risk for CLAD than patients with low BC exposure (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Higher personal BC levels during the first 3 months post-transplant decreases baseline FEV1 and doubles the risk of CLAD. Strategies to reduce BC exposure early following lung transplant may help improve lung function and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Choi
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle North
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Musawir Ahmed
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalia Belousova
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anastasiia Vasileva
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Matelski
- Biostatistics Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lianne G Singer
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Ajmera Multi-Organ Transplant Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joyce K Y Wu
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg Evans
- Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chung-Wai Chow
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Ajmera Multi-Organ Transplant Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Guo W, He J, Yang W. Association between outdoor jogging behavior and PM 2.5 exposure: Evidence from massive GPS trajectory data in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174759. [PMID: 39004371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Outdoor jogging is one of the most popular practised exercises worldwide, providing various benefits for health and wellbeing. However, PM2.5 exposure risks of jogging behaviors were rarely explored. This study aims to investigate the association between jogging behavior and PM2.5 exposure with big data. PM2.5 exposure concentration and dose inhalation of individuals were calculated by integrating hourly PM2.5 concentration data and jogging GPS trajectory recorded by a sports app during 2015 in Beijing, after which relationships between jogging behaviors and PM2.5 exposure were unpacked using statistics analysis and structural equation modelling. Experimental results on massive jogging trajectories show that: (1) the average jogging PM2.5 exposure concentration is 60.43 μg/m3, and female joggers inhaled significantly less air pollution dose (19.70 μg) than men (24.91 μg). (2) There exist significant spatiotemporal disparities in jogging exposure to PM2.5. Joggings in the city center, in the morning, on weekdays and in autumn and winter seasons were exposed to higher pollution concentrations. (3) Jogging behavior characteristics, especially distance, activity space size, duration and rotation, were systematically associated with PM2.5 exposure across space and time. (4) The role of gender directly shaped joggers' dose inhalation of PM2.5 pollution and indirectly via duration, timing choice and distance. (5) The effects of weather conditions on joggers' exposure to PM2.5 are mainly via direct effects, whereas the direct impacts of precipitation and wind speed are mitigated by indirect effects stemming from jogging behavior patterns. Our findings provide insights for personal guidance and policy intervention for the sake of promoting physical activity and reducing PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Guo
- Transport Studies Unit, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Jiawei He
- School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
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3
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Uraguchi K, Matsumoto N, Mitsuhashi T, Takao S, Makihara S, Ando M, Yorifuji T. Association Between Clinical Remission of Infantile-Onset Allergic Rhinitis During the School-Age Period and the Type of Housing: A Longitudinal Population-Based Japanese Study. J Pediatr Health Care 2024; 38:629-636. [PMID: 38127044 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between housing type and clinical remission of infantile-onset allergic rhinitis (AR) in 53,575 children born in 2001 in Japan. Infantile-onset AR was defined as the presence of AR symptoms reported between ages 1.5 and 4.5 years, and remission was assessed between ages 10 and 12. The type of housing was categorized into detached houses and multi-unit residential buildings with 1-2, 3-5, or ≥6 floors. Among the 4,352 infantile-onset AR, 42.9% experienced remission. Notably, living in multi-unit residential buildings, particularly those with 1-2 and ≥6 floors, was positively associated with AR remission.
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Saraga DΕ, Querol X, Duarte RMBO, Aquilina NJ, Canha N, Alvarez EG, Jovasevic-Stojanovic M, Bekö G, Byčenkienė S, Kovacevic R, Plauškaitė K, Carslaw N. Source apportionment for indoor air pollution: Current challenges and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165744. [PMID: 37487894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment (SA) for indoor air pollution is challenging due to the multiplicity and high variability of indoor sources, the complex physical and chemical processes that act as primary sources, sinks and sources of precursors that lead to secondary formation, and the interconnection with the outdoor environment. While the major indoor sources have been recognized, there is still a need for understanding the contribution of indoor versus outdoor-generated pollutants penetrating indoors, and how SA is influenced by the complex processes that occur in indoor environments. This paper reviews our current understanding of SA, through reviewing information on the SA techniques used, the targeted pollutants that have been studied to date, and their source apportionment, along with limitations or knowledge gaps in this research field. The majority (78 %) of SA studies to date focused on PM chemical composition/size distribution, with fewer studies covering organic compounds such as ketones, carbonyls and aldehydes. Regarding the SA method used, the majority of studies have used Positive Matrix Factorization (31 %), Principal Component Analysis (26 %) and Chemical Mass Balance (7 %) receptor models. The indoor PM sources identified to date include building materials and furniture emissions, indoor combustion-related sources, cooking-related sources, resuspension, cleaning and consumer products emissions, secondary-generated pollutants indoors and other products and activity-related emissions. The outdoor environment contribution to the measured pollutant indoors varies considerably (<10 %- 90 %) among the studies. Future challenges for this research area include the need for optimization of indoor air quality monitoring and data selection as well as the incorporation of physical and chemical processes in indoor air into source apportionment methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikaia Ε Saraga
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens 15310, Greece.
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Regina M B O Duarte
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Chemistry - Faculty of Science, Chemistry Building, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Nuno Canha
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C(2)TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Elena Gómez Alvarez
- Department of Agronomy, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Healthy and Sustainable Built Environment Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Steigvilė Byčenkienė
- Department of Environmental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Kristina Plauškaitė
- Department of Environmental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, UK
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Zhang R, Weschler LB, Ye J, Wang Z, Deng Q, Li B, HuaQian, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Huang S, Hong C. Associations between home environmental factors and childhood eczema and related symptoms in different cities in China. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21718. [PMID: 38027650 PMCID: PMC10661510 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown significant associations between home environmental factors and childhood eczema. However, few studies have compared how associations differ in different regions. This study investigated associations between home environmental factors and childhood eczema ever, and related symptoms including itchy rash (IR) and being awakened by itchy rash at night (awake by IR) in 4 cities located in different regions of China, based on cross-sectional investigations during 2010-2012. We used two-step analysis to explore the associations between influencing factors and eczema/related symptoms: first, group Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) was conducted to identify important factors among a list of candidates; then, the associations in total study population and in each city were estimated using logistic regression. We found these home environmental factors to be risk factors for eczema or related symptoms: large residence size, shared room, air cleaner at home, abnormal smell, perceived dry air, visible mold or damp stains, cooking with coal or wood, painted wall, incense, mice, new furniture during pregnancy, abnormal smell at birth, window condensation at birth and environmental tobacco smoke at birth. Environmental protective factors were rural house location and window ventilation. Associations of factors with eczema/related symptoms differed across cities. For example, air conditioning was protective for eczema in Beijing and awakening by IR in Shanghai with ORs of 0.70 (95%CI: 0.52, 0.95) and 0.33 (95%CI: 0.14, 0.81) respectively, but not significant in other cities. Our results have implications for improving home environments to reduce the risk of childhood eczema/related symptoms in different regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruosu Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | - Jin Ye
- School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - HuaQian
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaodan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Chuan Hong
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Duke University, North Carolina, USA
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Mukhopadhyay K, Chakraborty D, Natarajan S, Sambandam S, Balakrishnan K. Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from kerosene fuel burning and assessment of health risks among women in selected rural and urban households of South India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1445-1459. [PMID: 35499792 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-known hazardous substances; nevertheless, research on their exposure and health concerns associated with kerosene fuel emissions is limited. In this study, PAH (combined gaseous and particle phase) monitoring was carried out in the kitchen and living room in selected households. Personal exposure and cooking time monitoring were also carried out, simultaneously. The study's findings revealed that BaP, BA, BbF, and Nap were the most prevalent PAHs in both the summer and winter seasons, regardless of urban or rural households. The estimated values of average incremental lifetime cancer risks were found to be greater than the USEPA level, i.e., 1 × 10-6, in both urban and rural households, regardless of seasonal fluctuation. In both seasons, the non-carcinogenic risk for developmental and reproductive effects was higher in rural women than in urban women, and in case of developmental risk it showed greater than unity (rural: 1.11 and urban 1.03) in the winter season. On the other hand, Monte Carlo simulation model revealed that concentrations of PAHs (97.1% and 97.5%) and exposure duration (51.7% and 56.7%) were the most sensitive factors contributed for health risk estimations for urban and rural area in both seasons, respectively. Furthermore, the results clearly showed that women who were using kerosene for cooking were at a greater risk of acquiring both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health consequences from PAH exposure from kerosene cookstoves. It was recommended that they should utilize clean fuel, either by using LPG under the PMUY scheme or by using electricity/solar power to reduce health risks for better health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India.
| | - Deep Chakraborty
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Srinivasan Natarajan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
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Pradhan B, Jayaratne R, Thompson H, Buonanno G, Mazaheri M, Nyarku M, Lin W, Pereira ML, Cyrys J, Peters A, Morawska L. Utility of outdoor central site monitoring in assessing exposure of school children to ultrafine particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160162. [PMID: 36379336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies investigating the association between daily particle exposure and health effects are frequently based on a single monitoring site located in an urban background. Using a central site in epidemiological time-series studies has been established based on the premises of low spatial variability of particles within the areas of interest and hence the adequacy of the central sites to monitor the exposure. This is true to a large extent in relation to larger particles (PM2.5, PM10) that are typically monitored and regulated. However, the distribution of ultrafine particles (UFP), which in cities predominantly originate from traffic, is heterogeneous. With increasing pressure to improve the epidemiology of UFP, an important question to ask is, whether central site monitoring is representative of community exposure to this size fraction of particulate matter; addressing this question is the aim of this paper. To achieve this aim, we measured personal exposure to UFP, expressed as particle number concentration (PNC), using Philips Aerasense Nanotracers (NT) carried by the participants of the study, and condensation particle counters (CPC) or scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPS) at central fixed-site monitoring stations. The measurements were conducted at three locations in Brisbane (Australia), Cassino (Italy) and Accra (Ghana). We then used paired t-tests to compare the average personal and average fixed-site PNC measured over the same 24-h, and hourly, periods. We found that, at all three locations, the 24-h average fixed-site PNC was no different to the personal PNC, when averaged over the study period and all the participants. However, the corresponding hourly averages were significantly different at certain times of the day. These were generally times spent commuting and during cooking and eating at home. Our analysis of the data obtained in Brisbane, showed that maximum personal exposure occurred in the home microenvironment during morning breakfast and evening dinner time. The main source of PNC for personal exposure was from the home-microenvironment. We conclude that the 24-h average PNC from the central-site can be used to estimate the 24-h average personal exposure for a community. However, the hourly average PNC from the central site cannot consistently be used to estimate hourly average personal exposure, mainly because they are affected by very different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant Pradhan
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rohan Jayaratne
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen Thompson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Mandana Mazaheri
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mawutorli Nyarku
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marcelo Luiz Pereira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Santa Catarina, Department of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Brazil
| | - Josef Cyrys
- Institute of Epidemiology (EPI), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology (EPI), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Global Centre for Clean Air Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Johnes C, Sharpe RA, Menneer T, Taylor T, Nestel P. Using Sensor Data to Identify Factors Affecting Internal Air Quality within 279 Lower Income Households in Cornwall, South West of England. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1075. [PMID: 36673833 PMCID: PMC9858683 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Poor air quality affects health and causes premature death and disease. Outdoor air quality has received significant attention, but there has been less focus on indoor air quality and what drives levels of diverse pollutants in the home, such as particulate matter, and the impact this has on health; (2) Methods: This study conducts analysis of cross-sectional data from the Smartline project. Analyses of data from 279 social housing properties with indoor sensor data were used to assess multiple factors that could impact levels of particulate matter. T-Tests and Anova tests were used to explore associations between elevated PM2.5 and building, household and smoking and vaping characteristics. Binary logistic regression was used to test the association between elevated particulate matter and self-reported health; (3) Results: Of the multiple potential drivers of the particulate matter investigated, smoking and vaping were significantly associated with mean PM2.5. Following multivariate analysis, only smoking remained significantly associated with higher mean concentrations. Properties in which <15 cigarettes/day were smoked were predicted to have PM2.5 concentrations 9.06 µg/m3 higher (95% CI 6.4, 12.82, p ≤ 0.001) than those in which residents were non-smokers and 11.82 µg/m3 higher (95% CI 7.67, 18.19, p ≤ 0.001) where >15 cigarettes were smoked; (4) Conclusions: A total of 25% of social housing properties in this study experienced levels of indoor PM greater than WHO guideline levels for ambient air pollution. Although there are many factors that impact air quality, in this study the main driver was smoking. This highlights the importance of targeting smoking in indoor environments in future smoking cessation and control policy and practice and of understanding how pollutants interact in the home environment. There is also a need for further research into the impact on indoor air quality of vaping, particularly due to the rise in use and uncertainty of its long-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Johnes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard A. Sharpe
- Wellbeing and Public Health Service, Cornwall Council, Truro TR1 3AY, UK
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Tamaryn Menneer
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Timothy Taylor
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Penelope Nestel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Elbayoumi M, Albelbeisi AH. Biomass use and its health effects among the vulnerable and marginalized refugee families in the Gaza Strip. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1129985. [PMID: 37089471 PMCID: PMC10117936 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1129985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Biomass fuel remains the most common type of fuel used in many developing countries, leading to indoor air pollution and serious health impacts. Objective The objective of this study was to compile evidence on the impact household fuel combustion has on child and adult health, with an emphasis on solid fuel use in Gaza. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 110 structured self-administered questionnaires were distributed in April 2019 among families living in the Al-Maghazi refugee camp. Results Participants reported that the main fuel used were wood, coal, cardboard, and a mix of wood, cardboard, and plastic, which were used for cooking, heating, baking, boiling water, and lighting. The most common symptoms were nasal irritation (71.8%), followed by headache (66.4%) and dizziness (65.4%). The results of logistic regression showed that the participants who used wood fuel had a higher chance of feeling eye irritation than those who used a mix of wood, cardboard, and dried grass (OR = 1.316; 95% CI = 1.54-8.99). The participants who opened windows during the burning process of biomass fuel were five times more likely to develop pneumonia than those who closed windows (OR = 5.53; 95%CI = 11.60-19.0). Conclusion there is an urgent need for community awareness campaigns designed to inform people about the risks of exposure to biomass fuel smoke and how to better implement household ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Elbayoumi
- Energy and Sustainable Environment Center, School of Engineering, Israa University, Gaza Strip, Palestine
- *Correspondence: Maher Elbayoumi,
| | - Ahmed Hassan Albelbeisi
- Medical Services Directorate, Gaza Strip, Palestine
- College of Health Professions, Israa University, Gaza Strip, Palestine
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Wei S, Semple S. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) from non-tobacco sources in homes within high-income countries: a systematic review. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2022; 16:553-566. [PMID: 36467893 PMCID: PMC9703437 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-022-01288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The health impacts associated with exposure to elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are well recognised. There is a substantial number of studies characterising PM2.5 concentrations outdoors, as well as in homes within low- and middle-income countries. In high-income countries (HICs), there is a sizeable literature on indoor PM2.5 relating to smoking, but the evidence on exposure to PM2.5 generated from non-tobacco sources in homes is sparse. This is especially relevant as people living in HICs spend the majority of their time at home, and in the northern hemisphere households often have low air exchange rates for energy efficiency. This review identified 49 studies that described indoor PM2.5 concentrations generated from a variety of common household sources in real-life home settings in HICs. These included wood/solid fuel burning appliances, cooking, candles, incense, cleaning and humidifiers. The reported concentrations varied widely, both between sources and within groups of the same source. The burning of solid fuels was found to generate the highest indoor PM2.5 concentrations. On occasion, other sources were also reported to be responsible for high PM2.5 concentrations; however, this was only in a few select examples. This review also highlights the many inconsistencies in the ways data are collected and reported. The variable methods of measurement and reporting make comparison and interpretation of data difficult. There is a need for standardisation of methods and agreed contextual data to make household PM2.5 data more useful in epidemiological studies and aid comparison of the impact of different interventions and policies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-022-01288-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Wei
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
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11
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Baeza_Romero MT, Dudzinska MR, Amouei Torkmahalleh M, Barros N, Coggins AM, Ruzgar DG, Kildsgaard I, Naseri M, Rong L, Saffell J, Scutaru AM, Staszowska A. A review of critical residential buildings parameters and activities when investigating indoor air quality and pollutants. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13144. [PMID: 36437669 PMCID: PMC9828800 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air in residential dwellings can contain a variety of chemicals, sometimes present at concentrations or in combinations which can have a negative impact on human health. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) surveys are often required to characterize human exposure or to investigate IAQ concerns and complaints. Such surveys should include sufficient contextual information to elucidate sources, pathways, and the magnitude of exposures. The aim of this review was to investigate and describe the parameters that affect IAQ in residential dwellings: building location, layout, and ventilation, finishing materials, occupant activities, and occupant demography. About 180 peer-reviewed articles, published from 01/2013 to 09/2021 (plus some important earlier publications), were reviewed. The importance of the building parameters largely depends on the study objectives and whether the focus is on a specific pollutant or to assess health risk. When considering classical pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the building parameters can have a significant impact on IAQ, and detailed information of these parameters needs to be reported in each study. Research gaps and suggestions for the future studies together with recommendation of where measurements should be done are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Baeza_Romero
- Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha. Dpto. Química‐Física, Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial y AeroespacialToledoSpain
| | | | - Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public HealthUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital SciencesNazarbayev UniversityAstanaKazakhstan
| | - Nelson Barros
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP‐ENAS)University Fernando PessoaPortoPortugal
| | - Ann Marie Coggins
- School of Natural Sciences & Ryan InstituteNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Duygu Gazioglu Ruzgar
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering DepartmentBursa Technical UniversityBursaTurkey
| | | | - Motahareh Naseri
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital SciencesNazarbayev UniversityAstanaKazakhstan
| | - Li Rong
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | | | | | - Amelia Staszowska
- Faculty of Environmental EngineeringLublin University of TechnologyLublinPoland
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12
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Anand A, Yadav S, Phuleria HC. Chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 in densely populated urban slums. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113562. [PMID: 35623440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A significant proportion of population in metropolitan cities in India live in slums which are highly dense and crowded informal housing settlements with poor environmental conditions including high exposure to air pollution. Recent studies report that toxicity is induced by oxidative processes, mediated by the water-soluble PM chemical components leading to reactive oxygen species production thereby causing inflammatory disorders. Hence, for the first time, this study assessed the chemical characteristics and oxidative potential (OP) of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in two slums in Mumbai, India. Daily gravimetric PM2.5 was measured in ∼40 homes each in a low- and a high-traffic slum and analysed for 18 water-soluble elements and organic carbon (WSOC). Subsequently, OP was assessed through the Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Average WSOC was similar in indoor and outdoor environments while the water-soluble concentrations of total elements ranged 4.5-6.5 μg/m3 indoors and 6.4-19.2 μg/m3 outdoors, with S, Ca, K, Na and Zn being the most abundant elements. Spatial distributions of indoor concentrations were influenced by outdoor sources such as local traffic emissions for Cd, Fe, Al and Zn. The influence of outdoor-origin particles was enhanced in homes reporting high air exchange rates. OP was higher outdoors than indoors in both low-traffic slum (0.04-0.51 nmol min-1m-3 outdoors and 0.02-0.38 nmol min-1m-3 indoors) and high-traffic slum (0.03-1.06 nmol min-1m-3 outdoors and 0.04-0.77 nmol min-1m-3 indoors). Outdoor and indoor OP was also more influenced by outdoor road dust showing significant correlation with tracer elements Cu and Al (r ≥ 0.45; p < 0.05). Similar to OP, the non-carcinogenic health risk associated with indoor PM2.5 were also higher in high-traffic slum (Hazard Index, HI = 1.60) than in low-traffic slum (HI = 0.43). Overall, this study shows that the indoor PM2.5 and its chemical constituents in Mumbai slums are primarily of outdoor origin with higher toxicity and non-carcinogenic health risk in high-traffic slums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Anand
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Suman Yadav
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Harish C Phuleria
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate Studies, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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13
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A systematic literature review on indoor PM2.5 concentrations and personal exposure in urban residential buildings. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10174. [PMID: 36061003 PMCID: PMC9434053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5μm (PM2.5) is currently a major air pollutant that has been raising public attention. Studies have found that short/long-term exposure to PM2.5 lead detrimental health effects. Since people in most region of the world spend a large proportion of time in dwellings, personal exposure to PM2.5 in home microenvironment should be carefully investigated. The objective of this review is to investigate and summary studies in terms of personal exposure to indoor PM2.5 pollutants from the literature between 2000 and 2021. Factors from both outdoor and indoor environment that have impact on indoor PM2.5 levels were explicated. Exposure studies were verified relating to individual activity pattern and exposure models. It was found that abundant investigations in terms of personal exposure to indoor PM2.5 is affected by factors including concentration level, exposure duration and personal diversity. Personal exposure models, including microenvironment model, mathematical model, stochastic model and other simulation models of particle deposition in different regions of human airway are reviewed. Further studies joining indoor measurement and simulation of PM2.5 concentration and estimation of deposition in human respiratory tract are necessary for individual health protection.
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14
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Bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements in some lichen species from two remote sites of Tunisia. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Kumar P, Hama S, Abbass RA, Nogueira T, Brand VS, Wu HW, Abulude FO, Adelodun AA, Anand P, Andrade MDF, Apondo W, Asfaw A, Aziz KH, Cao SJ, El-Gendy A, Indu G, Kehbila AG, Ketzel M, Khare M, Kota SH, Mamo T, Manyozo S, Martinez J, McNabola A, Morawska L, Mustafa F, Muula AS, Nahian S, Nardocci AC, Nelson W, Ngowi AV, Njoroge G, Olaya Y, Omer K, Osano P, Sarkar Pavel MR, Salam A, Santos ELC, Sitati C, Shiva Nagendra SM. In-kitchen aerosol exposure in twelve cities across the globe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 162:107155. [PMID: 35278800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poor ventilation and polluting cooking fuels in low-income homes cause high exposure, yet relevant global studies are limited. We assessed exposure to in-kitchen particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) employing similar instrumentation in 60 low-income homes across 12 cities: Dhaka (Bangladesh); Chennai (India); Nanjing (China); Medellín (Colombia); São Paulo (Brazil); Cairo (Egypt); Sulaymaniyah (Iraq); Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); Akure (Nigeria); Blantyre (Malawi); Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania) and Nairobi (Kenya). Exposure profiles of kitchen occupants showed that fuel, kitchen volume, cooking type and ventilation were the most prominent factors affecting in-kitchen exposure. Different cuisines resulted in varying cooking durations and disproportional exposures. Occupants in Dhaka, Nanjing, Dar-es-Salaam and Nairobi spent > 40% of their cooking time frying (the highest particle emitting cooking activity) compared with ∼ 68% of time spent boiling/stewing in Cairo, Sulaymaniyah and Akure. The highest average PM2.5 (PM10) concentrations were in Dhaka 185 ± 48 (220 ± 58) μg m-3 owing to small kitchen volume, extensive frying and prolonged cooking compared with the lowest in Medellín 10 ± 3 (14 ± 2) μg m-3. Dual ventilation (mechanical and natural) in Chennai, Cairo and Sulaymaniyah reduced average in-kitchen PM2.5 and PM10 by 2.3- and 1.8-times compared with natural ventilation (open doors) in Addis Ababa, Dar-es-Salam and Nairobi. Using charcoal during cooking (Addis Ababa, Blantyre and Nairobi) increased PM2.5 levels by 1.3- and 3.1-times compared with using natural gas (Nanjing, Medellin and Cairo) and LPG (Chennai, Sao Paulo and Sulaymaniyah), respectively. Smaller-volume kitchens (<15 m3; Dhaka and Nanjing) increased cooking exposure compared with their larger-volume counterparts (Medellin, Cairo and Sulaymaniyah). Potential exposure doses were highest for Asian, followed by African, Middle-eastern and South American homes. We recommend increased cooking exhaust extraction, cleaner fuels, awareness on improved cooking practices and minimising passive occupancy in kitchens to mitigate harmful cooking emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Sarkawt Hama
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Alaa Abbass
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas - Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas - IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Veronika S Brand
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas - Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas - IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Huai-Wen Wu
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Adedeji A Adelodun
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, The Federal University of Technology Akure, 340001, Nigeria
| | - Partibha Anand
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas - Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas - IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Araya Asfaw
- Physics Department, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Kosar Hama Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Shi-Jie Cao
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmed El-Gendy
- Department of Construction Engineering, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Gopika Indu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Matthias Ketzel
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mukesh Khare
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Tesfaye Mamo
- Physics Department, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Aonghus McNabola
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fryad Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | - Samiha Nahian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | - William Nelson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
| | - Aiwerasia V Ngowi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
| | | | - Yris Olaya
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
| | - Khalid Omer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | - Md Riad Sarkar Pavel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Salam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Erik Luan Costa Santos
- Department of Environmental Health - School of Public Health - University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - S M Shiva Nagendra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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16
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Hisamuddin NH, Jalaludin J, Abu Bakar S, Latif MT. The Influence of Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Exposure on DNA Damage among School Children in Urban Traffic Area, Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042193. [PMID: 35206377 PMCID: PMC8872109 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between particulate PAHs exposure and DNA damage in Malaysian schoolchildren in heavy traffic (HT) and low traffic (LT) areas. PAH samples at eight schools were collected using a low volume sampler for 24 h and quantified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Two hundred and twenty-eight buccal cells of children were assessed for DNA damage using Comet Assay. Monte-Carlo simulation was performed to determine incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and to check the uncertainty and sensitivity of the estimated risk. Total PAH concentrations in the schools in HT area were higher than LT area ranging from 4.4 to 5.76 ng m-3 and 1.36 to 3.79 ng m-3, respectively. The source diagnostic ratio showed that PAHs in the HT area is pyrogenic, mainly from diesel emission. The 95th percentile of the ILCR for children in HT and LT area were 2.80 × 10-7 and 1.43 × 10-7, respectively. The degree of DNA damage was significantly more severe in children in the HT group compared to LT group. This study shows that total indoor PAH exposure was the most significant factor that influenced the DNA damage among children. Further investigation of the relationship between PAH exposure and genomic integrity in children is required to shed additional light on potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hazirah Hisamuddin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Suhaili Abu Bakar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
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17
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Jung KH, Goodwin KE, Perzanowski MS, Chillrud SN, Perera FP, Miller RL, Lovinsky-Desir S. Personal Exposure to Black Carbon at School and Levels of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in New York City. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:97005. [PMID: 34495741 PMCID: PMC8425518 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schools are often located near traffic sources, leading to high levels of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, including black carbon (BC). Thus, the school environment could play in a significant role in the adverse respiratory health of children. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to determine associations between personal BC levels at school and airway inflammation [i.e., fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO)] in school-age children. We hypothesized that higher school BC (SBC) would be associated with higher FeNO. METHODS Children 9-14 years of age in New York City (NYC) (n=114) wore BC monitors for two 24-h periods over a 6-d sampling period, repeated 6 months later. SBC was defined as the average personal BC concentrations measured during NYC school hours (i.e., 0830-1430 hours). FeNO was measured following each 24-h BC monitoring period. Multivariable linear regression in generalized estimating equation models were used to examine associations between SBC and FeNO. Results are presented as percentage difference (PD) in FeNO. RESULTS Personal BC at school was associated with higher FeNO (PD=7.47% higher FeNO per 1-μg/m3 BC (95% CI: 1.31, 13.9), p=0.02]. Compared with BC exposure during school, a smaller PD in FeNO was observed in association with BC exposure while commuting to and from school [PD=6.82% (95% CI: 0.70, 13.3), p=0.03]. Personal BC in non-school environments and residential BC were not associated with FeNO (p>0.05). A significant association between personal BC at school and FeNO was observed among children with seroatopy who did not have asthma [PD=21.5% (95% CI: 4.81, 40.9), p=0.01]. DISCUSSION Schools may be important sources of BC exposure that contribute to airway inflammation in school-age children. Our results provide rationale for interventions that target improved air quality in urban schools and classrooms. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8985.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Jung
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen E. Goodwin
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew S. Perzanowski
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Frederica P. Perera
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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18
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A Study on Indoor Particulate Matter Variation in Time Based on Count and Sizes and in Relation to Meteorological Conditions. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13158263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An important aspect of air pollution analysis consists of the varied presence of particulate matter in analyzed air samples. In this respect, the present work aims to present a case study regarding the evolution in time of quantified particulate matter of different sizes. This study is based on data acquisitioned in an indoor location, already used in a former particulate matter-related article; thus, it can be considered as a continuation of that study, with the general aim to demonstrate the necessity to expand the existing network for pollution monitoring. Besides particle matter quantification, a correlation of the obtained results is also presented against meteorological data acquisitioned by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network. The transformation of quantified PM data in mass per volume and a comparison with other results are also addressed.
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19
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Fermo P, Artíñano B, De Gennaro G, Pantaleo AM, Parente A, Battaglia F, Colicino E, Di Tanna G, Goncalves da Silva Junior A, Pereira IG, Garcia GS, Garcia Goncalves LM, Comite V, Miani A. Improving indoor air quality through an air purifier able to reduce aerosol particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Experimental results. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111131. [PMID: 33865819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of fine particulate matter (PM) and many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on human health are well known. Fine particles are, in fact, those most capable of penetrating in depth into the respiratory system. People spend most of their time indoors where concentrations of some pollutants are sometimes higher than outdoors. Therefore, there is the need to ensure a healthy indoor environment and for this purpose the use of an air purifier can be a valuable aid especially now since it was demonstrated that indoor air quality has a high impact on spreading of viral infections such as that due to SARS-COVID19. In this study, we tested a commercial system that can be used as an air purifier. In particular it was verified its efficiency in reducing concentrations of PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm), PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm), PM1 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 1 μm), and particles number in the range 0.3 μm-10 μm. Furthermore, its capacity in reducing VOCs concentration was also checked. PM measurements were carried out by means of a portable optical particle counter (OPC) instrument simulating the working conditions typical of a household environment. In particular we showed that the tested air purifier significantly reduced both PM10 and PM2.5 by 16.8 and 7.25 times respectively that corresponds to a reduction of about 90% and 80%. A clear reduction of VOCs concentrations was also observed since a decrease of over 50% of these gaseous substances was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy; Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy.
| | - Begoña Artíñano
- Centre for Energy, Environment and Technologies (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gianluigi De Gennaro
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy; Department of Biology, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Parente
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | | | - Gianluca Di Tanna
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Valeria Comite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Miani
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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20
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Zhang W, Li H, Pan L, Xu J, Yang X, Dong W, Shan J, Wu S, Deng F, Chen Y, Guo X. Chemical constituents and sources of indoor PM 2.5 and cardiopulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Estimation of individual and joint effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111191. [PMID: 33905705 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiopulmonary effects of chemical constituents and sources of indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To examine the individual and joint effects of constituents of indoor PM2.5 on cardiopulmonary function of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the role of identified sources. METHODS This panel study recruited 43 stable COPD patients from November 2015 to May 2016 in Beijing, China. Daily indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were collected for five consecutive days simultaneously. Twenty-four elements were measured and principal component analysis was used for source appointment. Pulmonary function and blood pressure (BP) were also measured at daily visit. The linear mixed-effect models were used to estimate the effect of each constituent and source. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to estimate the overall effect of all measured constituents. RESULTS The combustion, indoor soil/dust and road dust sources were identified as the main sources of indoor PM2.5 and combustion sources contributed over 40% during the heating season. Most constituents were significantly associated with elevated BP of COPD patients and the joint effects of mixed exposures were also significant especially during the heating season. Most associations of chemical constituents with pulmonary function were negative but not statistically significant during the heating season, as was the joint effect. Few associations were observed during the non-heating season. Further, we observed combustion sources throughout the study period and road dust sources during the heating season were significantly associated with increased BP but not decreased pulmonary function. CONCLUSION The combustion and road dust sources and their related constituents of indoor PM2.5 could cause adverse effects on cardiovascular function of COPD patients especially during the heating season, but the effect on pulmonary function still needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlou Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhui Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Shan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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21
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Adam MG, Tran PTM, Cheong DKW, Chandra Sekhar S, Tham KW, Balasubramanian R. Assessment of Home-Based and Mobility-Based Exposure to Black Carbon in an Urban Environment: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095028. [PMID: 34068742 PMCID: PMC8126254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of fossil fuels is a significant source of particulate-bound black carbon (BC) in urban environments. The personal exposure (PE) of urban dwellers to BC and subsequent health impacts remain poorly understood due to a lack of observational data. In this study, we assessed and quantified the levels of PE to BC under two exposure scenarios (home-based and mobility-based exposure) in the city of Trivandrum in India. In the home-based scenario, the PE to BC was assessed in a naturally ventilated building over 24 h each day during the study period while in the mobility-based scenario, the PE to BC was monitored across diverse microenvironments (MEs) during the day using the same study protocol for consistency. Elevated BC concentrations were observed during the transport by motorcycle (26.23 ± 2.33 µg/m3) and car (17.49 ± 2.37 µg/m3). The BC concentrations observed in the MEs decreased in the following order: 16.58 ± 1.38 µg/m3 (temple), 13.78 ± 2.07 µg/m3 (restaurant), 11.44 ± 1.37 µg/m3 (bus stop), and 8.27 ± 1.88 µg/m3 (home); the standard deviations represent the temporal and spatial variations of BC concentrations. Overall, a relatively larger inhaled dose of BC in the range of 148.98–163.87 µg/day was observed for the mobility-based scenario compared to the home-based one (118.10–137.03 µg/day). This work highlights the importance of reducing PE to fossil fuel-related particulate emissions in cities for which BC is a good indicator. The study outcome could be used to formulate effective strategies to improve the urban air quality as well as public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gerrit Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
| | - Phuong Thi Minh Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
- Faculty of Environment, The University of Danang—University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City 50608, Vietnam
| | - David Kok Wai Cheong
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Sitaraman Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Kwok Wai Tham
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-5135; Fax: +65-6779-1635
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22
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Tang H, Chan WR, Sohn MD. Automating the interpretation of PM 2.5 time-resolved measurements using a data-driven approach. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:860-871. [PMID: 33369785 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of automated measurement equipment enables researchers to collect greater quantities of time-resolved data from indoor and outdoor environments. While significant, the interpretation of the resulting data can be a time-consuming effort. This paper introduces an automated process of interpreting PM2.5 time-resolved data and differentiating PM2.5 emissions resulting from indoor and outdoor sources. We use Random Forest (RF), a machine learning approach, to study a dataset of 836 indoor emission events that occurred over a 2-week period in 18 apartments in California. In this paper, we show model development and evaluate its performance as the sample size and source vary. We discuss the characteristics of the dataset that tended to help the source identification and why. For example, we show that data from many events and from different apartments are essential for the model to be suitable for analyzing a new separate dataset. We also show that longitudinal data appear to be more helpful than the time frequency of measurements within a given apartment. We use the resulting RF model to analyze PM2.5 data of an entirely separate dataset collected from 65 new homes in California. The RF model identifies 442 indoor emission events, with only a few misidentifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanyu Rengie Chan
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Sohn
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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23
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Vallecillos L, Borrull A, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Presence of emerging organic contaminants and solvents in schools using passive sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142903. [PMID: 33757256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the applicability of passive sampling with Carbopack X adsorbent tubes followed by thermal desorption gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) to monitor the concentrations of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and solvents in ten indoor environments in a conventional and a vocational training school. However, if passive sampling is to be used as a reliable sampling technique, a specific diffusive uptake rate is required for each target compound. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was twofold. The first was to determine the experimental diffusive uptake rates of the target EOCs and solvents in one of the sampling sites of the vocational training school using Carbopack X adsorbent tubes and active sampling as the reference technique. The results showed experimental diffusive uptake rates between 0.46 mL min-1 and 0.94 mL min-1 with RSD % below 5% for the 28 target compounds. The second was to apply the uptake rates obtained experimentally to determine EOCs and solvents in schools. The monitoring results showed that solvents were ubiquitous throughout the conventional school with a concentrations range between 51.93 μg m-3 and 164.6 μg m-3, while EOCs were detected to a lesser extent. Moreover, the concentrations of EOCs in the vocational training school were much higher than those in the conventional school with concentrations of up to 562.9 μg m-3 for solvents and 344.3 μg m-3 for acrylate polymer monomers. After actively sampling for seven days in each school, we concluded that the concentrations of EOCs and solvents found are mostly linked to cleaning products (conventional school) and the activities carried out in the classroom (vocational training school).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vallecillos
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Water, Air and Soil Unit, Marcel·lí Domingo n 2, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Anna Borrull
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo n 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo n 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo n 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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24
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Feng S, Shen X, Hao X, Cao X, Li X, Yao X, Shi Y, Lv T, Yao Z. Polycyclic and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution characteristics and carcinogenic risk assessment of indoor kitchen air during cooking periods in rural households in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11498-11508. [PMID: 33123888 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Medium-flow atmospheric samplers were used to collect particulate (PM2.5) and gaseous samples from the indoor kitchen of each of 35 randomly selected rural houses in North China while a meal was being cooked. The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 9 nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in the samples were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This study provided the real PAH and NPAH pollution characteristics and carcinogenic risk produced by cooking in rural indoor kitchens in North China. The mean PAH and NPAH concentrations in air in the indoor kitchens during cooking periods were 4049.1 and 1741.6 ng/m3, respectively. The PAH and NPAH concentrations were lower in the particulate phase than the gaseous phase. The mean PAH and NPAH concentrations were much higher for cooking using coal than for cooking using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or electricity. The PAH and NPAH benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalent (TEQBaP) concentrations for cooking using coal were 1823.3 and 2760.9 ng/m3, respectively. Lower PAH and NPAH concentrations were found in kitchens with than without range hoods. Range hoods decreased the PAH and NPAH TEQBaP concentrations by 68.8% and 61.9%, respectively. Appropriate fuel and ventilation choice will improve air pollution in indoor kitchens during cooking. The results provide important evidence for changing cooking habits and developing policies for cooking in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Feng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xianbao Shen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xuewei Hao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Tiantian Lv
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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25
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Mahdavi A, Dingle J, Chan AWH, Siegel JA. HVAC filtration of particles and trace metals: Airborne measurements and the evaluation of quantitative filter forensics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116388. [PMID: 33388682 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Filters installed in the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems can serve as air-cleaning and sampling devices for indoor particles. The purpose of this article is to evaluate these dual roles. An occupied home with a central HVAC system equipped with a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV, from ASHRAE Standard 52.2) 11 filter was monitored for six weeks. Weekly airborne gravimetric and real-time sampling was performed to measure the particle size distribution and the concentration of total suspended particles (TSP), PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and 12 trace metals. The weekly system runtimes were intentionally changed to provide a wide range of weekly filtration volumes. The quantitative filter forensics (QFF) concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and trace metals were calculated using the analysis of the dust collected on the HVAC filter, the filtration volume, and filter in-situ efficiency. The results indicated that filtration was not influential to remove PM and trace metals as the concentrations during the weeks with continuous HVAC operation were not consistently lower than those during the other weeks. This suggests the dominance of other particle and trace metal source and loss mechanisms weakens the influence of filtration in this home. The QFF evaluation results indicated that the concentration of TSP and over half of the tested trace metals (e.g., Pb, Cd, Ni, V, Sb, K, and Sr) could be estimated by QFF within a factor of two when compared to airborne sampling results. PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations were significantly underestimated by QFF potentially due to the limitations of size distribution analysis by a laser diffraction particle sizer (LDPS) for the detection of <1 μm particles. Overall, while QFF was promising for TSP and some trace metals, improvement in size distribution analysis could extend the application of QFF for airborne sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mahdavi
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Justin Dingle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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26
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The Indoor Microclimate of Prefabricated Buildings for Housing: Interaction of Environmental and Construction Measures. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122310119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current knowledge shows that the interior microclimate of residential buildings that were constructed between 1950 and 1990 using panel construction, not only in the Czech Republic but also in Europe, and were renovated in accordance with applicable legislation related to thermal comfort and energy is significantly affected by gaseous pollutants. At increased concentrations and exposure times, these pollutants negatively affect the interior microclimate and at the same time have a negative effect on the health of users. After the implementation of remediation measures, which are mainly focused on improving the thermal technical parameters of the building envelope, the concentration of CO2 in the indoor environment increases. Carbon dioxide is one of the most important active factors and in terms of the quality of the interior microclimate, it is considered a reliable indicator of whether the interior microclimate can be considered a healthy and favorable environment. It is thus clear that the set and de facto systematized measures in the renovation of the housing stock from the second half of the 20th century has led to energy savings on the one hand, but on the other hand, this has contributed to the hygienic damage of housing units and an unhealthy interior microclimate. The paper aims to define the interaction of interdisciplinary contexts that have led to an increase in the indoor air quality (IAQ) of renovated residential panel buildings.
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27
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Madureira J, Slezakova K, Costa C, Pereira MC, Teixeira JP. Assessment of indoor air exposure among newborns and their mothers: Levels and sources of PM 10, PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles at 65 home environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114746. [PMID: 32417580 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Significant efforts have been directed towards addressing the adverse health effects of atmospheric particles, emphasizing the relevance of indoor exposure. Homes represent an indoor environment where human spend the majority of their time. Thus, the objective of this work was to concurrently assess different matrix of indoor particles considering both mass (PM10, PM2.5) and number (N20-1000) concentrations in indoor and outdoor air of homes (n = 65). Real-time measurements (PM10, PM2.5, UFP) were conducted simultaneously during 48 h in dwellings situated in Oporto, Portugal. In 75% of homes, indoor PM2.5 (mean = 53 μg m-3) exceeded limit of 25 μg m-3, for PM10 (mean = 57 μg m-3) 41% of homes demonstrated average levels higher than 50 μg m-3, thus indicating potential risks. Indoor PM10 was mostly (82-99%) composed of PM2.5, both PM were highly correlated (|rs|>0.9655), thus suggesting the similar origin. Indoor PM originated from infiltrations of outdoor emissions; ∼70% of homes exhibited indoor to outdoor (I/O) ratio < 1. On the contrary, UFP indoors (mean = 13.3 × 103 # cm-3) were higher than outdoors (mean = 10.0 × 103 # cm-3). Indoor UFP spatially varied as follows: kitchens > living rooms > bedrooms. UFP indoors were poorly correlated (|rs| = 0.456) with outdoor concentrations, I/O ratios showed that indoor UFP predominantly originated from indoor emission sources (combustions). Therefore, in order to reduce exposure to UFP and protect public health, the primary concerns should be focused on controlling emissions from indoor sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Madureira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Klara Slezakova
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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28
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Vallecillos L, Borrull A, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Passive sampling to control air quality in schools: Uptake rate determination and application. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1005-1017. [PMID: 32339338 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the application of passive sampling with Carbopack X tubes followed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) to determine the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in different school environments. The main objective of the study was to monitor VOCs in seven indoor and three outdoor environments at a school in Tarragona, Spain. However, in order to obtain more accurate information, it was necessary to determine the experimental diffusive uptake rates of the target VOCs in indoor settings through parallel passive and active sampling in one classroom. The results showed experimental diffusive uptake rates in the range of 0.38 mL min-1 and 0.95 mL min-1 with RSD % below 5% for up to 44 VOCs. The monitoring results showed that ethanol (23.84-83.16 µg m-3 ) and isopropyl alcohol (5.42-25.92 µg m-3 ) were the most common compounds found in indoor environments, with cleaning products as the main emission source. The VOCs i-pentane and n-pentane were found at the highest concentrations in the three sampling sites set in the school's playground, and their concentrations were strictly related to combustion processes from automobile traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vallecillos
- Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Water, Air and Soil Unit, Eurecat, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Borrull
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Tarragona, Spain
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29
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Measurements of Indoor and Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter during the Heating Period in Jinan, in North China: Chemical Composition, Health Risk, and Source Apportionment. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was simultaneously collected from the indoor and outdoor environments in urban area of Jinan in North China from November to December 2018 to evaluate the characteristics and sources of indoor PM2.5 pollution. The concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were 69.0 ± 50.5 µg m−3 and 128.7 ± 67.9 µg m−3, respectively, much higher than the WHO-established 24-h standards for PM2.5, indicating serious PM2.5 pollution of indoor and outdoor environments in urban Jinan. SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, and organic carbon (OC) were the predominant components, which accounted for more than 60% of the PM2.5 concentration. The total elemental risk values in urban Jinan for the three highly vulnerable groups of population (children (aged 2–6 years and 6–12 years) and older adults (≥70 years)) were nearly 1, indicating that exposure to all of the elements in PM2.5 had potential non-carcinogenic risks to human health. Further analyses of the indoor/outdoor concentration ratios, infiltration rates (FINF), and indoor-generated concentration (Cig) indicated that indoor PM2.5 and its major chemical components (SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, OC, and elemental carbon) were primarily determined by outdoor pollution. The lower indoor NO3−/SO42− ratio and FINF of NO3− relative to the outdoor values were due to the volatility of NO3−. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was performed to estimate the sources of PM2.5 using the combined datasets of indoor and outdoor environments and revealed that secondary aerosols, dust, cement production, and coal combustion/metal smelting were the major sources during the sampling period.
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Fermo P, Comite V, Falciola L, Guglielmi V, Miani A. Efficiency of an Air Cleaner Device in Reducing Aerosol Particulate Matter (PM) in Indoor Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010018. [PMID: 31861409 PMCID: PMC6982241 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Indoor air quality (IAQ) in household environments is mandatory since people spend most of their time in indoor environments. In order to guarantee a healthy environment, air purification devices are often employed. In the present work, a commercial household vacuum cleaner has been tested in order to verify its efficiency in reducing the mass concentration and particle number of aerosol particulate matter (PM). The efficiency has been tested measuring, while the instrument was working, PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm), PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm), PM1 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 1 μm), and 7 size-fractions in the range between 0.3 and >10 μm. Measurements have been carried out by means of a portable optical particle counter instrument and simulating the working conditions typical of a household environment. It has been found that the tested commercial device significantly reduces both PM concentrations and particle number, especially in the finest fraction, i.e., particles in the range 0.3–0.5 μm, allowing an improvement of indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- SIMA (Società Italiana di Medicina Ambientale), Via Monte Leone 2, 20149 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-4246
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Falciola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- SIMA (Società Italiana di Medicina Ambientale), Via Monte Leone 2, 20149 Milano, Italy
| | - Vittoria Guglielmi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Miani
- SIMA (Società Italiana di Medicina Ambientale), Via Monte Leone 2, 20149 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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