1
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Yang X, Xu D, Wen B, Ji J, Zhang Z, Li L, Zhang S, Zhi H, Kong J, Wang C, Wang J, Ruan H, Zhang M, Wei L, Dong B, Wang Q. The mediating role of exhaled breath condensate metabolites in the effect of particulate matter on pulmonary function in schoolchildren: A crossover intervention study. Sci Total Environ 2023; 898:165517. [PMID: 37459994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The role played by metabolites in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in the effect of PM on schoolchildren's pulmonary function has received little attention. Accordingly, we examined whether metabolites in EBC mediated the effect of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 on the pulmonary function of schoolchildren at a residential primary school who had received an air-cleaner cross-over intervention. Samples of EBC were collected from a total of 60 schoolchildren and subjected to metabolomics analysis. We found that the effect of PM on six pulmonary function indicators was mediated by the following nine lipid peroxidation-related and energy metabolism-related metabolites present in EBC: 4-hydroxynonenal, arachidoyl ethanolamide, dl-pyroglutamic acid, 5-deoxy-d-glucose, myristic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, l-proline, and palmitic acid. However, while all nine of these metabolites mediated the effects of PM on boys' pulmonary function, only 4-hydroxynonenal, arachidoyl ethanolamide, and dl-pyroglutamic acid mediated the effects of PM on girls' pulmonary function. Overall, our results show that (1) short-term exposure to PM affected the schoolchildren's pulmonary function by causing an imbalance between lipid peroxidation and glutathione-based antioxidant activity and by perturbing energy metabolism in respiratory system and (2) there was a sex-dependent antioxidant response to PM exposure, with boys being less resistant than girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; Department of Air Quality and Health Monitoring, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Bo Wen
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Ji
- Hazard Screening and Omic Platform, Analysis and Testing Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Jiangxi Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shaoping Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hong Zhi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hongjie Ruan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lan Wei
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Air Quality and Health Monitoring, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
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2
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Qiu AY, Leng S, McCormack M, Peden DB, Sood A. Lung Effects of Household Air Pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022; 10:2807-2819. [PMID: 36064186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass fuel smoke, secondhand smoke, and oxides of nitrogen are common causes of household air pollution (HAP). Almost 2.4 billion people worldwide use solid fuels for cooking and heating, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. Wood combustion for household heating is also common in many areas of high-income countries, and minorities are particularly vulnerable. HAP in low- and middle-income countries is associated with asthma, acute respiratory tract infections in adults and children, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, tuberculosis, and respiratory mortality. Although wood smoke exposure levels in high-income countries are typically lower than in lower-income countries, it is similarly associated with accelerated lung function decline, higher prevalence of airflow obstruction and chronic bronchitis, and higher all-cause and respiratory cause-specific mortality. Household air cleaners with high-efficiency particle filters have mixed effects on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease outcomes. Biomass fuel interventions in low-income countries include adding chimneys to cookstoves, improving biomass fuel combustion stoves, and switching fuel to liquid petroleum gas. Still, the impact on health outcomes is inconsistent. In high-income countries, strategies for reducing biomass fuel-related HAP are centered on community-level woodstove changeout programs, although the results are again inconsistent. In addition, initiatives to encourage home smoking bans have mixed success in households with children. Environmental solutions to reduce HAP have varying success in reducing pollutants and health problems. Improved understanding of indoor air quality factors and actions that prevent degradation or improve polluted indoor air may lead to enhanced environmental health policies, but health outcomes must be rigorously examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Qiu
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Shuguang Leng
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | - David B Peden
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Akshay Sood
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM; Miners Colfax Medical Center, Raton, NM.
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3
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Dai H, Zhao B. Reducing airborne infection risk of COVID-19 by locating air cleaners at proper positions indoor: Analysis with a simple model. Build Environ 2022; 213:108864. [PMID: 35136279 PMCID: PMC8813770 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Portable air cleaners (PACs) can remove airborne SARS-CoV-2 exhaled by COVID-19 infectors indoor. However, effectively locating PAC to reduce the infection risk is still poorly understood. Here, we propose a simple model by regressing an equation of seven similarity criteria based on CFD-modeled results of a scenario matrix of 128 cases for office rooms. The model can calculate the mean droplet nucleus concentration with very low computing costs. Combining this model with the Wells-Riley equation, we estimate the airborne infection risk when a PAC is located in different positions. The two similarity criteria, B p + and G p + , are critical for characterizing the effect of the position and airflow rate of PAC on the infection risk. An infection probability of less than 10% requires B p + to be larger than 144 and G p + to be larger than 0.001. These criteria imply that locating PAC in the center of the room is optimal under the premise that the airflow rate of PAC is greater than a certain level. The model provides an easy-to-use approach for real-time risk control strategy decisions. Furthermore, the placement strategies offer timely guidelines for precautions against the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic and common infectious respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dai
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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4
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Bu Y, Ooka R, Kikumoto H, Oh W. Recent research on expiratory particles in respiratory viral infection and control strategies: A review. Sustain Cities Soc 2021; 73:103106. [PMID: 34306994 PMCID: PMC8272400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 poses a significant threat to human health. In this study, recent research on the characteristics of expiratory particles and flow is reviewed, with a special focus on different respiratory activities, to provide guidance for reducing the viral infection risk in the built environment. Furthermore, environmental influence on particle evaporation, dispersion, and virus viability after exhalation and the current methods for infection risk assessment are reviewed. Finally, we summarize promising control strategies against infectious expiratory particles. The results show that airborne transmission is a significant viral transmission route, both in short and long ranges, from infected individuals. Relative humidity affects the evaporation and trajectories of middle-sized droplets most, and temperature accelerates the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 both on surfaces and in aerosols. Future research is needed to improve infection risk models to better predict the infection potential of different transmission routes. Moreover, further quantitative studies on the expiratory flow features after wearing a mask are needed. Systematic investigations and the design of advanced air distribution methods, portable air cleaners, and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation systems, which have shown high efficacy in removing contaminants, are required to better control indoor viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchen Bu
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Ryozo Ooka
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hideki Kikumoto
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Wonseok Oh
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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5
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Kim YH, Kim KY. Effect of air cleaner on stress hormones of pig and pork quality. J Anim Sci Technol 2021; 63:892-903. [PMID: 34447965 PMCID: PMC8367397 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate effect of air cleaner operated
during pig breeding period on stress hormones of pigs and their pork quality.
The stress hormones (cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine) in blood sample
of pigs reared in the housing rooms with or without air cleaner have been
measured according to a pig’s rearing stage: 0 day (farrowing), 21st day
(farrowing–weaning), 70th day (weaning–nursery), 140th day
(nursery–growing), and 180th day (growing–fattening). The
comparison of pork quality according to the application of an air cleaner was
performed through the carcass analysis of the pigs shipped from swine house. The
levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in pigs reared in housing
rooms with and without air cleaners were found to be within the range of normal
reference values. Among pork quality evaluation items, the thickness of
intermuscular fat and final carcass grade of pigs raised in housing room with
air cleaner was generally superior to those of pigs raised in housing room
without air cleaner (p < 0.05). Based on the results
obtained from this study, it is concluded that air cleaner does not have a
significant effect on reducing pig stress but contributes to improving pork
quality in pig breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ha Kim
- Department of Nursing, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong, 27909, Korea
| | - Ki-Youn Kim
- Department of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
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6
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Fermo P, Artíñano B, De Gennaro G, Pantaleo AM, Parente A, Battaglia F, Colicino E, Di Tanna G, Goncalves da Silva Junior A, Pereira IG, Garcia GS, Garcia Goncalves LM, Comite V, Miani A. Improving indoor air quality through an air purifier able to reduce aerosol particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Experimental results. Environ Res 2021; 197:111131. [PMID: 33865819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of fine particulate matter (PM) and many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on human health are well known. Fine particles are, in fact, those most capable of penetrating in depth into the respiratory system. People spend most of their time indoors where concentrations of some pollutants are sometimes higher than outdoors. Therefore, there is the need to ensure a healthy indoor environment and for this purpose the use of an air purifier can be a valuable aid especially now since it was demonstrated that indoor air quality has a high impact on spreading of viral infections such as that due to SARS-COVID19. In this study, we tested a commercial system that can be used as an air purifier. In particular it was verified its efficiency in reducing concentrations of PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm), PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm), PM1 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 1 μm), and particles number in the range 0.3 μm-10 μm. Furthermore, its capacity in reducing VOCs concentration was also checked. PM measurements were carried out by means of a portable optical particle counter (OPC) instrument simulating the working conditions typical of a household environment. In particular we showed that the tested air purifier significantly reduced both PM10 and PM2.5 by 16.8 and 7.25 times respectively that corresponds to a reduction of about 90% and 80%. A clear reduction of VOCs concentrations was also observed since a decrease of over 50% of these gaseous substances was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy; Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy.
| | - Begoña Artíñano
- Centre for Energy, Environment and Technologies (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gianluigi De Gennaro
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy; Department of Biology, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Parente
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | | | - Gianluca Di Tanna
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Valeria Comite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Miani
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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7
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Sharma R, Balasubramanian R. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a portable air cleaner in mitigating indoor human exposure to cooking-derived airborne particles. Environ Res 2020; 183:109192. [PMID: 32062480 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas cooking is an important source of airborne particulate matter (PM) indoors. Exposure to cooking-derived PM can lead to adverse human health impacts on non-smokers, especially in poorly-ventilated residential homes. Most of the previous studies on gas cooking emissions mainly focused on fine particles (PM2.5) with little information on their size-fractionation. Moreover, studies dealing with mitigation of indoor human exposure to cooking-derived PM are currently sparse. Therefore, a systematic study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of PM2.5 and size-fractionated PM derived from five commonly used cooking methods, namely, steaming, boiling, stir-frying, pan-frying and deep-frying in a poorly-ventilated domestic kitchen under controlled experimental conditions. Additionally, an indoor portable air cleaner was employed as a mitigation device to capture cooking-derived PM and improve indoor air quality (IAQ). Results revealed that the oil-based deep-frying cooking released the highest airborne particles which were about 170 folds higher compared to the baseline levels for PM2.5 mass concentrations. The use of the air cleaner showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the indoor PM2.5 levels. Moreover, PM<0.25 (particles with diameter ≤ 250 nm) showed a very high mass concentration (378.2 μg/m3) during deep-frying, raising human health concern. A substantial reduction (~60-85%) in PM<0.25 mass concentrations and their total respiratory deposition doses (RDD) in the human respiratory tract was observed while using the air cleaner during the five cooking methods. Furthermore, morphological characteristics and the relative abundance of trace elements in cooking-derived PM were also investigated. This study provides useful insights into the assessment and mitigation of indoor human exposure to cooking-derived PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Republic of Singapore.
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8
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Park JH, Lee TJ, Park MJ, Oh HN, Jo YM. Effects of air cleaners and school characteristics on classroom concentrations of particulate matter in 34 elementary schools in Korea. Build Environ 2020; 167:106437. [PMID: 32419719 PMCID: PMC7226911 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) in school environments has been associated with respiratory illnesses among children. Although using air cleaners was reported to reduce PM exposure and improve residents' health in homes, their effects in classrooms are not well understood. We examined how the use of air cleaners in classrooms and school/classroom characteristics affect the levels of indoor PM. Our environmental study included 102 classrooms from 34 elementary schools located on the mainland peninsula and an island in Korea. Indoor and outdoor PM were monitored simultaneously with portable aerosol spectrometers, and indoor gravimetric PM levels were measured with low volume, size-selective samplers during the class hours. Correlations among PM measurements were computed and final multiple regression models for indoor PM were constructed with a model building procedure. Correlation between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 (PM < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) was higher (r = 0.78, p < 0.01) than that of PM10 (PM < 10 μm) (r = 0.49, p < 0.01). School location, classroom occupant density, and ambient PM levels significantly (p-values<0.05) affected classroom PM concentrations. The adjusted PM levels in classrooms using air cleaners were significantly (p-values<0.01) lower by approximately 35% than in classrooms not using them. However, air cleaners appeared to remove PM2.5 more effectively than PM10, perhaps because coarse particles settle more rapidly than fine particles on surfaces, or their resuspension and generation rate by occupants exceeds the removal rate by air cleaners. Our study suggests that routine cleaning to remove surface dust along with the use of air cleaners might be required to effectively reduce occupants' exposure in classrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyeong Park
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
- Corresponding author. Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA. (J.-H. Park)
| | - Tae Jung Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Park
- Department of Environmental Science and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Hyung Na Oh
- College of International Studies, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Young Min Jo
- Department of Environmental Science and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Environmental Science and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Duk-Young Dae-Ro, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, 17104, South Korea. (Y.M. Jo)
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9
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Tang Y, Bi L, Mortimer RJG, Pan G. Cryogenic circulation for indoor air pollution control. Sci Total Environ 2019; 651:1451-1456. [PMID: 30360274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous outdoor air pollution has severely affected indoor air quality, threatening the health of billions of people. However, existing indoor air purification technologies are unsatisfactory due to some inherent limitations such as poor efficiency, limited target pollutants, the need to frequently replace filters or adsorbents, or the generation of harmful by-products. Here, we studied the effect and mechanism of cryogenic circulation for indoor air purification. Experimental results show that up to 99% of indoor PM2.5 from ambient air was removed at -18 °C. The morphological measurements indicate that micrometer-sized particles are formed concomitantly with the reduction of nanometer- or submicron-sized particles, suggesting that condensational growth of fine particles is responsible for the removal. Applying the method to gaseous pollutant purification demonstrates that 98% of NO2 is condensed and removed from the ambient air at -50 °C, implying that the method would be effective for multiple indoor pollutants with higher boiling points. Cryogenic condensation may provide a principle for continuous indoor air purification via modified air conditioners and humidifiers in cases where health benefits outweigh energy consumption concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lei Bi
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Robert J G Mortimer
- Center of Integrated Water-Energy-Food studies (iWEF), School of Animal, Rural, and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Gang Pan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; Center of Integrated Water-Energy-Food studies (iWEF), School of Animal, Rural, and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus NG25 0QF, UK.
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10
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Hu SC, Chen YC, Lin XZ, Shiue A, Huang PH, Chen YC, Chang SM, Tseng CH, Zhou B. Characterization and adsorption capacity of potassium permanganate used to modify activated carbon filter media for indoor formaldehyde removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:28525-28545. [PMID: 30091073 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of potassium permanganate (KMnO4)-modified activated carbon for formaldehyde removal under different face velocities and different initial formaldehyde concentrations in building environment. We chose the coconut shell activated carbon due to their high density and purity. Moreover, they have a clear environmental advantage over coal-based carbons, particularly in terms of acidification potential. The chemical properties were characterized by FTIR to show the functional groups, EDS to calculate each component of their energy bands to know how the ratio is. Also, the morphology of the surface was examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The BET determines specific surface area, pore size, and pore volume. It was found that where the initial formaldehyde concentration and the face velocity are low, adsorption capacity is high. The adsorption isotherms of formaldehyde on modified activated carbon are well fitted by both Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The rate parameter for the pseudo-first-order model, pseudo-second-order model, and intraparticle diffusion model was compared. The correlation coefficient of pseudo-second-order kinetic model (0.999 > R2 > 0.9548) is higher than the coefficient of pseudo-first-order kinetic model (0.5785 < R2 < 0.8755) and intraparticle diffusion model (0.9752 < R2 < 0.9898). Thus, pseudo-second-order kinetic model is more apposite to discuss the adsorption kinetic in this test, and the overall rate of the modified activated carbon adsorption process appears to be influenced by more than one step that is both the intraparticle diffusion model and membrane diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Cheng Hu
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung Hsiao E Road, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chen Chen
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Xin-Zhi Lin
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Angus Shiue
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung Hsiao E Road, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Po-Hua Huang
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Che Chen
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Mei Chang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Heng Tseng
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Zhan Y, Johnson K, Norris C, Shafer MM, Bergin MH, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Schauer JJ. The influence of air cleaners on indoor particulate matter components and oxidative potential in residential households in Beijing. Sci Total Environ 2018; 626:507-518. [PMID: 29396331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In many developing regions with poor air quality, the use of air filtration devices to clean indoor air is growing rapidly. In this study, we collected indoor, outdoor and personal exposure filter-based samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with both properly operating, and sham air cleaners in six Beijing residences from July 24th to August 17th, 2016. Mass concentrations of PM2.5 and several health relevant components of PM2.5 including organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and 21 selected metals, were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of air cleaners. The effect of air purification on PM2.5 reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity, a metric of the oxidative potential of the aerosol, was also evaluated. The average indoor PM2.5 concentration during true filtration was 8.47μg/m3, compared to 49.0μg/m3 during sham filtration; thus, air cleaners can significantly reduce the indoor PM2.5 concentration to well below WHO guideline levels and significantly lower all major components of PM2.5. However, the utility of air cleaners in reducing overall personal exposure to PM2.5 and its components was marginal in this study: the average personal exposure PM2.5 concentration was 67.8 and 51.1μg/m3 during true and sham filtration respectively, and it is likely due to the activity patterns of the subjects. Short-term exposure contributions from environments with high PM2.5 concentrations, including exposure to traffic related emissions as well as uncharacterized indoor microenvironments, likely add substantially to the total PM2.5 exposure burden. The toxicity assay indicates that the air cleaners can also significantly reduce ROS activity in the indoor environment; however, this decrease did not translate to a reduction in personal exposure. Elemental carbon, lead, and arsenic were well-correlated with the ROS activity, thus adding to the knowledge base of drivers for ROS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhan
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Karoline Johnson
- Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Christina Norris
- Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mike H Bergin
- Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Tsinghua University, School of Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Duke University, Nicholas School, Environmental Science and Policy Division, Durham, NC, United States
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Madison, WI, United States.
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Jhun I, Gaffin JM, Coull BA, Huffaker MF, Petty CR, Sheehan WJ, Baxi SN, Lai PS, Kang CM, Wolfson JM, Gold DR, Koutrakis P, Phipatanakul W. School Environmental Intervention to Reduce Particulate Pollutant Exposures for Children with Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017; 5:154-159.e3. [PMID: 27641483 PMCID: PMC5222771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Home-based interventions to improve indoor air quality have demonstrated benefits for asthma morbidity, yet little is known about the effect of environmental interventions in the school setting. OBJECTIVE We piloted the feasibility and effectiveness of a classroom-based air cleaner intervention to reduce particulate pollutants in classrooms of children with asthma. METHODS In this pilot randomized controlled trial, we assessed the effect of air cleaners on indoor air particulate pollutant concentrations in 18 classrooms (9 control, 9 intervention) in 3 urban elementary schools. We enrolled 25 children with asthma (13 control, 12 intervention) aged 6 to 10 years. Classroom air pollutant measurements and spirometry were completed once before and twice after randomization. Asthma symptoms were surveyed every 3 months. RESULTS Baseline classroom levels of fine particulate matter (particulate matter with diameter of <2.5 μm [PM2.5]) and black carbon (BC) were 6.3 and 0.41 μg/m3, respectively. When comparing the intervention to the control group, classroom PM2.5 levels were reduced by 49% and 42% and BC levels were reduced by 58% and 55% in the first and second follow-up periods, respectively (P < .05 for all comparisons). When comparing the children randomized to intervention and control classrooms, there was a modest improvement in peak flow, but no significant changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and asthma symptoms. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, a classroom-based air cleaner intervention led to significant reductions in PM2.5 and BC. Future large-scale studies should comprehensively evaluate the effect of school-based environmental interventions on pediatric asthma morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iny Jhun
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Jonathan M Gaffin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Michelle F Huffaker
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Carter R Petty
- Clinical Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - William J Sheehan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Sachin N Baxi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Peggy S Lai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Diane R Gold
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
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13
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Yoo JY, Park CJ, Kim KY, Son YS, Kang CM, Wolfson JM, Jung IH, Lee SJ, Koutrakis P. Development of an activated carbon filter to remove NO2 and HONO in indoor air. J Hazard Mater 2015; 289:184-189. [PMID: 25725340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To obtain the optimum removal efficiency of NO2 and HONO by coated activated carbon (ACs), the influencing factors, including the loading rate, metal and non-metal precursors, and mixture ratios, were investigated. The NOx removal efficiency (RE) for K, with the same loading (1.0 wt.%), was generally higher than for those loaded with Cu or Mn. The RE of NO2 was also higher when KOH was used as the K precursor, compared to other K precursors (KI, KNO3, and KMnO4). In addition, the REs by the ACs loaded with K were approximately 38-55% higher than those by uncoated ACs. Overall, the REs (above 95%) of HONO and NOx with 3% KOH were the highest of the coated AC filters that were tested. Additionally, the REs of NOx and HONO using a mixing ratio of 6 (2.5% PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid)+6% H3PO4):4 (3% KOH) were the highest of all the coatings tested (both metal and non-metal). The results of this study show that AC loaded with various coatings has the potential to effectively reduce NO2 and HONO levels in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Yoo
- Air Development Group, Coway R&D Center, Seoul National University Research Park, 56-39, Nakseongdaero 15-gil, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-919, South Korea
| | - Chan Jung Park
- Development Division, Coway R&D Center, Seoul National University Research Park, 56-39, Nakseongdaero 15-gil, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-919, South Korea
| | - Ki Yeong Kim
- R&D Center, 3AC Co., Ltd., 1521-3, Sicheong-ro, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 445-902, South Korea
| | - Youn-Suk Son
- Research Division for Industry & Environment, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, South Korea.
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center West Room 417, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center West Room 417, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - In-Ha Jung
- Research Division for Industry & Environment, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, South Korea
| | - Sung-Joo Lee
- Research Division for Industry & Environment, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, South Korea
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center West Room 417, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Kim HJ, Han B, Kim YJ, Oda T, Won H. Submicrometer particle removal indoors by a novel electrostatic precipitator with high clean air delivery rate, low ozone emissions, and carbon fiber ionizer. Indoor Air 2013; 23:369-378. [PMID: 23418721 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel positive-polarity electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was developed using an ionization stage (0.4 × 0.4 × 0.14 m(3) ) with 16 carbon fiber ionizers in each channel and a collection stage (0.4 × 0.4 × 0.21 m(3) ) with parallel metallic plates. The single-pass collection efficiency and clean air delivery rate (CADR) were measured by standard tests using KCl particles in 0.25-0.35 μm. Performance was determined using the Deutsch equation and established diffusion and field charging theories and also compared with the commercialized HEPA filter-type air cleaner. Experimental results showed that the single-pass collection efficiency of the ESP ranged from 50 to 95% and decreased with the flow rate (10-20 m(3) /min), but increased with the voltage applied to the ionizers (6 to 8 kV) and collection plates (-5 to -7 kV). The ESP with 18 m(3) /min achieved a CADR of 12.1 m(3) /min with a voltage of 8 kV applied to the ionization stage and with a voltage of -6 kV applied to the collection stage. The concentration of ozone in the test chamber (30.4 m(3) ), a maximum value of 5.4 ppb over 12 h of continuous operation, was much lower than the current indoor regulation (50 ppb).
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Kim
- Environment and Energy Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea; Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang Y, Mo J, Li Y, Sundell J, Wargocki P, Zhang J, Little JC, Corsi R, Deng Q, Leung MH, Fang L, Chen W, Li J, Sun Y. Can commonly-used fan-driven air cleaning technologies improve indoor air quality? A literature review. Atmos Environ (1994) 2011; 45:4329-4343. [PMID: 32362761 PMCID: PMC7185562 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Air cleaning techniques have been applied worldwide with the goal of improving indoor air quality. The effectiveness of applying these techniques varies widely, and pollutant removal efficiency is usually determined in controlled laboratory environments which may not be realized in practice. Some air cleaners are largely ineffective, and some produce harmful by-products. To summarize what is known regarding the effectiveness of fan-driven air cleaning technologies, a state-of-the-art review of the scientific literature was undertaken by a multidisciplinary panel of experts from Europe, North America, and Asia with expertise in air cleaning, aerosol science, medicine, chemistry and ventilation. The effects on health were not examined. Over 26,000 articles were identified in major literature databases; 400 were selected as being relevant based on their titles and abstracts by the first two authors, who further reduced the number of articles to 160 based on the full texts. These articles were reviewed by the panel using predefined inclusion criteria during their first meeting. Additions were also made by the panel. Of these, 133 articles were finally selected for detailed review. Each article was assessed independently by two members of the panel and then judged by the entire panel during a consensus meeting. During this process 59 articles were deemed conclusive and their results were used for final reporting at their second meeting. The conclusions are that: (1) None of the reviewed technologies was able to effectively remove all indoor pollutants and many were found to generate undesirable by-products during operation. (2) Particle filtration and sorption of gaseous pollutants were among the most effective air cleaning technologies, but there is insufficient information regarding long-term performance and proper maintenance. (3) The existing data make it difficult to extract information such as Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR), which represents a common benchmark for comparing the performance of different air cleaning technologies. (4) To compare and select suitable indoor air cleaning devices, a labeling system accounting for characteristics such as CADR, energy consumption, volume, harmful by-products, and life span is necessary. For that purpose, a standard test room and condition should be built and studied. (5) Although there is evidence that some air cleaning technologies improve indoor air quality, further research is needed before any of them can be confidently recommended for use in indoor environments.
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Key Words
- AC, activated carbon
- Air cleaner
- BTEX, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene
- By-product
- CADR, clean air delivery rate
- CFM, cubic feet per minute
- Clean air delivery rate (CADR)
- DBD, dielectric barrier discharge
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- ESP, electrostatic precipitator
- Electrostatic precipitator
- HEPA, high efficiency particulate air
- High efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
- IAQ, indoor air quality
- Indoor air quality (IAQ)
- Ion generator
- Ozone
- PCO, photocatalytic oxidation
- Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO)
- Plasma
- SOA, secondary organic aerosol
- SP, submicron particles
- SVOC, semi-volatile organic compound
- Sorption
- TCO, thermal catalytic oxidation
- TVOC, total volatile organic compound
- Thermal catalytic oxidation (TCO)
- UV-C, ultraviolet C, wavelength range: 280–100 nm
- UVGI, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
- Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)
- VOC, volatile organic compound
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Zhang
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jensen Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, NY, USA
| | - John C. Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech., VA, USA
| | - Richard Corsi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Michael H.K. Leung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Lei Fang
- International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, NY, USA
| | - Jinguang Li
- Institute of Shanghai Building Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX, USA
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