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Yang J, Song J, Gao X, Li M, Qin H, Niu Y, Luan H, Chen X, Guo J, Yuan T, Liu W. Integrated toxicity of secondary, tertiary, wetland effluents on human stem cells triggered by ERα and PPARγ agonists. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173419. [PMID: 38802024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Residual pollutants in discharged and reused water pose both direct and indirect human exposure. However, health effects caused by whole effluent remain largely unknown due to the lack of human relevant model for toxicity test. Effluents from four secondary wastewater treatment plants (SWTPs), a tertiary wastewater treatment plant (TWTP) and a constructed wetland (CW) were evaluated for the integrated toxicity of the organic extractions. Multiple-endpoint human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) assay was used as an in vitro model relevant to human health. The effluents caused cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity in MSCs. The osteogenic and neurogenic differentiation were inhibited and the adipogenic differentiation were stimulated by some of the effluent extractions. The SWTP, TWTP and CW treatments reduced integrated biomarker response (IBR) by 26.3 %, 17.5 % and 33.3 % respectively, where the IBR values of final CW (8.3) and TWTP (8.2) effluents were relatively lower than SWTPs (9.1). Among multiple biomarkers, the inhibition of osteogenesis was the least reduced by wastewater treatment. Besides, ozone disinfection in tertiary treatment increased cytotoxicity and differentiation effects suggesting the generation of toxic products. The mRNA expressions of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) were significantly upregulated by effluents. The inhibitory effects of effluents on neural differentiation were mitigated after antagonizing ERα and PPARγ in the cells. It is suggested that ERα and PPARγ agonists in effluents were largely accountable for the impairment of stem cell differentiation. Besides, the concentrations of n-C29H60, o-cresol, fluorene and phenanthrene in the effluents were significantly correlated with the intergrated stem cell toxicity. The present study provided toxicological evidence for the relation between water contamination and human health, with an insight into the key toxicity drivers. The necessity for deep water treatment and the potential means were suggested for improving water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuxin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haiyang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tuwan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Qiu T, Shi W, Chen J, Li J. Haloketones: A class of unregulated priority DBPs with high contribution to drinking water cytotoxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121866. [PMID: 38852393 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Although unregulated aliphatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) had a much higher concentration and cytotoxicity than known aromatic DBPs, a recent study indicated that seven classes of regulated and unregulated priority DBPs (one and two-carbon-atom DBPs) just accounted for 16.2% of disinfected water cytotoxicity in the U.S., meaning some of the highly toxic aliphatic DBPs may be overlooked. Haloketones (HKs) are an essential class of priority DBPs with a 1-100 µg/L concentration in drinking water but lack cytotoxicity data. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of seven HKs using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The order for cytotoxicity of HKs from most to least toxic was: 1,3-dichloroacetone (LC50: 1.0 ± 0.20 μM) ≈ 1,3-dibromoacetone (1.5 ± 0.19 μM) ≈ bromoacetone (1.9 ± 0.49 μM) > chloroacetone (4.3 ± 0.22 μM) > 1,1,3-trichloropropanone (6.6 ± 0.46 μM) > 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (222 ± 7.7 μM) > hexachloroacetone (3269 ± 344 μM). The cytotoxicity of HKs was higher than most regulated and priority aliphatic DBPs in mono-halogenated, di-halogenated, and tri-halogenated categories. A prediction model of HK cytotoxicity was developed based on the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), optimizing structures and computing descriptors with Gaussian 09 W. The average concentrations of HKs in representative drinking water samples from South Carolina (U.S.) and Suzhou (China) were 12.4 and 0.9 μg/L, respectively, accounting for 18.8% and 1.7% of their specific total DBPs measured (i.e. not TOX). For South Carolina drinking water, their contributions to total calculated additive cytotoxicity of aliphatic DBPs and overall drinking water cytotoxicity were 86.7% and 14.0%, respectively, demonstrating that HKs are an essential class of overlooked DBPs with a high contribution to drinking water cytotoxicity. Our study can help to explain the conflict that why regulated and priority DBPs (except HKs) just accounted for 16% of chlorinated drinking water cytotoxicity even enough they had much higher concentration and cytotoxicity than known aromatic DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qiu
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wenshan Shi
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Wang T, Deng L, Tan C, Hu J, Prasad Singh R. Formation of halonitromethanes from different nitrophenol compounds during UV/post-chlorination: Impact factors, DFT calculation, reaction mechanisms, and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174718. [PMID: 38997025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
As ubiquitous chemical substances in water bodies, nitrophenol compounds (NCs) can form chlorinated halonitromethanes (Cl-HNMs) in the chlorination process. This work chose six typical NCs to explore Cl-HNMs produced during the UV/post-chlorination process, and Cl-HNMs yields from these NCs followed the increasing order of 4-, 2-, 2-amino-3-, 2-methyl-3-, 3-, and 2-chloro-3-nitrophenol. The Cl-HNMs yields increased continually or increased firstly and declined with post-chlorination time. Increasing chlorine dosage favored Cl-HNMs formation, while excessive chlorine dosage decreased Cl-HNMs produced from 2- and 4-nitrophenol. Besides, appropriate UV radiation, acidic pH, and higher precursor concentrations facilitated Cl-HNMs formation. Then, the reaction mechanisms of Cl-HNMs generated from these different NCs were explored according to density functional theory calculation and identified transformation products (TPs), and the main reactions included chlorine substitution, benzoquinone compound formation, ring opening, and bond cleavage. Moreover, the Cl-HNMs generated from 2-chloro-3-nitrophenol were of the highest toxicity, and the six NCs and their TPs also presented ecotoxicity. Finally, two kinds of real waters were used to explore Cl-HNMs formation and toxicity, and they were significantly distinguishable compared to the phenomena observed in simulated waters. This work will give new insights into Cl-HNMs formation from different NCs in water disinfection processes and help better apply the UV/post-chlorination process to water treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Chen R, Chen T, Zhou Y, Li L, Li L, Zhu N, Li Z, Wang Y, Jiang G. Characteristics of disinfection byproducts from dissolved organic matter during chlor(am)ination of source water in Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174628. [PMID: 38992371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau, a typical high-altitude area, is less affected by human activities such as industrial development, and the external pollution to water sources is extremely low. Then it is also an important source of water samples for exploring the molecular characteristics of precursors in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. Research data on DBPs in drinking water on the Tibet Plateau remains insufficient, leading to uncertainty about DBP contamination in the area. This study explores the formation potential of 35 typical DBPs, including 6 trihalomethanes (THMs), 9 haloacetic acids (HAAs), 2 halogenated ketones (HKs), 9 nitrosamines (NAs), and 9 aromatic DBPs, during chlorination and chloramination of typical source water samples in the Tibet Plateau of China. Moreover, in order to further investigate the characteristics of the generation of DBPs, the molecular composition of DOM in the collected water samples was characterized by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The findings reveal that, for chlorination and chloramination, the average concentration of the five classes of DBPs was ranked as follows (chlorination, chloramination): HAAs (268.1 μg/L, 54.2 μg/L) > THMs (44.0 μg/L, 2.0 μg/L) > HKs (0.7 μg/L, 1.8 μg/L) > NAs (26.5 ng/L, 74.6 ng/L) > Aromatics (20.4 ng/L, 19.5 ng/L). The dominant compounds in THMs, HAAs, and NAs are trichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and nitrosopyrrolidine, respectively. This study highlights a significant positive correlation between DBP generation and UV254, SUV254, and the double bond equivalents of DOM in the source water. It systematically elucidates DOM molecular composition characteristics and DBP formation potential in high-altitude water sources, shedding light on key factors influencing DBP generation at the molecular level in high-altitude areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yukun Zhou
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingxiangyu Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nali Zhu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibing Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Wang T, Deng L, Tan C, Hu J, Prasad Singh R. Reaction mechanisms of chlorinated disinfection byproducts formed from nitrophenol compounds with different structures during chlor(am)ination and UV/post-chlor(am)ination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134544. [PMID: 38733788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Nitrophenol compounds (NCs) have high formation potentials of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in water disinfection processes, however, the reaction mechanisms of DBPs formed from different NCs are not elucidated clearly. Herein, nitrobenzene, phenol, and six representative NCs were used to explore the formation mechanisms of chlorinated DBPs (Cl-DBPs) during chlor(am)ination and UV/post-chlor(am)ination. Consequently, the coexistence of nitro and hydroxy groups in NCs facilitated the electrophilic substitution to produce intermediates of Cl-DBPs, and the different positions of nitro and hydroxy groups also induced different yields and formation mechanisms of Cl-DBPs during the chlorination and UV/post-chlorination processes. Besides, the amino, chlorine, and methyl groups significantly influenced the formation mechanisms of Cl-DBPs during the chlorination and UV/post-chlorination processes. Furthermore, the total Cl-DBPs yields from the six NCs followed a decreasing order of 2-chloro-3-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-3-nitrophenol, 2-amino-4-nitrophenol, 2-nitrophenol, and 4-nitrophenol during chlorination and UV/post-chlorination. However, the total Cl-DBPs yields from the six NCs during chloramination and UV/post-chloramination followed a quite different order, which might be caused by additional reaction mechanisms, e.g., nucleophilic substitution or addition might occur to NCs in the presence of monochloramine (NH2Cl). This work can offer deep insights into the reaction mechanisms of Cl-DBPs from NCs during the chlor(am)ination and UV/post-chlor(am)ination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Wang Q, Chen M, Min Y, Shi P. Aging of polystyrene microplastics by UV/Sodium percarbonate oxidation: Organic release, mechanism, and disinfection by-product formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132934. [PMID: 37976854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and transformation of microplastics (MPs) in environment has attracted considerable attention. However, the release characteristics of MP-derived dissolved organic matter (MP-DOM) under oxidation conditions and the effect of DOM on subsequent chlorination disinfection by-product (DBP) still lacks relevant information. This study focused on the conversion of polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) in the advanced oxidation of ultraviolet-activated sodium percarbonate (UV/SPC-AOP) and the release characteristics of MP-DOM. The DBP formation potential of MP-DOM was also investigated. As a result, UV/SPC significantly enhanced the aging and fragmentation of PSMPs. Under UV irradiation, the fluorescence peak intensity and position of humus-like and protein-like components of MP-DOM were correlated with SPC concentration. The aging MP suspension was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and various alkyl-cleavage and oxidation products were identified. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detection confirmed that carbonate and hydroxyl radicals jointly dominated the conversion of PSMPs. The formation of DBP was related to the components of MP-DOM. Overall, these results help to understand the aging behavior of MPs in AOP. Moreover, MP-DOM released by MPs after AOP oxidation may be a precursor of DBPs, which deserved more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Muxin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yulin Min
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Penghui Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200090, PR China.
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Kozari A, Voutsa D. Impact of climate change on formation of nitrogenous disinfection by products. Part I: Sea level rise and flooding events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166041. [PMID: 37543335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change causes heavy rainfall incidents and sea level rise, which have serious impact on the availability and quality of water resources. These extreme phenomena lead to the rise of external and internal precursors in water reservoirs, and consequently affect the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). The aim of this study was to investigate the formation of nitrogenous_DBPs (N-DBPs) under extreme conditions caused by climate change. For this reason, two scenarios were adapted: a) sea level rise leading to increase of water salinity and b) heavy rainfall incidents leading to flooding events. The target-compounds were haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloacetamides (HAcAms) and halonitromethane (TCNM). Chlorination and chloramination were employed as disinfection processes under different doses (5 and 10 mg/L) and contact times (24 and 72 h). The results showed enhancement on the formation of N-DBPs and changes in their profile. Sea level rise scenario led to elevated concentrations of brominated species (maximum concentration of dibromoacetonitrile 23 μg/L and maximum concentration of bromoacetamide 57 μg/L), while flooding events scenario led to extended formation of chloroacetamide and bromochloroacetonitrile up to 58 μg/L and 40 μg/L, respectively. At the same time, changes in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the samples were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyri Kozari
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Gharaati AR, Allafchian A, Karimzadeh F. Exploring the antibacterial potential of magnetite/Quince seed mucilage/Ag nanocomposite: Synthesis, characterization, and activity assessment. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126120. [PMID: 37541468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel core-shell antibacterial agent designed for water disinfection purposes. The nanocomposite is synthesized by combining quince seed mucilage (QSM) as the shell material and Fe3O4 as the core material. The integration of antibacterial silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) onto the QSM shell effectively prevents agglomeration of the Ag NPs, resulting in a larger contact surface area with bacteria and consequently exhibiting enhanced antibacterial activity. The incorporation of magnetic Fe3O4 NPs with a saturation magnetization of 55.2 emu·g-1 as the core allows for easy retrieval of the nanocomposites from the medium using a strong magnetic field, enabling their reusability. The Fe3O4/QSM/Ag nanocomposite is extensively characterized using XRD, FT-IR, VSM, DLS, FE-SEM, and TEM techniques. The characterization results confirm the successful synthesis of the nanocomposites, with an average particle size of 73 nm and no contamination or impurities detected. The nanocomposites exhibit superparamagnetic properties, with a saturated magnetization of 22.69 emu·g-1, ensuring facile separation from water. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanocomposite is evaluated using the disk diffusion method against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results reveal excellent antibacterial efficacy, with minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) of 0.8 mg·mL-1 against E. coli and S. typhimurium. Furthermore, the measurement of released silver ions in water using ICP-OES indicates a low concentration of remaining silver ions in the medium, highlighting the controlled release of antimicrobial agents. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the development of advanced antibacterial agents for water disinfection applications, offering potential solutions to combat microbial contamination effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Gharaati
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Alireza Allafchian
- Research Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Fathallah Karimzadeh
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Research Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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Hao T, Miao M, Wang T, Xiao Y, Yu B, Zhang M, Ning X, Li Y. Physicochemical changes in microplastics and formation of DBPs under ozonation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 327:138488. [PMID: 36963574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are substances that pose a risk to both human life and the environment. Their types and production are increasing year on year, and their potential to cause environmental pollution is a worldwide concern. Conventional water treatment processes, particularly coagulation and sedimentation, are not effective at removing all MPs. It is therefore important to assess the morphological changes in the MPs, i.e., the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polyethylene (PE), during ozonation and the dissolved organic carbon leaching as well as chloroform formation in the subsequent chlorination. The results show that the appearance and surface chemistry of the MPs changed during the ozonation process, most notably for TPU. The trichloromethane (CHCl3) generation during chlorination was 0.168 and 0.152 μmol/L for TPU and PE, respectively, and the ozone pretreatment significantly increased the CHCl3 yield of TPU, while it had a weak effect on PE. Additional disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including CHCl2Br, CHClBr2, and CHBr3, were produced in the presence of bromide ions in the water column, and the total amount of DBPs produced by PE, PE-O, TPU, and TPU-O was significantly increased to 0.787, 0.814, 0.931, and 1.391 μmol/L, respectively. The study provides useful information for the environmental risk assessment of two representative MPs, i.e., TPU and MPs, in disinfection procedures for drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Manhong Miao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Tong Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yihang Xiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Bingqing Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ning
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control, Tianjin Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Costa LRDC, Féris LA. Use of ozonation technology to combat viruses and bacteria in aquatic environments: problems and application perspectives for SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:2490-2502. [PMID: 35078388 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2034981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a global health threat with a large number of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide. Person-to-person transmission through respiratory droplets and contact with aerosol-infected surfaces are the main ways in which the virus spreads. However, according to the updated literature, the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has also been detected in aqueous matrices, with the main route of transmission being feces and masks from patients diagnosed with the disease. Given the emergence of public health and environmental protection from the presence of lethal viruses and bacteria, this review article aims to report the major challenges associated with the application of ozonation in water contaminated with viruses and bacteria, in order to clarify whether these communities can survive or infect after the disinfection process and if it is efficient. Available data suggest that ozonation is able to increase the inactivation effect of microorganisms by about 50% in the logarithmic range, reducing infectivity. In addition, the evidence-based knowledge reported in this article is useful to support water and sanitation safety planning and to protect human health from exposure to cited contaminants through water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana Amaral Féris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Cavalcante RP, Malvestiti JA, Júnior JPD, Dantas RF. Modeling carbonate/bicarbonate and nitrate disturbance during secondary effluent disinfection by UV/H 2O 2 and UV/ozone. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:2943-2962. [PMID: 36515198 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of effluents has been considered the main step to inactivate pathogenic organisms to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases. The variation in the matrix composition can lead to the use of inadequate oxidant dose and disturb a correct treatment. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and practical mathematical model to simulate the disturbance of inorganic anions (CO32-/HCO3- and NO3-) during secondary effluent disinfection by UV/H2O2 and UV/O3. The pathogenic agents chosen for this study were total coliforms and E. coli. To build the mathematical model, a modification of the Chick model (referred to as 'Modified Chick Model') was proposed by employing a weighted average in the calculation of the kinetic constant. Both treatments were affected by the presence of the anions. However, with the highest NO3- concentration, less inhibition of disinfection was observed in the UV/H2O2. The use of the arithmetic means to calculate the value of k, as indicated by the Chick model, demonstrates a lesser precision in the prediction of the microorganisms' concentrations. On the other hand, using the Modified Chick Model, a better prediction of the inactivation of the microorganisms was obtained, which can be confirmed by the validation performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pereira Cavalcante
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Jacqueline Aparecida Malvestiti
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil E-mail: ; Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil
| | - José Paulo Diogo Júnior
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Renato Falcao Dantas
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil E-mail:
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12
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Wang J, Wang S, Chen C, Hu J, He S, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Wang X, Hu D, Lin J. Treatment of hospital wastewater by electron beam technology: Removal of COD, pathogenic bacteria and viruses. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136265. [PMID: 36055595 PMCID: PMC9424868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effective treatment of hospital sewage is crucial to human health and eco-environment, especially during the pandemic of COVID-19. In this study, a demonstration project of actual hospital sewage using electron beam technology was established as advanced treatment process during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei, China in July 2020. The results indicated that electron beam radiation could effectively remove COD, pathogenic bacteria and viruses in hospital sewage. The continuous monitoring date showed that the effluent COD concentration after electron beam treatment was stably below 30 mg/L, and the concentration of fecal Escherichia coli was below 50 MPN/L, when the absorbed dose was 4 kGy. Electron beam radiation was also an effective method for inactivating viruses. Compared to the inactivation of fecal Escherichia coli, higher absorbed dose was required for the inactivation of virus. Absorbed dose had different effect on the removal of virus. When the absorbed dose ranged from 30 to 50 kGy, Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Astrovirus (ASV) could be completely removed by electron beam treatment. For Rotavirus (RV) and Enterovirus (EV) virus, the removal efficiency firstly increased and then decreased. The maximum removal efficiency of RV and EV was 98.90% and 88.49%, respectively. For the Norovirus (NVLII) virus, the maximum removal efficiency was 81.58%. This study firstly reported the performance of electron beam in the removal of COD, fecal Escherichia coli and virus in the actual hospital sewage, which would provide useful information for the application of electron beam technology in the treatment of hospital sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Shizong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Chuanhong Chen
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Jun Hu
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Shijun He
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Yuedong Zhou
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Huanzheng Zhu
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Xipo Wang
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Dongming Hu
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
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13
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Ye S, Tan X, Yang H, Xiong J, Zhu H, Song H, Chen G. Catalytic removal of attached tetrabromobisphenol A from microplastic surface by biochar activating oxidation and its impact on potential of disinfection by-products formation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119191. [PMID: 36215841 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous studies concerning the impacts of widespread microplastic pollution on the ecological environment, and it shows synergistic effect of microplastics and co-exposed pollutants in risk enhancement. However, the control methods for removing harmful pollutants from microplastic surface to reduce their ecological toxicity has rarely been explored. In this paper, magnetic graphitized biochar as a catalyst is shown to achieve 97% removal of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) from microplastics by biochar mediated electron transfer. The changes in the surface and structure of microplastics caused by various aging processes affected the pollutant attachment and subsequent removal efficiency. After chlorination, the highest disinfection by-product (DBP) generation potential was observed by the group of microplastics attached with TBBPA. The oxidation system of biochar activating peroxodisulfate (PDS) can not only reduce the kinds of DBPs, but also greatly reduce the total amount of detected DBPs by 76%, as well as reducing the overall toxicity. This paper highlights an overlooked contribution of pollutant attachment to the potential risks of DBP generated from natural microplastics during chlorination process, and provides the underlying insights to guide the design of a biochar-based catalyst from wastes to achieve the removal of TBBPA from microplastics and reduce the risks and hazards of co-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Ye
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hailan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Hongxiang Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Hainong Song
- Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Guoning Chen
- Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530007, PR China
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Anderson A, Anbarasu A, Pasupuleti RR, Manigandan S, Praveenkumar TR, Aravind Kumar J. Treatment of heavy metals containing wastewater using biodegradable adsorbents: A review of mechanism and future trends. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133724. [PMID: 35101432 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The direct disposal of industrial effluents into the aquatic system is considered as a significant environmental hazard in many countries. Because of poisonous chemicals, substantial volumes of effluent release, as well as the lack of adequate of conventional treatment methodologies, industrial effluent treatment is extremely difficult. Numerous researchers have been interested in adsorption technology for its high efficiency of pollutant removal, low cost, and abundantly available adsorbent. Various adsorbent materials, both natural and modified form, have been widely used for the removal of toxic contaminants from industrial effluent. This paper highlights recent advancements in multiple modification types to functionalize the adsorbent material, resulting in higher adsorption capacity on various toxic pollutants. This review provides an overview of the adsorption mechanism and parameters (pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, temperature and interaction time), which influencing the removal efficiency of adsorbents. Furthermore, this review compiles the desorption study to recover the adsorbent and improve the cycle's financial viability. This review provides a concise overview of the future directions and outlook in the framework of adsorbent application for industrial wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anderson
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 119, India
| | - A Anbarasu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, 600123, India
| | - Raghavendra Rao Pasupuleti
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sekar Manigandan
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 119, India.
| | - T R Praveenkumar
- Department of Construction Technology and Management, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
| | - J Aravind Kumar
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, Tamilnadu, India
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15
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Wolf Y, Oster S, Shuliakevich A, Brückner I, Dolny R, Linnemann V, Pinnekamp J, Hollert H, Schiwy S. Improvement of wastewater and water quality via a full-scale ozonation plant? - A comprehensive analysis of the endocrine potential using effect-based methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149756. [PMID: 34492496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants (MPs), especially endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), are mainly released from WWTPs into surface water bodies and can subsequently lead to adverse effects in biota. Treatment with ozone proved to be a suitable method for eliminating such MPs. This method was implemented at the WWTP Aachen-Soers by commissioning the largest full-scale ozonation plant in Europe at the moment. Recently, effect-based methods (EBMs) have been successfully proved for compliance monitoring, e.g. estrogenic compounds. Therefore, the impact of ozone treatment on endocrine potential (agonistic and antagonistic) of treated wastewater was investigated using the ERα- and AR CALUX assays. Additionally, the impact on the receiving stream and a potential preload of the water body was assessed. Therefore, the current study could deal as a case study for small rivers being highly impacted by WWTPs. The estrogenic potential was nearly fully eliminated after ozone treatment. Contrary, the antagonistic (anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic) potential did not show a clear elimination pattern after ozone treatment independent of the applied ozone dosage and control system. Therefore, further investigations are required regarding the antagonistic potential. Additionally, preloading of the receiving stream was found during the study period. One significant impact is a rain overflow basin (ROB) located upstream of the WWTP effluent. The highest endocrine potential was found after a ROB overflow (2.7 ng EEQ/L, 2.4 μg TMX-EQ/L, 104 μg FLU-EQ/L), suggesting that such runoff events after a heavy rainfall may act as a driver of endocrine loading to the water body. This manuscript contributes significantly to the basic understanding of the efficiency of eliminating the endocrine potential of ozone treatment by, e.g., showing that there is a further need for improving the removal efficiency of antagonistic potential. Moreover, it highlights the need to include other point sources, such as ROBs, to assess polluted surface waters comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Wolf
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sophie Oster
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; iES Institute for Environmental Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Aliaksandra Shuliakevich
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (E(3)T), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Regina Dolny
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Volker Linnemann
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Pinnekamp
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (E(3)T), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (E(3)T), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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Sang W, Lu W, Mei L, Jia D, Cao C, Li Q, Wang C, Zhan C, Li M. Research on different oxidants synergy with dielectric barrier discharge plasma in degradation of Orange G: Efficiency and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Khorasani H, Xu J, Nguyen T, Kralles Z, Westerhoff P, Dai N, Zhu Z. Contribution of wastewater- versus non-wastewater-derived sources to haloacetonitriles formation potential in a wastewater-impacted river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148355. [PMID: 34147808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Population growth and urbanization have led to the increasing presence of treated wastewater effluents in downstream drinking water sources. Drinking water sources influenced by organic matter from upstream wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are thought prone to the formation of haloacetonitriles (HANs), a group of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs) that can exhibit higher toxicity than currently regulated carbonaceous DBPs. We develop a framework for studying the HAN formation potential (HAN-FP) considering the WWTP and non-WWTP related sources of HAN precursors, and apply this framework to a representative WWTP-impacted river, the Illinois River, USA. A spatiotemporally-resolved river hydrodynamic and water quality model is developed using HEC-RAS to quantify the contribution of WWTP versus non-WWTP sources of HAN-FP precursors. Results show that non-WWTP sources of HAN-FP are considerable, accounting for up to 78% of HAN-FP concentration. Moreover, the contribution of the two sources varies due to streamflow discharge variability. During lower flows, the contribution of WWTPs drives the high concentration of HAN-FP and during higher flows, the contribution of non-WWTP sources becomes dominant. As a result, a high risk of HAN-FP may exist persistently (HAN-FP concentration is always larger than 9.7 μg/L in this study), not only during low flows but also during high flows due to both wastewater- and non-wastewater-derived HAN-FP sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Khorasani
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jiale Xu
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Zachary Kralles
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Zhenduo Zhu
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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18
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Zou M, Qi Y, Qu R, Al-Basher G, Pan X, Wang Z, Huo Z, Zhu F. Effective degradation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone by zero-valent iron powder (Fe 0)-activated persulfate in aqueous solution: Kinetic study, product identification and theoretical calculations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144743. [PMID: 33540164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), a typically known derivative of the benzophenone-type UV filter, has been frequently detected in aqueous environments and poses a potential risk to human health and the entire ecosystem. In this study, an effective advanced oxidation technique using zero-valent iron powder (Fe0)-activated persulfate (PS) was used for the degradation of BP-1. The effects of several experimental parameters, including Fe0 dosages, PS dosages, pH, and common natural water constituents, were systematically investigated. The BP-1 degradation efficiency was enhanced by increasing the Fe0 and PS dosages and decreasing the solution pH. The presence of different concentrations of humic acid (HA) could inhibit BP-1 removal, while the addition of various cations and anions had different effects on the degradation. Moreover, the degradation of BP-1 in five water matrices was also compared, and the removal rates followed the order of ultrapure water > tap water > secondary clarifier effluent > river water > synthetic water. Thirteen oxidation products were identified by liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis, and five possible degradation pathways were proposed. The addition reactions initiated by HO and SO4-, as well as single-electron coupling reactions and ring-closing reactions, were further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Assessment of toxicity of intermediates of the oxidation of BP-1 suggested decreased toxicity from the parent contaminant. The present work illustrates that BP-1 could be efficiently degraded in the Fe0/PS system, which may provide new insights into the removal of benzophenones in water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yumeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Gadah Al-Basher
- King Saud University, College of Science, Zoology Department, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoxue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Zongli Huo
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 172 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 172 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Wei J, Ma D, Ma X, Sheng Q, Sun X, Li J, Liu X, Shen J, Zheng M, Wang L. New insight into increased toxicity during ozonation of chlorophenol: The significant contribution of oxidizing intermediates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144569. [PMID: 33477043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biological safety evaluation and toxic by-products identification are critical issues in the partial oxidation process. Previous studies have shown that the whole toxicity increased in the effluent of an ozonation process for chlorophenols removal. Here, this study systematically investigated the changes of acute toxicity during the ozonation of 3-chlorophenol under four key operational conditions, including initial 3-chlorophenol concentration (20-60 mg/L), ozone concentration (14-42 mg/L), reaction pH (3-10) and ozonation time (0-50 min). The results found that the ozonation process induced a significant increase in the acute toxicity, followed by its gradual decrease. The observation of higher acute toxicity increase generally happened at higher initial 3-chlorophenol concentration, lower ozone concentration and lower reaction pH. At the toxicity peaks, the oxidizing intermediates posed acute toxicity equal to 65.8%-96.3% of the whole toxicity. Among them, free active chlorine (FAC) contributed 21.4%-51.6%, and its concentrations significantly correlated to the acute toxicity change. Therefore, two possible FAC generation pathways initiated by ozone molecule were proposed: (i) bond breaking of the oxychloride complex formed by the combination of chloride ion and zwitterion; or (ii) hydrolysis of ozonides formed by the electrophilic reaction of ozone molecule. Together, these results firstly revealed the significant toxicity contribution of oxidizing intermediates during the ozonation of chlorophenols, supporting further development of safe and effective ozone-based water treatment schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dehua Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xuerou Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lianjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
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20
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Shi Q, Chen Z, Liu H, Lu Y, Li K, Shi Y, Mao Y, Hu HY. Efficient synergistic disinfection by ozone, ultraviolet irradiation and chlorine in secondary effluents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143641. [PMID: 33261863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection of secondary effluents is vital to provide a sustainable aquatic environment, minimize microbial risks and guarantee public and environmental safety. This study investigated the effectiveness of six treatment trains including single and combined disinfection processes (i.e., ozone alone, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation alone, chlorine alone, sequential ozone-UV, sequential ozone-chlorine and sequential ozone-UV-chlorine) on bacterial inactivation, as well as bulk water quality parameters such as color, turbidity, absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and fluorescence based on samples collected from an actual water reclamation plant (WRP). For the single disinfection processes, when the ozone, UV and chlorine doses reached 5 mg/L, 15 mJ/cm2 and 4 mg/L, respectively, the log removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli) reached 5 log. A trailing phenomenon was observed with further increases in the disinfectant dosage. Under the combined treatment scenarios, ozone pretreatment resulted in substantial removal of color, turbidity, UV254, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (FEEM) and chlorine consuming organics, thus enhancing the efficiency of subsequent UV irradiation or chlorine treatments. In the sequential ozone-UV-chlorine experiments, E. coli inactivation reached 7 log with ozone, UV and available chlorine of 3 mg/L, 5 or 10 mJ/cm2 and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. On the basis of the results from the actual WRP, the estimated operating cost per unit for the disinfection systems is 0.065 CNY/t, which is economical for long-term operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Hai Liu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Kuixiao Li
- Research and Development Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yulong Shi
- Research and Development Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yu Mao
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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Kanan A, Karanfil T. Estimation of haloacetonitriles formation in water: Uniform formation conditions versus formation potential tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140987. [PMID: 32693285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, several studies have used formation potential (FP) tests to examine the presence of HAN precursors in water and wastewater. However, given the decomposition of HANs with time at elevated free chlorine levels, FP test results do not provide meaningful results. We conducted side-by-side FP and uniform formation condition (UFC) experiments to demonstrate that, in order to obtain practical, meaningful, and representative information about HANs formation and their precursors during chlorination, it is important to conduct experiments and report results under UFC [or simulated distribution system (SDS)] conditions. The results confirmed higher HAN formation under UFC than FP tests during chlorination of the tested two surface water and three wastewater effluent samples, indicating HAN decomposition at high chlorine conditions of FP tests. In addition, the well reported ratio (~10%) of HAN/THM from previous studies was more consistent with the UFC results but was lower than 10% in the FP results. On the other hand, HAN formation during chloramination of the same samples were lower under the UFC than FP conditions. Furthermore, FP tests under both chlorination and chloramination resulted in lower bromine substitution factor. We concluded that reporting results of HANs FP tests are not representative, and future studies should focus on UFC or distribution system specific (SDS) experiments for chlorination. However, chloramination FP tests may still provide some information about the HAN precursors in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Kanan
- Department of Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Quds University, Palestine
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, USA.
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Zhang D, Ling H, Huang X, Li J, Li W, Yi C, Zhang T, Jiang Y, He Y, Deng S, Zhang X, Wang X, Liu Y, Li G, Qu J. Potential spreading risks and disinfection challenges of medical wastewater by the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA in septic tanks of Fangcang Hospital. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140445. [PMID: 32599407 PMCID: PMC7308756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia raises the concerns of effective deactivation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in medical wastewater by disinfectants. In this study, we evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in septic tanks of Wuchang Cabin Hospital and found a striking high level of (0.5-18.7) × 103 copies/L after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite. Embedded viruses in stool particles might be released in septic tanks, behaving as a secondary source of SARS-CoV-2 and potentially contributing to its spread through drainage pipelines. Current recommended disinfection strategy (free chlorine ≥0.5 mg/L after at least 30 min suggested by World Health Organization; free chlorine above 6.5 mg/L after 1.5-h contact by China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) needs to be reevaluated to completely remove SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in non-centralized disinfection system and effectively deactivate SARS-CoV-2. The effluents showed negative results for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA when overdosed with sodium hypochlorite but had high a level of disinfection by-product residuals, possessing significant ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Haibo Ling
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chuan Yi
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Jiang
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yuning He
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou 215163, PR China
| | - Songqiang Deng
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou 215163, PR China
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xinzi Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
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23
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Zhang D, Ling H, Huang X, Li J, Li W, Yi C, Zhang T, Jiang Y, He Y, Deng S, Zhang X, Wang X, Liu Y, Li G, Qu J. Potential spreading risks and disinfection challenges of medical wastewater by the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA in septic tanks of Fangcang Hospital. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140445. [PMID: 32599407 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.28.20083832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia raises the concerns of effective deactivation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in medical wastewater by disinfectants. In this study, we evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in septic tanks of Wuchang Cabin Hospital and found a striking high level of (0.5-18.7) × 103 copies/L after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite. Embedded viruses in stool particles might be released in septic tanks, behaving as a secondary source of SARS-CoV-2 and potentially contributing to its spread through drainage pipelines. Current recommended disinfection strategy (free chlorine ≥0.5 mg/L after at least 30 min suggested by World Health Organization; free chlorine above 6.5 mg/L after 1.5-h contact by China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) needs to be reevaluated to completely remove SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in non-centralized disinfection system and effectively deactivate SARS-CoV-2. The effluents showed negative results for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA when overdosed with sodium hypochlorite but had high a level of disinfection by-product residuals, possessing significant ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Haibo Ling
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chuan Yi
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Jiang
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yuning He
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou 215163, PR China
| | - Songqiang Deng
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou 215163, PR China
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xinzi Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
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24
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Liu M, Li X, He Y, Li H. Aquatic toxicity of heavy metal-containing wastewater effluent treated using vertical flow constructed wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138616. [PMID: 32325314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effluent from municipal wastewater can be discharged into the surface water once the chemical parameters meet the standard requirements. However, little attention has been paid to assess the toxicity of the effluent in the receiving water. In this study, vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) were used to treat the heavy metal-containing wastewater. In addition, the toxicity of the effluent towards Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Daphnia magna was evaluated. The results showed that the VFCWs removed nearly 80% of the total nitrogen, nitrate, and Cd2+ from the wastewater during a 60 day operation. Acute toxicity assessments demonstrated that incubating the plankton in 10% (v/v) effluent enhanced their growth, but a further increase in the effluent proportion (50% and 100%) exhibited detrimental effects towards the aquatic organisms. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in C. pyrenoidosa and D. magna peaked but then decreased with the increasing effluent proportion, indicating that incubation in a higher proportion of the effluent could damage the anti-oxidative capabilities of the organisms, which aligned with the enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. After 96 h of incubation, the assimilation of Cd2+ was most obvious in all the studied effluent gradients in comparison to Cu2+ and Pb2+. Additionally, the correlation analysis between the plankton growth and heavy metal removal revealed that Cd2+ removal clearly benefited the growth of C. pyrenoidosa and D. magna. These results suggest that additional endeavor should be made on the heavy metal removal, to reduce the potential ecological risk of the final discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yixin He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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