Green synthesized MgO nanoparticles infer biocompatibility by reducing in vivo molecular nanotoxicity in embryonic zebrafish through arginine interaction elicited apoptosis

Green metal nanotechnology in monogastric animal health: current trends and future prospects - A review

Green nanotechnology is an emerging field of research in recent decades with rapidly growing interest. This integrates green chemistry with green engineering to avoid using toxic chemicals in the synthesis of organic nanomaterials. Green nanotechnology would create a huge potential for the use of nanoparticles for more sustainable utilization in improving animal health. Nanoparticles can be synthesised by physical, chemical and biological processes. Traditional methods for physical and chemical synthesis of nanoparticles are toxic to humans, animals and environmental health, which limits their usefulness. Green synthesis of nanoparticles via biological processes and their application in animal health could maximize the benefits of nanotechnology in terms of enhancing food animal health and production as well as minimize the undesirable impacts on Planetary Health. Recent advances in nanotechnology have meant different nanomaterials, especially those from metal sources, are now available for use in nanomedicine. Metal nanoparticles are one of the most widely researched in green nanotechnology, and the number of articles on this subject in food animal production is growing. Therefore, research on metal nanoparticles using green technologies have utmost importance. In this review, we report the recent advancement of green synthesized metal nanoparticles in terms of their utilization in monogastric animal health, elucidate the research gap in this field and provide recommendations for future prospects.

Temporal and dosage impact of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on grass carp: unveiling oxidative stress, DNA damage, and antioxidant suppression

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have gained significant importance in biomedicine and variety of nanotechnology-based materials used in the agriculture and biomedical industries. However, the release of different nanowastes in the water ecosystem becomes a serious concern. Therefore, this study was executed to evaluate the toxic impacts of MgO NPs on grass carp. A total of 60 grass carp were randomly divided in three groups (G0, G1, and G2). Fish reared in group G0 were kept as control while fish of groups G1 and G2 were exposed to 0.5 mg/L and 0.7 mg/L MgO NPs, respectively, mixed in water for 21 days. The 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) of MgO NPs was found to be 4.5 mg/L. Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage in different visceral organs and the presence of micronuclei in erythrocytes were determined on days 7, 14, and 21 of the trial. Results revealed dose- and time-dependent significantly increased values of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation product, DNA damage in multiple visceral organs and formation of micronuclei in the erythrocytes of treated fish (0.7 mg/L). The results on antioxidant profile exhibited significantly lower amounts of total proteins, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase in visceral organs of the fish exposed to MgO NPs (0.5 and 0.7 mg/L) at day 21 of trial compared to control group. In conclusion, it has been recorded that MgO NPs severely influence the normal physiological functions of the grass carp even at low doses.

Comparative Analysis of Eugenol-Loaded Ag-Co and Unloaded Ag-Co Bimetallic Nanoparticles Against Escherichia coli

Recent developments in nanotechnology have revealed the significance of bimetallic nanoparticles for various applications. This study reveals the facile green synthesis of Ag-Co bimetallic nanoparticles using eugenol. A comparative analysis of Eugenol-loaded Ag-Co and unloaded Ag-Co bimetallic nanoparticle (BNPs) was done to investigate their antibacterial and antioxidant activity using flow cytometry. The biosynthesized Eugenol-loaded and unloaded BNPs were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by using a DPPH scavenging activity assay and flow cytometry. UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis of synthesized eugenol-loaded and unloaded BNPs showed absorbance at 257 nm and 240 nm, respectively. FTIR analysis showed the peak range in the 500-4000 cm-1 corresponds to different functional groups. Zeta potential confirms the formation of stable and uniformly synthesized BNPs. EDX and SEM analysis confirm the elemental compositions and the size of the BNPs, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the live-dead parameters of Escherichia coli, when exposed to different concentrations of Eugenol-loaded Ag-Co (Eu@Ag-Co) and Unloaded Ag-Co BNPs. In addition, comparative MIC and MBC values of eugenol-loaded and unloaded BNPs were obtained for Escherichia coli. The Antioxidant activity revealed the comparative higher significant DPPH scavenging activity of Eu@Ag-Co. Moreover, the flow cytometric analysis confirmed the higher antibacterial efficacy of Eu@Ag-Co over unloaded Ag-Co BNPs by showing a higher percentage of dead cells. The study determined the enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activity of nanoparticles by Eugenol loading and advocated it to be a better therapeutic approach. This study encourages the use of biosynthesized loaded-phytochemicals BNPs over unloaded BNPs.

Green synthesis, characterization, morphological diversity, and colorectal cancer cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles

The synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via green methods is advantageous due to their economic viability, reduced environmental pollution, and safety towards human health. According to our best knowledge, there is limited documented research on synthesizing AuNPs using gum Arabic (GA) and cinnamon (CNM) and studying their anticancer activities against colorectal cancer cells. This study presents a simple approach to synthesizing AuNPs using GA and CNM, characterized by advanced analytical techniques, including UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopies, SEM, EDS, TEM, SAED, Zeta sizer, and Zeta potential. The absorption spectra displayed characteristic bands between 520-530 nm, confirming the successful synthesis of AuNPs. TEM analysis revealed that AuNPs@GA exhibited a spherical shape, while AuNPs@CNM displayed diverse morphologies (e.g., spherical, hexagonal, and diamond shapes) with average sizes of approximately 12 nm and 17 nm, respectively. SEM/EDS data confirmed the presence of AuNPs alongside organic compounds such as carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus. The cytotoxic effects of these AuNPs were evaluated on colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116) and healthy cells (HEK-293) using an MTT assay. Notably, AuNPs@GA resulted in a 43.61% loss in cell viability at the dose of 5 μg mL-1, while AuNPs@CNM led to an impressive 80.33% loss. The calculated IC50 values were 9.14 μg mL-1 for AuNPs@GA and 11.76 μg mL-1 for AuNPs@CNM, highlighting the potential of these AuNPs as effective agents in colon cancer treatment. This study not only addresses the lack of research on GA and CNM in NP synthesis but also demonstrates their promising anticancer properties, paving the way for further exploration in cancer therapeutics.

The role of rice husk in Oreochromis niloticus safety enhancement by bio-adsorbing copper oxide nanoparticles following its green synthesis: an endeavor to advance environmental sustainability

Lowering nanoparticles (NPs) toxicity before discharge into aquatic environments and employing agricultural waste materials for environmental sustainability are necessary nowadays. Since this has never been done, this work examines how green CuO NPs treated with rice husk (RH) as a bio-adsorbent may be safer for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) than chemically manufactured ones. So, five groups of fish were randomly placed in glass aquaria. One group was a control, and four groups received 50 mg/L green and chemically produced CuO NPs (GS and CS) with and without RH for 24, 48, and 96 h. RH was collected from all groups, and the results showed GS-CuO NPs had a greater adsorptive capacity than CS-CuO NPs after all time intervals. After analyzing fish indicators in all groups compared to the control, higher Cu bioaccumulation was exhibited in the liver and gills. The liver and gills showed elevated levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), while the levels of glutathione reduced (GSH) were significantly lower. In addition, Cu exposure impaired liver and gill histology. Finally, our results indicated that using RH as an adsorbent for CuO NPs after their green synthesis instead of chemical synthesis before they enter the aquatic environment can enhance the overall health of fish and environmental sustainability.

MgO Nanoparticles as a Promising Photocatalyst towards Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G Degradation

The increasing global requirement for clean and safe drinking water has necessitated the development of efficient methods for the elimination of organic contaminants, especially dyes, from wastewater. This study reports the synthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles via a simple precipitation approach and their thorough characterization using various techniques, including XRD, FT-IR, XPS, TGA, DLS, and FESEM. Synthesized MgO nanoparticles' photocatalytic effectiveness was evaluated towards rhodamine B and rhodamine 6G degradation under both UV and visible light irradiation. The results indicated that the MgO nanoparticles possess a face-centered cubic structure with enhanced crystallinity and purity, as well as an average crystallite size of approximately 3.20 nm. The nanoparticles demonstrated a significant BET surface area (52 m2/g) and a bandgap value equal to 5.27 eV. Photocatalytic experiments indicated complete degradation of rhodamine B dye under UV light within 180 min and 83.23% degradation under visible light. For rhodamine 6G, the degradation efficiency was 92.62% under UV light and 38.71% under visible light, thus verifying the MgO catalyst's selectivity towards degradation of rhodamine B dye. Also, reusability of MgO was investigated for five experimental photocatalytic trials with very promising results, mainly against rhodamine B. Scavenging experiments confirmed that •OH radicals were the major reactive oxygen species involved in the photodegradation procedure, unraveling the molecular mechanism of the photocatalytic efficiency of MgO.

Sustainable Synthesis of Novel Green-Based Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Interventions and Environmental Remediation

The advancement in nanotechnology has completely revolutionized various fields, including pharmaceutical sciences, and streamlined the potential therapeutic of many diseases that endanger human life. The synthesis of green nanoparticles by biological processes is an aspect of the newly emerging scientific field known as "green nanotechnology". Due to their safe, eco-friendly, nontoxic nature, green synthesis tools are better suited to produce nanoparticles between 1 and 100 nm. Nanoformulation of different types of nanoparticles has been made possible by using green production techniques and commercially feasible novel precursors, such as seed extracts, algae, and fungi, that act as potent reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. In addition to this, the biofunctionalization of nanoparticles has also broadened its horizon in the field of environmental remediation and various novel therapeutic innovations including wound healing, antimicrobial, anticancer, and nano biosensing. However, the major challenge pertaining to green nanotechnology is the agglomeration of nanoparticles that may alter the surface topology, which can affect biological physiology, thereby contributing to system toxicity. Therefore, a thorough grasp of nanoparticle toxicity and biocompatibility is required to harness the applications of nanotechnology in therapeutics.

Recent Advances in Magnesium-Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle Composites for Biomedical Applications

Magnesium (Mg) is considered an attractive option for orthopedic applications due to its density and elastic modulus close to the natural bone of the body, as well as biodegradability and good tensile strength. However, it faces serious challenges, including a high degradation rate and, as a result, a loss of mechanical properties during long periods of exposure to the biological environment. Also, among its other weaknesses, it can be mentioned that it does not deal with bacterial biofilms. It has been found that making composites by synergizing its various components can be an efficient way to improve its properties. Among metal oxide nanoparticles, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have distinct physicochemical and biological properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, high bioactivity, significant antibacterial properties, and good mechanical properties, which make it a good choice as a reinforcement in composites. However, the lack of comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of Mg NPs as Mg matrix reinforcements in mechanical, corrosion, and biological fields is considered a challenge in their application. While introducing the role of MgO NPs in medical fields, this article summarizes the most important results of recent research on the mechanical, corrosion, and biological performance of Mg/MgO composites.

Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nanoparticles: Synthetic Strategies and Biomedical Applications

In recent times, there has been considerable interest among researchers in magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, due to their excellent biocompatibility, stability, and diverse biomedical uses, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties, as well as tissue engineering, bioimaging, and drug delivery applications. Consequently, the escalating utilization of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in medical contexts necessitates the in-depth exploration of these nanoparticles. Notably, existing literature lacks a comprehensive review of magnesium oxide nanoparticles’ synthesis methods, detailed biomedical applications with mechanisms, and toxicity assessments. Thus, this review aims to bridge this gap by furnishing a comprehensive insight into various synthetic approaches for the development of MgO nanoparticles. Additionally, it elucidates their noteworthy biomedical applications as well as their potential mechanisms of action, alongside summarizing their toxicity profiles. This article also highlights challenges and future prospects for further exploring MgO nanoparticles in the biomedical field. Existing literature indicates that synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles demonstrate substantial biocompatibility and display significant antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Consequently, this review intends to enhance readers’ comprehension regarding recent advancements in synthesizing MgO nanoparticles through diverse approaches and their promising applications in biomedicine.

The posterity of Zebrafish in paradigm of in vivo molecular toxicological profiling

The aggrandised advancement in utility of advanced day-to-day materials and nanomaterials has raised serious concern on their biocompatibility with human and other biotic members. In last few decades, understanding of toxicity of these materials has been given the centre stage of research using many in vitro and in vivo models. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater fish and a member of the minnow family has garnered much attention due to its distinct features, which make it an important and frequently used animal model in various fields of embryology and toxicological studies. Given that fertilization and development of zebrafish eggs take place externally, they serve as an excellent model organism for studying early developmental stages. Moreover, zebrafish possess a comparable genetic composition to humans and share almost 70% of their genes with mammals. This particular model organism has become increasingly popular, especially for developmental research. Moreover, it serves as a link between in vitro studies and in vivo analysis in mammals. It is an appealing choice for vertebrate research, when employing high-throughput methods, due to their small size, swift development, and relatively affordable laboratory setup. This small vertebrate has enhanced comprehension of pathobiology and drug toxicity. This review emphasizes on the recent developments in toxicity screening and assays, and the new insights gained about the toxicity of drugs through these assays. Specifically, the cardio, neural, and, hepatic toxicology studies inferred by applications of nanoparticles have been highlighted.

Green Synthesis of Bacopa monnieri-Mediated Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Analysis of Their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties

Background The management of aggressive forms of periodontal disease has become an issue of concern due to the emergence of bacterial resistance. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a potential therapeutic agent with a multitude of biological functions. The green synthesis of these NPs is more eco-friendly than conventional methods. The present study aimed at the green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Bacopa monnieri (bMgO NPs) and its antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic analysis. Materials and methods Magnesium oxide NPs were green synthesized using B. monnieri extract using a wet chemical method. The resultant bMgO NPs were assessed for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assay. Cytotoxicity was assessed using zebrafish viability on treatment with bMgO NPs. Results Compared to the antibiotic standard, the green synthesized bMgO NPs showed good antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. coli. It also showed excellent antioxidant activity and biocompatibility. Conclusion The bMgO NPs have great potential as a local drug delivery agent and should be further explored for their antibacterial and antioxidant properties in vivo.

Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles: Bioreduction and biomineralization

The biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles by plants, bacteria, and cells has been receiving considerable attention in recent years. The traditional synthesis of metal nanoparticles always needed high temperatures, high pressure, and toxic agents. However, the biosynthesis process (including bioreduction and biomineralization) is simpler, safe, economical, and green. The process of biosynthesis can insulate toxic agents, streamline flux, increase the transition efficiency of interactants, and improve the product yield. The biosynthesized metal nanoparticles share similar characteristics with traditional ones, serving as photosensors to achieve light-to-heat/energy transduction, or a drug delivery system. The biosynthetic metal nanoparticles thus could be widely applied in the medical field for disease diagnosis and treatment. It contributed a novel modality for the facile and green synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Increasing studies have been exploring the mechanism for the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles, devoted to a controllable biosynthesis process. Combined with our previous studies on the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles with green tea, tumor cells, and cell components, we reviewed the green methods of bioreduction and biomineralization of metal nanoparticles including the internal mechanism, aimed to make a comprehensive introduction to the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles and relevant biomedical applications, and inspired further research.

Moringa oleifera gum capped MgO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, cyto- and ecotoxicity assessment

Nano-based drug delivery research is increasing due to the therapeutic applications for human health care. However, traditional chemical capping-based synthesis methods lead to unwanted toxicity effects. Hence, there is an urgent need for green synthesis-based and biocompatible synthesis methods. The current work describes for the first time the green synthesis of Moringa gum-capped MgO nanoparticles (Mgm-MgO NPs). Their antioxidant activity, hemolysis potential, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, toxicity by chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) chick embryo assay and in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos were described. The Mgm-MgO NPs exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The Mgm-MgO NPs at 500 μg/ml produced significant hemolysis (72.54 %), while lower concentrations did not. Besides, the cytotoxicity assessment of the Mgm-MgO NPs was conducted in PA-1 cells from human ovarian teratocarcinoma by MTT assay. The Mgm-MgO NPs (0.1-500 μg/ml) considerably reduced the viability of PA-1 cells. Furthermore, Mgm-MgO NPs had no significant effect on seed germination but had a significant effect on root and shoot length of mungbean (Vigna radiata). Additionally, the CAM assay was used to analyze the antiangiogenic potential of Mgm-MgO NPs, exhibiting no significant alterations after 72 h. Finally, the zebrafish embryotoxicity assay revealed that the Mgm-MgO NPs (0.1-500 μg/ml) did not affect morphology, mortality or survival rate.

Impact of acute and sub-acute exposure of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala

This experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of acute and sub-acute exposure of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala. For sub-acute tests 1/100,1/50,1/10 were selected based on the LC₅₀ at 96 h s. Protein, carbohydrate, and lipid, Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and DPPH, HRSA assays were analyzed in the gill, muscle, and liver of Mrigal. Protein and lipid levels increased on the 7th,14th day compared to control. Carbohydrate levels decreased on the 7th,14th day of exposure, and the enzymatical changes increased on the 7^th,14th day. Antioxidant levels highly increased in DPPH assay compared to the HRSA assay. This study provides the biochemical, antioxidant, and behavioral changes in relation to the exposure of MgO NPs.

The translational paradigm of nanobiomaterials: Biological chemistry to modern applications

Recently nanotechnology has evolved as one of the most revolutionary technologies in the world. It has now become a multi-trillion-dollar business that covers the production of physical, chemical, and biological systems at scales ranging from atomic and molecular levels to a wide range of industrial applications, such as electronics, medicine, and cosmetics. Nanobiomaterials synthesis are promising approaches produced from various biological elements be it plants, bacteria, peptides, nucleic acids, etc. Owing to the better biocompatibility and biological approach of synthesis, they have gained immense attention in the biomedical field. Moreover, due to their scaled-down sized property, nanobiomaterials exhibit remarkable features which make them the potential candidate for different domains of tissue engineering, materials science, pharmacology, biosensors, etc. Miscellaneous characterization techniques have been utilized for the characterization of nanobiomaterials. Currently, the commercial transition of nanotechnology from the research level to the industrial level in the form of nano-scaffolds, implants, and biosensors is stimulating the whole biomedical field starting from bio-mimetic nacres to 3D printing, multiple nanofibers like silk fibers functionalizing as drug delivery systems and in cancer therapy. The contribution of single quantum dot nanoparticles in biological tagging typically in the discipline of genomics and proteomics is noteworthy. This review focuses on the diverse emerging applications of Nanobiomaterials and their mechanistic advancements owing to their physiochemical properties leading to the growth of industries on different biomedical measures. Alongside the implementation of such nanobiomaterials in several drug and gene delivery approaches, optical coding, photodynamic cancer therapy, and vapor sensing have been elaborately discussed in this review. Different parameters based on current challenges and future perspectives are also discussed here.

New Green Approaches in Nanoparticles Synthesis: An Overview

Nanotechnology is constantly expanding, with nanomaterials being more and more used in common commercial products that define our modern life. Among all types of nanomaterials, nanoparticles (NPs) occupy an important place, considering the great amount that is produced nowadays and the diversity of their applications. Conventional techniques applied to synthesize NPs have some issues that impede them from being appreciated as safe for the environment and health. The alternative to these might be the use of living organisms or biological extracts that can be involved in the green approach synthesis of NPs, a process that is free of harmful chemicals, cost-effective and a low energy consumer. Several factors, including biological reducing agent concentration, initial precursor salt concentration, agitation, reaction time, pH, temperature and light, can influence the characteristics of biologically synthesized NPs. The interdependence between these reaction parameters was not explored, being the main impediment in the implementation of the biological method on an industrial scale. Our aim is to present a brief review that focuses on the current knowledge regarding how the aforementioned factors can control the size and shape of green-synthesized NPs. We also provide an overview of the biomolecules that were found to be suitable for NP synthesis. This work is meant to be a support for researchers who intend to develop new green approaches for the synthesis of NPs.

Comprehensive Review on the Degradation Chemistry and Toxicity Studies of Functional Materials

In recent decades there has been growing interest of material chemists in the successful development of functional materials for drug delivery, tissue engineering, imaging, diagnosis, theranostic, and other biomedical applications with advanced nanotechnology tools. The efficacy and safety of functional materials are determined by their pharmacological, toxicological, and immunogenic effects. It is essential to consider all degradation pathways of functional materials and to assess plausible intermediates and final products for quality control. This review provides a brief insight into chemical degradation mechanisms of functional materials like oxidation, photodegradation, and physical and enzymatic degradation. The intermediates and products of degradation were confirmed with analytical methods such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis), infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mass spectroscopy, and other sophisticated analytical methods. These analytical methods are also used for regulatory, quality control, and stability purposes in industry. The assessment of degradation is important to predetermine the behavior of functional materials in specific storage conditions and can be relevant to their behavior during in vivo applications. Another important aspect is the evaluation of the toxicity of functional materials. Toxicity can be accessed with various methods using in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico models. In vitro cell culture methods are used to determine mitochondrial damage, reactive oxygen species, stress responses, and cellular toxicity. In vitro cellular toxicity can be measured by MTT assay, LDH leakage assay, and hemolysis. In vivo studies are performed using various animal models involving zebrafish, rodents (mice and rats), and nonhuman primates. Ex vivo studies are also used for efficacy and toxicity determinations of functional materials like ex vivo potency assay and precision-cut liver slice (PCLS) models. The in silico tools with computational simulations like quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), dose and time response, and quantitative cationic-activity relationships ((Q)CARs) are used for prediction of the toxicity of functional materials. In this review, we studied the principle methods used for degradation studies, different degradation pathways, and mechanisms of functional material degradation with prototype examples. We discuss toxicity assessments with different toxicity approaches used for estimation of the safety and efficacy of functional materials.

Plant Extract-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanomaterials, Their Applications, and Safety Concerns

Nanotechnology has attracted the attention of researchers from different scientific fields because of the escalated properties of nanomaterials compared with the properties of macromolecules. Nanomaterials can be prepared through different approaches involving physical and chemical methods. The development of nanomaterials through plant-based green chemistry approaches is more advantageous than other methods from the perspectives of environmental safety, animal, and human health. The biomolecules and metabolites of plants act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of metallic green nanomaterials. Plant-based synthesis is a preferred approach as it is not only cost-effective, easy, safe, clean, and eco-friendly but also provides pure nanomaterials in high yield. Since nanomaterials have antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, green nanomaterials synthesized from plants can be used for a variety of biomedical and environmental remediation applications. Past studies have focused mainly on the overall biogenic synthesis of individual or combinations of metallic nanomaterials and their oxides from different biological sources, including microorganisms and biomolecules. Moreover, from the viewpoint of biomedical applications, the literature is mainly focusing on synthetic nanomaterials. Herein, we discuss the extraction of green molecules and recent developments in the synthesis of different plant-based metallic nanomaterials, including silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, zinc, iron, and carbon. Apart from the biomedical applications of metallic nanomaterials, including antimicrobial, anticancer, diagnostic, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications, their environmental remediation potential is also discussed. Furthermore, safety concerns and safety regulations pertaining to green nanomaterials are also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Enhanced Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity, Larvicidal, and Repellence Activities of Brown Algae, Cystoseira crinita-Mediated Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles

Herein, the metabolites secreted by brown algae, Cystoseira crinita, were used as biocatalyst for green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs). The fabricated MgO-NPs were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy linked with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Data showed successful formation of crystallographic and spherical MgO-NPs with sizes of 3-18 nm at a maximum surface plasmon resonance of 320 nm. Moreover, EDX analysis confirms the presence of Mg and O in the sample with weight percentages of 54.1% and 20.6%, respectively. Phyco-fabricated MgO-NPs showed promising activities against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans with MIC values ranging between 12.5 and 50 μg mL-1. The IC50 value of MgO-NPs against cancer cell lines (Caco-2) was 113.4 μg mL-1, whereas it was 141.2 μg mL-1 for normal cell lines (Vero cell). Interestingly, the green synthesized MgO-NPs exhibited significant larvicidal and pupicidal activity against Musca domestica. At 10 μg mL-1 MgO-NPs, the highest mortality percentages were 99.0%, 95.0%, 92.2%, and 81.0% for I, II, III instars' larvae, and pupa of M. domestica, respectively, with LC50 values (3.08, 3.49, and 4.46 μg mL-1), and LC90 values (7.46, 8.89, and 10.43 μg mL-1), respectively. Also, MgO-NPs showed repellence activity for adults of M. domestica at 10 μg mL-1 with 63.0%, 77.9%, 84.9%, and 96.8% after 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively.

Green magnesium oxide nanoparticles-based modulation of cellular oxidative repair mechanisms to reduce arsenic uptake and translocation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants

Arsenic (As) accumulation catastrophically disturbs the stability of agricultural systems and human health. Rice easily accumulates a high amount of As from agriculture fields as compare with other cereal crops. Hence, innovative soil remediation methods are needed to deal with the detrimental effects of As on human health causing food security challenges. Here, we report the green synthesis and characterization of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) from a native Enterobacter sp. strain RTN2, which was genetically identified through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The biosynthesis of MgO-NPs in reaction mixture was confirmed by UV-vis spectral analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed the crystalline nature and surface properties of MgO-NPs, respectively. Moreover, electron microscopy (SEM-EDS, and TEM) imaging confirmed the synthesis of spherical shape of MgO-NPs with variable NPs sizes ranging from 38 to 57 nm. The results revealed that application of MgO-NPs (200 mg kg^-1) in As contaminated soil significantly increased the plant biomass, antioxidant enzymatic contents, and decreased reactive oxygen species and acropetal As translocation as compared with control treatment. The study concluded that biogenic MgO-NPs could be used to formulate a potent nanofertilizer for sustainable rice production in metal contaminated soils.

Molecular toxicity of Benzo(a)pyrene mediated by elicited oxidative stress infer skeletal deformities and apoptosis in embryonic zebrafish

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) has become an integral component of disposed of plastic waste, organic pollutants, and remnants of combustible materials in the aquatic environment due to their persistent nature. The accumulation and integration of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have raised concern to human health and ecological safety. This study assessed the BaP-induced in vivo molecular toxicity with embryonic zebrafish inferred by oxidative stress and apoptosis. BaP was found to induce morphological and physiological abnormalities like delayed hatching (p < 0.05). Computational analysis demonstrated the high-affinity interaction of BaP with the zebrafish hatching enzyme (ZHE1) with Arg, Cys, Ala, Tyr, and Phe located at the active site revealing the influence of BaP on delayed hatching due to alteration of the enzyme structure. RT-PCR analysis revealed significant down-regulation of the skeletal genes Sox9a, SPP1/OPN, and Col1a1 (p < 0.05) genes. The cellular investigations unraveled that the toxicity of BaP extends to the skeletal regions of zebrafish (head, backbone, and tail) because of the elicited oxidative stress leading to apoptosis. The study extended the horizon of understanding of BaP toxicity at the molecular level which will enhance the indulgent and designing of techniques for better ecological sustainability.

Altered electrochemical properties of iron oxide nanoparticles by carbon enhance molecular biocompatibility through discrepant atomic interaction

Recent advancement in nanotechnology seeks exploration of new techniques for improvement in the molecular, chemical, and biological properties of nanoparticles. In this study, carbon modification of octahedral-shaped magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was done using two-step chemical processes with sucrose as a carbon source for improvement in their electrochemical application and higher molecular biocompatibility. X-ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy confirmed the alteration in single-phase octahedral morphology and carbon attachment in Fe3O4 structure. The magnetization saturation and BET surface area for Fe3O4, Fe3O4/C, and α-Fe2O3/C were measured as 90, 86, and 27 emu/g and 16, 56, and 89 m2/g with an average pore size less than 7 nm. Cyclic voltammogram and galvanostatic charge/discharge studies showed the highest specific capacitance of carbon-modified Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3 as 213 F/g and 192 F/g. The in vivo biological effect of altered physicochemical properties of Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3 was assessed at the cellular and molecular level with embryonic zebrafish. Mechanistic in vivo toxicity analysis showed a reduction in oxidative stress in carbon-modified α-Fe2O3 exposed zebrafish embryos compared to Fe3O4 due to despaired influential atomic interaction with sod1 protein along with significant less morphological abnormalities and apoptosis. The study provided insight into improving the characteristic of MNPs for electrochemical application and higher biological biocompatibility.

Green Strategy–Based Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications

Antibiotics have been the nucleus of chemotherapy since their discovery and introduction into the healthcare system in the 1940s. They are routinely used to treat bacterial infections and to prevent infections in patients with compromised immune systems and enhancing growth in livestock. However, resistance to last-resort antibiotics used in the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections has been reported worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate green synthesized nanomaterials such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as alternatives to antibiotics. UV-vis spectroscopy surface plasmon resonance peaks for AgNPs were obtained between 417 and 475 nm. An X-ray diffraction analysis generated four peaks for both Prunus africana extract (PAE) and Camellia sinensis extract (CSE) biosynthesized AgNPs positioned at 2θ angles of 38.2°, 44.4°, 64.5°, and 77.4° corresponding to crystal planes (111), (200), (220), and (311), respectively. A dynamic light-scattering analysis registered the mean zeta potential of +6.3 mV and +0.9 mV for PAE and CSE biosynthesized nanoparticles, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra exhibited bands corresponding to different organic functional groups confirming the capping of AgNPs by PAE and CSE phytochemicals. Field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging showed that AgNPs were spherical with average size distribution ranging from 10 to 19 nm. Biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited maximum growth inhibitory zones of 21 mm with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 125 and 250 μg/ml, respectively, against carbapenem-resistant bacteria.

Opportunistic gill infection is associated with TiO2 nanoparticle-induced mortality in zebrafish

The large amounts of engineered titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) that have been manufactured have inevitably been released into the ecosystem. Reports have suggested that TiO2 is a relatively inert material that has low toxicity to animals. However, as various types of NPs increasingly accumulate in the ocean, their effects on aquatic life-forms remain unclear. In this study, a zebrafish model was used to investigate TiO2NP-induced injury and mortality. We found that the treatment dosages of TiO2NP are positively associated with increased motility of zebrafish and the bacterial counts in the water. Notably, gill but not dorsal fin and caudal fin of the zebrafish displayed considerably increased bacterial load. Metagenomic analysis further revealed that gut microflora, such as phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, involving more than 95% of total bacteria counts in the NP-injured zebrafish gill samples. These results collectively suggest that opportunistic bacterial infections are associated with TiO2NP-induced mortality in zebrafish. Infections secondary to TiO2NP-induced injury could be a neglected factor determining the detrimental effects of TiO2NPs on wild fish.

Genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and biochemical biomarkers of exposure to green synthesized cadmium nanoparticles in Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

The considerable increment in the use of Nanoparticles in the industry has been recognized as an environmental concern today. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity effects of green synthesized cadmium nanoparticles [Cd]^NPs using Moringa oleifera leaves extract on multi-biomarkers in Oreochromis niloticus after four weeks of exposure. The results showed that LC₅₀ values of [Cd]^NPs for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were 2.17, 1.75, 1.49 and 1.22 mg l^-1, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the number of white and red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration value in fish exposed to [Cd]^NPs. The mean corpuscular volume and neutrophils were increased. [Cd]^NPs exposure to fish has led to cytotoxic and genotoxic changes in the erythrocytes. Significant changes were observed in the cortisol, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine levels of the fish exposed to [Cd]^NPs. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase increased. Glucose, total lipids, urea, and creatinine levels increased in the serum of fish exposed to [Cd]^NPs, whereas total protein contents and alkaline phosphatase activity decreased. A significant reduction was observed in glycogen, total antioxidant levels, and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities of fish exposed to [Cd]^NPs. In contrast, the [Cd]NPs exposure resulted in a significant increase in DNA fragmentation percentages, lipid peroxidation, and carbonyl protein levels in different tissues. The results of the present study confirmed that [Cd]^NPs has the toxicity potential to cause Cyto-genotoxicity, oxidative damages, changes in the hematological and biochemical changes, and endocrine disruptor in the fish.

Cellular Investigations on Mechanistic Biocompatibility of Green Synthesized Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles with Danio rerio

The utility of calcium oxide nanoparticles in the biomedical and physical fields has instigated their biocompatible synthesis and production. Moreover, it is important to investigate their biocompatibility at the molecular level for biomedical and ecotoxicological concern. This study explores the green synthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONP) using Crescentia cujete leaf extract. The synthesized CaONP were found to have a size of 62 ± 06 nm and a hydrodynamic diameter of 246 ± 12 nm, as determined by FE-SEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS). CaONP was stable in fish medium with a zeta potential of −23 ± 11 mV. The biocompatibility of the CaONP was investigated with adult zebrafish bearing an LC50 of 86.32 µg/mL. Cellular and molecular investigation revealed the mechanism of biocompatibility as a consequence of elicited reactive oxygen species leading to apoptosis, due to accumulation and internalization of CaONP in exposed zebrafish. The study provided detailed information about the mechanistic biocompatibility and a defined horizon of green synthesis of CaONP for biomedical and ecological purposes.

Intrinsic atomic interaction at molecular proximal vicinity infer cellular biocompatibility of antibacterial nanopepper

Aim: Fabrication of nanopepper (NP) for antibacterial application and elucidation of its molecular and cellular biocompatibility. Materials & methods: Synthesis of NP was achieved using a high-energy ball milling method. Following characterization, its antibacterial activity and cellular and molecular biocompatibility were evaluated in vitro by experimental and computational approaches. Results: A total of 15 h of milling pepper produced NP with a size of 44 ± 12 nm and zeta potential of -22 ± 12 mV. Bulk pepper and NP showed antibacterial activity and an LC50 of 1.9 μM and 2.1 μM in HCT116 colon cells. Components of pepper, piperine and β-caryophyllene were found to interact with superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] and apoptotic protease-activating factor-1-caspase-9 through different amino acids via H-bonds. Conclusion: NP exhibits significant antibacterial activity with cellular biocompatibility due to intrinsic atomic interaction.

Aim: Fabrication of nanopepper (NP) for antibacterial application and elucidation of its molecular and cellular biocompatibility. Materials & methods: Synthesis of NP was achieved using a high-energy ball milling method. Following characterization, its antibacterial activity and cellular and molecular biocompatibility were evaluated in vitro by experimental and computational approaches. Results: A total of 15 h of milling pepper produced NP with a size of 44 ± 12 nm and zeta potential of -22 ± 12 mV. Bulk pepper and NP showed antibacterial activity and an LC50 of 1.9 μM and 2.1 μM in HCT116 colon cells. Components of pepper, piperine and β-caryophyllene were found to interact with superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] and apoptotic protease-activating factor-1-caspase-9 through different amino acids via H-bonds. Conclusion: NP exhibits significant antibacterial activity with cellular biocompatibility due to intrinsic atomic interaction.

Cytotoxic, Antimitotic, DNA Binding, Photocatalytic, H2O2 Sensing, and Antioxidant Properties of Biofabricated Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Bryophyllum pinnatum is a perennial herb traditionally used in ethnomedicine. In the present report, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using B. pinnatum leaf extract. BP-AgNPs were confirmed following UV-Vis spectroscopy with SPR peak at 412 nm and further characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and TEM. Microscopic images confirmed the spherical shape and ~15 nm average size of nanostructures. BP-AgNPs were evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of hazardous dyes (methylene blue and Rhodamine-B) and showed their complete reduction within 100 and 110 min., respectively. BP-AgNPs have emerged as a unique SPR-based novel sensor for the detection of H2O2, which may deliver exciting prospects in clinical and industrial areas. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were studied with respective IC50 values of 89 and 259 μg/mL. A strong intercalating interaction of CT-DNA with BP-AgNPs was investigated. Observed chromosomal abnormalities confirm the antimitotic potential of BP-AgNPs in the meristematic root tip. The cytotoxicity of BP-AgNPs against B16F10 (melanoma cell line) and A431 (squamous cell carcinoma cell line), was assessed with respective IC50 values of 59.5 and 96.61 μg/ml after 24 h of treatment. The presented green synthetic approach provides a novel and new door for environmental, industrial, and biomedical applications.

Parkinson's Disease and Impairment in Mitochondrial Metabolism: A Pathognomic Signature

Mitochondrial bioenergetics is vital for the proper functioning of cellular compartments. Impairments in mitochondrial DNA encoding the respiratory chain complexes and other assisting proteins, accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, an imbalance in cellular calcium transport, or the presence of organic pollutants, high fat-ketogenic diets or toxins, and advancing age can result in complex disorders, including cancer, metabolic disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Such manifestations are distinctly exhibited in several age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as in Parkinson's disease (PD). Defects in complex I along with perturbed signaling pathways is a common manifestation of PD. Impaired oxidative phosphorylation could increase the susceptibility to PD. Therefore, unraveling the mechanisms of mitochondrial complexes in clinical scenarios will assist in developing potential early biomarkers and standard tests for energy failure diagnosis and assist to pave a new path for targeted therapeutics against PD.

Lethal Mechanisms of Nostoc-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Against Different Pathogenic Bacteria

BACKGROUND

Increasing antibiotic resistance and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens have led to the need to develop new therapeutic agents to tackle microbial infections. Nano-antibiotics are a novel generation of nanomaterials with significant antimicrobial activities that target bacterial defense systems including biofilm formation, membrane permeability, and virulence activity.

PURPOSE

In addition to AgNO3, the current study aimed to explore for first time the antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Nostoc sp. Bahar_M (N-SNPs) and their killing mechanisms against Streptococcus mutans, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium.

METHODS

Potential mechanisms of action of both silver species against bacteria were systematically explored using agar well diffusion, enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ATPase) and antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase and catalase)   assays, and morphological examinations. qRT-PCR and SDS-PAGE were employed to investigate the effect of both treatments on mfD, flu, and hly gene expression and protein patterns, respectively.

RESULTS

N-SNPs exhibited greater biocidal activity than AgNO3 against the four tested bacteria. E. coli treated with N-SNPs showed significant surges in LDH levels, imbalances in other antioxidant and enzyme activities, and marked morphological changes, including cell membrane disruption and cytoplasmic dissolution. N-SNPs caused more significant upregulation of mfD expression and downregulation of both flu and hly expression and increased protein denaturation compared with AgNO3.

CONCLUSION

N-SNPs exhibited significant inhibitory potential against E. coli by direct interfering with bacterial cellular structures and/or enhancing oxidative stress, indicating their potential for use as an alternative antimicrobial agent. However, the potential of N-SNPs to be usable and biocompatible antibacterial drug will evaluate by their toxicity against normal cells.

New Functionalized Polymeric Sensor Based NiO/MgO Nanocomposite for Potentiometric Determination of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride in Commercial Injections and Human Plasma

The ultra-functional potential of nickel oxide (NiO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs), provides for extensive attention in the use of these metal oxides as a remarkable and electroactive nanocomposite in potentiometric and sensing investigations. This work proposed a new strategy for quantifying doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) in pharmaceuticals and human plasma by preparing a NiO/MgO core-shell nanocomposite modified coated wire membrane sensor. Doxorubicin hydrochloride was incorporated with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) to produce doxorubicin hydrochloride phosphomolybdate (DOX-PM) as an electroactive material in the presence of polymeric high molecular weight poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and solvent mediator o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE). The modified sensor exhibited ultra sensitivity and high selectivity for the detection and quantification of doxorubicin hydrochloride with a linear relationship in the range of 1.0 × 10-11-1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1. The equation of regression was estimated to be EmV = (57.86 ± 0.8) log [DOX] + 723.19. However, the conventional type DOX-PM showed a potential response over a concentration range of 1.0 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 and a regression equation of EmV = (52.92 ± 0.5) log [DOX] + 453.42. The suggested sensors were successfully used in the determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride in commercial injections and human plasma.

Facile green bio-fabricated silver nanoparticles from Microchaete infer dose-dependent antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity to mediate cellular apoptosis

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, much has been anticipated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their extensive industrial and commercial applications. However, it has raised concerns over environmental safety and human health effects. In this study, AgNPs were bio-fabricated using aqueous extract of Microchaete and their medical applications like antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and apoptosis were done. The biosynthesis of AgNPs was continuously followed by UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis. The physiochemical properties like shape, size, crystallinity, and polydispersity of the nanoparticles were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) along with EDX, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Biosynthesized 7.0 nm sized AgNPs with the crystalline structure (crystalline size 4.8 nm) having a hydrodynamic diameter of 38.74 ± 2.6 nm was achieved due to the involvement of reducing agents present in the cyanobacterial extract. The IC₅₀ values of the AgNPs were evaluated as 75 µg/ml and 79.41 µg/ml with HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines. Different in-vitro cellular assays investigated in the present study exhibited antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic activities. Probably delayed apoptosis in HepG2 and MCF-7 is due to better antioxidant activities of Microchaete based AgNPs.

Molecular intrinsic proximal interaction infer oxidative stress and apoptosis modulated in vivo biocompatibility of P.niruri contrived antibacterial iron oxide nanoparticles with zebrafish

Extensive use of magnetic iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles (IONP) has raised concerns about their biocompatibility. It has also stimulated the search for its green synthesis with greater biocompatibility. Addressing the issue, this study investigates the molecular nanotoxicity of IONP with embryonic and adult zebrafish, and reveal novel green fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles (P-IONP) using medicinal plant extract of Phyllanthus niruri. The synthesized P-IONP was having a size of 42 ± 08 nm and a zeta potential of -38 ± 06 mV with hydrodynamic diameter of 109 ± 09 nm and 90emu/g magnetic saturation value. High antibacterial efficacy of P-IONP was found against E.coli. Comparative in vivo biocompatibility assessment with zebrafish confirmed higher biocompatibility of P-IONP compared to commercial C-IONP in the relevance of mortality rate, hatching rate, heart rate, and morphological abnormalities. LC₅₀ of P-IONP and C-IONP was 202 μg/ml and 126 μg/ml, respectively. Molecular nano-biocompatibility analysis revealed the phenomenon as an effect of induced apoptosis lead by dysregulation of induced oxidative stress due to structural and functional influence of IONP to Sod1 and Tp53 proteins through intrinsic atomic interaction.

Nanotechnology and its challenges in the food sector: a review

Antibacterial activity of nanoparticles has received significant attention worldwide because of their great physical and chemical stability, excellent magnetic properties, and large lattice constant values. These properties are predominate in the food science for enhancing the overall quality, shelf life, taste, flavor, process-ability, etc., of the food. Nanoparticles exhibit attractive antibacterial activity due to their increased specific surface area leading to enhanced surface reactivity. When nanoparticles are suspended in the biological culture, they encounter various biological interfaces, resulting from the presence of cellular moieties like DNA, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, etc., which helps antibacterial properties in many ways. This paper reviews different methods used for the synthesis of nanoparticles but is specially focusing on the green synthesis methods owing to its non-toxic nature towards the environment. This review highlights their antibacterial application mainly in the food sector in the form of food-nanosensors, food-packaging, and food-additives. The possible mechanism of nanoparticles for their antibacterial behavior underlying the interaction of nano-particles with bacteria, (i) excessive ROS generation including hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), OH^- (hydroxyl radicals), and O^- ₂ ² (peroxide); and (ii) precipitation of nano-particles on the bacterial exterior; which, disrupts the cellular activities, resulting in membranes disturbance. All these phenomena results in the inhibition of bacterial growth. Along with this, their current application and future perspectives in the food sector are also discussed. Nanoparticles help in destroying not only pathogens but also deadly fungi and viruses. Most importantly it is required to focus more on the crop processing and its containment to stop the post-harvesting loss. So, nanoparticles can act as a smart weapon towards the sustainable move.

Biogenic green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using Saussurea costus biomasses for a comprehensive detection of their antimicrobial, cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and photocatalysis potentials

Distinct morphological MgO nanoparticles (MgONPs) were synthesized using biomasses of Saussurea costus roots. The biomass of two varieties of Saussurea costus (Qustal hindi and Qustal bahri) were used in the green synthesis of MgONPs. The physical and chemical features of nanoparticles were confirmed by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The surface morphology of the obtained nanoparticles was detected at different magnifications by SEM and TEM microscopy and the size of nanoparticles were found to be 30 and 34 nm for Qustal hindi and Qustal bahri, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared MgONPs was screened against six pathogenic strains. The synthesized nanoparticles by Qustal bahri biomass exerted significant inhibition zones 15, 16, 18, 17, 14, and 10 mm against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata, S. aureus and B. subtilis as compared to those from Qustal hindi 12, 8 and 17 mm against B. subtilis, E. coli and C. tropicalis, respectively. MgONPs showed a potential cytotoxicity effect against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Cellular investigations of MgONPs revealed that the prepared nanoparticles by Qustal bahri exhibited high cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cancer cell lines. IC50 values in MCF-7 cells were found to be 67.3% and 52.1% for MgONPs of Saussurea costus biomasses, respectively. Also, the photocatalytic activity of MgONPs of each Saussurea costus variety was comparatively studied. They exhibited an enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue after UV irradiation for 1 h as 92% and 59% for those prepared by Qustal bahri and Qustal hindi, respectively. Outcome of results revealed that the biosynthesized MgONPs showed promising biomedical potentials.

Protein-Nanoparticle Interaction: Corona Formation and Conformational Changes in Proteins on Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) are highly potent tools for the diagnosis of diseases and specific delivery of therapeutic agents. Their development and application are scientifically and industrially important. The engineering of NPs and the modulation of their in vivo behavior have been extensively studied, and significant achievements have been made in the past decades. However, in vivo applications of NPs are often limited by several difficulties, including inflammatory responses and cellular toxicity, unexpected distribution and clearance from the body, and insufficient delivery to a specific target. These unfavorable phenomena may largely be related to the in vivo protein-NP interaction, termed "protein corona." The layer of adsorbed proteins on the surface of NPs affects the biological behavior of NPs and changes their functionality, occasionally resulting in loss-of-function or gain-of-function. The formation of a protein corona is an intricate process involving complex kinetics and dynamics between the two interacting entities. Structural changes in corona proteins have been reported in many cases after their adsorption on the surfaces of NPs that strongly influence the functions of NPs. Thus, understanding of the conformational changes and unfolding process of proteins is very important to accelerate the biomedical applications of NPs. Here, we describe several protein corona characteristics and specifically focus on the conformational fluctuations in corona proteins induced by NPs.