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González-Aravena M, Galbán-Malagón C, Castro-Nallar E, Barriga GP, Neira V, Krüger L, Adell AD, Olivares-Pacheco J. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Associated with Scientific Stations in Antarctica and Possible Risk for Wildlife. Microorganisms 2024; 12:743. [PMID: 38674687 PMCID: PMC11051888 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Before December 2020, Antarctica had remained free of COVID-19 cases. The main concern during the pandemic was the limited health facilities available at Antarctic stations to deal with the disease as well as the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Antarctic wildlife through reverse zoonosis. In December 2020, 60 cases emerged in Chilean Antarctic stations, disrupting the summer campaign with ongoing isolation needs. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the wastewater of several scientific stations. In Antarctica, treated wastewater is discharged directly into the seawater. No studies currently address the recovery of infectious virus particles from treated wastewater, but their presence raises the risk of infecting wildlife and initiating new replication cycles. This study highlights the initial virus detection in wastewater from Antarctic stations, identifying viral RNA via RT-qPCR targeting various genomic regions. The virus's RNA was found in effluent from two wastewater plants at Maxwell Bay and O'Higgins Station on King George Island and the Antarctic Peninsula, respectively. This study explores the potential for the reverse zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to Antarctic wildlife due to the direct release of viral particles into seawater. The implications of such transmission underscore the need for continued vigilance and research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón
- GEMA, Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
- Anillo en Ciencia y Tecnología Antártica POLARIX, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
- Institute for Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Anillo en Ciencia y Tecnología Antártica POLARIX, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Talca 3481118, Chile
- Centro de Ecología Integrativa, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Gonzalo P. Barriga
- Laboratorio de Virus Emergentes, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Víctor Neira
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Lucas Krüger
- Departamento Científico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Punta Arenas 6200985, Chile;
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Aiko D. Adell
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 9350841, Chile;
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance, MICROB-R, Santiago 7550000, Chile
| | - Jorge Olivares-Pacheco
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance, MICROB-R, Santiago 7550000, Chile
- Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales, GRABPA, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
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2
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Lerner A, Benzvi C, Vojdani A. HLA-DQ2/8 and COVID-19 in Celiac Disease: Boon or Bane. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2977. [PMID: 38138121 PMCID: PMC10745744 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to pose a global threat. While its virulence has subsided, it has persisted due to the continual emergence of new mutations. Although many high-risk conditions related to COVID-19 have been identified, the understanding of protective factors remains limited. Intriguingly, epidemiological evidence suggests a low incidence of COVID-19-infected CD patients. The present study explores whether their genetic background, namely, the associated HLA-DQs, offers protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes. We hypothesize that the HLA-DQ2/8 alleles may shield CD patients from SARS-CoV-2 and its subsequent effects, possibly due to memory CD4 T cells primed by previous exposure to human-associated common cold coronaviruses (CCC) and higher affinity to those allele's groove. In this context, we examined potential cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and human-associated CCC and assessed the binding affinity (BA) of these epitopes to HLA-DQ2/8. Using computational methods, we analyzed sequence similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and four distinct CCC. Of 924 unique immunodominant 15-mer epitopes with at least 67% identity, 37 exhibited significant BA to HLA-DQ2/8, suggesting a protective effect. We present various mechanisms that might explain the protective role of HLA-DQ2/8 in COVID-19-afflicted CD patients. If substantiated, these insights could enhance our understanding of the gene-environment enigma and viral-host relationship, guiding potential therapeutic innovations against the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262160, Israel;
- Research Department, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel
| | - Carina Benzvi
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262160, Israel;
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Judson TJ, Zhang S, Lindan CP, Boothroyd D, Grumbach K, Bollyky JB, Sample HA, Huang B, Desai M, Gonzales R, Maldonado Y, Rutherford G. Association of protective behaviors with SARS-CoV-2 infection: results from a longitudinal cohort study of adults in the San Francisco Bay Area. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 86:1-7. [PMID: 37524216 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In an effort to decrease transmission during the first years of the COVID-19 pandemic, public health officials encouraged masking, social distancing, and working from home, and restricted travel. However, many studies of the effectiveness of these measures had significant methodologic limitations. In this analysis, we used data from the TrackCOVID study, a longitudinal cohort study of a population-based sample of 3846 adults in the San Francisco Bay Area, to evaluate the association between self-reported protective behaviors and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Participants without SARS-CoV2 infection were enrolled from August to December 2020 and followed monthly with testing and surveys (median of four visits). RESULTS A total of 118 incident infections occurred (3.0% of participants). At baseline, 80.0% reported always wearing a mask; 56.0% avoided contact with nonhousehold members some/most of the time; 9.6% traveled outside the state; and 16.0% worked 20 or more hours per week outside the home. Factors associated with incident infection included being Black or Latinx, having less than a college education, and having more household residents. The only behavioral factor associated with incident infection was working outside the home (adjusted hazard ratio 1.62, 95% confidence interval 1.02-2.59). CONCLUSIONS Focusing on protecting people who cannot work from home could help prevent infections during future waves of COVID-19, or future pandemics from respiratory viruses. This focus must be balanced with the known importance of directing resources toward those at risk of severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Judson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco.
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Christina P Lindan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Derek Boothroyd
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Kevin Grumbach
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Jennifer B Bollyky
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Hannah A Sample
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Beatrice Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Manisha Desai
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Ralph Gonzales
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Yvonne Maldonado
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - George Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
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4
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Reeves A, Shaikh WA, Chakraborty S, Chaudhuri P, Biswas JK, Maity JP. Potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through microplastics in sewage: A wastewater-based epidemiological review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122171. [PMID: 37437759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need to identify and investigate the various pathways of transmission. In addition to contact and aerosol transmission of the virus, this review investigated the possibility of its transmission via microplastics found in sewage. Wastewater-based epidemiological studies on the virus have confirmed its presence and persistence in both influent sewage as well as treated ones. The hypothesis behind the study is that the huge amount of microplastics, especially Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyethylene particles released into the open waters from sewage can become a good substrate and vector for microbes, especially Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyethylene particles, imparting stability to microbes and aiding the "plastisphere" formation. A bibliometric analysis highlights the negligence of research toward plastispheres and their presence in sewage. The ubiquity of microplastics and their release along with the virus into the open waters increases the risk of viral plastispheres. These plastispheres may be ingested by aquatic organisms facilitating reverse zoonosis and the commercial organisms already reported with accumulating microplastics through the food chain poses a risk to human populations as well. Reliance of high population density areas on open waters served by untreated sewage in economically less developed countries might bring back viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Reeves
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Wasim Akram Shaikh
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Science and Technology, The Neotia University, Sarisha, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 743368, India
| | - Sukalyan Chakraborty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
| | - Punarbasu Chaudhuri
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Enviromicrobiology, Ecotoxicology and Ecotechnology Research Laboratory (3E-MicroToxTech Lab), Department of Ecological Studies, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India; International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyoti Prakash Maity
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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5
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El-Hosari DG, Hussein WM, Elgendy MO, Elgendy SO, Ibrahim ARN, Fahmy AM, Hassan A, Mokhtar FA, Hussein MF, Abdelrahim MEA, Haggag EG. Galangal-Cinnamon Spice Mixture Blocks the Coronavirus Infection Pathway through Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 M Pro, Three HCoV-229E Targets; Quantum-Chemical Calculations Support In Vitro Evaluation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1378. [PMID: 37895849 PMCID: PMC10610207 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products such as domestic herbal drugs which are easily accessible and cost-effective can be used as a complementary treatment in mild and moderate COVID-19 cases. This study aimed to detect and describe the efficiency of phenolics detected in the galangal-cinnamon mixture in the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2's different protein targets. The potential antiviral effect of galangal-cinnamon aqueous extract (GCAE) against Low Pathogenic HCoV-229E was assessed using cytopathic effect inhibition assay and the crystal violet method. Low Pathogenic HCoV-229E was used as it is safer for in vitro laboratory experimentation and due to the conformation and the binding pockets similarity between HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 MPro. The GCAE showed a significant antiviral effect against HCoV-229E (IC50 15.083 µg/mL). Twelve phenolic compounds were detected in the extract with ellagic, cinnamic, and gallic acids being the major identified phenolic acids, while rutin was the major identified flavonoid glycoside. Quantum-chemical calculations were made to find molecular properties using the DFT/B3LYP method with 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set. Quantum-chemical values such as EHOMO, ELUMO, energy gap, ionization potential, chemical hardness, softness, and electronegativity values were calculated and discussed. Phenolic compounds detected by HPLC-DAD-UV in the GCAE were docked into the active site of 3 HCoV-229E targets (PDB IDs. 2ZU2, 6U7G, 7VN9, and 6WTT) to find the potential inhibitors that block the Coronavirus infection pathways from quantum and docking data for these compounds. There are good adaptations between the theoretical and experimental results showing that rutin has the highest activity against Low Pathogenic HCoV-229E in the GCAE extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa G. El-Hosari
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (W.M.H.); (E.G.H.)
| | - Wesam M. Hussein
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (W.M.H.); (E.G.H.)
| | - Marwa O. Elgendy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
| | - Sara O. Elgendy
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed R. N. Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alzhraa M. Fahmy
- Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
| | - Afnan Hassan
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo 12578, Egypt;
| | - Fatma Alzahraa Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida 44813, Egypt;
| | - Modather F. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Collage of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Asyut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. A. Abdelrahim
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
| | - Eman G. Haggag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (W.M.H.); (E.G.H.)
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6
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Miotto M, Di Rienzo L, Grassmann G, Desantis F, Cidonio G, Gosti G, Leonetti M, Ruocco G, Milanetti E. Differences in the organization of interface residues tunes the stability of the SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 complex. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1205919. [PMID: 37441163 PMCID: PMC10333926 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1205919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous emergence of novel variants represents one of the major problems in dealing with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Indeed, also due to its prolonged circulation, more than ten variants of concern emerged, each time rapidly overgrowing the current viral version due to improved spreading features. As, up to now, all variants carry at least one mutation on the spike Receptor Binding Domain, the stability of the binding between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the human ACE2 receptor seems one of the molecular determinants behind the viral spreading potential. In this framework, a better understanding of the interplay between spike mutations and complex stability can help to assess the impact of novel variants. Here, we characterize the peculiarities of the most representative variants of concern in terms of the molecular interactions taking place between the residues of the spike RBD and those of the ACE2 receptor. To do so, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the RBD-ACE2 complexes of the seven variants of concern in comparison with a large set of complexes with different single mutations taking place on the RBD solvent-exposed residues and for which the experimental binding affinity was available. Analyzing the strength and spatial organization of the intermolecular interactions of the binding region residues, we found that (i) mutations producing an increase of the complex stability mainly rely on instaurating more favorable van der Waals optimization at the cost of Coulombic ones. In particular, (ii) an anti-correlation is observed between the shape and electrostatic complementarities of the binding regions. Finally, (iii) we showed that combining a set of dynamical descriptors is possible to estimate the outcome of point mutations on the complex binding region with a performance of 0.7. Overall, our results introduce a set of dynamical observables that can be rapidly evaluated to probe the effects of novel isolated variants or different molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Miotto
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Rienzo
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Grassmann
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fausta Desantis
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- The Open University Affiliated Research Centre at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gosti
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Soft and Living Matter Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Leonetti
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Soft and Living Matter Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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7
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Puertas R, Carracedo P, Marti L. Environmental policies for the treatment of waste generated by COVID-19: Text mining review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:1480-1493. [PMID: 35282720 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221084073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid transmission of COVID-19 has meant that all economic and human efforts have been focused on confronting it, ignoring environmental aspects whose consequences are causing adverse situations all over the planet. The saturation of the sanitary system and confinement measures have multiplied the waste generated, which implies the need to adapt environmental policies to this new situation caused by the pandemic. It is a review article whose objective was to identify the environmental policies that would facilitate an adequate treatment of the waste generated by the pandemic. It was proposed to analyse the current lines of research developed on this paradigm, applying the text mining methodology. A systematic review of 111 studies published in environmental journals indexed in the Web of Science was carried out. The results identified three areas of interest: knowledge of transmission routes, management of the massive generation of plastics and appropriate treatment of solid waste in extreme situations. Leaders are called upon to implement the contingency plans to sustainably alleviate the enormous waste burden caused by society's adaptation to the restrictions imposed by the pandemic. Specifically, innovation aimed at achieving the reuse of medical products, the promotion of the circular economy and educational campaigns to promote clean environments should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Puertas
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Luisa Marti
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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8
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Vásquez V, Orozco J. Detection of COVID-19-related biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors and potential for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the course of the disease in the context of personalized medicine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:1003-1031. [PMID: 35970970 PMCID: PMC9378265 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a more efficient and effective way to address disease diagnosis and intervention, cutting-edge technologies, devices, therapeutic approaches, and practices have emerged within the personalized medicine concept depending on the particular patient's biology and the molecular basis of the disease. Personalized medicine is expected to play a pivotal role in assessing disease risk or predicting response to treatment, understanding a person's health status, and, therefore, health care decision-making. This work discusses electrochemical biosensors for monitoring multiparametric biomarkers at different molecular levels and their potential to elucidate the health status of an individual in a personalized manner. In particular, and as an illustration, we discuss several aspects of the infection produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a current health care concern worldwide. This includes SARS-CoV-2 structure, mechanism of infection, biomarkers, and electrochemical biosensors most commonly explored for diagnostics, prognostics, and potentially assessing the risk of complications in patients in the context of personalized medicine. Finally, some concluding remarks and perspectives hint at the use of electrochemical biosensors in the frame of other cutting-edge converging/emerging technologies toward the inauguration of a new paradigm of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Vásquez
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
| | - Jahir Orozco
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
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9
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Menon NG, Mohapatra S. The COVID-19 pandemic: Virus transmission and risk assessment. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2022; 28:100373. [PMID: 35669052 PMCID: PMC9156429 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The coronaviruses are the largest known RNA viruses of which SASR-CoV-2 has been spreading continuously due to its repeated mutation triggered by several environmental factors. Multiple human interventions and lessons learned from the SARS 2002 outbreak helped reduce its spread considerably, and thus, the virus was contained but the emerging mutations burdened the medical facility leading to many deaths in the world. As per the world health organization (WHO) droplet mode transmission is the most common mode of SASR-CoV-2 transmission to which environmental factors including temperature and humidity play a major role. This article highlights the responsibility of environmental causes that would affect the distribution and fate of the virus. Recent development in the risk assessment models is also covered in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gayathri Menon
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
| | - Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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10
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Kabi AK, Pal M, Gujjarappa R, Malakar CC, Roy M. Overview of Hydroxychloroquine and Remdesivir on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Heterocycl Chem 2022; 60:JHET4541. [PMID: 35942205 PMCID: PMC9349740 DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the ongoing pandemic named COVID-19 which causes a serious emergency on public health hazards of international concern. In the face of a critical medical emergency, repositioning of drugs is one of the most authentic options to design an adequate treatment for infected patients immediately. In this strategy, Remdesivir (Veklury), Hydroxychloroquine appears to be the drug of choice and garnered unprecedented attention as potential therapeutic agents against the pandemic realized worldwide due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These are the breathtaking instances of possible repositioning of drugs, whose pharmacokinetics and optimal dosage are familiar. In this review, we provide an overview of these medications, their synthesis, and the possible mechanism of action against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup K. Kabi
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology ManipurImphalManipurIndia
| | - Maynak Pal
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology ManipurImphalManipurIndia
| | - Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology ManipurImphalManipurIndia
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology ManipurImphalManipurIndia
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology ManipurImphalManipurIndia
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11
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Bioactive components of different nasal spray solutions may defeat SARS-Cov2: repurposing and in silico studies. J Mol Model 2022; 28:212. [PMID: 35794497 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" is caused by fast-spreading and highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). This virus enters into the human respiratory system by binding of the viral surface spike glycoprotein (S-protein) to an angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) receptor that is found in the nasal passage and oral cavity of a human. Both spike protein and the ACE2 receptor have been identified as promising therapeutic targets to develop anti-SARS-CoV2 drugs. No therapeutic drugs have been developed as of today except for some vaccines. Therefore, potent therapeutic agents are urgently needed to combat the COVID-19 infections. This goal would be achieved only by applying drug repurposing and computational approaches. Thus, based on drug repurposing approach, we have investigated 16 bioactive components (1-16) from different nasal spray solutions to check their efficacies against human ACE2 and SARS-CoV2 spike proteins by performing molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies. In this study, three bioactive components namely ciclesonide (8), levocabastine (13), and triamcinolone acetonide (16) have been found as promising inhibitory agents against SARS-CoV2 spike and human ACE2 receptor proteins with excellent binding affinities, comparing to reference drugs such as nafamostat, arbidol, losartan, and benazepril. Furthermore, MD simulations were performed (triplicate) for 100 ns to confirm the stability of 8, 13, and 16 with said protein targets and to compute MM-PBSA-based binding-free energy calculations. Thus, bioactive components 8, 13, and 16 open the door for researchers and scientist globally to investigate them against SARS-CoV2 through in vitro and in vivo analysis.
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12
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Ventura MWS, Diógenes MDS, Albuquerque NLSD, Lima GA, Oliveira PMD, Alexandre ICU, Pascoal LM, Lima FET. Análise comparativa das características demográficas, sintomatologia e comorbidades de adultos e idosos notificados e confirmados com COVID-19 nas capitais brasileiras. REME: REVISTA MINEIRA DE ENFERMAGEM 2022. [DOI: 10.35699/2316-9389.2022.38489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo: comparar o perfil demográfico, a sintomatologia e as comorbidades de adultos e idosos notificados com COVID-19 nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal. Métodos: estudo ecológico, desenvolvido a partir dos dados da plataforma online e-SUS Notifica, preenchidos até dia 4 de janeiro de 2021, com amostra constituída por 1.416.252 indivíduos, utilizando como critérios de inclusão: ter idade > 20 anos; residir nas capitais brasileiras ou no Distrito Federal; e apresentar resultado do teste positivo para COVID-19. A análise descritiva contou com a exposição das frequências absoluta e relativa e medidas de tendência central. Para análise inferencial, aplicou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, considerando diferença significativa para valores de p<0,05. Resultados: predominou sexo masculino (52%), com média de idade de 43,29 ± 14,85 anos. Os indivíduos apresentaram tosse (45,4%), febre (38,8%) e outros sintomas (83,1%). As comorbidades mais prevalentes foram: doenças cardíacas (7,1%) e diabetes (4,5%). Houve diferença significativa (p<0,001) entre as regiões brasileiras, ao comparar sexo, idade, ser profissional da saúde, sintomas e comorbidades. Conclusão: os dados contribuíram para o conhecimento acerca do processo epidêmico de COVID-19 no Brasil, no primeiro ano de pandemia, e demonstrou a distribuição dos casos e as relações existentes entre perfil demográfico, sintomatologia e doenças pré-existentes com os agrupados das capitais brasileiras.
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13
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Miranda MNS, Pingarilho M, Pimentel V, Torneri A, Seabra SG, Libin PJK, Abecasis AB. A Tale of Three Recent Pandemics: Influenza, HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889643. [PMID: 35722303 PMCID: PMC9201468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are one of the main threats to public health, with the potential to cause a pandemic when the infectious agent manages to spread globally. The first major pandemic to appear in the 20th century was the influenza pandemic of 1918, caused by the influenza A H1N1 strain that is characterized by a high fatality rate. Another major pandemic was caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that started early in the 20th century and remained undetected until 1981. The ongoing HIV pandemic demonstrated a high mortality and morbidity rate, with discrepant impacts in different regions around the globe. The most recent major pandemic event, is the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has caused over 5.7 million deaths since its emergence, 2 years ago. The aim of this work is to highlight the main determinants of the emergence, epidemic response and available countermeasures of these three pandemics, as we argue that such knowledge is paramount to prepare for the next pandemic. We analyse these pandemics’ historical and epidemiological contexts and the determinants of their emergence. Furthermore, we compare pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions that have been used to slow down these three pandemics and zoom in on the technological advances that were made in the progress. Finally, we discuss the evolution of epidemiological modelling, that has become an essential tool to support public health policy making and discuss it in the context of these three pandemics. While these pandemics are caused by distinct viruses, that ignited in different time periods and in different regions of the globe, our work shows that many of the determinants of their emergence and countermeasures used to halt transmission were common. Therefore, it is important to further improve and optimize such approaches and adapt it to future threatening emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda N S Miranda
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Pingarilho
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Victor Pimentel
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andrea Torneri
- Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofia G Seabra
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pieter J K Libin
- Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana B Abecasis
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
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14
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Mohapatra S, Menon NG. Factors responsible for the emergence of novel viruses: An emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2022; 27:100358. [PMID: 35369608 PMCID: PMC8958772 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Structural and genetic differences among various viruses play a significant factor in host infectivity and vulnerability to environmental stressors. Zoonoses of viruses require several recombinations and mutations in their genetic material and among several viruses allowing them to switch hosts and infect new species. Additionally, the host genetics play a significant role in successful viral transmission among various hosts. For example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus and influenza viruses. In efficient zoonotic events, selective stresses in the host milieu-interieur are critical during viral infection of the first human host. The genetic rearrangement of the virus and the selective environmental pressure of the host immune system dominate the emergence of new viral disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, 138602, Singapore
| | - N Gayathri Menon
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
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15
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Pro108Ser mutation of SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro reduces the enzyme activity and ameliorates the clinical severity of COVID-19. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1299. [PMID: 35079088 PMCID: PMC8789791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an international randomized controlled clinical trial showed that patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection treated orally with the 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) inhibitor PF-07321332 within three days of symptom onset showed an 89% lower risk of COVID-19-related hospital admission/ death from any cause as compared with the patients who received placebo. Lending support to this critically important result of the aforementioned trial, we demonstrated in our study that patients infected with a SARS-Cov-2 sub-lineage (B.1.1.284) carrying the Pro108Ser mutation in 3CLpro tended to have a comparatively milder clinical course (i.e., a smaller proportion of patients required oxygen supplementation during the clinical course) than patients infected with the same sub-lineage of virus not carrying the mutation. Characterization of the mutant 3CLpro revealed that the Kcat/Km of the 3CLpro enzyme containing Ser108 was 58% lower than that of Pro108 3CLpro. Hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) revealed that the reduced activity was associated with structural perturbation surrounding the substrate-binding region of the enzyme, which is positioned behind and distant from the 108th amino acid residue. Our findings of the attenuated clinical course of COVID-19 in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 strains with reduced 3CLpro enzymatic activity greatly endorses the promising result of the aforementioned clinical trial of the 3CLpro inhibitor.
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16
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Sojobi AO, Zayed T. Impact of sewer overflow on public health: A comprehensive scientometric analysis and systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111609. [PMID: 34216613 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sewer overflow (SO), which has attracted global attention, poses serious threat to public health and ecosystem. SO impacts public health via consumption of contaminated drinking water, aerosolization of pathogens, food-chain transmission, and direct contact with fecally-polluted rivers and beach sediments during recreation. However, no study has attempted to map the linkage between SO and public health including Covid-19 using scientometric analysis and systematic review of literature. Results showed that only few countries were actively involved in SO research in relation to public health. Furthermore, there are renewed calls to scale up environmental surveillance to safeguard public health. To safeguard public health, it is important for public health authorities to optimize water and wastewater treatment plants and improve building ventilation and plumbing systems to minimize pathogen transmission within buildings and transportation systems. In addition, health authorities should formulate appropriate policies that can enhance environmental surveillance and facilitate real-time monitoring of sewer overflow. Increased public awareness on strict personal hygiene and point-of-use-water-treatment such as boiling drinking water will go a long way to safeguard public health. Ecotoxicological studies and health risk assessment of exposure to pathogens via different transmission routes is also required to appropriately inform the use of lockdowns, minimize their socio-economic impact and guide evidence-based welfare/social policy interventions. Soft infrastructures, optimized sewer maintenance and prescreening of sewer overflow are recommended to reduce stormwater burden on wastewater treatment plant, curtail pathogen transmission and marine plastic pollution. Comprehensive, integrated surveillance and global collaborative efforts are important to curtail on-going Covid-19 pandemic and improve resilience against future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek Zayed
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Mihaescu G, Chifiriuc MC, Vrancianu CO, Constantin M, Filip R, Popescu MR, Burlibasa L, Nicoara AC, Bolocan A, Iliescu C, Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G. Antiviral Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Protective to Deleterious Responses. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2578. [PMID: 34946179 PMCID: PMC8703918 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After two previous episodes, in 2002 and 2012, when two highly pathogenic coronaviruses (SARS, MERS) with a zoonotic origin emerged in humans and caused fatal respiratory illness, we are today experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2. The main question of the year 2021 is if naturally- or artificially-acquired active immunity will be effective against the evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review starts with the presentation of the two compartments of antiviral immunity-humoral and cellular, innate and adaptive-underlining how the involved cellular and molecular actors are intrinsically connected in the development of the immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Then, the SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology, as well as the derived diagnosis and therapeutic approaches, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigore Mihaescu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
- Life, Environmental and Earth Sciences Division, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- The Romanian Academy, 25 Calea Victoriei, Sector 1, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Roxana Filip
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Regional County Emergency Hospital, 720284 Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihaela Roxana Popescu
- Department of Cardiology, Elias Emergency University Hospital “Carol Davila”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Liliana Burlibasa
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Anca Cecilia Nicoara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Bolocan
- General Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
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18
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Kumar M, Kuroda K, Joshi M, Bhattacharya P, Barcelo D. First comparison of conventional activated sludge versus root-zone treatment for SARS-CoV-2 RNA removal from wastewaters: Statistical and temporal significance. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 425:130635. [PMID: 34149304 PMCID: PMC8200644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the initial pandemic phase, effluents from wastewater treatment facilities were reported mostly free from Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA, and thus conventional wastewater treatments were generally considered effective. However, there is a lack of first-hand data on i) comparative efficacy of various treatment processes for SARS-CoV-2 RNA removal; and ii) temporal variations in the removal efficacy of a given treatment process in the backdrop of active COVID-19 cases. This work provides a comparative account of the removal efficacy of conventional activated sludge (CAS) and root zone treatments (RZT) based on weekly wastewater surveillance data, consisting of forty-four samples, during a two-month period. The average genome concentration was higher in the inlets of CAS-based wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the Sargasan ward (1.25 × 103 copies/ L), than that of RZT-based WWTP (7.07 × 102 copies/ L) in an academic institution campus of Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. ORF 1ab and S genes appeared to be more sensitive to treatment i.e., significantly reduced (p < 0.05) than N genes (p > 0.05). CAS treatment exhibited better RNA removal efficacy (p = 0.014) than RZT (p = 0.032). Multivariate analyses suggested that the effective genome concentration should be calculated based on the presence/absence of multiple genes. The present study stresses that treated effluents are not always free from SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and the removal efficacy of a given WWTP is prone to exhibit temporal variability owing to variations in active COVID-19 cases in the vicinity and genetic material accumulation over the time. Disinfection seems less effective than the adsorption and coagulation processes for SARS-CoV-2 removal. Results stress the need for further research on mechanistic insight on SARS-CoV-2 removal through various treatment processes taking solid-liquid partitioning into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
- Kiran C Patel Centre for Sustainable Development, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939 0398, Japan
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Sector- 11, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 011, India
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, and Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-CERCA, Girona, Spain
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19
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Simba H, Ngcobo S. Are Pandemics Gender Neutral? Women's Health and COVID-19. Front Glob Womens Health 2021; 1:570666. [PMID: 34816154 PMCID: PMC8594011 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2020.570666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a health crisis in Wuhan, China, and was later declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As it spread and its death toll increased, on the 11th of March 2020 it was declared a pandemic at 4,369 deaths worldwide, and cases and deaths have since surged. With gender disparities already known to leave women and their health at the margins of society during outbreaks, it is important to understand how COVID-19 affects women's health. In this article, we discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic can create vulnerabilities for women and their health and further exacerbate long-existing inequalities and social disparities. These include gender-based roles, economic and food security, violence, work pressure, and access to health and healthcare facilities. These issues have significant repercussions on the physical and mental health of women. To focus our lenses on these issues, we draw lessons from three specific examples of past outbreaks: 1918 Flu pandemic, Zika virus disease, and Ebola virus disease. We conclude by stating how public health responses and strategies for COVID-19 can be inclusive to women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Simba
- Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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20
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Bhattarai B, Sahulka SQ, Podder A, Hong S, Li H, Gilcrease E, Beams A, Steed R, Goel R. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 genes in water reclamation facilities: From influent to anaerobic digester. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148905. [PMID: 34271386 PMCID: PMC8259039 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Several treatment plants were sampled for influent, primary clarifier sludge, return activated sludge (RAS), and anaerobically digested sludge throughout nine weeks during the summer of the COVID-19 pandemic. Primary clarifier sludge had a significantly higher number of SARS-CoV-2 gene copy number per liter (GC/L) than other sludge samples, within a range from 1.0 × 105 to 1.0 × 106 GC/L. Gene copy numbers in raw influent significantly correlated with gene copy numbers in RAS in Silver Creek (p-value = 0.007, R2 = 0.681) and East Canyon (p-value = 0.009, R2 = 0.775) WRFs; both of which lack primary clarifiers or industrial pretreatment processes. This data indicates that SARS-CoV-2 gene copies tend to partition into primary clarifier sludges, at which point a significant portion of them are removed through sedimentation. Furthermore, it was found that East Canyon WRF gene copy numbers in influent were a significant predictor of daily cases (p-value = 0.0322, R2 = 0.561), and gene copy numbers in RAS were a significant predictor of weekly cases (p-value = 0.0597, R2 = 0.449). However, gene copy numbers found in primary sludge samples from other plants significantly predicted the number of COVID-19 cases for the following week (t = 2.279) and the week after that (t = 2.122) respectively. These data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 extracted from WRF biosolids may better suit epidemiological monitoring that exhibits a time lag. It also supports the observation that primary sludge removes a significant portion of SARS-CoV-2 marker genes. In its absence, RAS can also be used to predict the number of COVID-19 cases due to direct flow through from influent. This research represents the first of its kind to thoroughly examine SARS-CoV-2 gene copy numbers in biosolids throughout the wastewater treatment process and the relationship between primary, return activated, and anaerobically digested sludge and reported positive COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishav Bhattarai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | | | - Aditi Podder
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Soklida Hong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Hanyan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Eddie Gilcrease
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Alex Beams
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Rebecca Steed
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA.
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21
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Tsikouras P, Kourti V, Gerede A, Kiosse E, Panopoulou M, Zervoudis S, Bothou A, Iatrakis G, Gaitatzi F, Vatsidou X, Chalkidou A, Nikolettos K, Alexiou A, Peitsidis P, Lambropoulou M, Michalopoulos S, Nikolettos N, Rafailidis P. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on pregnancy outcomes (Review). MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2021; 1:19. [PMID: 36698529 PMCID: PMC9829087 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2021.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the pandemic outbreak associated with coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) on pregnant women is of interest to obstetricians and gynecologists due to the vulnerability of this target group. In pregnant women and their infants, an exceptional clinical management is warranted. Current epidemiological findings provide information regarding the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on pregnant patients and potential adverse perinatal outcomes. Overall, these findings are a strong indication that an increased antenatal surveillance for pregnant patients infected with COVID-19 is warranted. The aim of the present narrative review was to summarize the data obtained to date regarding the health of women during pregnancy, as well as that of the fetus associated with the risk of severe infection due to COVID-19. The present review aimed to provide further insight into the effects of this pandemic on pregnancy, also providing the experience of the authors on this matter as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tsikouras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Kourti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Gerede
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eleni Kiosse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Panopoulou
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stefanos Zervoudis
- Technological Educational Institute of Athens and Rea Maternity Hospital, 175 64 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Bothou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Iatrakis
- Technological Educational Institute of Athens and Rea Maternity Hospital, 175 64 Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Gaitatzi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Xanthi Vatsidou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anna Chalkidou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Nikolettos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Alexis Alexiou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Peitsidis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Spyridon Michalopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikolettos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Petros Rafailidis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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22
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Williams A, Branscome H, Khatkar P, Mensah GA, Al Sharif S, Pinto DO, DeMarino C, Kashanchi F. A comprehensive review of COVID-19 biology, diagnostics, therapeutics, and disease impacting the central nervous system. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:667-690. [PMID: 34581996 PMCID: PMC8477646 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly transmissible disease. SARS-CoV-2 is estimated to have infected over 153 million people and to have caused over 3.2 million global deaths since its emergence in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans, and like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a variety of symptoms including general flu-like symptoms such as a fever, sore throat, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Severe cases often display signs of pneumonia, lymphopenia, acute kidney injury, cardiac injury, cytokine storms, lung damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure, sepsis, and death. There is evidence that around 30% of COVID-19 cases have central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) symptoms along with or in the absence of the previously mentioned symptoms. In cases of CNS/PNS impairments, patients display dizziness, ataxia, seizure, nerve pain, and loss of taste and/or smell. This review highlights the neurological implications of SARS-CoV-2 and provides a comprehensive summary of the research done on SARS-CoV-2 pathology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines up to May 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Williams
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Heather Branscome
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Pooja Khatkar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Gifty A Mensah
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Al Sharif
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Daniel O Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
- Immunology Core, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
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Silvestre OM, Costa LR, Lopes BVR, Barbosa MR, Botelho KKP, Albuquerque KLC, Souza AGS, Coelho LA, de Oliveira AJ, Barantini CB, Neves SAVM, Nadruz W, Maguire JH, Fernandes-Silva MM. Previous Dengue Infection and Mortality in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e1219-e1221. [PMID: 33373433 PMCID: PMC7799267 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied 2351 participants with coronavirus disease 2019; 1177 (50%) reported previous dengue infection. Those without previous dengue had a higher risk of death (hazard ratio: .44; 95% confidence interval: .22-.89; P = .023) in 60-day follow-up. These findings raise the possibility that dengue might induce immunological protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James H Maguire
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zupin L, Fontana F, Gratton R, Milani M, Clemente L, Pascolo L, Ruscio M, Crovella S. SARS-CoV-2 Short-Time Infection Produces Relevant Cytopathic Effects in Vero E6 Cell Line. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179020. [PMID: 34501610 PMCID: PMC8431154 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets from positive subjects to susceptible hosts or by direct contact with an infected individual. Our study focuses on the in vitro minimal time of viral absorption as well as the minimal quantity of virus able to establish a persistent infection in Vero E6 cells. We observed that 1 min of in vitro virus exposure is sufficient to generate a cytopathic effect in cells after 7 days of infection, even at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) value of 0.01. Being aware that our findings have been obtained using an in vitro cellular model, we demonstrated that short-time exposures and low viral concentrations are able to cause infection, thus opening questions about the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility even following short contact times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (R.G.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-040-3785422
| | - Francesco Fontana
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), 34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.F.); (L.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Rossella Gratton
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (R.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Margherita Milani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Libera Clemente
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), 34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.F.); (L.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Lorella Pascolo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (R.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Maurizio Ruscio
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), 34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.F.); (L.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Qatar, Doha 2713, Qatar;
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Li X, Tao B, Dai HN, Imran M, Wan D, Li D. Is blockchain for Internet of Medical Things a panacea for COVID-19 pandemic? PERVASIVE AND MOBILE COMPUTING 2021; 75:101434. [PMID: 34121966 PMCID: PMC8184358 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmcj.2021.101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has deeply influenced the lifestyle of the general public and the healthcare system of the society. As a promising approach to address the emerging challenges caused by the epidemic of infectious diseases like COVID-19, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) deployed in hospitals, clinics, and healthcare centers can save the diagnosis time and improve the efficiency of medical resources though privacy and security concerns of IoMT stall the wide adoption. In order to tackle the privacy, security, and interoperability issues of IoMT, we propose a framework of blockchain-enabled IoMT by introducing blockchain to incumbent IoMT systems. In this paper, we review the benefits of this architecture and illustrate the opportunities brought by blockchain-enabled IoMT. We also provide use cases of blockchain-enabled IoMT on fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic, including the prevention of infectious diseases, location sharing and contact tracing, and the supply chain of injectable medicines. We also outline future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bishenghui Tao
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hong-Ning Dai
- Department of Computing and Decision Sciences, Lingnan University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- College of Applied Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dehuan Wan
- Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dengwang Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Troyer Z, Alhusaini N, Tabler CO, Sweet T, de Carvalho KIL, Schlatzer DM, Carias L, King CL, Matreyek K, Tilton JC. Extracellular vesicles carry SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and serve as decoys for neutralizing antibodies. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12112. [PMID: 34188786 PMCID: PMC8213968 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2019, a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spread rapidly and became a global pandemic in early 2020. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is responsible for viral entry and binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells, making it a major target of the immune system - particularly neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that are induced by infection or vaccines. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membraned particles constitutively released by cells, including virally-infected cells. EVs and viruses enclosed within lipid membranes share some characteristics: they are small, sub-micron particles and they overlap in cellular biogenesis and egress routes. Given their shared characteristics, we hypothesized that EVs released from spike-expressing cells could carry spike and serve as decoys for anti-spike nAbs, promoting viral infection. Here, using mass spectrometry and nanoscale flow cytometry (NFC) approaches, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can be incorporated into EVs. Furthermore, we show that spike-carrying EVs act as decoy targets for convalescent patient serum-derived nAbs, reducing their effectiveness in blocking viral entry. These findings have important implications for the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and highlight the complex interplay between viruses, extracellular vesicles, and the immune system that occurs during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Troyer
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Najwa Alhusaini
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Caroline O. Tabler
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Thomas Sweet
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Daniela M. Schlatzer
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Lenore Carias
- Division of General Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Christopher L. King
- Division of General Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Kenneth Matreyek
- Department of PathologySchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - John C. Tilton
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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Perceived Stress in Dentists and Dental Students of Latin America and the Caribbean during the Mandatory Social Isolation Measures for the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115889. [PMID: 34070889 PMCID: PMC8198097 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically considering the mandatory social isolation measures implemented, on the perceived stress of a sample of dentists and dental students from Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as the associated sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a sample of 2036 dentists and dental students (1433 women). For the main outcome, the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) was used. The survey also questioned sociodemographic aspects, questions on the COVID-19 pandemic, health variables, and habits. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses (linear regression) were applied to observe the factors associated with perceived stress. The PSS-14 mean score was 24.76 (±11.76). Hierarchical regression models showed significant variables associated with the PSS-14 scores: income level during mandatory social isolation, having older adults under care during mandatory social isolation, self-perceived level of concern regarding COVID-19, self-perceived health, Coffee consumption during mandatory social isolation. In general terms, the pandemic has influenced the personal, social, labor, and everyday life of dental staff and affected the mental health of this population specifically when perceived stress is considered. Public policies, strategies, and mental health surveillance systems are required for this population.
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Suryantoro SD, Thaha M, Hayati MR, Yusuf M, Pikir BS, Susilo H. Correlation between anti-hypertensive drugs and disease progression among moderate, severe, and critically ill COVID-19 patients in the second referral hospital in Surbaya: A retrospective cohort study. F1000Res 2021; 10:393. [PMID: 34912542 PMCID: PMC8593622 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51785.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension, as the comorbidity accompanying COVID-19, is related to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE-2R) and endothelial dysregulation which have an important role in blood pressure regulation. Other anti-hypertensive agents are believed to trigger the hyperinflammation process. We aimed to figure out the association between the use of anti-hypertensive drugs and the disease progression of COVID-19 patients. Methods: This study is an observational cohort study among COVID-19 adult patients from moderate to critically ill admitted to Universitas Airlangga Hospital (UAH) Surabaya with history of hypertension and receiving anti-hypertensive drugs. Results: Patients receiving beta blockers only had a longer length of stay than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) or calcium channel blockers alone (17, 13.36, and 13.73 respectively), had the higher rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission than ACEi/ARB (p 0.04), and had the highest mortality rate (54.55%). There were no significant differences in length of stay, ICU admission, mortality rate, and days of death among the single, double, and triple anti-hypertensive groups. The mortality rate in groups taking ACEi/ARB was lower than other combination. Conclusions: Hypertension can increase the severity of COVID-19. The use of ACEI/ARBs in ACE-2 receptor regulation which is thought to aggravate the condition of COVID-19 patients has not yet been proven. This is consistent with findings in other anti-hypertensive groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satriyo Dwi Suryantoro
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Thaha
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mutiara Rizky Hayati
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Yusuf
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Budi Susetyo Pikir
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Hendri Susilo
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
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Suryantoro SD, Thaha M, Hayati MR, Yusuf M, Pikir BS, Susilo H. Correlation between anti-hypertensive drugs and disease progression among moderate, severe, and critically ill COVID-19 patients in the second referral hospital in Surabaya: A retrospective cohort study. F1000Res 2021; 10:393. [PMID: 34912542 PMCID: PMC8593622 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51785.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertension, as the comorbidity accompanying COVID-19, is related to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE-2R) and endothelial dysregulation which have an important role in blood pressure regulation. Other anti-hypertensive agents are believed to trigger the hyperinflammation process. We aimed to figure out the association between the use of anti-hypertensive drugs and the disease progression of COVID-19 patients. Methods: This study is an observational cohort study among COVID-19 adult patients from moderate to critically ill admitted to Universitas Airlangga Hospital (UAH) Surabaya with history of hypertension and receiving anti-hypertensive drugs. Results: Patients receiving beta blockers only had a longer length of stay than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) or calcium channel blockers alone (17, 13.36, and 13.73 respectively), had the higher rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission than ACEi/ARB (p 0.04), and had the highest mortality rate (54.55%). There were no significant differences in length of stay, ICU admission, mortality rate, and days of death among the single, double, and triple anti-hypertensive groups. The mortality rate in groups taking ACEi/ARB was lower than other combination. Conclusions: Hypertension can increase the severity of COVID-19. The use of ACEI/ARBs in ACE-2 receptor regulation which is thought to aggravate the condition of COVID-19 patients has not yet been proven. This is consistent with findings in other anti-hypertensive groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satriyo Dwi Suryantoro
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Thaha
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mutiara Rizky Hayati
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Yusuf
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Budi Susetyo Pikir
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Hendri Susilo
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
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Suryantoro SD, Thaha M, Hayati MR, Yusuf M, Pikir BS, Susilo H. Correlation between anti-hypertensive drugs and disease progression among moderate, severe, and critically ill COVID-19 patients in the second referral hospital in Surabaya: A retrospective cohort study. F1000Res 2021; 10:393. [PMID: 34912542 PMCID: PMC8593622 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51785.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertension, as the comorbidity accompanying COVID-19, is related to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE-2R) and endothelial dysregulation which have an important role in blood pressure regulation. Other anti-hypertensive agents are believed to trigger the hyperinflammation process. We aimed to figure out the association between the use of anti-hypertensive drugs and the disease progression of COVID-19 patients. Methods: This study is an observational cohort study among COVID-19 adult patients from moderate to critically ill admitted to Universitas Airlangga Hospital (UAH) Surabaya with history of hypertension and receiving anti-hypertensive drugs. Results: Patients receiving beta blockers only had a longer length of stay than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) or calcium channel blockers alone (17, 13.36, and 13.73 respectively), had the higher rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission than ACEi/ARB (p 0.04), and had the highest mortality rate (54.55%). There were no significant differences in length of stay, ICU admission, mortality rate, and days of death among the single, double, and triple anti-hypertensive groups. The mortality rate in groups taking ACEi/ARB was lower than other combination. Conclusions: Hypertension can increase the severity of COVID-19. The use of ACEI/ARBs in ACE-2 receptor regulation which is thought to aggravate the condition of COVID-19 patients has not yet been proven. This is consistent with findings in other anti-hypertensive groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satriyo Dwi Suryantoro
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Thaha
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mutiara Rizky Hayati
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Yusuf
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Budi Susetyo Pikir
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Hendri Susilo
- Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
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Mortara A, Mazzetti S, Margonato D, Delfino P, Bersano C, Catagnano F, Lauriola M, Grosso P, Perseghin G, Ippoliti G. Compassionate use of ruxolitinib in patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection not on mechanical ventilation: Short-term effects on inflammation and ventilation. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:1062-1068. [PMID: 33403775 PMCID: PMC8212747 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruxolitinib is an anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits the Janus kinase-signal transducer (JAK-STAT) pathway on the surface of immune cells. The potential targeting of this pathway using JAK inhibitors is a promising approach in patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ruxolitinib was provided as a compassionate use in patients consecutively admitted to our institution for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Inclusion criteria were oxygen saturation less than or equal to 92%, signs of interstitial pneumonia, and no need of mechanical ventilation. Patients received 5 mg b.i.d. of ruxolitinib for 15 days, data were collected at baseline and on days 4, 7, and 15 during treatment. Two main targets were identified, C-reactive protein (CRP) and PaO2 /FiO2 ratio. In the 31 patients who received ruxolitinib, symptoms improved (dyspnea scale) on day 7 in 25 of 31 patients (80.6%); CRP decreased progressively from baseline (79.1 ± 73.4 mg/dl) to day 15 (18.6 ± 33.2, p = 0.022). In parallel with CRP, PO2/FiO2 ratio increased progressively during the 3 steps from 183 ± 95 to 361 ± 144 mmHg (p < 0.001). In those patients with a reduction of polymerase chain reaction less than or equal to 80%, delta increase of the PO2/FiO2 ratio was significantly more pronounced (129 ± 118 vs. 45 ± 35 mmHg, p = 0.02). No adverse side effects were recorded during treatment. In patients hospitalized for COVID-19, compassionate-use of ruxolitinib determined a significant reduction of biomarkers of inflammation, which was associated with a more effective ventilation and reduced need for oxygen support. Data on ruxolitinib reinforces the hypothesis that targeting the hyperinflammation state, may be of prognostic benefit in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Study Highlights WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC? Some evidence suggest that patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) present an exuberant inflammatory response represented by a massive production of type I interferons and different pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nonetheless, as for the present, there are no proven therapeutic agents for COVID-19, in particular anti-inflammatory and antiviral, with a significant and reproducible positive clinical response. WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS? Targeted therapeutic management of pro-inflammatory pathways appears to be a promising strategy against COVID-19, and ruxolitinib, due to its established broad and fast anti-inflammatory effect, appears to be a promising candidate worthy of focused investigations in this field. WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE? Ruxolitinib rapidly reduces the systemic inflammation, which accompanies the disease, thereby improving respiratory function and the need of oxygen support. This effect may contribute to avoid progression of the disease and the use of invasive ventilation. HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE? Data on ruxolitinib contributes the reinforcement of the hypothesis that it is crucial to counteract the early hyperinflammation state, particularly of the lungs, induced by COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mortara
- Department of Clinical CardiologyPoliclinico di MonzaMonzaItaly
| | - Simone Mazzetti
- Department of Clinical CardiologyPoliclinico di MonzaMonzaItaly
| | - Davide Margonato
- Department of Clinical CardiologyPoliclinico di MonzaMonzaItaly
- Department of CardiologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Pietro Delfino
- Department of Clinical CardiologyPoliclinico di MonzaMonzaItaly
| | - Chiara Bersano
- Department of Clinical CardiologyPoliclinico di MonzaMonzaItaly
| | - Francesco Catagnano
- Department of Clinical CardiologyPoliclinico di MonzaMonzaItaly
- Department of CardiologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | | | - Paolo Grosso
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive CarePoliclinico di MonzaMonzaItaly
| | - Gianluca Perseghin
- Department of Medicine and RehabilitationPoliclinico di MonzaUniversità degli Studi di Milano BicoccaMonzaItaly
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Panchal D, Prakash O, Bobde P, Pal S. SARS-CoV-2: sewage surveillance as an early warning system and challenges in developing countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22221-22240. [PMID: 33733417 PMCID: PMC7968922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in humans happens either through airway exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected patient or by touching the virus contaminated surface or objects (fomites). Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in human feces and its passage to sewage system is an emerging concern for public health. Pieces of evidence of the occurrence of viral RNA in feces and municipal wastewater (sewage) systems have not only warned reinforcing the treatment facilities but also suggest that these systems can be monitored to get epidemiological data for checking trend of COVID-19 infection in the community. This review summarizes the occurrence and persistence of novel coronavirus in sewage with an emphasis on the possible water environment contamination. Monitoring of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) via sewage-based epidemiology could deliver promising information regarding rate of infection providing a valid and complementary tool for tracking and diagnosing COVID-19 across communities. Tracking the sewage systems could act as an early warning tool for alerting the public health authorities for necessary actions. Given the impracticality of testing every citizen with limited diagnostic resources, it is imperative that sewage-based epidemiology can be tested as an early warning system. The need for the development of robust sampling strategies and subsequent detection methodologies and challenges for developing countries are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Panchal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Om Prakash
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Prakash Bobde
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Department of Research & Development, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Sukdeb Pal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
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Wattal C, Raveendran R, Oberoi JK, Goel N, Datta S, Rao BK, Gogia A. Clinical presentation & laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2: An observational study from a tertiary care centre in New Delhi, India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 39:295-299. [PMID: 33902980 PMCID: PMC8063602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chand Wattal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Reena Raveendran
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Jaswinder Kaur Oberoi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Neeraj Goel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Sanghamitra Datta
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Brijendra Kumar Rao
- Critical Care & Emergency Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Atul Gogia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India.
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Effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on reproductive system. Stem Cell Res 2021; 52:102189. [PMID: 33582547 PMCID: PMC7858002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in December 2019, it has rapidly spread across many countries and it has become a crucial global health concern. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection not only effect on respiratory system, but on reproductive system of human. However, there has been not any review described the transmission paths and effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human reproductive system, systematically. In order to describe the transmission paths of SARS-CoV-2, effect on the male/female reproductive system of SARS-CoV-2 and some successful prevention measures. We would like to review effect of SARS-CoV-2 on reproductive system. To conclude, SARS-CoV-2 infection might damage to male reproductive system via ACE2 receptor mediating and male patients were reportedly slightly more affected than women by SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Keshaviah A, Hu XC, Henry M. Developing a Flexible National Wastewater Surveillance System for COVID-19 and Beyond. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:45002. [PMID: 33877858 PMCID: PMC8057681 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wastewater testing offers a cost-effective strategy for measuring population disease prevalence and health behaviors. For COVID-19, wastewater surveillance addresses testing gaps and provides an early warning for outbreaks. As U.S. federal agencies build a National Wastewater Surveillance System around the pandemic, thinking through ways to develop flexible frameworks for wastewater sampling, testing, and reporting can avoid unnecessary system overhauls for future infectious disease, chronic disease, and drug epidemics. OBJECTIVES We discuss ways to transform a historically academic exercise into a tool for epidemic response. We generalize lessons learned by a global network of wastewater researchers around validation and implementation for COVID-19 and opioids while also drawing on our experience with wastewater-based epidemiology in the United States. DISCUSSION Sustainable wastewater surveillance requires coordination between health and safety officials, utilities, labs, and researchers. Adapting sampling frequency, type, and location to threat level, community vulnerability, biomarker properties, and decisions that wastewater data will inform can increase the practical value of the data. Marketplace instabilities, coupled with a fragmented testing landscape due to specialization, may require officials to engage multiple labs to test for known and unknown threats. Government funding can stabilize the market, balancing commercial pressures with public good, and incentivize data sharing. When reporting results, standardizing metrics and contextualizing wastewater data with health resource data can provide insights into a community's vulnerability and identify strategies to prevent health care systems from being overwhelmed. If wastewater data will inform policy decisions for an entire community, comparing characteristics of the wastewater treatment plant's service population to those of the larger community can help determine whether the wastewater data are generalizable. Ethical protocols may be needed to protect privacy and avoid stigmatization. With data-driven approaches to sample collection, analysis, and interpretation, officials can use wastewater surveillance for adaptive resource allocation, pandemic management, and program evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8572.
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Boorgu DSSK, Dharmarajan H, Sim ES, Goyal L, Freiser ME, Weinstock M, Whelan R, Corcoran TE, Jabbour N, Wang E, Chi DH. Aerosol and Droplet Risk of Common Otolaryngology Clinic Procedures. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2021; 130:1245-1253. [PMID: 33730891 DOI: 10.1177/00034894211000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Define aerosol and droplet risks associated with routine otolaryngology clinic procedures during the COVID-19 era. METHODS Clinical procedures were simulated in cadaveric heads whose oral and nasal cavities were coated with fluorescent tracer (vitamin B2) and breathing was manually simulated through retrograde intubation. A cascade impactor placed adjacent to the nares collected generated particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤14.1 µm. The 3D printed models and syringes were used to simulate middle and external ear suctioning as well as open suctioning, respectively. Provider's personal protective equipment (PPE) and procedural field contamination were also recorded for all trials using vitamin B2 fluorescent tracer. RESULTS The positive controls of nebulized vitamin B2 produced aerosol particles ≤3.30 µm and endonasal drilling of a 3D model generated particles ≤14.1 µm. As compared with positive controls, aerosols and small droplets with aerodynamic diameter ≤14.1 µm were not detected during rigid nasal endoscopy, flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy, and rigid nasal suction of cadavers with simulated breathing. There was minimal to no field contamination in all 3 scenarios. Middle and external ear suctioning and open container suctioning did not result in any detectable droplet contamination. The clinic suction unit contained all fluorescent material without surrounding environmental contamination. CONCLUSION While patients' coughing and sneezing may create a baseline risk for providers, this study demonstrates that nasal endoscopy, flexible laryngoscopy, and suctioning inherently do not pose an additional risk in terms of aerosol and small droplet generation. An overarching generalization cannot be made about endoscopy or suctioning being an aerosol generating procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harish Dharmarajan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward S Sim
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lindsey Goyal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Monika E Freiser
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Weinstock
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Whelan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy E Corcoran
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Noel Jabbour
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David H Chi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kumar M, Mazumder P, Mohapatra S, Kumar Thakur A, Dhangar K, Taki K, Mukherjee S, Kumar Patel A, Bhattacharya P, Mohapatra P, Rinklebe J, Kitajima M, Hai FI, Khursheed A, Furumai H, Sonne C, Kuroda K. A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Seasonality, environmental fate, transport, inactivation, and antiviral drug resistance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124043. [PMID: 33268203 PMCID: PMC7536132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the environmental perspectives of the viruses and antiviral drugs related to SARS-CoV-2. The present review paper discusses occurrence, fate, transport, susceptibility, and inactivation mechanisms of viruses in the environment as well as environmental occurrence and fate of antiviral drugs, and prospects (prevalence and occurrence) of antiviral drug resistance (both antiviral drug resistant viruses and antiviral resistance in the human). During winter, the number of viral disease cases and environmental occurrence of antiviral drug surge due to various biotic and abiotic factors such as transmission pathways, human behaviour, susceptibility, and immunity as well as cold climatic conditions. Adsorption and persistence critically determine the fate and transport of viruses in the environment. Inactivation and disinfection of virus include UV, alcohol, and other chemical-base methods but the susceptibility of virus against these methods varies. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major reserviors of antiviral drugs and their metabolites and transformation products. Ecotoxicity of antiviral drug residues against aquatic organisms have been reported, however more threatening is the development of antiviral resistance, both in humans and in wild animal reservoirs. In particular, emergence of antiviral drug-resistant viruses via exposure of wild animals to high loads of antiviral residues during the current pandemic needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India.
| | - Payal Mazumder
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- Environmnetal Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Alok Kumar Thakur
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Kiran Dhangar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Kaling Taki
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Arbind Kumar Patel
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pranab Mohapatra
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42285, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, University of Sejong, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Wollongong, Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Anwar Khursheed
- Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Centre for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama 9390398, Japan
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Fu S, Wang B, Zhou J, Xu X, Liu J, Ma Y, Li L, He X, Li S, Niu J, Luo B, Zhang K. Meteorological factors, governmental responses and COVID-19: Evidence from four European countries. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110596. [PMID: 33307083 PMCID: PMC7724291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the global lockdown, meteorological factors are highly discussed for COVID-19 transmission. In this study, national-specific and region-specific data sets from Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom were used to explore the effect of temperature, absolute humidity and diurnal temperature range (DTR) on COVID-19 transmission. From February 1st to November 1st, a 7-day COVID-19 case doubling time (Td), meteorological factors with cumulative 14-day-lagged, government response index and other factors were fitted in the distributed lag nonlinear models. The overall relative risk (RR) of the 10th and the 25th percentiles temperature compared to the median were 0.0074 (95% CI: 0.0023, 0.0237) and 0.1220 (95% CI: 0.0667, 0.2232), respectively. The pooled RR of lower (10th, 25th) and extremely high (90th) absolute humidity were 0.3266 (95% CI: 0.1379, 0.7734), 0.6018 (95% CI: 0.4693, 0.7718) and 0.3438 (95% CI: 0.2254, 0.5242), respectively. While the DTR did not have a significant effect on Td. The total cumulative effect of temperature (10th) and absolute humidity (10th, 90th) on Td increased with the change of lag days. Similarly, a decline in temperature and absolute humidity at cumulative 14-day-lagged corresponded to the lower RR on Td in pooled region-specific effects. In summary, the government responses are important factors in alleviating the spread of COVID-19. After controlling that, our results indicate that both the cold and the dry environment also likely facilitate the COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Fu
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocheng Xu
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueling Ma
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanyu Li
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotao He
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingping Niu
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Luo
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health University at Albany, State University of New York One University Place Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
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Karaivazoglou K, Konstantopoulou G, Kalogeropoulou M, Iliou T, Vorvolakos T, Assimakopoulos K, Gourzis P, Alexopoulos P. Psychological distress in the Greek general population during the first COVID-19 lockdown. BJPsych Open 2021; 7:e59. [PMID: 33622422 PMCID: PMC7925978 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2021.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread worldwide, threatening public health and financial and social life. AIMS The current study's aim was to determine the prevalence of psychological distress and post-traumatic stress symptoms in the Greek population during the first COVID-19 lockdown, and to detect potential correlates. METHOD An anonymous online survey was conducted between 10 April and 4 May 2020, to collect information regarding people's psychological functioning and COVID-19-related perceptions. RESULTS A total of 1443 individuals completed the survey; 293 (20%) reported clinically significant anxiety symptoms, 188 (12.9%) reported clinically significant depressive symptoms and 506 (36.4%) suffered from definite post-traumatic stress disorder. Anxiety symptoms were independently associated with female gender (β = 1.281, 95% CI 0.808-1.755, P < 0.001), educational level (β = -1.570, 95% CI -2.546 to -0.595, P = 0.002), perceived severity (β = -1.745, 95% CI -3.146 to -0.344, P = 0.015) and COVID-19-related worry (β = 7.633, 95% CI 6.206-9.060, P < 0.001). Depressive symptoms were strongly correlated with educational level (β = -1.298, 95% CI -2.220 to -0.377, P = 0.006), perceived severity (β = -1.331, 95% CI -2.579 to -0.082, P = 0.037) and COVID-19-related worry (β = 4.102, 95% CI 2.769-5.436, P < 0.001). Finally, post-traumatic stress symptoms were linked to female gender (β = 6.451, 95% CI 4.602-8.299, P < 0.001), educational level (β = -5.737, 95% CI -9.479 to -1.996, P = 0.003), psychiatric history (β = -4.028, 95% CI -6.274 to -1.782, P < 0.001) and COVID-19-related worry (β = 23.865, 95% CI 18.201-29.530, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A significant percentage of the population reported clinically important anxiety, depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Women, less-educated individuals and people with a psychiatric history appeared more vulnerable to the pandemic's psychological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Konstantopoulou
- Special Office for Health Consulting Services and Faculty of Education and Social Work, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Patras, Greece
| | | | - Theodoros Iliou
- Department of Psychiatry, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece; and Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
| | - Theofanis Vorvolakos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Patras, Greece; and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Cazzolla Gatti R, Menéndez LP, Laciny A, Bobadilla Rodríguez H, Bravo Morante G, Carmen E, Dorninger C, Fabris F, Grunstra NDS, Schnorr SL, Stuhlträger J, Villanueva Hernandez LA, Jakab M, Sarto-Jackson I, Caniglia G. Diversity lost: COVID-19 as a phenomenon of the total environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144014. [PMID: 33279199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
If we want to learn how to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have to embrace the complexity of this global phenomenon and capture interdependencies across scales and contexts. Yet, we still lack systematic approaches that we can use to deal holistically with the pandemic and its effects. In this Discussion, we first introduce a framework that highlights the systemic nature of the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of the total environment as a self-regulating and evolving system comprising of three spheres, the Geosphere, the Biosphere, and the Anthroposphere. Then, we use this framework to explore and organize information from the rapidly growing number of scientific papers, preprints, preliminary scientific reports, and journalistic pieces that give insights into the pandemic crisis. With this work, we point out that the pandemic should be understood as the result of preconditions that led to depletion of human, biological, and geochemical diversity as well as of feedback that differentially impacted the three spheres. We contend that protecting and promoting diversity, is necessary to contribute to more effective decision-making processes and policy interventions to face the current and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria; Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Lumila Paula Menéndez
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Anthropology of the Americas, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alice Laciny
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria; Entomology Collection, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hernán Bobadilla Rodríguez
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guillermo Bravo Morante
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Carmen
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, UK
| | - Christian Dorninger
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Flavia Fabris
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nicole D S Grunstra
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Mammal Collection, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie L Schnorr
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Julia Stuhlträger
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Jakab
- Department for Academic Communication, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Guido Caniglia
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Zaneti RN, Girardi V, Spilki FR, Mena K, Westphalen APC, da Costa Colares ER, Pozzebon AG, Etchepare RG. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 for workers in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142163. [PMID: 32911141 PMCID: PMC7468340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is yet to be validated, but it is a critical issue and additional research is needed to elucidate the risks of the novel coronavirus in sanitation systems. This is the first study that investigates the potential health risks of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is applied for three COVID-19 scenarios (moderate, aggressive and extreme) to study the effects of different stages of the pandemic in terms of percentage of infected population on the probability of infection to WWTP workers. A dose-response model for SARS-CoV-1 (as a surrogate pathogen) is assumed in the QMRA for SARS-CoV-2 using an exponential model with k = 4.1 × 102. Literature data are incorporated to inform assumptions for calculating the viral load, develop the model, and derive a tolerable infection risk. Results reveal that estimates of viral RNA in sewage at the entrance of WWTPs ranged from 4.14 × 101 to 5.23 × 103 GC·mL-1 (viable virus concentration from 0.04 to 5.23 PFU·mL-1, respectively). In addition, estimated risks for the aggressive and extreme scenarios (2.6 × 10-3 and 1.3 × 10-2, respectively) were likely to be above the derived tolerable infection risk for SARS-CoV-2 of 5.5 × 10-4 pppy, thus reinforcing the concern of sewage systems as a possible transmission pathway of SARS-CoV-2. These findings are helpful as an early health warning tool and in prioritizing upcoming risk management strategies, such as Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) for water and sanitation operators during the COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristina Mena
- University of Texas - Houston School of Public Health, Houston, United States
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Kumar M, Kuroda K, Patel AK, Patel N, Bhattacharya P, Joshi M, Joshi CG. Decay of SARS-CoV-2 RNA along the wastewater treatment outfitted with Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) system evaluated through two sample concentration techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142329. [PMID: 33254951 PMCID: PMC7490623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, we present, i) an account of decay in the genetic material loading of SARS-CoV-2 during Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) treatment of wastewater, and ii) comparative evaluation of polyethylene glycol (PEG), and ultrafiltration as virus concentration methods from wastewater for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genes. The objectives were achieved through tracking of SARS-CoV-2 genetic loadings i.e. ORF1ab, N and S protein genes on 8th and 27th May 2020 along the wastewater treatment plant (106000 m3 million liters per day) equipped with UASB system in Ahmedabad, India. PEG method performed better in removing materials inhibiting RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 gene detection from the samples, as evident from constant and lower CT values of control (MS2). Using the PEG method, we found a reduction >1.3 log10 reduction in SARS-CoV-2 RNA abundance during UASB treatment, and the RNA was not detected at all in the final effluent. The study implies that i) conventional wastewater treatment systems is effective in SARS-CoV-2 RNA removal, and ii) UASB system significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 genetic loadings. Finally, PEG method is recommended for better sensitivity and inhibition removal during SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India; Kiran C Patel Centre for Sustainable Development, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, 9390398, Japan
| | - Arbind Kumar Patel
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Nidhi Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Sector-11, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 011, India
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 42, SE-11428 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Sector-11, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 011, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Sector-11, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 011, India
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Zaneti RN, Girardi V, Spilki FR, Mena K, Westphalen APC, da Costa Colares ER, Pozzebon AG, Etchepare RG. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 for workers in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142163. [PMID: 32911141 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.28.20116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is yet to be validated, but it is a critical issue and additional research is needed to elucidate the risks of the novel coronavirus in sanitation systems. This is the first study that investigates the potential health risks of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is applied for three COVID-19 scenarios (moderate, aggressive and extreme) to study the effects of different stages of the pandemic in terms of percentage of infected population on the probability of infection to WWTP workers. A dose-response model for SARS-CoV-1 (as a surrogate pathogen) is assumed in the QMRA for SARS-CoV-2 using an exponential model with k = 4.1 × 102. Literature data are incorporated to inform assumptions for calculating the viral load, develop the model, and derive a tolerable infection risk. Results reveal that estimates of viral RNA in sewage at the entrance of WWTPs ranged from 4.14 × 101 to 5.23 × 103 GC·mL-1 (viable virus concentration from 0.04 to 5.23 PFU·mL-1, respectively). In addition, estimated risks for the aggressive and extreme scenarios (2.6 × 10-3 and 1.3 × 10-2, respectively) were likely to be above the derived tolerable infection risk for SARS-CoV-2 of 5.5 × 10-4 pppy, thus reinforcing the concern of sewage systems as a possible transmission pathway of SARS-CoV-2. These findings are helpful as an early health warning tool and in prioritizing upcoming risk management strategies, such as Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) for water and sanitation operators during the COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristina Mena
- University of Texas - Houston School of Public Health, Houston, United States
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Bardi MJ, Oliaee MA. Impacts of different operational temperatures and organic loads in anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge on the fate of SARS-CoV-2. PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, PART B 2021; 146:464-472. [PMID: 33262558 PMCID: PMC7694560 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of different operational temperatures, and organic load (OL) on the fate of SARS-CoV-2 during the anaerobic co-digestion of food waste (FW) and sewage sludge (SS) was evaluated. The lab-scaled batch reactors (i.e. R1-R7) were performed under psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic conditions and the OL of systems was 1.5, 3.5, 6 gVS/L. The performance parameters showed that at higher OL the stability of systems failed and low biogas was produced. In contrast, increasing of operational temperature of systems induced more biogas generation due to the increment of metabolic activity of bacteria. Therefore, R1-R7 achieved biogas yield of 202.5, 249, 187, 260, 246, 163, and 300 mL/gVS respectively. Both SARS-CoV-2 genes i.e. ORF1ab, and N genes were detected in the effluent of psychrophilic reactors i.e. R1, and R2, with a total concentration of 46 × 103, and 11 × 103 copies/L respectively. In R3, no viral genes were observed, when the VFAs was accumulated up to 2000 mg/L and caused a pH drop to 5.6. At the mesophilic condition, the viral concentration was significantly declined, and no viral genes were observed at an OL of 3.5 gVS/L. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of temperature and accumulation of intermediate metabolites provided a sever condition for SARS-CoV-2 survival at an operational temperature and OL of 50 °C, and 1.5 gVS/L respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Bardi
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Oliaee
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
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Chong KL, Ng CS, Hori N, Yang R, Verzicco R, Lohse D. Extended Lifetime of Respiratory Droplets in a Turbulent Vapor Puff and Its Implications on Airborne Disease Transmission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:034502. [PMID: 33543958 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.034502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To quantify the fate of respiratory droplets under different ambient relative humidities, direct numerical simulations of a typical respiratory event are performed. We found that, because small droplets (with initial diameter of 10 μm) are swept by turbulent eddies in the expelled humid puff, their lifetime gets extended by a factor of more than 30 times as compared to what is suggested by the classical picture by Wells, for 50% relative humidity. With increasing ambient relative humidity the extension of the lifetimes of the small droplets further increases and goes up to around 150 times for 90% relative humidity, implying more than 2 m advection range of the respiratory droplets within 1 sec. Employing Lagrangian statistics, we demonstrate that the turbulent humid respiratory puff engulfs the small droplets, leading to many orders of magnitude increase in their lifetimes, implying that they can be transported much further during the respiratory events than the large ones. Our findings provide the starting points for larger parameter studies and may be instructive for developing strategies on optimizing ventilation and indoor humidity control. Such strategies are key in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic in the present autumn and upcoming winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Leong Chong
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Chong Shen Ng
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Naoki Hori
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Rui Yang
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Roberto Verzicco
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Roma 00133, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute - Viale F. Crispi, 7 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Chong KL, Ng CS, Hori N, Yang R, Verzicco R, Lohse D. Extended Lifetime of Respiratory Droplets in a Turbulent Vapor Puff and Its Implications on Airborne Disease Transmission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:034502. [PMID: 33543958 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.04.20168468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To quantify the fate of respiratory droplets under different ambient relative humidities, direct numerical simulations of a typical respiratory event are performed. We found that, because small droplets (with initial diameter of 10 μm) are swept by turbulent eddies in the expelled humid puff, their lifetime gets extended by a factor of more than 30 times as compared to what is suggested by the classical picture by Wells, for 50% relative humidity. With increasing ambient relative humidity the extension of the lifetimes of the small droplets further increases and goes up to around 150 times for 90% relative humidity, implying more than 2 m advection range of the respiratory droplets within 1 sec. Employing Lagrangian statistics, we demonstrate that the turbulent humid respiratory puff engulfs the small droplets, leading to many orders of magnitude increase in their lifetimes, implying that they can be transported much further during the respiratory events than the large ones. Our findings provide the starting points for larger parameter studies and may be instructive for developing strategies on optimizing ventilation and indoor humidity control. Such strategies are key in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic in the present autumn and upcoming winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Leong Chong
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Chong Shen Ng
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Naoki Hori
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Rui Yang
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Roberto Verzicco
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Roma 00133, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute - Viale F. Crispi, 7 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Calderaro A, Buttrini M, Montecchini S, Piccolo G, Martinelli M, Dell’Anna ML, Di Maio A, Arcangeletti MC, Maccari C, De Conto F, Chezzi C. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Infectious Agents in Lower Respiratory Tract Samples Belonging to Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary-Care Hospital, Located in an Epidemic Area, during the Italian Lockdown. Microorganisms 2021; 9:185. [PMID: 33467079 PMCID: PMC7830127 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the detection of infectious agents from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples in order to describe their distribution in patients with severe acute respiratory failure and hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU) in an Italian tertiary-care hospital. LRT samples from 154 patients admitted to ICU from 27 February to 10 May 2020 were prospectively examined for respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, bacteria and/or fungi. SARS-CoV-2 was revealed in 90 patients (58.4%, 72 males, mean age 65 years). No significant difference was observed between SARS-CoV-2 positives and SARS-CoV-2 negatives with regard to sex, age and bacterial and/or fungal infections. Nonetheless, fungi were more frequently detected among SARS-CoV-2 positives (44/54, 81.4%, p = 0.0053). Candida albicans was the overall most frequently isolated agent, followed by Enterococcus faecalis among SARS-CoV-2 positives and Staphylococcus aureus among SARS-CoV-2 negatives. Overall mortality rate was 40.4%, accounting for 53 deaths: 37 among SARS-CoV-2 positives (mean age 69 years) and 16 among SARS-CoV-2 negatives (mean age 63 years). This study highlights the different patterns of infectious agents between the two patient categories: fungi were prevalently involved among SARS-CoV-2-positive patients and bacteria among the SARS-CoV-2-negative patients. The different therapies and the length of the ICU stay could have influenced these different patterns of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.B.); (G.P.); (M.C.A.); (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Mirko Buttrini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.B.); (G.P.); (M.C.A.); (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Sara Montecchini
- Unit of Clinical Virology, University Hospital of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.M.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Giovanna Piccolo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.B.); (G.P.); (M.C.A.); (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Monica Martinelli
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Maria Loretana Dell’Anna
- Unit of Clinical Virology, University Hospital of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.M.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Alan Di Maio
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Maria Cristina Arcangeletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.B.); (G.P.); (M.C.A.); (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Clara Maccari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.B.); (G.P.); (M.C.A.); (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Flora De Conto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.B.); (G.P.); (M.C.A.); (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlo Chezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.B.); (G.P.); (M.C.A.); (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.)
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Hembram P. An outline of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the complement cascade of immune system. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2021; 45:123. [PMID: 34257504 PMCID: PMC8267761 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-021-00582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 19 is a viral infection caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. It was first notified in Wuhan, China, is now spread into numerous part of the world. Thus, the world needs urgent support and encouragement to develop a vaccine or antiviral treatments to combat the atrocious outbreak. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT The origin of this virus is yet unknown; however, rapid transmission from human-to-human "Anthroponosis" has widely confirmed. The world is witnessing a continuous hike in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In light of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19, we have aimed to highlight the basic and vital information about the novel coronavirus. We provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, timeline and its pathophysiological properties which would be an aid for the development of therapeutic molecules and antiviral drugs. Immune system plays a crucial role in virus infection in order to control but may have dark side when becomes uncontrollable. The host and SARS-CoV-2 interaction describe how the virus exploits host machinery and how overactive host immune response can cause disease severity also addressed in this review. SHORT CONCLUSION Safe and effective vaccines may be the game-changing tools, but in the near future wearing mask, washing hands at regular intervals, avoiding crowed, maintaining physical distancing and hygienic surrounding, must be good practices to reduce and break the transmission chain. Still, research is ongoing not only on how vaccines protect against disease, but also against infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmalochan Hembram
- Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur, 760007 India
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49
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Panda B, Chidambaram S, Malakar A. Survival of SARS-COV-2 in untreated and treated wastewater—a review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE AND TRANSFORMATION IN TIMES OF COVID-19 2021. [PMCID: PMC8137503 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85512-9.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the current scenario of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, a review on the survival of this novel virus in treated and untreated wastewater is proposed. Other coronavirus species are known to survive in wastewater for days to weeks. Present data also shows that SARS-CoV-2 can be present in waste product generated by infected humans. This generated waste can be source of this virus to wastewater stream and being an enveloped virus can survive for longer period, which can be aerosolized and act as secondary transmission source to human exposure. The study reports different wastewater treatment process considered for the removal of this virus and a few studies have made with 100% removal. Thus, it is advisable to adopt the mechanisms, which report 100% removal of the virus from wastewater in order to stop the spread of the virus. Here we suggest this pathway of transmission should be rigorously studied, especially in countries like India, where minimum hygiene and sanitation can be tough to achieve because of high population density. We further suggest looking into major issues to be expected especially in developing countries and future researches need to be focused to minimize the transmission of this lethal virus.
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Sarkar R, Mitra S, Chandra P, Saha P, Banerjee A, Dutta S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Comprehensive analysis of genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in different geographic regions of India: an endeavour to classify Indian SARS-CoV-2 strains on the basis of co-existing mutations. Arch Virol 2021; 166:801-812. [PMID: 33464421 PMCID: PMC7814186 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of mutations within the genome is the primary driving force in viral evolution within an endemic setting. This inherent feature often leads to altered virulence, infectivity and transmissibility, and antigenic shifts to escape host immunity, which might compromise the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Therefore, we carried out a genome-wide analysis of circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains to detect the emergence of novel co-existing mutations and trace their geographical distribution within India. Comprehensive analysis of whole genome sequences of 837 Indian SARS-CoV-2 strains revealed the occurrence of 33 different mutations, 18 of which were unique to India. Novel mutations were observed in the S glycoprotein (6/33), NSP3 (5/33), RdRp/NSP12 (4/33), NSP2 (2/33), and N (1/33). Non-synonymous mutations were found to be 3.07 times more prevalent than synonymous mutations. We classified the Indian isolates into 22 groups based on their co-existing mutations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the representative strains of each group were divided into various sub-clades within their respective clades, based on the presence of unique co-existing mutations. The A2a clade was found to be dominant in India (71.34%), followed by A3 (23.29%) and B (5.36%), but a heterogeneous distribution was observed among various geographical regions. The A2a clade was highly predominant in East India, Western India, and Central India, whereas the A2a and A3 clades were nearly equal in prevalence in South and North India. This study highlights the divergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 strains and co-circulation of multiple clades in India. Monitoring of the emerging mutations will pave the way for vaccine formulation and the design of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sarkar
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010 India
| | - Suvrotoa Mitra
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010 India
| | - Pritam Chandra
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010 India
| | - Priyanka Saha
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010 India
| | - Anindita Banerjee
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010 India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010 India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010 India
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