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Wang Q, Huang N, Wang W, Zhang Z, Qiu Y, Chen X, Xu A, Wu Y, Chen Z, Hu H. A novel route for urea abatement in UPW production: Pre-chlorination/VUV/UV under acidic circumstances and its enhancement mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134836. [PMID: 38889471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Urea abatement has been a prominent challenge for UPW production. This research proposed a productive strategy combining pre-chlorination and VUV/UV processes under acidic conditions to settle this problem. This study first revealed the reaction kinetics between urea and free chlorine in a large pH range from 2.5 to 9.6, where the reaction constant rate varied from 0.06 to 0.46 M-1·s-1. Substitution reaction mediated by Cl2 was the dominant process at low pH (pH<3). The differences of dominant pathways resulted in the differences in reaction products: The detected concentration of dichloramine at pH 2.5 was twice that at pH 4.5 and 6.5. Further, this study found that pre-chlorination/VUV/UV process could achieve the thorough removal of 2-mg/L urea with chlorination of less than 5 min and VUV/UV irradiation of less than 200 mJ/cm2. Chloride ions, low pH, and higher chlorine dosage were found to be the positive factors to improve urea removal efficiency in pre-chlorination/VUV/UV process. The reaction rate constants between chlorourea with·OH and·Cl were calculated to be 3.62 × 107 and 2.26 × 109 L·mol-1·s-1, respectively.·Cl,·OH and photolysis contributed 60.5 %, 22.9 % and 16.6 % in chlorourea degradation, respectively. Pre-chlorination/VUV/UV achieved a DOC removal efficiency of 78.5 %. And nitrogen in urea was converted into inorganic nitrogenous compounds. Finally, compared with direct VUV/UV/chlorine and VUV/UV/persulfate processes, this process saved more than 70 % of energy in VUV/UV unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhuowei Zhang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ao Xu
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yinhu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China.
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Xue Y, Wang X, Liu Q, Feng M, Ding Z, Chu J, Zhu W, Liu N, Li Z. In situ electro-generated Ni(OH) 2 synergistic with Cu cathode to promote direct ammonia oxidation to nitrogen. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 90:225-237. [PMID: 39007316 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
To solve the problem of low removal rate and poor N2 selectivity in direct electrochemical ammonia oxidation (EAO), commercial Ni foam and Cu foam were used as anode and cathode of the EAO system, respectively. The coupling effect between the cathode and anode promoted nitrogen cycling during the reaction process, which improved N2 selectivity of the reaction system and promoted it to achieve a high ammonia removal rate. This study showed that the thin Ni(OH)2 with oxygen vacancy formed on the surface of Ni foam anode played an effective role in the dimerization of intermediate products in ammonia oxidation to form N2. This electrochemical system was used to treat real goose wastewater containing 422.5 mg/L NH4+-N and 94.5 mg/L total organic carbon (TOC). After treatment, this electrochemical system achieved good performance with an ammonia removal rate of 87%, N2 selectivity of 77%, and TOC removal rate of 72%. Therefore, this simple and efficient system with Ni foam anode and Cu foam cathode is a promising method for treating ammonia nitrogen wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Xue
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; Research Center of Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation Technology of Tuohe River Basin, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, 234000, China E-mail:
| | - Xuanxuan Wang
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; Research Center of Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation Technology of Tuohe River Basin, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, 234000, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; Research Center of Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation Technology of Tuohe River Basin, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, 234000, China
| | - Mengru Feng
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; Research Center of Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation Technology of Tuohe River Basin, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, 234000, China
| | - Zimo Ding
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; Research Center of Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation Technology of Tuohe River Basin, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, 234000, China
| | - Jiayue Chu
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; Research Center of Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation Technology of Tuohe River Basin, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, 234000, China
| | - Wenyan Zhu
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; Research Center of Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation Technology of Tuohe River Basin, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, 234000, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; Research Center of Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation Technology of Tuohe River Basin, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, 234000, China
| | - Zhichun Li
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; Research Center of Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation Technology of Tuohe River Basin, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, 234000, China
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Wang X, Ma X, Wu Y, Li C, Chen R. Enhanced ammonia oxidation by a photoelectrocatalysis‑chlorine system: The role of ClO• and free chlorine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172300. [PMID: 38593873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The decomposition of ammonia-N to environmental-friendly N2 remains a fundamental problem for water treatment. We proposed a way to selectively and efficiently oxidize ammonia to N2 through an integrated photoeletrocatalysis‑chlorine reactions (PECCl) system based on a bifunctional TiO2 nanotube photoanode. The ·OH and HClO can be simultaneously generated on the TiO2 nanotube photoanode in this system, which can in situ form ClO· for efficient ammonia removal. Compared with electrochemical‑chlorine (EC-Cl), photocatalysis‑chlorine (PC-Cl) and photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) systems, the PEC-Cl system exhibited much higher electrocatalytic activity due to the synergetic effect of photoelectrocatalyst and electrocatalyst in bifunctional TiO2 nanotube electrode. The removal efficiency of ammonia-N and total-N reached 100.0 % and 93.3 % at 0.3 V (vs Ag/AgCl) in the PEC-Cl system. Moreover, the system was efficient under various pH conditions. The reactions between ClO-/ClO· and the N-containing intermediates contributed to the high performance of the system, which expanded the reactions from the electrode surface to the electrolyte. Furthermore, radical scavenging and free chlorine determination experiments confirmed that ClO· and free chlorine were the main active species that enabled the ammonia oxidation. This study presents new understanding on the role of active species for ammonia removal in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources development, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xi Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control in Mining and Metallurgy of Jiangxi Province, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Chuanhao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources development, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
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Zhao S, Zheng Q, Wang H, Fan X. Nitrogen in landfills: Sources, environmental impacts and novel treatment approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171725. [PMID: 38492604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) accumulation in landfills is a pressing environmental concern due to its diverse sources and significant environmental impacts. However, there is relatively limited attention and research focus on N in landfills as it is overshadowed by other more prominent pollutants. This study comprehensively examines the sources of N in landfills, including food waste contributing to 390 million tons of N annually, industrial discharges, and sewage treatment plant effluents. The environmental impacts of N in landfills are primarily manifested in N2O emissions and leachate with high N concentrations. To address these challenges, this study presents various mitigation and management strategies, including N2O reduction measures and novel NH4+ removal techniques, such as electrochemical technologies, membrane separation processes, algae-based process, and other advanced oxidation processes. However, a more in-depth understanding of the complexities of N cycling in landfills is required, due to the lack of long-term monitoring data and the presence of intricate interactions and feedback mechanisms. To ultimately achieve optimized N management and minimized adverse environmental impacts in landfill settings, future prospects should emphasize advancements in monitoring and modeling technologies, enhanced understanding of microbial ecology, implementation of circular economy principles, application of innovative treatment technologies, and comprehensive landfill design and planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qiteng Zheng
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xinyao Fan
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Wang J, Yu Z, Zhang H, Wang H, Tang X, Bai L, Zhang H, Tian Y, Li G, Liang H. Three-compartment membrane electrolyzer combining simultaneous desalination and oxidative degradation in treating nanofiltration concentrate. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121037. [PMID: 38142506 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The complex organic and inorganic solutes present in nanofiltration's purification by-product (NF concentrate, NFC) pose challenges to the water processing procedure. To address this, a three-compartment membrane electrolyzer was proposed that facilitates electro-driven ion migration for crystallization alongside synchronous anodic oxidation for organic degradation. With a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 min and a current exceeding 50 mA, the system effectively separated over 25 % of inorganic salts and accomplished reclamation through crystallization in the concentration compartment. Simultaneously, it achieved oxidation of pollutants by more than 35 % based on the total nitrogen index and removed upwards of 15 % of organic carbon. Notably, the efficiency of pollutant removal correlated strongly with the intensity of the current. Furthermore, this study uncovered two issues encountered during the electrochemical process: membrane fouling and electrode fouling. During concentration, metal cations readily formed organic pollution by complexing with organic pollutants, while the crystallization of inorganics on the surface of anion exchange membranes emerged as a pivotal factor hindering current enhancement, similar to the formation of deposited salt in a solution. Long HRT can lead to electrode contamination and corrosion which subsequently affect current efficiency. Energy consumption verified the feasibility of the electrolyzer for NFC processing. Based on our findings, a current intensity of 100 mA (equivalent to a density of 8 mA/cm2) was deemed optimal, striking a balance between pollutant removal and various limiting factors associated with each pollutant. Consequently, this innovative advancement in membrane electrolyzers helps in overcoming limitations in synergistic desalination, ion recovery, and organic removal, establishing a fundamental component of the abbreviated flow process for future NFC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhangjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hesong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaobin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Langming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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6
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Li Q, Liu GH, Du H, Xian G, Qi L, Wang H. Synergistic mechanisms between chlorine-mediated electrochemical advanced oxidation and ultraviolet light for ammonia removal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:120057. [PMID: 38198839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The combination of chlorine-mediated electrochemical advanced oxidation (Cl-EAO) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UV-E/Cl) can efficiently remove ammonia from wastewater. However, the synergistic mechanisms between Cl-EAO and UV need to be explored in more detail. Thus, in this study, the ammonia oxidation performance of Cl-EAO and UV-E/Cl systems were compared, while the synergistic mechanisms were identified by the performance of UV/chlorine oxidation (UV-ClO) system and the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, free radical inhibition assays, and determination of steady-state concentration of free radicals. It was found that, compared with the Cl-EAO system, UV increased the ammonia removal rate by 42.85% and reduced the active chlorine concentration (56.64%) and nitrate yield (53.61%). In the Cl-EAO, and UV-E/Cl systems, Cl• were detected, and the free radical inhibition assays and determination of steady-state concentration of free radicals suggested that UV increased the concentration of Cl• by 51.47%, resulting in Cl• becoming the major contributor to ammonia oxidation in the UV-E/Cl system. Besides, UV also increase the concentrations of HO• and Cl2•-, which further promoted the organic matter removal in the real domestic wastewater. This study also discussed the ammonia oxidation performance of the UV-E/Cl system in real domestic wastewater, even with the presence of significant levels of organic and inorganic anions in the wastewater, UV increased the ammonia oxidation by 21.95%. The results of this study thus clarify the mechanisms and potential applications of UV-E/Cl technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangang Li
- Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Hongbiao Du
- Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Guang Xian
- Army Logistics Academy, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Hongchen Wang
- Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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Pinto VL, Cervantes TNM, Soto PC, Sarto G, Bessegato GG, Almeida LCD. Multivariate optimization of methylene blue dye degradation using electro-Fenton process with self-doped TiO 2 nanotube anode. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140336. [PMID: 37778646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the optimization of the electro-Fenton (EF) process using different anode materials for the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye as a model compound. The cathode used was an air-diffusion PTFE, while three different anode materials (Pt, DSA, and self-doped TiO2 nanotubes - SD-TNT) were tested individually. A full factorial design (FFD) with a central point combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the experimental variables, including solution pH, applied current, and anode material. The optimized EF conditions involved a pH of 4.0, a current of 100 mA, and an SD-TNT anode for 120 min of electrolysis. Under these conditions, the MB solution achieved complete decolorization and 45% of total organic carbon (TOC) removal after 120 min of EF treatment. The findings indicate that the hydroxyl radical (•OH) plays a crucial role as the primary oxidizing agent in the EF process. The decay of MB followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, reflecting a consistent formation of •OH radicals that effectively attacked the MB dye and its subproducts during mineralization. Moreover, the EF process exhibited superior performance in terms of energy consumption (EC) and mineralization current efficiency (ECM) in the initial treatment stages, while the presence of recalcitrant by-products and loss of anode self-doping impacted performance in the later stages. The optimized EF conditions and the understanding gained from this study contribute to the advancement of sustainable wastewater treatment strategies for the removal of organic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Pinto
- Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry - LabEA, Department of Chemistry, Londrina State University (UEL), PR-445, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Thiago N M Cervantes
- Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry - LabEA, Department of Chemistry, Londrina State University (UEL), PR-445, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Pablo C Soto
- Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry - LabEA, Department of Chemistry, Londrina State University (UEL), PR-445, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Sarto
- Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry - LabEA, Department of Chemistry, Londrina State University (UEL), PR-445, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Bessegato
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos Campus, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil; National Institute of Alternative Technologies for Detection, Toxicological Assessment and Removal of Emerging and Radioactive Contaminants (INCT-Datrem), Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucio C de Almeida
- Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry - LabEA, Department of Chemistry, Londrina State University (UEL), PR-445, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil; National Institute of Alternative Technologies for Detection, Toxicological Assessment and Removal of Emerging and Radioactive Contaminants (INCT-Datrem), Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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