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Wang T, Zheng Y, Lu Y, Shi F, Ji P, Qian B, Zhang L, Liu D, Wang J, Yang B. Reducing the contaminant dispersion and infection risks in the train cabins by adjusting the inlet turbulence intensity: A study based on turbulence simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172735. [PMID: 38663624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Existing studies on ventilation in closed spaces mainly considered the average inlet velocity and ignored the influence of inlet turbulent fluctuation. However, the variation in inlet turbulence intensity (TI) is considerable and significantly affects the dispersion of contaminants. This study conducts numerical simulations verified by experiments to investigate the effect of the inlet TI on train contaminants dispersion and analyze infection probability variation. Firstly, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) method and improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) method are compared in simulating the internal airflow characteristics based on the on-site measurement. The results indicate that the latter dominates in capturing airflow pulsations more than the former, although the mean airflow results obtained from both methods agree well with experimental results. Furthermore, the IDDES method is employed to investigate the effect of the inlet TI on contaminant dispersion, and the infection risks are also assessed using the improved probability model. The results show that, with the increase of TI from 5 % to 30 %, the contaminant removal grows considerably, with the removal index rising from 0.23 to 1.86. The increased TI leads to the overall and local infection risks of occupants descending significantly, wherein the former decreases from 1.53 % to 0.88 % with a reduction rate of 42 %, and the latter drops from 3.30 % to 2.16 % with a mitigation rate of 35 %. The findings can serve as solid guidelines for numerical method selection in accurately capturing the indoor dynamic airflow distribution and for the ventilation parameters design regarding TI inside trains to mitigate the airborne infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, Hunan, China
| | - Yaxin Zheng
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yibin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, Hunan, China; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fangcheng Shi
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Ji
- School of Design, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Bosen Qian
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, Hunan, China
| | - Dongrun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, Hunan, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, Hunan, China
| | - Buyao Yang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
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Alqarni Z, Rezgui Y, Petri I, Ghoroghi A. Viral infection transmission and indoor air quality: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171308. [PMID: 38432379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory disease transmission in indoor environments presents persistent challenges for health authorities, as exemplified by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. This underscores the urgent necessity to investigate the dynamics of viral infection transmission within indoor environments. This systematic review delves into the methodologies of respiratory infection transmission in indoor settings and explores how the quality of indoor air (IAQ) can be controlled to alleviate this risk while considering the imperative of sustainability. Among the 2722 articles reviewed, 178 were retained based on their focus on respiratory viral infection transmission and IAQ. Fifty eight articles delved into SARS-CoV-2 transmission, 21 papers evaluated IAQ in contexts of other pandemics, 53 papers assessed IAQ during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and 46 papers examined control strategies to mitigate infectious transmission. Furthermore, of the 46 papers investigating control strategies, only nine considered energy consumption. These findings highlight clear gaps in current research, such as analyzing indoor air and surface samples for specific indoor environments, oversight of indoor and outdoor parameters (e.g., temperature, relative humidity (RH), and building orientation), neglect of occupancy schedules, and the absence of considerations for energy consumption while enhancing IAQ. This study distinctly identifies the indoor environmental conditions conducive to the thriving of each respiratory virus, offering IAQ trade-offs to mitigate the risk of dominant viruses at any given time. This study argues that future research should involve digital twins in conjunction with machine learning (ML) techniques. This approach aims to enhance IAQ by analyzing the transmission patterns of various respiratory viruses while considering energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahi Alqarni
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK; School of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yacine Rezgui
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Ioan Petri
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Ali Ghoroghi
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
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Haowei Y, Mahyuddin N, Bin Nik Ghazali NN, Wang Z, Liu Y, Pan S, Badruddin IA. A critical review of research methodologies for COVID-19 transmission in indoor built environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-65. [PMID: 38385569 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2308731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused massive losses for the global economy. Scholars have used different methods to study the transmission mode and influencing factors of the virus to find effective methods to provide people with a healthy built environment. However, these studies arrived at different or even contradictory conclusions. This review presents the main research methodologies utilized in this field, summarizes the main investigation methods, and critically discusses their related conclusions. Data statistical analysis, sample collection, simulation models, and replication transmission scenarios are the main research methods. The summarized conclusion for prevention from all reviewed papers are: adequate ventilation and proper location of return air vents, proper use of personal protective equipment, as well as the reasonable and strict enforcement of policies are the main methods for reducing the transmission. Recommendations including standardized databases, causation clarification, rigorous experiment design, improved simulation accuracy and verification are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Haowei
- Centre for Building, Construction & Tropical Architecture (BuCTA), Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Mahyuddin
- Centre for Building, Construction & Tropical Architecture (BuCTA), Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nik Nazri Bin Nik Ghazali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zeyu Wang
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co. Ltd, Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Irfan Anjum Badruddin
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Sankaewthong S, Miyata K, Horanont T, Xie H, Karnjana J. Mimosa Kinetic Façade: Bio-Inspired Ventilation Leveraging the Mimosa Pudica Mechanism for Enhanced Indoor Air Quality. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:603. [PMID: 38132542 PMCID: PMC10742052 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of pressing global health concerns, the significance of indoor air quality in densely populated structures has been emphasized. This research introduces the Mimosa kinetic façade, an innovative design inspired by the adaptive responsiveness of the Mimosa plant to environmental stimuli. Traditional static architectural façades often hinder natural ventilation, leading to diminished air quality with potential health and cognitive repercussions. The Mimosa kinetic façade addresses these challenges by enhancing effective airflow and facilitating the removal of airborne contaminants. This study evaluates the façade's impact on quality of life and its aesthetic contribution to architectural beauty, utilizing the biomimicry design spiral for a nature-inspired approach. Computational simulations and physical tests were conducted to assess the ventilation capacities of various façade systems, with a particular focus on settings in Bangkok, Thailand. The study revealed that kinetic façades, especially certain patterns, provided superior ventilation compared to static ones. Some patterns prioritized ventilation, while others optimized human comfort during extended stays. Notably, the most effective patterns of the kinetic façade inspired by the Mimosa demonstrated a high air velocity reaching up to 12 m/s, in contrast to the peak of 2.50 m/s in single-sided façades (traditional façades). This highlights the kinetic façade's potential to rapidly expel airborne particles from indoor spaces, outperforming traditional façades. The findings underscore the potential of specific kinetic façade patterns in enhancing indoor air quality and human comfort, indicating a promising future for kinetic façades in architectural design. This study aims to achieve an optimal balance between indoor air quality and human comfort, although challenges remain in perfecting this equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhum Sankaewthong
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1211, Ishikawa, Japan;
- School of Information, Computer and Communication Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Pathumthani, Thailand;
| | - Kazunori Miyata
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1211, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Teerayut Horanont
- School of Information, Computer and Communication Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Pathumthani, Thailand;
| | - Haoran Xie
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1211, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Jessada Karnjana
- National Electronics and Computer Technology Centre (NECTEC), Bangkok 10400, Pathumthani, Thailand;
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Horne J, Dunne N, Singh N, Safiuddin M, Esmaeili N, Erenler M, Ho I, Luk E. Building parameters linked with indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117156. [PMID: 37717799 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emphasized the importance of understanding and adapting to the indoor remediation of transmissible diseases to decrease the risk for future pandemic threats. While there were many precautions in place to hinder the spread of COVID-19, there has also been a substantial increase of new research on SARS-CoV-2 that can be utilized to further mitigate the transmission risk of this novel virus. This review paper aims to identify the building parameters of indoor spaces that could have considerable influence on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The following building parameters have been identified and analyzed, emphasizing their link with the indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2: temperature and relative humidity, temperature differences between rooms, ventilation rate and access to natural ventilation, occupant density, surface type and finish, airflow direction and speed, air stability, indoor air pollution, central air conditioning systems, capacity of air handling system and HVAC filter efficiency, edge sealing of air filters, room layout and interior design, and compartmentalization of interior space. This paper also explains the interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with indoor environments and its persistence. Furthermore, the modifications of the key building parameters have been discussed for controlling the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor spaces. Understanding the information provided in this paper is crucial to develop effective health and safety measures that will aid in infection prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Horne
- Centre for Construction and Engineering Technologies, George Brown College, Casa Loma Campus, 160 Kendal Avenue, Toronto, ON M5R 1M3, Canada
| | - Nicholas Dunne
- Centre for Construction and Engineering Technologies, George Brown College, Casa Loma Campus, 160 Kendal Avenue, Toronto, ON M5R 1M3, Canada
| | - Nirmala Singh
- Centre for Construction and Engineering Technologies, George Brown College, Casa Loma Campus, 160 Kendal Avenue, Toronto, ON M5R 1M3, Canada
| | - Md Safiuddin
- Centre for Construction and Engineering Technologies, George Brown College, Casa Loma Campus, 160 Kendal Avenue, Toronto, ON M5R 1M3, Canada.
| | - Navid Esmaeili
- Centre for Construction and Engineering Technologies, George Brown College, Casa Loma Campus, 160 Kendal Avenue, Toronto, ON M5R 1M3, Canada
| | - Merve Erenler
- Centre for Construction and Engineering Technologies, George Brown College, Casa Loma Campus, 160 Kendal Avenue, Toronto, ON M5R 1M3, Canada
| | - Ian Ho
- Sysconverge Inc., 7030 Woodbine Avenue, Suite 500, Markham, ON L3R 6G2, Canada
| | - Edwin Luk
- Sysconverge Inc., 7030 Woodbine Avenue, Suite 500, Markham, ON L3R 6G2, Canada
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6
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Kek HY, Tan H, Othman MHD, Nyakuma BB, Goh PS, Wong SL, Deng X, Leng PC, Yatim AS, Wong KY. Perspectives on human movement considerations in indoor airflow assessment: a comprehensive data-driven systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:121253-121268. [PMID: 37979109 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding particle dispersion characteristics in indoor environments is crucial for revising infection prevention guidelines through optimized engineering control. The secondary wake flow induced by human movements can disrupt the local airflow field, which enhances particle dispersion within indoor spaces. Over the years, researchers have explored the impact of human movement on indoor air quality (IAQ) and identified noteworthy findings. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive review that systematically synthesizes and summarizes the research in this field. This paper aims to fill that gap by providing an overview of the topic and shedding light on emerging areas. Through a systematic review of relevant articles from the Web of Science database, the study findings reveal an emerging trend and current research gaps on the topic titled Impact of Human Movement in Indoor Airflow (HMIA). As an overview, this paper explores the effect of human movement on human microenvironments and particle resuspension in indoor environments. It delves into the currently available methods for assessing the HMIA and proposes the integration of IoT sensors for potential indoor airflow monitoring. The present study also emphasizes incorporating human movement into ventilation studies to achieve more realistic predictions and yield more practical measures. This review advances knowledge and holds significant implications for scientific and public communities. It identifies future research directions and facilitates the development of effective ventilation strategies to enhance indoor environments and safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yee Kek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Huiyi Tan
- Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Computing, Pen Resource University, P. M. B. 086, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria
| | - Pei Sean Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Syie Luing Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaorui Deng
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Pau Chung Leng
- Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ardiyansyah Saad Yatim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, 16424, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Keng Yinn Wong
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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7
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Geng CL, Zhu XY, Chen N. Optimizing indoor air quality: CFD simulation and novel air cleaning methods for effective aerosol particle inhibition in public spaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:120528-120539. [PMID: 37943437 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In contemporary building ventilation, displacement and mixing ventilation demand high air volumes for rapid virus elimination, resulting in elevated energy consumption. To minimize the spread of viruses and decrease energy consumption for ventilation, this study employed CFD to explore the efficacy of a downward uniform flow field in impeding the transmission of aerosol particles in a high-traffic public facility, like a supermarket. The findings indicate that the downward uniform flow field proves insufficient when individuals remain static for extended periods. A wind speed of 0.1 m/s or higher becomes essential to overpower the stationary thermal plume, which disrupts this flow field. In areas with human presence, however, this technique is found to be particularly efficient since mobile heat sources do not generate a fixed thermal plume. A 0.05 m/s downward uniform flow field can settle 90% of particles within just 22 s. This flow pattern contributes to the swift settling of aerosol particles and effectively diminishes their dispersion. Employing this flow pattern in public places with increased foot traffic, like supermarkets, can lower the risk of contracting novel coronavirus without augmenting energy consumption. In order to implement the flow field in a part of the domain, a new air purification device is proposed in this study. The device combined with shelves can optimize the flow field uniformity through the MLA (PSO-SVR) algorithm and alteration of the air distribution structure. The uniformity of the final flow field increased to 0.925. The combination of data-driven MLA with CFD showed good performance in predicting the flow field uniformity. These findings offer valuable insights and practical applications for the prevention and control of respiratory diseases, particularly in post-epidemic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Long Geng
- China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xu-Yanran Zhu
- China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ning Chen
- China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China.
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8
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Park S, Mistrick R, Sitzabee W, Rim D. Effect of ventilation strategy on performance of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system in a learning environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165454. [PMID: 37467991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system is recently in the limelight as a potentially effective method to mitigate the risk of airborne virus infection in indoor environments. However, few studies quantitatively evaluated the relationship between ventilation effectiveness and virus disinfection performance of a UVGI system. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of ventilation strategy on detailed airflow distributions and UVGI disinfection performance in an occupied classroom. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed for representative cooling, heating, and ventilation scenarios. The results show that when the ventilation rate is 1.1 h-1 (the minimum ventilation rate based on ASHRAE 62.1), enhancing indoor air circulation with the mixing fan notably improves the UVGI disinfection performance, especially for cooling with displacement ventilation and all-air-heating conditions. However, increasing indoor air mixing yields negligible effect on the disinfection performance for forced-convection cooling condition. The results also reveal that regardless of indoor thermal condition, disinfection effectiveness of a UVGI system increases as ventilation effectiveness is close to unity. Moreover, when the room average air speed is >0.1 m/s, upper-room UVGI system could yield about 90% disinfection effect for the aerosol size of 1 μm-10 μm. The findings of this study imply that upper-room UVGI systems in indoor environments (i.e., classrooms, hospitals) should be designed considering ventilation strategy and occupancy conditions, especially for occupied buildings with insufficient air mixing throughout the space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun Park
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, United States of America.
| | - Richard Mistrick
- Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Engineering Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America.
| | - William Sitzabee
- Pennsylvania State University, 201 Physical Plant Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America.
| | - Donghyun Rim
- Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, 222 Engineering Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America.
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9
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Ritter D, Knebel J, Hansen T, Zifle A, Fuchs A, Fautz R, Schwarz K. Development of a non-target strategy for evaluation of potential biological effects of inhalable aerosols generated during purposeful room conditioning using an in vitro inhalation model. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:271-284. [PMID: 37853720 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2267618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An integrated in vitro inhalation approach was outlined to estimate potential adverse acute inhalation effects of aerosols from commercial nebulizer applications used for purposeful room conditioning such as disinfection, scenting or others. Aerosol characterization, exposure estimation and evaluation of acute biological effects by in vitro inhalation were included to generate dose-response data, allowing for determination of in vitro lowest observable adverse effect levels (LOAELs). Correlation of these to estimates of human lung deposition was included for quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation approach (QIVIVE) for acute effects during human exposure. METHODS To test the proposed approach, a case study was undertaken using two realistic test materials. An acute in vitro inhalation setup with air-liquid interface A549-cells in an optimized exposure situation (P.R.I.T.® ExpoCube®) was used to expose cells and analysis of relevant biological effects (viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, stress, IL-8 release) was carried out. RESULTS The observed dose-responsive effects in a sub-toxic dose-range could be attributed to the main component of one test material and its presence in the aerosol phase of the nebulized material. QIVIVE resulted in a factor of at least 256 between the in vitro LOAEL and the estimated acute human lung exposure for this test material. CONCLUSIONS The case-study shows the value of the non-target in vitro inhalation testing approach especially in case of a lack of knowledge on complex product composition. It is expected that approaches like this will be of high value for product safety and environmental health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Ritter
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Knebel
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Hansen
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Lee B, Lau D, Mogk JPM, Lee M, Bibliowicz J, Goldstein R, Tessier A. Generative design for COVID-19 and future pathogens using stochastic multi-agent simulation. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2023; 97:104661. [PMID: 37332845 PMCID: PMC10234365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2023.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
We propose a generative design workflow that integrates a stochastic multi-agent simulation with the intent of helping building designers reduce the risk posed by COVID-19 and future pathogens. Our custom simulation randomly generates activities and movements of individual occupants, tracking the amount of virus transmitted through air and surfaces from contagious to susceptible agents. The stochastic nature of the simulation requires that many repetitions be performed to achieve statistically reliable results. Accordingly, a series of initial experiments identified parameter values that balanced the trade-off between computational cost and accuracy. Applying generative design to a case study based on an existing office space reduced the predicted transmission by around 10% to 20% compared with a baseline set of layouts. Additionally, a qualitative examination of the generated layouts revealed design patterns that may reduce transmission. Stochastic multi-agent simulation is a computationally expensive yet plausible way to generate safer building designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Lee
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
| | - Damon Lau
- Autodesk Research, 19 Morris Ave, Brooklyn Navy Yard, Building 128, Brooklyn, 11205, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P M Mogk
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Lee
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
| | - Jacobo Bibliowicz
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
| | - Rhys Goldstein
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Tessier
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
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11
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Ugarte-Anero A, Fernandez-Gamiz U, Portal-Porras K, Lopez-Guede JM, Sanchez-Merino G. Numerical study of different ventilation schemes in a classroom for efficient aerosol control. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19961. [PMID: 37809677 PMCID: PMC10559565 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The air quality is a parameter to be controlled in order to live in a comfortable place. This paper analyzes the trajectory of aerosols exhaled into the environment in a classroom. Three scenarios are investigated; without ventilation, with natural and with mechanical ventilation. A multi-phase computational fluid study based on Eulerian-Lagrangian techniques is defined. Temperature and ambient relative humidity, as well as air velocity, direction and pressure is taken into account. For droplets evaporation, mass transfer and turbulent dispersion have been added. This work tends to be of great help in various areas, such as the field of medicine and energy engineering, aiming to show the path of aerosols dispersed in the air. The results show that the classroom with a mechanical ventilation scheme offers good results when it comes to an efficient control of aerosols. In all three cases, aerosols exhaled into the environment impregnate the front row student in the first 0.5 s. Reaching the time of 4, 2 and 1 s, in the class without ventilation, mechanical and natural ventilation, respectively, the aerosols have been already deposited on the table of the person in the first row, being exposed for longer in the case of no ventilation. Particles with a diameter of less than 20 μm are distributed throughout the classroom over a long period. The air jet injected into the interior space offers a practically constant relative humidity and a drop in temperature, slowing down the process of evaporation of the particles. In the first second, it can be seen that a mass of 0.0025 mg formed by 9 million droplets accumulates, in cases without ventilation and natural ventilation. The room with a mechanical installation accumulated 5.5 million particles of mass 0.0028 mg in the first second. The energy losses generated by natural ventilation are high compared to the other scenarios, exactly forty and twenty times more in the scenario with mechanical ventilation and without ventilation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Ugarte-Anero
- Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Araba, Spain
- Bioaraba, New Technologies and Information Systems in Health Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, Medical Physics Department, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Unai Fernandez-Gamiz
- Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Araba, Spain
- Bioaraba, New Technologies and Information Systems in Health Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, Medical Physics Department, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Koldo Portal-Porras
- Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Araba, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede
- Bioaraba, New Technologies and Information Systems in Health Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, Medical Physics Department, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- System Engineering and Automation Control Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Araba, Spain
| | - Gaspar Sanchez-Merino
- Bioaraba, New Technologies and Information Systems in Health Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, Medical Physics Department, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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12
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Buonomano A, Forzano C, Giuzio GF, Palombo A. New ventilation design criteria for energy sustainability and indoor air quality in a post Covid-19 scenario. RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2023; 182:113378. [PMID: 37250178 PMCID: PMC10209740 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Covid-19 outbreak raised great attention to the importance of indoor air quality in buildings. Even if the Covid-19 epidemic is nearing an end, all stakeholders agree that increasing outside air flow rates is beneficial for decreasing the likelihood of contagion, lowering the risk of future pandemics, and enhancing the general safety of the interior environment. Indeed, diverse concerns raised about whether the ventilation standards in place are still adequate. In this context, this research intends to assess the suitability of current ventilation standards in addressing the current pandemic scenario and to offer novel criteria and guidelines for the design and operation of HVAC systems, as well as useful guidance for the creation of future ventilation standards in a post-Covid-19 scenario. To that end, a comprehensive analysis of the ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1 is carried out, with an emphasis on its effectiveness in reducing the risk of infection. Furthermore, the efficacy of various ventilation strategies in reducing the likelihood of contagion has been investigated. Finally, because building ventilation is inextricably linked to energy consumption, the energy and economic implications of the proposed enhancements have been assessed. To carry out the described analysis, a novel method was developed that combines Building Energy Modelling (BEM) and virus contagion risk assessment. The analyses conducted produced interesting insights and criteria for ventilation system design and operation, as well as recommendations for the development of future standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buonomano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - C Forzano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - G F Giuzio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - A Palombo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
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13
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Guo Y, Dou Z, Zhang N, Liu X, Su B, Li Y, Zhang Y. Student close contact behavior and COVID-19 transmission in China's classrooms. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad142. [PMID: 37228510 PMCID: PMC10205473 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Classrooms are high-risk indoor environments, so analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in classrooms is important for determining optimal interventions. Due to the absence of human behavior data, it is challenging to accurately determine virus exposure in classrooms. A wearable device for close contact behavior detection was developed, and we recorded >250,000 data points of close contact behaviors of students from grades 1 to 12. Combined with a survey on students' behaviors, we analyzed virus transmission in classrooms. Close contact rates for students were 37 ± 11% during classes and 48 ± 13% during breaks. Students in lower grades had higher close contact rates and virus transmission potential. The long-range airborne transmission route is dominant, accounting for 90 ± 3.6% and 75 ± 7.7% with and without mask wearing, respectively. During breaks, the short-range airborne route became more important, contributing 48 ± 3.1% in grades 1 to 9 (without wearing masks). Ventilation alone cannot always meet the demands of COVID-19 control; 30 m3/h/person is suggested as the threshold outdoor air ventilation rate in a classroom. This study provides scientific support for COVID-19 prevention and control in classrooms, and our proposed human behavior detection and analysis methods offer a powerful tool to understand virus transmission characteristics and can be employed in various indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiyang Dou
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Beijing 999077, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiyue Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Boni Su
- Clean Energy Research Institute, China Electric Power Planning and Engineering Institute, Beijing 100120, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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A review on indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19– modelling and mitigation approaches. JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING 2023; 64:105599. [PMCID: PMC9699823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, significant efforts have been made to investigate the transmission of COVID-19. This paper provides a review of the COVID-19 airborne transmission modeling and mitigation strategies. The simulation models here are classified into airborne transmission infectious risk models and numerical approaches for spatiotemporal airborne transmissions. Mathematical descriptions and assumptions on which these models have been based are discussed. Input data used in previous simulation studies to assess the dispersion of COVID-19 are extracted and reported. Moreover, measurements performed to study the COVID-19 airborne transmission within indoor environments are introduced to support validations for anticipated future modeling studies. Transmission mitigation strategies recommended in recent studies have been classified to include modifying occupancy and ventilation operations, using filters and air purifiers, installing ultraviolet (UV) air disinfection systems, and personal protection compliance, such as wearing masks and social distancing. The application of mitigation strategies to various building types, such as educational, office, public, residential, and hospital, is reviewed. Recommendations for future works are also discussed based on the current apparent knowledge gaps covering both modeling and mitigation approaches. Our findings show that different transmission mitigation measures were recommended for various indoor environments; however, there is no conclusive work reporting their combined effects on the level of mitigation that may be achieved. Moreover, further studies should be conducted to understand better the balance between approaches to mitigating the viral transmissions in buildings and building energy consumption.
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15
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Mao Y, Xie H, Liang J, He J, Ren J. Experimental study on the control effects of different strategies on particle transportation in a conference room: Mechanical ventilation, baffle, portable air cleaner, and desk air cleaner. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 14:101716. [PMID: 36942301 PMCID: PMC9996463 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2023.101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To control the spread and transmission of airborne particles (especially SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, recently) in the indoor environment, many control strategies have been employed. Comparisons of these strategies enable a reasonable choice for indoor environment control and cost-effectiveness. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted in a full-scale chamber to simulate a conference room. The control effects of four different strategies (a ventilation system (320 m3/h) with and without a baffle, a specific type of portable air cleaner (400 m3/h) and a specific type of desk air cleaner (DAC, 160 m3/h)) on the transportation of particles of different sizes were studied. In addition, the effects of coupling the ventilation strategies with five forms of indoor airflow organization (side supply and side or ceiling return, ceiling supply and ceiling or side return, floor supply and ceiling return) were evaluated. The cumulative exposure level (CEL) and infection probability were selected as evaluation indexes. The experimental results showed that among the four strategies, the best particle control effect was achieved by the PAC. The reduction in CEL for particles in the overall size range was 22.1% under the ventilation system without a baffle, 34.3% under the ventilation system with a baffle, 46.4% with the PAC, and 10.1% with the DAC. The average infection probabilities under the four control strategies were 11.3-11.8%, 11.1-11.8%, 9.1-9.5%, and 18.2-19.7%, respectively. Among the five different forms of airflow organization, the floor supply and ceiling return mode exhibited the best potential ability to remove particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Mao
- School of Architecture and Transportation Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Honglei Xie
- Architectural Design & Research Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jianzhou Liang
- School of Architecture and Transportation Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Junjie He
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Jianlin Ren
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
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16
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Gu Z, Han J, Zhang L, Wang H, Luo X, Meng X, Zhang Y, Niu X, Lan Y, Wu S, Cao J, Lichtfouse E. Unanswered questions on the airborne transmission of COVID-19. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2023; 21:725-739. [PMID: 36628267 PMCID: PMC9816530 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Policies and measures to control pandemics are often failing. While biological factors controlling transmission are usually well explored, little is known about the environmental drivers of transmission and infection. For instance, respiratory droplets and aerosol particles are crucial vectors for the airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causation agent of the coronavirus 2019 pandemic (COVID-19). Once expectorated, respiratory droplets interact with atmospheric particulates that influence the viability and transmission of the novel coronavirus, yet there is little knowledge on this process or its consequences on virus transmission and infection. Here we review the effects of atmospheric particulate properties, vortex zones, and air pollution on virus survivability and transmission. We found that particle size, chemical constituents, electrostatic charges, and the moisture content of airborne particles can have notable effects on virus transmission, with higher survival generally associated with larger particles, yet some viruses are better preserved on small particles. Some chemical constituents and surface-adsorbed chemical species may damage peptide bonds in viral proteins and impair virus stability. Electrostatic charges and water content of atmospheric particulates may affect the adherence of virion particles and possibly their viability. In addition, vortex zones and human thermal plumes are major environmental factors altering the aerodynamics of buoyant particles in air, which can strongly influence the transport of airborne particles and the transmission of associated viruses. Insights into these factors may provide explanations for the widely observed positive correlations between COVID-19 infection and mortality with air pollution, of which particulate matter is a common constituent that may have a central role in the airborne transmission of the novel coronavirus. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10311-022-01557-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Gu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710064 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xilian Luo
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhao Meng
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Architecture, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710064 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lan
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
- CNRS, IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, 13100, Aix-en-Provence, France
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17
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Rahvard AJ, Karami S, Lakzian E. Finding the proper position of supply and return registers of air condition system in a conference hall in term of COVID-19 virus spread. REVUE INTERNATIONALE DU FROID 2023; 145:78-89. [PMID: 36281435 PMCID: PMC9581653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 has affected all aspects of people's lives around the world. As air transmits the viruses, air-conditioning systems in buildings, surrounded environments, and public transport have a significant role in restricting the transmission of airborne pathogens. In this paper, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is deployed to simulate the dispersion of the COVID-19 virus due to the coughing of a patient in a conference hall, and the effect of displacement of supply and return registers of the air conditioning system is investigated. A validated Eulerian-Lagrangian CFD model is used to simulate the airflow in the conference hall. The particles created by coughing are droplets of the patient's saliva that contain the virus. Three cases with different positions of supply and return registers have been compared. The simulation results show that case1 has the best performance; since after 80 s in case 1 that the inlet registers are in the longitudinal wall, the whole particles are removed from space. However, in other cases, some particles are still in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jahani Rahvard
- Center of Computational Energy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Shahram Karami
- Center of Computational Energy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Esmail Lakzian
- Center of Computational Energy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
- Department of Environmental Safety and Product Quality Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198 Russia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
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18
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Zhong B, Gao H, Ding L, Wang Y. A Blockchain-Based Life-Cycle Environmental Management Framework for Hospitals in the COVID-19 Context. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 20:208-221. [PMID: 36245898 PMCID: PMC9540700 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency, many hospitals were built or renovated around the world to meet the challenges posed by the rising number of infected cases. Environmental management in the hospital life cycle is vital in preventing nosocomial infection and includes many infection control procedures. In certain urgent situations, a hospital must be completed quickly, and work process approval and supervision must therefore be accelerated. Thus, many works cannot be checked in detail. This results in a lack of work liability control and increases the difficulty of ensuring the fulfillment of key infection prevention measures. This study investigates how blockchain technology can transform the work quality inspection workflow to assist in nosocomial infection control under a fast delivery requirement. A blockchain-based life-cycle environmental management framework is proposed to track the fulfillment of crucial infection control measures in the design, construction, and operation stages of hospitals. The proposed framework allows for work quality checking after the work is completed, when some work cannot be checked on time. Illustrative use cases are selected to demonstrate the capabilities of the developed solution. This study provides new insights into applying blockchain technology to address the challenge of environmental management brought by rapid delivery requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Zhong
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Digital Construction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Han Gao
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Digital Construction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Department of Civil and Building Systems, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 13156, Germany
| | - Lieyun Ding
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Digital Construction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Digital Construction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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19
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Ren C, Haghighat F, Feng Z, Kumar P, Cao SJ. Impact of ionizers on prevention of airborne infection in classroom. BUILDING SIMULATION 2022; 16:749-764. [PMID: 36474607 PMCID: PMC9716175 DOI: 10.1007/s12273-022-0959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Infectious diseases (e.g., coronavirus disease 2019) dramatically impact human life, economy and social development. Exploring the low-cost and energy-saving approaches is essential in removing infectious virus particles from indoors, such as in classrooms. The application of air purification devices, such as negative ion generators (ionizers), gains popularity because of the favorable removal capacity for particles and the low operation cost. However, small and portable ionizers have potential disadvantages in the removal efficiency owing to the limited horizontal diffusion of negative ions. This study aims to investigate the layout strategy (number and location) of ionizers based on the energy-efficient natural ventilation in the classroom to improve removal efficiency (negative ions to particles) and decrease infection risk. Three infected students were considered in the classroom. The simulations of negative ion and particle concentrations were performed and validated by the experiment. Results showed that as the number of ionizers was 4 and 5, the removal performance was largely improved by combining ionizer with natural ventilation. Compared with the scenario without an ionizer, the scenario with 5 ionizers largely increased the average removal efficiency from around 20% to 85% and decreased the average infection risk by 23%. The setup with 5 ionizers placed upstream of the classroom was determined as the optimal layout strategy, particularly when the location and number of the infected students were unknown. This work can provide a guideline for applying ionizers to public buildings when natural ventilation is used. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ESM the Appendix is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12273-022-0959-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ren
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Fariborz Haghighat
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096 China
- Energy and Environment Group, Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8 Canada
| | - Zhuangbo Feng
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Prashant Kumar
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096 China
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
- Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Shi-Jie Cao
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096 China
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
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20
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Tan H, Wong KY, Othman MHD, Kek HY, Wahab RA, Ern GKP, Chong WT, Lee KQ. Current and potential approaches on assessing airflow and particle dispersion in healthcare facilities: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80137-80160. [PMID: 36194323 PMCID: PMC9531230 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An indoor environment in a hospital building requires a high indoor air quality (IAQ) to overcome patients' risks of getting wound infections without interrupting the recovery process. However, several problems arose in obtaining a satisfactory IAQ, such as poor ventilation design strategies, insufficient air exchange, improper medical equipment placement and high door opening frequency. This paper presents an overview of various methods used for assessing the IAQ in hospital facilities, especially in an operating room, isolation room, anteroom, postoperative room, inpatient room and dentistry room. This review shows that both experimental and numerical methods demonstrated their advantages in the IAQ assessment. It was revealed that both airflow and particle tracking models could result in different particle dispersion predictions. The model selection should depend on the compatibility of the simulated result with the experimental measurement data. The primary and secondary forces affecting the characteristics of particle dispersion were also discussed in detail. The main contributing forces to the trajectory characteristics of a particle could be attributed to the gravitational force and drag force regardless of particle size. Meanwhile, the additional forces could be considered when there involves temperature gradient, intense light source, submicron particle, etc. The particle size concerned in a healthcare facility should be less than 20 μm as this particle size range showed a closer relationship with the virus load and a higher tendency to remain airborne. Also, further research opportunities that reflect a more realistic approach and improvement in the current assessment approach were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Tan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yinn Wong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Yee Kek
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Garry Kuan Pei Ern
- School of Health Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - Wen Tong Chong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kee Quen Lee
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Himeur Y, Al-Maadeed S, Almaadeed N, Abualsaud K, Mohamed A, Khattab T, Elharrouss O. Deep visual social distancing monitoring to combat COVID-19: A comprehensive survey. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2022; 85:104064. [PMID: 35880102 PMCID: PMC9301907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing (SD) has played an essential role in controlling and slowing down the spread of the virus in smart cities. To ensure the respect of SD in public areas, visual SD monitoring (VSDM) provides promising opportunities by (i) controlling and analyzing the physical distance between pedestrians in real-time, (ii) detecting SD violations among the crowds, and (iii) tracking and reporting individuals violating SD norms. To the authors' best knowledge, this paper proposes the first comprehensive survey of VSDM frameworks and identifies their challenges and future perspectives. Typically, we review existing contributions by presenting the background of VSDM, describing evaluation metrics, and discussing SD datasets. Then, VSDM techniques are carefully reviewed after dividing them into two main categories: hand-crafted feature-based and deep-learning-based methods. A significant focus is paid to convolutional neural networks (CNN)-based methodologies as most of the frameworks have used either one-stage, two-stage, or multi-stage CNN models. A comparative study is also conducted to identify their pros and cons. Thereafter, a critical analysis is performed to highlight the issues and impediments that hold back the expansion of VSDM systems. Finally, future directions attracting significant research and development are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Himeur
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Somaya Al-Maadeed
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Noor Almaadeed
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Khalid Abualsaud
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Tamer Khattab
- Electrical Engineering Department, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Omar Elharrouss
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University, Qatar
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22
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Zhu S, Lin T, Wang L, Nardell EA, Vincent RL, Srebric J. Ceiling impact on air disinfection performance of Upper-Room Germicidal Ultraviolet (UR-GUV). BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 224:109530. [PMID: 36065253 PMCID: PMC9429126 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate air disinfection for SARS-CoV-2 by the Upper-Room Germicidal Ultraviolet (UR-GUV), with focus on ceiling impact. The study includes three indoor settings, i.e., low (airport bus), medium (classroom) and high (rehearsal room) ceilings, which were ventilated with 100% clean air (CA case), 80% air-recirculation with a low filtration (LF case), and 80% air-recirculation with a high filtration (HF case). According to the results, using UR-GUV can offset the increased infection risk caused by air recirculation, with viral concentrations in near field (NF) and far field (FF) in the LF case similar to those in the CA case. In the CA case, fraction remaining (FR) was 0.48-0.73 with 25% occupancy rate (OR) and 0.49-0.91 with 45% OR in the bus, 0.41 in NF and 0.11 in FF in the classroom, and 0.18 in NF and 0.09 in FF in the rehearsal room. Obviously, UR-GUV performance in NF can be improved in a room with a high ceiling where FR has a power relationship with UV zone height. As using UR-GUV can only extend the exposure time to get infection risk of 1% (T 1% ) to 8 min in NF in the classroom, and 47 min in NF in the rehearsal room, it is necessary to abide by social distancing in the two rooms. In addition, T 1% in FF was calculated to be 18.3 min with 25% OR and 21.4% with 45% OR in the airport bus, showing the necessity to further wear a mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lingzhe Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Edward A Nardell
- Departments of Environmental Health and Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jelena Srebric
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Barone G, Buonomano A, Forzano C, Giuzio GF, Palombo A. Energy, economic, and environmental impacts of enhanced ventilation strategies on railway coaches to reduce Covid-19 contagion risks. ENERGY (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 256:124466. [PMID: 35754761 PMCID: PMC9212767 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, the Covid-19 outbreak raised great awareness about ventilation system performance in confined spaces. Specifically, the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system design and operating parameters, such as air change per hour, air recirculation ratio, filtration device performance, and vents location, play a crucial role in reducing the spread of viruses, moulds, bacteria, and general pollutants. Concerning the transport sector, due to the impracticability of social distancing, and the relatively loose requirements of ventilation standards, the SARS-COV-19 outbreak brought a reduction of payload (up to 50%) for different carriers. Specifically, this has been particularly severe for the railway sector, where train coaches are typically characterized by relatively elevated occupancy and high recirculation ratios. In this framework, to improve the Indoor Air Quality and reduce the Covid-19 contagion risk in railway carriages, the present paper investigates the energy, economic and environmental feasibility of diverse ventilation strategies. To do so, a novel dynamic simulation tool for the complete dynamic performance investigation of trains was developed in an OpenStudio environment. To assess the Covid-19 contagion risk connected to the investigated scenarios, the Wells-Riley model has been adopted. To prove the proposed approach's capabilities and show the Covid-19 infection risk reduction potentially achievable by varying the adopted ventilation strategies, a suitable case study related to an existing medium-distance train operating in South/Central Italy is presented. The conducted numerical simulations return interesting results providing also useful design criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barone
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Buonomano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cesare Forzano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Adolfo Palombo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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24
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Ren J, Duan S, Guo L, Li H, Kong X. Effects of Return Air Inlets' Location on the Control of Fine Particle Transportation in a Simulated Hospital Ward. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11185. [PMID: 36141451 PMCID: PMC9517334 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has made significant impacts on public health, including human exposure to airborne pathogens. In healthcare facilities, the locations of return air vents in ventilation systems may have important effects on lowering airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission. This study conducted experiments to examine the influence of different return air vents' heights (0.7 m, 1.2 m, and 1.6 m) on the particle removal effects in a simulated patient ward. Three different ventilation systems were examined: top celling air supply-side wall return (TAS), underfloor air supply-side wall return (UFAS) and side wall air supply-side wall return (SAS). CFD simulation was applied to further study the effects of return air inlets' heights (0.3 m, 0.7 m, 1.2 m, 1.6 m, and 2.0 m) and air exchange rates. The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) analysis was used to calculate the comprehensive scores of 60 scenarios using a multi-criterion method to obtain the optimal return air inlets' heights. Results showed that for each additional 0.5 m distance in most working conditions, the inhalation fraction index of medical staff could be reduced by about 5-20%. However, under certain working conditions, even though the distances between the patients and medical personnel were different, the optimal heights of return air vents were constant. For TAS and UFAS, the optimal return air inlets' height was 1.2 m, while for SAS, the best working condition was 1.6 m air supply and 0.7 m air return. At the optimum return air heights, the particle decay rate per hour of SAS was 75% higher than that of TAS, and the rate of particle decay per hour of SAS was 21% higher than that of UFAS. The location of return air inlets could further affect the operating cost-effectiveness of ventilation systems: the highest operating cost-effectiveness was 8 times higher than the lowest one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Ren
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Shasha Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Leihong Guo
- Tianjin Jin’an Thermal Power Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Hongwan Li
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xiangfei Kong
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
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25
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Zhen Q, Zhang A, Huang Q, Li J, Du Y, Zhang Q. Overview of the Role of Spatial Factors in Indoor SARS-CoV-2 Transmission: A Space-Based Framework for Assessing the Multi-Route Infection Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11007. [PMID: 36078723 PMCID: PMC9518419 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has lasted from 2019 to 2022, severely disrupting human health and daily life. The combined effects of spatial, environmental, and behavioral factors on indoor COVID-19 spread and their interactions are usually ignored. Especially, there is a lack of discussion on the role of spatial factors in reducing the risk of virus transmission in complex and diverse indoor environments. This paper endeavours to summarize the spatial factors and their effects involved in indoor virus transmission. The process of release, transport, and intake of SARS-CoV-2 was reviewed, and six transmission routes according to spatial distance and exposure way were classified. The triangular relationship between spatial, environmental and occupant behavioral parameters during virus transmission was discussed. The detailed effects of spatial parameters on droplet-based, surface-based and air-based transmission processes and virus viability were summarized. We found that spatial layout, public-facility design and openings have a significant indirect impact on the indoor virus distribution and transmission by affecting occupant behavior, indoor airflow field and virus stability. We proposed a space-based indoor multi-route infection risk assessment framework, in which the 3D building model containing detailed spatial information, occupant behavior model, virus-spread model and infection-risk calculation model are linked together. It is also applicable to other, similar, respiratory infectious diseases such as SARS, influenza, etc. This study contributes to developing building-level, infection-risk assessment models, which could help building practitioners make better decisions to improve the building's epidemic-resistance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhen
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Anxiao Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yiming Du
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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26
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Lee J, An IH, Park SH, Lee KR, Kim YW, Yook SJ. Comparison of Indoor Air Quality in Summer and Winter According to Four-Way Cassette Fan Coil Unit Operation in a Four-Bed Ward. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10090504. [PMID: 36136469 PMCID: PMC9506109 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study targeted a four-bed ward with a ventilation system and a four-way cassette fan coil unit (4-way FCU) installed on the ceiling. The indoor air quality under summer and winter conditions was comparatively analyzed. The age of air was calculated by conducting tests and simulations under diverse conditions, assuming that the ventilation system and 4-way FCU were continuously operating. The use of an air cleaner and ward curtain was investigated for its impact on the air quality in the breathing zone of a patient lying on the bed, and effects of the airflow and discharge angle of the 4-way FCU were considered. Because the 4-way FCU was installed in the central part of the ceiling, where indoor air is sucked in and subsequently discharged in four directions, the age of air at each bed was found to vary depending on the airflow and discharge angle of the 4-way FCU. When the airflow and discharge angle of the 4-way FCU was fixed, the age of air at each bed appeared to be lower during winter heating than in summer cooling mode. The age of air was significantly lowered at each bed, depending on the use of the curtain and the air cleaner along with the ventilation system and 4-way FCU, and appropriate seasonal operating conditions were identified to maintain a lower age of air at each bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsuk Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun An
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Su-Hoon Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kyung-Rae Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Young-Won Kim
- Green Energy & Nano Technology R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwangju 61012, Korea
| | - Se-Jin Yook
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence:
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27
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Influence of the Heating System on the Indoor Environmental Quality—Case Study. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12081088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This aim of this paper is to explore the specific indoor environmental quality factors under different heating conditions in a meeting room of an administrate building located in Kosice. In terms of thermal comfort, a system with radiant ceiling heating provides more favorable results. Low relative humidity was recorded for both heating systems, which could be due to insufficient air conditioning settings. The results of measuring CO2 concentrations were almost identical for both systems and did not exceed the recommended limit value of 1000 ppm. The increase in CO2 concentrations was mainly related to the presence of employees in the monitored room. On none of the monitoring days, whether in the case of a mechanical heating system or a radiant ceiling heating system, the average 24 h concentration of PM10 did not exceed the legally permissible limit of 50 µg/m3. The presence of selected volatile organic compounds in the room has not been demonstrated due to effective ventilation by air conditioning. The results of the evaluation were comparable and smaller fluctuations in values can be attributed to other factors, such as the presence of persons in the monitoring room or the overall heating as well as ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
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28
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Risk Assessment and Prevention Strategy of Virus Infection in the Context of University Resumption. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment system of virus infection probability and the prevention measures for virus transmission are keys to controlling epidemics. In the context of university resumption, this study identifies the risk elements in terms of the mechanism of virus transmission. The effect of two recognized effective measures, i.e., occupancy constraints and ventilation intervention, on the infection risk are quantified and compared using the improved Wells–Riley model. Considering the priority of these two measures, the controlling quantity are determined, and the optimal schemes are proposed based on the targeted infection risk. The results show that the effect of reducing infection risk by constraining occupancy within 25% of all public campus buildings is better than that achieved by increasing the ventilation rate alone. If the ventilation system of the building type is operated by occupiers, it is a priority to prevent the risk of virus infection by restricting occupancy and ensuring the distance between occupants, while if the ventilation system of the building type is centrally controlled, it is a priority to increase the ventilation rate and then limit the occupancy rate during peak periods to 75%.
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29
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Zhao X, Liu S, Yin Y, Zhang T(T, Chen Q. Airborne transmission of COVID-19 virus in enclosed spaces: An overview of research methods. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13056. [PMID: 35762235 PMCID: PMC9349854 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) has spread worldwide. This study summarized the transmission mechanisms of COVID-19 and their main influencing factors, such as airflow patterns, air temperature, relative humidity, and social distancing. The transmission characteristics in existing cases are providing more and more evidence that SARS CoV-2 can be transmitted through the air. This investigation reviewed probabilistic and deterministic research methods, such as the Wells-Riley equation, the dose-response model, the Monte-Carlo model, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the Eulerian method, CFD with the Lagrangian method, and the experimental approach, that have been used for studying the airborne transmission mechanism. The Wells-Riley equation and dose-response model are typically used for the assessment of the average infection risk. Only in combination with the Eulerian method or the Lagrangian method can these two methods obtain the spatial distribution of airborne particles' concentration and infection risk. In contrast with the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods, the Monte-Carlo model is suitable for studying the infection risk when the behavior of individuals is highly random. Although researchers tend to use numerical methods to study the airborne transmission mechanism of COVID-19, an experimental approach could often provide stronger evidence to prove the possibility of airborne transmission than a simple numerical model. All in all, the reviewed methods are helpful in the study of the airborne transmission mechanism of COVID-19 and epidemic prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Zhao
- School of Energy and EnvironmentSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Sumei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality ControlSchool of Environmental Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yonggao Yin
- School of Energy and EnvironmentSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Research Center of Building Equipment, Energy, and EnvironmentMinistry of EducationNanjingChina
| | - Tengfei (Tim) Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality ControlSchool of Environmental Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qingyan Chen
- Department of Building Environment and Energy EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong SARChina
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30
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Cao X, Hao G, Li YY, Wang M, Wang JX. On male urination and related environmental disease transmission in restrooms: From the perspectives of fluid dynamics. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2022; 80:103753. [PMID: 35136716 PMCID: PMC8812150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoor transmission of COVID-19 is highly probable. Multiple sources have verified that the SARS-CoV-2 can be detected within toilets, and people can be infected in restrooms. There is a huge gap in the coronavirus transmission mechanism in restrooms. Understanding it can help to flatten the curve of the infected cases as well as prevent other viruses transmitted through the sewage or human body fluid. Previous studies have shown how simple actions in daily life (coughing, sneezing, or toilet flushing) contribute to virus transmission. This paper visually and quantitatively demonstrates that male urination, which is also a daily action, can agitate virus particles within the toilet and raise them, which may be the main promoter of cross-infection of COVID-19 in restrooms. Adopting numerical and experimental methods, we demonstrate that male urination can cause strong turbulent flow with an averaged urine impinging velocity of 2.3 m/s, which can act as an agitator to raise the virus particles. The climbing velocity of the airflow can be 0.75-1.05 m/s. The observed upwards flow will disturb and spread any lurking virus particles (not limited to SARS-CoV-2). Experiments demonstrated that the concentration of the airborne particle could be tripled during male urination. Corresponding precautions are offered as well to prepare the public to act properly when and after using facilities in restrooms for preventing emerging and re-emerging pandemics not limited to the current COVID-19, contributing to the sustainability of human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cao
- College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guanqiu Hao
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yun-Yun Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Mengxiao Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ji-Xiang Wang
- College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon Hong Kong, China
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31
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Wang J, Huang J, Fu Q, Gao E, Chen J. Metabolism-based ventilation monitoring and control method for COVID-19 risk mitigation in gymnasiums and alike places. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2022; 80:103719. [PMID: 35127340 PMCID: PMC8799456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gymnasiums, fitness rooms and alike places offer exercise services to citizens, which play positive roles in promoting health and enhancing human immunity. Due to the high metabolic rates during exercises, supplying sufficient ventilation in these places is essential and extremely important especially given the risk of infectious respiratory diseases like COVID-19. Traditional ventilation control methods rely on a single CO2 sensor (often placed at return air duct), which is often difficult to reflect the human metabolic rates accurately, and thus can hardly control the infection risk instantly. Thus, to ensure a safe and healthy environment in places with high metabolism, a real-time metabolism-based ventilation control method is proposed. A computer vision algorithm is developed to monitor human activities (regarding human motion amplitude and speed) and an artificial neural network is established for metabolic prediction. Case studies show that the proposed metabolism-based ventilation control method can reduce the infection probability down to 4.3-6.3% while saving 13% of energy in comparison with the strategy of fixed-fresh-air ventilation. In the development of healthy and sustainable society, gymnasiums and alike exercise places are essential and the proposed ventilation control method is a promising solution to decrease the risk of COVID-19 while preserving features of energy saving and carbon emission reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building Energy Efficiency, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building Energy Efficiency, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Qiming Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building Energy Efficiency, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Enting Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building Energy Efficiency, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building Energy Efficiency, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
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32
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Padrão J, Nicolau T, Felgueiras HP, Calçada C, Veiga MI, Osório NS, Martins MS, Dourado N, Taveira-Gomes A, Ferreira F, Zille A. Development of an Ultraviolet-C Irradiation Room in a Public Portuguese Hospital for Safe Re-Utilization of Personal Protective Respirators. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084854. [PMID: 35457722 PMCID: PMC9026523 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Almost two years have passed since COVID-19 was officially declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. However, it still holds a tight grasp on the entire human population. Several variants of concern, one after another, have spread throughout the world. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) omicron variant may become the fastest spreading virus in history. Therefore, it is more than evident that the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) will continue to play a pivotal role during the current pandemic. This work depicts an integrative approach attesting to the effectiveness of ultra-violet-C (UV-C) energy density for the sterilization of personal protective equipment, in particular FFP2 respirators used by the health care staff in intensive care units. It is increasingly clear that this approach should not be limited to health care units. Due to the record-breaking spreading rates of SARS-CoV-2, it is apparent that the use of PPE, in particular masks and respirators, will remain a critical tool to mitigate future pandemics. Therefore, similar UV-C disinfecting rooms should be considered for use within institutions and companies and even incorporated within household devices to avoid PPE shortages and, most importantly, to reduce environmental burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Padrão
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.N.); (H.P.F.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Talita Nicolau
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.N.); (H.P.F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Helena P. Felgueiras
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.N.); (H.P.F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Carla Calçada
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (C.C.); (M.I.V.); (N.S.O.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (C.C.); (M.I.V.); (N.S.O.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno S. Osório
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (C.C.); (M.I.V.); (N.S.O.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marcos S. Martins
- Center for MicroElectroMechanics Systems (CMEMS), School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (N.D.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Dourado
- Center for MicroElectroMechanics Systems (CMEMS), School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (N.D.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Taveira-Gomes
- Department of Surgery, Pedro Hispano Hospital, Local Health Unit Matosinhos (Public-Private Partnerships), 4464-513 Senhora da Hora, Portugal; (A.T.-G.); (F.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Surgery, Pedro Hispano Hospital, Local Health Unit Matosinhos (Public-Private Partnerships), 4464-513 Senhora da Hora, Portugal; (A.T.-G.); (F.F.)
| | - Andrea Zille
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.N.); (H.P.F.); (A.Z.)
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33
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Li X, Lester D, Rosengarten G, Aboltins C, Patel M, Cole I. A spatiotemporally resolved infection risk model for airborne transmission of COVID-19 variants in indoor spaces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152592. [PMID: 34954184 PMCID: PMC8695516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The classic Wells-Riley model is widely used for estimation of the transmission risk of airborne pathogens in indoor spaces. However, the predictive capability of this zero-dimensional model is limited as it does not resolve the highly heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of airborne pathogens, and the infection risk is poorly quantified for many pathogens. In this study we address these shortcomings by developing a novel spatiotemporally resolved Wells-Riley model for prediction of the transmission risk of different COVID-19 variants in indoor environments. This modelling framework properly accounts for airborne infection risk by incorporating the latest clinical data regarding viral shedding by COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 infecting human cells. The spatiotemporal distribution of airborne pathogens is determined via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of airflow and aerosol transport, leading to an integrated model of infection risk associated with the exposure to SARS-CoV-2, which can produce quantitative 3D infection risk map for a specific SARS-CoV-2 variant in a given indoor space. Application of this model to airborne COVID-19 transmission within a hospital ward demonstrates the impact of different virus variants and respiratory PPE upon transmission risk. With the emergence of highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Delta and Omicron strains, respiratory PPE alone may not provide effective protection. These findings suggest a combination of optimal ventilation and respiratory PPE must be developed to effectively control the transmission of COVID-19 in healthcare settings and indoor spaces in general. This generalised risk estimation framework has the flexibility to incorporate further clinical data as such becomes available, and can be readily applied to consider a wide range of factors that impact transmission risk, including location and movement of infectious persons, virus variant and stage of infection, level of PPE and vaccination of infectious and susceptible individuals, impacts of coughing, sneezing, talking and breathing, and natural and mechanised ventilation and filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Daniel Lester
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Gary Rosengarten
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Craig Aboltins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Northern Health, Epping, VIC 3076, Australia
| | - Milan Patel
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ivan Cole
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Ren J, He J, Kong X, Li H. Robustness of ventilation systems in the control of walking-induced indoor fluctuations: Method development and case study. BUILDING SIMULATION 2022; 15:1645-1660. [PMID: 35194487 PMCID: PMC8854482 DOI: 10.1007/s12273-022-0888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Walking-induced fluctuations have a significant influence on indoor airflow and pollutant dispersion. This study developed a method to quantify the robustness of ventilation systems in the control of walking-induced fluctuation control. Experiments were conducted in a full-scale chamber with four different kinds of ventilation systems: ceiling supply and side return (CS), ceiling supply and ceiling return (CC), side supply and ceiling return (SC), and side supply and side return (SS). The measured temperature, flow and pollutant field data was (1) denoised by FFT filtering or wavelet transform; (2) fitted by a Gaussian function; (3) feature-extracted for the range and time scale disturbance; and then (4) used to calculate the range scale and time scale robustness for different ventilation systems with dimensionless equations developed in this study. The selection processes for FFT filtering and wavelet transform, FFT filter cut-off frequency, wavelet function, and decomposition layers are also discussed, as well as the threshold for wavelet denoising, which can be adjusted accordingly if the walking frequency or sampling frequency differs from that in other studies. The results show that for the flow and pollutant fields, the use of a ventilation system can increase the range scale robustness by 19.7%-39.4% and 10.0%-38.8%, respectively; and the SS system was 7.0%-25.7% more robust than the other three ventilation systems. However, all four kinds of ventilation systems had a very limited effect in controlling the time scale disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Ren
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401 China
| | - Junjie He
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401 China
| | - Xiangfei Kong
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401 China
| | - Hongwan Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Liu S, Zhao X, Nichols SR, Bonilha MW, Derwinski T, Auxier JT, Chen Q. Evaluation of airborne particle exposure for riding elevators. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 207:108543. [PMID: 34776597 PMCID: PMC8574099 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Social distancing is a key factor for health during the COVID-19 pandemic. In many indoor spaces, such as elevators, it is difficult to maintain social distancing. This investigation used computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) to study airborne particle exposure in riding an elevator in a typical building with 35 floors. The elevator traveled from the ground floor to the 35th floor with two stops on floor 10 and floor 20, comprising 114 s. The CFD simulated the dispersion of the aerosolized particles exhaled by an index person while breathing in both lobby and elevator areas. The study calculated the accumulated dose of susceptible riders riding in elevators with the index person under different conditions including different ventilation rates, air supply methods, and elevator cab geometries. This investigation also studied a case with a single cough from the index person as the person entered the elevator. The results show that, due to the short duration of the average elevator ride, the number of particles inhaled by a susceptible rider was low. For the reference case with a 72 ACH (air changes per hour) ventilation rate, the highest accumulated particle dose by a susceptible passenger close to the index person was only 1.59. The cough would cause other riders to inhale approximately 8 orders of magnitude higher particle mass than from continuous breathing by the index person for the whole duration of the ride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xingwang Zhao
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Stephen R Nichols
- Otis Elevator Company, Global Engineering, Five Farm Springs Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Murilo W Bonilha
- Otis Elevator Company, Global Engineering, Five Farm Springs Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Tricia Derwinski
- Otis Elevator Company, Global Engineering, Five Farm Springs Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - James T Auxier
- Otis Elevator Company, Global Engineering, Five Farm Springs Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Qingyan Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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