1
|
Zhang Y, Guo W, Zhan Z, Bai O. Carcinogenic mechanisms of virus-associated lymphoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1361009. [PMID: 38482011 PMCID: PMC10932979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive explanation. Studies of oncogenic viruses can help to deepen insight into the pathogenesis of lymphoma, and identifying associations between lymphoma and viruses that are established and unidentified should lead to cellular and pharmacologically targeted antiviral strategies for treating malignant lymphoma. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of lymphomas associated with hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to clarify the current status of basic information and recent advances in the development of virus-associated lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang S, Zhang S, Hou Y, Huang Y, Cai J, Wang G, Cao Y, Chen Z, Fang X, Bao W. Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection Disrupts the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Inhibits Intestinal Stem Cell Differentiation to Goblet Cells via the Notch Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2023; 97:e0068923. [PMID: 37289083 PMCID: PMC10308910 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00689-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells and their secreted mucus are important elements of the intestinal mucosal barrier, which allows host cells to resist invasion by intestinal pathogens. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteric virus that causes severe diarrhea in pigs and causes large economic losses to pork producers worldwide. To date, the molecular mechanisms by which PDCoV regulates the function and differentiation of goblet cells and disrupts the intestinal mucosal barrier remain to be determined. Here, we report that in newborn piglets, PDCoV infection disrupts the intestinal barrier: specifically, there is intestinal villus atrophy, crypt depth increases, and tight junctions are disrupted. There is also a significant reduction in the number of goblet cells and the expression of MUC-2. In vitro, using intestinal monolayer organoids, we found that PDCoV infection activates the Notch signaling pathway, resulting in upregulated expression of HES-1 and downregulated expression of ATOH-1 and thereby inhibiting the differentiation of intestinal stem cells into goblet cells. Our study shows that PDCoV infection activates the Notch signaling pathway to inhibit the differentiation of goblet cells and their mucus secretion, resulting in disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier. IMPORTANCE The intestinal mucosal barrier, mainly secreted by the intestinal goblet cells, is a crucial first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms. PDCoV regulates the function and differentiation of goblet cells, thereby disrupting the mucosal barrier; however, the mechanism by which PDCoV disrupts the barrier is not known. Here, we report that in vivo, PDCoV infection decreases villus length, increases crypt depth, and disrupts tight junctions. Moreover, PDCoV activates the Notch signaling pathway, inhibiting goblet cell differentiation and mucus secretion in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our results provide a novel insight into the mechanism underlying intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction caused by coronavirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuoshuo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of MOE, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guangzheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Expression profiling of inflammation-related genes including IFI-16, NOTCH2, CXCL8, THBS1 in COVID-19 patients. Biologicals 2022; 80:27-34. [PMID: 36153188 PMCID: PMC9468312 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to scrutinize the expression profile of inflammatory-related genes (IFI-16, NOTCH2, CXCL8, and THBS1) from acute to post-acute stage of this infectious epidemic. The current cross-sectional study consisted of 53 acute-phase COVID-19 patients and 53 healthy individuals between February and March 2021. The extraction of total RNA was performed from PBMC specimens and also expression level of selected genes (IFI-16, NOTCH2, CXCL8, and THBS1) was evaluated by real-time PCR. Subsequently, levels of these factors were re-measured six weeks after the acute phase to determine if the levels of chosen genes returned to normal after the acute phase of COVID-19. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to test potential of genes as a diagnostic biomarker. The expression levels of inflammatory-related genes were significantly different between healthy and COVID-19 subjects. Besides, a significant higher CXCL8 level was found in the acute-phase COVID-19 compared to post-acute-phase infection which may be able to be considered as a potential biomarker for distinguishing between the acute phases from the post-acute-phase status. Deregulation of the inflammatory-related genes in COVID-19 patients, especially CXCL-8, can be serving as potent biomarkers to manage the COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
|
4
|
Baindara P, Sarker MB, Earhart AP, Mandal SM, Schrum AG. NOTCH signaling in COVID-19: a central hub controlling genes, proteins, and cells that mediate SARS-CoV-2 entry, the inflammatory response, and lung regeneration. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:928704. [PMID: 35992174 PMCID: PMC9386183 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.928704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the lungs of infected individuals, the downstream molecular signaling pathways induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are incompletely understood. Here, we describe and examine predictions of a model in which NOTCH may represent a central signaling axis in lung infection in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). A pathway involving NOTCH signaling, furin, ADAM17, and ACE2 may be capable of increasing SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and infection. NOTCH signaling can also upregulate IL-6 and pro-inflammatory mediators induced to hyperactivation in COVID-19. Furthermore, if NOTCH signaling fails to turn down properly and stays elevated, airway regeneration during lung healing can be inhibited—a process that may be at play in COVID-19. With specific NOTCH inhibitor drugs in development and clinical trials for other diseases being conducted, the roles of NOTCH in all of these processes central to both infection and healing merit contemplation if such drugs might be applied to COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Baindara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Piyush Baindara, ; Santi M. Mandal, ; Adam G. Schrum,
| | - Md Bodruzzaman Sarker
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, United States
| | - Alexander P. Earhart
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Santi M. Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- *Correspondence: Piyush Baindara, ; Santi M. Mandal, ; Adam G. Schrum,
| | - Adam G. Schrum
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, United States
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, & Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Piyush Baindara, ; Santi M. Mandal, ; Adam G. Schrum,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neogi U, Elaldi N, Appelberg S, Ambikan A, Kennedy E, Dowall S, Bagci BK, Gupta S, Rodriguez JE, Svensson-Akusjärvi S, Monteil V, Vegvari A, Benfeitas R, Banerjea A, Weber F, Hewson R, Mirazimi A. Multi-omics insights into host-viral response and pathogenesis in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses for novel therapeutic target. eLife 2022; 11:76071. [PMID: 35437144 PMCID: PMC9018070 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis and host-viral interactions of the Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) are convoluted and not well evaluated. Application of the multi-omics system biology approaches, including biological network analysis in elucidating the complex host-viral response, interrogates the viral pathogenesis. The present study aimed to fingerprint the system-level alterations during acute CCHFV-infection and the cellular immune responses during productive CCHFV-replication in vitro. We used system-wide network-based system biology analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a longitudinal cohort of CCHF patients during the acute phase of infection and after one year of recovery (convalescent phase) followed by untargeted quantitative proteomics analysis of the most permissive CCHFV-infected Huh7 and SW13 cells. In the RNAseq analysis of the PBMCs, comparing the acute and convalescent-phase, we observed system-level host’s metabolic reprogramming towards central carbon and energy metabolism (CCEM) with distinct upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) during CCHFV-infection. Upon application of network-based system biology methods, negative coordination of the biological signaling systems like FOXO/Notch axis and Akt/mTOR/HIF-1 signaling with metabolic pathways during CCHFV-infection were observed. The temporal quantitative proteomics in Huh7 showed a dynamic change in the CCEM over time and concordant with the cross-sectional proteomics in SW13 cells. By blocking the two key CCEM pathways, glycolysis and glutaminolysis, viral replication was inhibited in vitro. Activation of key interferon stimulating genes during infection suggested the role of type I and II interferon-mediated antiviral mechanisms both at the system level and during progressive replication. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging disease that is increasingly spreading to new populations. The condition is now endemic in almost 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South-Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. CCHF is caused by a tick-borne virus and can cause uncontrolled bleeding. It has a mortality rate of up to 40%, and there are currently no vaccines or effective treatments available. All viruses depend entirely on their hosts for reproduction, and they achieve this through hijacking the molecular machinery of the cells they infect. However, little is known about how the CCHF virus does this and how the cells respond. To understand more about the relationship between the cell’s metabolism and viral replication, Neogi, Elaldi et al. studied immune cells taken from patients during an infection and one year later. The gene activity of the cells showed that the virus prefers to hijack processes known as central carbon and energy metabolism. These are the main regulator of the cellular energy supply and the production of essential chemicals. By using cancer drugs to block these key pathways, Neogi, Elaldi et al. could reduce the viral reproduction in laboratory cells. These findings provide a clearer understanding of how the CCHF virus replicates inside human cells. By interfering with these processes, researchers could develop new antiviral strategies to treat the disease. One of the cancer drugs tested in cells, 2-DG, has been approved for emergency use against COVID-19 in some countries. Neogi, Elaldi et al. are now studying this further in animals with the hope of reaching clinical trials in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Neogi
- The Systems Virology Lab, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden.,Manipal Institute of Virology (MIV), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nazif Elaldi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Anoop Ambikan
- The Systems Virology Lab, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Kennedy
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Dowall
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Binnur K Bagci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Soham Gupta
- The Systems Virology Lab, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jimmy E Rodriguez
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Svensson-Akusjärvi
- The Systems Virology Lab, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Monteil
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akos Vegvari
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rui Benfeitas
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akhil Banerjea
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden.,National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
An enhanced triple fluorescence flow-cytometry-based assay shows differential activation of the Notch signaling pathway by human papillomavirus E6 proteins. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3000. [PMID: 35194094 PMCID: PMC8863805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are DNA tumor viruses. A persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is the necessary risk factor for the development of anogenital carcinoma. The E6 protein is a viral oncoprotein that directly interacts with different cellular regulatory proteins mainly affecting the cell cycle, cellular differentiation and polarization of epithelial cells. In dependency of the phylogenetic classification of HPV different interaction partners of E6 have been described. The Notch pathway seems to be one common target of HPV, which can be up or down regulated by different E6 proteins. Our novel triple fluorescence flow-cytometry-based assay allows a semi-quantitative comparison of the E6 proteins´ effect on the Notch pathway using a Notch-responsive reporter plasmid. As a result, all E6 proteins of beta-HPV repressed the Notch reporter expression, of which HPV38 E6 showed the greatest repression potential. In contrast, alpha-HPV E6 of HPV16, activates the reporter expression most significantly, whereas E6 of HPV31 and low-risk HPV6b showed significant activation only in a p53-null cell line. Interestingly, HPV18 E6, with the second highest carcinogenic risk, shows no effect. This high divergence within different genus of HPV is important for targeting the Notch pathway regarding a potential HPV therapy.
Collapse
|
7
|
Trivedi P, Patel SK, Bellavia D, Messina E, Palermo R, Ceccarelli S, Marchese C, Anastasiadou E, Minter LM, Felli MP. When Viruses Cross Developmental Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:691644. [PMID: 34422814 PMCID: PMC8375270 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.691644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of developmental pathways plays a key role in tumorigenesis. Tumor cells differ from normal cells in their sustained proliferation, replicative immortality, resistance to cell death and growth inhibition, angiogenesis, and metastatic behavior. Often they acquire these features as a consequence of dysregulated Hedgehog, Notch, or WNT signaling pathways. Human tumor viruses affect the cancer cell hallmarks by encoding oncogenic proteins, and/or by modifying the microenvironment, as well as by conveying genomic instability to accelerate cancer development. In addition, viral immune evasion mechanisms may compromise developmental pathways to accelerate tumor growth. Viruses achieve this by influencing both coding and non-coding gene regulatory pathways. Elucidating how oncogenic viruses intersect with and modulate developmental pathways is crucial to understanding viral tumorigenesis. Many currently available antiviral therapies target viral lytic cycle replication but with low efficacy and severe side effects. A greater understanding of the cross-signaling between oncogenic viruses and developmental pathways will improve the efficacy of next-generation inhibitors and pave the way to more targeted antiviral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Diana Bellavia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Palermo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Maria Pia Felli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Breikaa RM, Lilly B. The Notch Pathway: A Link Between COVID-19 Pathophysiology and Its Cardiovascular Complications. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:681948. [PMID: 34124207 PMCID: PMC8187573 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.681948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is associated with a large number of cardiovascular sequelae, including dysrhythmias, myocardial injury, myocarditis and thrombosis. The Notch pathway is one likely culprit leading to these complications due to its direct role in viral entry, inflammation and coagulation processes, all shown to be key parts of COVID-19 pathogenesis. This review highlights links between the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV2 and the Notch signaling pathway that serve as primary drivers of the cardiovascular complications seen in COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randa M. Breikaa
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brenda Lilly
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vandelli A, Monti M, Milanetti E, Armaos A, Rupert J, Zacco E, Bechara E, Delli Ponti R, Tartaglia GG. Structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genome and predictions of the human interactome. Nucleic Acids Res 2020. [PMID: 33068416 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.28.013789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific elements of viral genomes regulate interactions within host cells. Here, we calculated the secondary structure content of >2000 coronaviruses and computed >100 000 human protein interactions with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The genomic regions display different degrees of conservation. SARS-CoV-2 domain encompassing nucleotides 22 500-23 000 is conserved both at the sequence and structural level. The regions upstream and downstream, however, vary significantly. This part of the viral sequence codes for the Spike S protein that interacts with the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Thus, variability of Spike S is connected to different levels of viral entry in human cells within the population. Our predictions indicate that the 5' end of SARS-CoV-2 is highly structured and interacts with several human proteins. The binding proteins are involved in viral RNA processing, include double-stranded RNA specific editases and ATP-dependent RNA-helicases and have strong propensity to form stress granules and phase-separated assemblies. We propose that these proteins, also implicated in viral infections such as HIV, are selectively recruited by SARS-CoV-2 genome to alter transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of host cells and to promote viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vandelli
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Systems Biology of Infection Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Michele Monti
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandros Armaos
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | - Jakob Rupert
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Biology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Elsa Zacco
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elias Bechara
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Delli Ponti
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Gian Gaetano Tartaglia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Biology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 23 Passeig Lluis Companys, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vandelli A, Monti M, Milanetti E, Armaos A, Rupert J, Zacco E, Bechara E, Delli Ponti R, Tartaglia G. Structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genome and predictions of the human interactome. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11270-11283. [PMID: 33068416 PMCID: PMC7672441 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific elements of viral genomes regulate interactions within host cells. Here, we calculated the secondary structure content of >2000 coronaviruses and computed >100 000 human protein interactions with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The genomic regions display different degrees of conservation. SARS-CoV-2 domain encompassing nucleotides 22 500-23 000 is conserved both at the sequence and structural level. The regions upstream and downstream, however, vary significantly. This part of the viral sequence codes for the Spike S protein that interacts with the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Thus, variability of Spike S is connected to different levels of viral entry in human cells within the population. Our predictions indicate that the 5' end of SARS-CoV-2 is highly structured and interacts with several human proteins. The binding proteins are involved in viral RNA processing, include double-stranded RNA specific editases and ATP-dependent RNA-helicases and have strong propensity to form stress granules and phase-separated assemblies. We propose that these proteins, also implicated in viral infections such as HIV, are selectively recruited by SARS-CoV-2 genome to alter transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of host cells and to promote viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vandelli
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Systems Biology of Infection Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Michele Monti
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandros Armaos
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | - Jakob Rupert
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Biology ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Elsa Zacco
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elias Bechara
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Delli Ponti
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Gian Gaetano Tartaglia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Biology ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 23 Passeig Lluis Companys, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ochsner SA, Pillich RT, McKenna NJ. Consensus transcriptional regulatory networks of coronavirus-infected human cells. Sci Data 2020; 7:314. [PMID: 32963239 PMCID: PMC7509801 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing consensus around the transcriptional interface between coronavirus (CoV) infection and human cellular signaling pathways can catalyze the development of novel anti-CoV therapeutics. Here, we used publicly archived transcriptomic datasets to compute consensus regulatory signatures, or consensomes, that rank human genes based on their rates of differential expression in MERS-CoV (MERS), SARS-CoV-1 (SARS1) and SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2)-infected cells. Validating the CoV consensomes, we show that high confidence transcriptional targets (HCTs) of MERS, SARS1 and SARS2 infection intersect with HCTs of signaling pathway nodes with known roles in CoV infection. Among a series of novel use cases, we gather evidence for hypotheses that SARS2 infection efficiently represses E2F family HCTs encoding key drivers of DNA replication and the cell cycle; that progesterone receptor signaling antagonizes SARS2-induced inflammatory signaling in the airway epithelium; and that SARS2 HCTs are enriched for genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. The CoV infection consensomes and HCT intersection analyses are freely accessible through the Signaling Pathways Project knowledgebase, and as Cytoscape-style networks in the Network Data Exchange repository.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Ochsner
- The Signaling Pathways Project and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rudolf T Pillich
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Neil J McKenna
- The Signaling Pathways Project and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ochsner SA, Pillich RT, McKenna NJ. Consensus transcriptional regulatory networks of coronavirus-infected human cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.04.24.059527. [PMID: 32511379 PMCID: PMC7263508 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.24.059527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Establishing consensus around the transcriptional interface between coronavirus (CoV) infection and human cellular signaling pathways can catalyze the development of novel anti-CoV therapeutics. Here, we used publicly archived transcriptomic datasets to compute consensus regulatory signatures, or consensomes, that rank human genes based on their rates of differential expression in MERS-CoV (MERS), SARS-CoV-1 (SARS1) and SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2)-infected cells. Validating the CoV consensomes, we show that high confidence transcriptional targets (HCTs) of CoV infection intersect with HCTs of signaling pathway nodes with known roles in CoV infection. Among a series of novel use cases, we gather evidence for hypotheses that SARS2 infection efficiently represses E2F family target genes encoding key drivers of DNA replication and the cell cycle; that progesterone receptor signaling antagonizes SARS2-induced inflammatory signaling in the airway epithelium; and that SARS2 HCTs are enriched for genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. The CoV infection consensomes and HCT intersection analyses are freely accessible through the Signaling Pathways Project knowledgebase, and as Cytoscape-style networks in the Network Data Exchange repository.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Ochsner
- The Signaling Pathways Project and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rudolf T Pillich
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Neil J McKenna
- The Signaling Pathways Project and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Feng S, Zeng D, Zheng J, Zhao D. New Insights of Human Parvovirus B19 in Modulating Erythroid Progenitor Cell Differentiation. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:539-549. [PMID: 32412895 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 (B19), a human pathogen of the erythroparvovirus genus, is responsible for a variety of diseases. B19 cause less symptoms in healthy individuals, also cause acute and chronic anemia in immunodeficiency patients. Transient aplastic crisis and pure red cell aplasia are two kinds of anemic hemogram, respectively, in acute and chronic B19 infection phase, especially occurring in patients with a shortened red cell survival or with immunodeficiency. In addition, B19-infected pregnant women may cause hydrops fetalis or fetal loss. B19 possesses high affinity to bone marrow and fetal liver due to its extremely restricted cytotoxicity to erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) mediated by viral proteins. The nonstructural protein NS1 is considered to be the major pathogenic factor, which has been shown to inhibit the differentiation and maturation of EPCs through inducing viral DNA damage responses and cell cycle arrest. The time phase property of NS1 activity during DNA replication and conformity to transient change of hemogram are suggestive of its role in regulating differentiation of hematopoietic cells, which is not completely understood. In this review, we summarized the bridge between B19 NS1 and Notch signaling pathway or transcriptional factors GATA, which play an important role in erythroid cell proliferation and differentiation, to provide a new insight of the potential mechanism of B19-induced differential inhibition of EPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Feng
- Pediatrics Department, Children Digital and Health Data Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongxin Zeng
- Pediatrics Department, Children Digital and Health Data Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junwen Zheng
- Pediatrics Department, Children Digital and Health Data Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongchi Zhao
- Pediatrics Department, Children Digital and Health Data Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barbu MG, Condrat CE, Thompson DC, Bugnar OL, Cretoiu D, Toader OD, Suciu N, Voinea SC. MicroRNA Involvement in Signaling Pathways During Viral Infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:143. [PMID: 32211411 PMCID: PMC7075948 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of miRNAs started in 1993, when Lee et al. observed their involvement in the downregulation of a crucial protein known as LIN-14 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Since then, great progress has been made regarding research on microRNAs, which are now known to be involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes in both animals and humans. One such example is represented by their interaction with various signaling pathways during viral infections. It has been observed that these pathogens can induce the up-/downregulation of various host miRNAs in order to elude the host’s immune system. In contrast, some miRNAs studied could have an antiviral effect, enabling the defense mechanisms to fight the infection or, at the very least, they could induce the pathogen to enter a latent state. At the same time, some viruses encode their own miRNAs, which could further modulate the host’s signaling pathways, thus favoring the survival and replication of the virus. The goal of this extensive literature review was to present how miRNAs are involved in the regulation of various signaling pathways in some of the most important and well-studied human viral infections. Further on, knowing which miRNAs are involved in various viral infections and what role they play could aid in the development of antiviral therapeutic agents for certain diseases that do not have a definitive cure in the present. The clinical applications of miRNAs are extremely important, as miRNAs targeted inhibition may have substantial therapeutic impact. Inhibition of miRNAs can be achieved through many different methods, but chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides have shown the most prominent effects. Though scientists are far from completely understanding all the molecular mechanisms behind the complex cross-talks between miRNA pathways and viral infections, the general knowledge is increasing on the different roles played by miRNAs during viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Gabriela Barbu
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Elena Condrat
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Claudia Thompson
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Larisa Bugnar
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Daniela Toader
- Division of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Suciu
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Bucharest, Romania.,Division of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silviu Cristian Voinea
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao F, Liu X, Wang Z, Lang H, Zhang T, Wang R, Lin X, He D, Shi P, Pang X. Novel Mouse miRNA Chr13_novelMiR7354-5p Improves Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation into Insulin-Producing Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 19:1110-1122. [PMID: 32059337 PMCID: PMC7016162 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that play key roles in the generation of insulin-producing cells from stem cells provide a cell-based approach for insulin replacement therapy. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to detect the miRNA expression profile of normal mouse pancreatic β cells, non-β cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and determined relative miRNA expression levels in mouse pancreatic β cells. After the novel mouse miRNA candidates were identified using miRDeep 2.0, we found that Chr13_novelMiR7354-5p, a novel miRNA candidate, significantly promoted the differentiation of BM-MSCs into insulin-producing cells in vitro. Furthermore, Chr13_novelMiR7354-5p-transfected BM-MSCs reversed hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic mice. In addition, bioinformatics analyses, a luciferase reporter assay, and western blotting demonstrated that Chr13_novelMiR7354-5p targeted Notch1 and Rbpj. Our results provide compelling evidence of the existence of 65 novel mouse miRNA candidates and present a new treatment strategy to generate insulin-producing cells from stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Assisted Reproduction, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Street, Tiexi District, Shenyang City 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hongxin Lang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xuewen Lin
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ping Shi
- Shenyang Amnion Bioengineering and Technology R&D Center, 155-5 Chuangxin Street, Hunnan District, Shenyang City 110015, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xining Pang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China; Shenyang Amnion Bioengineering and Technology R&D Center, 155-5 Chuangxin Street, Hunnan District, Shenyang City 110015, Liaoning Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao B. Intrinsic Restriction of TNF-Mediated Inflammatory Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:583561. [PMID: 33133025 PMCID: PMC7578415 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.583561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF (Tumor necrosis factor) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in immunity and inflammatory bone destruction. Homeostatic osteoclastogenesis is effectively induced by RANKL (Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand). In contrast, TNF often acts on cell types other than osteoclasts, or synergically with RANKL to indirectly promote osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. TNF and RANKL are members of the TNF superfamily. However, the direct osteoclastogenic capacity of TNF is much weaker than that of RANKL. Recent studies have uncovered key intrinsic mechanisms by which TNF acts on osteoclast precursors to restrain osteoclastogenesis, including the mechanisms mediated by RBP-J signaling, RBP-J and ITAM (Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) crosstalk, RBP-J mediated regulatory network, NF-κB p100, IRF8, and Def6. Some of these mechanisms, such as RBP-J and its mediated regulatory network, uniquely and predominantly limit osteoclastogenesis mediated by TNF but not by RANKL. As a consequence, targeting RBP-J activities suppresses inflammatory bone destruction but does not significantly impact normal bone remodeling or inflammation. Hence, discovery of these intrinsic inhibitory mechanisms addresses why TNF has a weak osteoclastogenic potential, explains a significant difference between RANKL and TNF signaling, and provides potentially new or complementary therapeutic strategies to selectively treat inflammatory bone resorption, without undesirable effects on normal bone remodeling or immune response in disease settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Baohong Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Inoue K, Hu X, Zhao B. Regulatory network mediated by RBP-J/NFATc1-miR182 controls inflammatory bone resorption. FASEB J 2019; 34:2392-2407. [PMID: 31908034 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902227r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone resorption is a severe consequence of inflammatory diseases associated with osteolysis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), often leading to disability in patients. In physiological conditions, the differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts is delicately regulated by the balance between osteoclastogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic mechanisms. Inflammation has complex impact on osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction, and the underlying mechanisms of which, especially feedback inhibition, are underexplored. Here, we identify a novel regulatory network mediated by RBP-J/NFATc1-miR182 in TNF-induced osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory bone resorption. This network includes negative regulator RBP-J and positive regulators, NFATc1 and miR182, of osteoclast differentiation. In this network, miR182 is a direct target of both RBP-J and NFATc1. RBP-J represses, while NFATc1 activates miR182 expression through binding to specific open chromatin regions in the miR182 promoter. Inhibition of miR182 by RBP-J servers as a critical mechanism that limits TNF-induced osteoclast differentiation and inflammatory bone resorption. Inflammation, such as that which occurs in RA, shifts the expression levels of the components in this network mediated by RBP-J/NFATc1-miR182-FoxO3/PKR (previously identified miR182 targets) towards more osteoclastogenic, rather than healthy conditions. Treatment with TNF inhibitors in RA patients reverses the expression changes of the network components and osteoclastogenic potential. Thus, this network controls the balance between activating and repressive signals that determine the extent of osteoclastogenesis. These findings collectively highlight the biological significance and translational implication of this newly identified intrinsic regulatory network in inflammatory osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Inoue
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate Program in Cell and Development Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is one of the most evident and common pathological conditions leading to deregulated osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a pleiotropic cytokine plays a key role, not only in inflammation, but also in bone erosion in diseases associated with bone loss. TNF can stimulate the proliferation of osteoclast precursors and, in most conditions, act together with other cytokines and growth factors such as receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-[kappa]B ligand (RANKL), interleukin-6, and transforming growth factor beta to synergistically promote osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vivo. A longstanding enigma in the field is why TNF alone is not able to induce osteoclast differentiation as effectively as the same superfamily member RANKL, a physiological master osteoclastogenic cytokine. Recent studies have highlighted several lines of evidence showing the intrinsic mechanisms through RBP-J, NF-[kappa]B p100/TNF receptor-associated factor 3, or interferon regulatory factor-8 that restrain TNF-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. These feedback inhibitory mechanisms driven by TNF shed light into the current paradigm of osteoclastogenesis and would provide novel therapeutic implications on controlling inflammatory bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 535 E. 70th Street New York, New York 10021
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cheng W, Zheng T, Wang Y, Cai K, Wu W, Zhao T, Xu R. Activation of Notch1 signaling by HTLV-1 Tax promotes proliferation of adult T-cell leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:598-603. [PMID: 30914196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1), an oncogenic retrovirus, and Notch1 signaling, implicated in tumor formation and progression, are both associated with the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Here we explored the possibility of a mechanistic link between the two. We observed that the expression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) was elevated in HTLV-1 infected cell lines. Knocking down of Notch1 in ATL cells repressed cellular proliferation and tumor formation both in vitro and in vivo. As a mechanism for these actions, we found that Tax activated Notch1 signaling by prolonging the half-life of NICD. We then showed that Tax, NICD, and RBP-jκ formed a ternary complex, that Tax enhanced the association of NICD with RBP-jκ, and that Tax, NICD, and RBP-jκ were bound to RBP-jκ-responsive elements. Hence, our results suggest that HTLV-1 promotes cellular proliferation and tumor formation of ATL cells by modulating Notch signaling via a posttranslational mechanism that involves interactions between Tax, NICD, and RBP-jκ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Tingjin Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Kun Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Wencai Wu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China.
| | - Ruian Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Anastasiadou E, Stroopinsky D, Alimperti S, Jiao AL, Pyzer AR, Cippitelli C, Pepe G, Severa M, Rosenblatt J, Etna MP, Rieger S, Kempkes B, Coccia EM, Sui SJH, Chen CS, Uccini S, Avigan D, Faggioni A, Trivedi P, Slack FJ. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded EBNA2 alters immune checkpoint PD-L1 expression by downregulating miR-34a in B-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 2018; 33:132-147. [PMID: 29946193 PMCID: PMC6327052 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells subvert host immune surveillance by altering immune checkpoint (IC) proteins. Some Epstein−Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumors have higher Programmed Cell Death Ligand, PD-L1 expression. However, it is not known how EBV alters ICs in the context of its preferred host, the B lymphocyte and in derived lymphomas. Here, we found that latency III-expressing Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) or their EBNA2-transfected derivatives express high PD-L1. In a DLBCL model, EBNA2 but not LMP1 is sufficient to induce PD-L1. Latency III-expressing DLBCL biopsies showed high levels of PD-L1. The PD-L1 targeting oncosuppressor microRNA miR-34a was downregulated in EBNA2-transfected lymphoma cells. We identified early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1) as a repressor of miR-34a transcription. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of EBF1 was sufficient to induce miR-34a transcription, which in turn reduced PD-L1. MiR-34a reconstitution in EBNA2-transfected DLBCL reduced PD-L1 expression and increased its immunogenicity in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and in three-dimensional biomimetic microfluidic chips. Given the importance of PD-L1 inhibition in immunotherapy and miR-34a dysregulation in cancers, our findings may have important implications for combinatorial immunotherapy, which include IC inhibiting antibodies and miR-34a, for EBV-associated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Anastasiadou
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dina Stroopinsky
- Department of Hematology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stella Alimperti
- The Wyss Institute for Biological Inspired Engineering at Harvard, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan L Jiao
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athalia R Pyzer
- Department of Hematology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Cippitelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pepe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacalyn Rosenblatt
- Department of Hematology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marilena P Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Rieger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Marchioninistraße 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Kempkes
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Marchioninistraße 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Eliana M Coccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Shannan J Ho Sui
- Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- The Wyss Institute for Biological Inspired Engineering at Harvard, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefania Uccini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - David Avigan
- Department of Hematology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 0161, Rome, Italy
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 0161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Frank J Slack
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
KSHV and the Role of Notch Receptor Dysregulation in Disease Progression. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6030034. [PMID: 28777778 PMCID: PMC5617991 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of two human cancers, Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and a lymphoproliferation, Multicentric Castleman's Disease (MCD). Progression to tumor development in KS is dependent upon the reactivation of the virus from its latent state. We, and others, have shown that the Replication and transcriptional activator (Rta) protein is the only viral gene product that is necessary and sufficient for viral reactivation. To induce the reactivation and transcription of viral genes, Rta forms a complex with the cellular DNA binding component of the canonical Notch signaling pathway, recombination signal binding protein for Jk (RBP-Jk). Formation of this Rta:RBP-Jk complex is necessary for viral reactivation to occur. Expression of activated Notch has been shown to be dysregulated in KSHV infected cells and to be necessary for cell growth and disease progression. Studies into the involvement of activated Notch in viral reactivation have yielded varied results. In this paper, we review the current literature regarding Notch dysregulation by KSHV and its role in viral infection and cellular pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mechanisms involved in the TNF-mediated deregulated bone remodeling are little appreciated. This review will discuss and summarize the impact of TNF, Notch, and RBP-J signaling on bone remodeling. RECENT FINDINGS The integrity of the adult skeleton undergoes constant and dynamic remodeling throughout life to maintain a proper bone homeostasis, which is achieved by the essential tight control of coupling between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. The studies in this field include not only the differentiation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, but also the mechanisms that simultaneously control both cell types during bone remodeling. Chronic inflammation is one of the most evident and common pathological settings that often leads to deregulated bone remodeling. The resounding success of TNF blockade therapy has demonstrated a key role for TNF in inflammation and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bone resorption associated with diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Recent studies have highlighted the function of Notch and RBP-J signaling in both physiological and TNF-mediated inflammatory bone remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
O'Brien R, Marignol L. The Notch-1 receptor in prostate tumorigenesis. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 56:36-46. [PMID: 28457880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway plays a fundamental role in tissue development due to its involvement in cell fate determination and postnatal tissue differentiation. Its capacity to regulate cell growth and development has been linked to the occurrence of several cancers including that of the prostate. The transmembrane receptor Notch-1 of this pathway has been linked to the oncogenic role of Notch signalling in prostate adenocarcinoma. Other studies have suggested a tumour suppressive function for Notch-1. This review focuses on the role of Notch-1 in prostate cancer development and maintenance and relates this to the fundamental role of Notch in normal prostate development. The current understanding of the aberrant Notch signalling characteristic of prostate cancer is discussed, and recent therapeutic advances in this field are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca O'Brien
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laure Marignol
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sardina DS, Alaimo S, Ferro A, Pulvirenti A, Giugno R. A novel computational method for inferring competing endogenous interactions. Brief Bioinform 2016; 18:1071-1081. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
25
|
EBNA2 Drives Formation of New Chromosome Binding Sites and Target Genes for B-Cell Master Regulatory Transcription Factors RBP-jκ and EBF1. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005339. [PMID: 26752713 PMCID: PMC4709166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) transforms resting B-lymphocytes into proliferating lymphoblasts to establish latent infections that can give rise to malignancies. We show here that EBV-encoded transcriptional regulator EBNA2 drives the cooperative and combinatorial genome-wide binding of two master regulators of B-cell fate, namely EBF1 and RBP-jκ. Previous studies suggest that these B-cell factors are statically bound to target gene promoters. In contrast, we found that EBNA2 induces the formation of new binding for both RBP-jκ and EBF1, many of which are in close physical proximity in the cellular and viral genome. These newly induced binding sites co-occupied by EBNA2-EBF1-RBP-jκ correlate strongly with transcriptional activation of linked genes that are important for B-lymphoblast function. Conditional expression or repression of EBNA2 leads to a rapid alteration in RBP-jκ and EBF1 binding. Biochemical and shRNA depletion studies provide evidence for cooperative assembly at co-occupied sites. These findings reveal that EBNA2 facilitate combinatorial interactions to induce new patterns of transcription factor occupancy and gene programming necessary to drive B-lymphoblast growth and survival. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) reprograms host cell transcription through multiple mechanisms. Here, we show that EBV-encoded transcriptional co-activator EBNA2 drives the formation of new chromosome binding sites for host cell factors RBP-jκ and EBF1. The formation of these new sites is EBNA2-dependent. These newly formed sites have overlapping or neighboring consensus binding sites for these factors, but are only co-occupied in the presence of EBNA2. Newly formed, co-occupied binding sites are highly enriched at promoter and enhancer regulatory elements of genes activated by EBV and required for B-cell proliferation and survival. These findings indicate that EBNA2 drives cooperative and combinatorial transcription factor interactions on chromosomal DNA. We suggest that models depicting the static binding of master regulatory transcription factors to consensus binding sites be revised, and that co-activators, like EBNA2, induce dynamic and combinatorial selection of genome-wide binding sites to alter gene regulation.
Collapse
|
26
|
EBNA3C Directs Recruitment of RBPJ (CBF1) to Chromatin during the Process of Gene Repression in EBV Infected B Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005383. [PMID: 26751214 PMCID: PMC4708995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C) can act as a potent repressor of gene expression, but little is known about the sequence of events occurring during the repression process. To explore further the role of EBNA3C in gene repression–particularly in relation to histone modifications and cell factors involved–the three host genes previously reported as most robustly repressed by EBNA3C were investigated. COBLL1, a gene of unknown function, is regulated by EBNA3C alone and the two co-regulated disintegrin/metalloproteases, ADAM28 and ADAMDEC1 have been described previously as targets of both EBNA3A and EBNA3C. For the first time, EBNA3C was here shown to be the main regulator of all three genes early after infection of primary B cells. Using various EBV-recombinants, repression over orders of magnitude was seen only when EBNA3C was expressed. Unexpectedly, full repression was not achieved until 30 days after infection. This was accurately reproduced in established LCLs carrying EBV-recombinants conditional for EBNA3C function, demonstrating the utility of the conditional system to replicate events early after infection. Using this system, detailed chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that the initial repression was associated with loss of activation-associated histone modifications (H3K9ac, H3K27ac and H3K4me3) and was independent of recruitment of polycomb proteins and deposition of the repressive H3K27me3 modification, which were only observed later in repression. Most remarkable, and in contrast to current models of RBPJ in repression, was the observation that this DNA-binding factor accumulated at the EBNA3C-binding sites only when EBNA3C was functional. Transient reporter assays indicated that repression of these genes was dependent on the interaction between EBNA3C and RBPJ. This was confirmed with a novel EBV-recombinant encoding a mutant of EBNA3C unable to bind RBPJ, by showing this virus was incapable of repressing COBLL1 or ADAM28/ADAMDEC1 in newly infected primary B cells. The Epstein-Barr nuclear protein EBNA3C is a well-characterised repressor of host gene expression in B cells growth-transformed by EBV. It is also well established that EBNA3C can interact with the cellular factor RBPJ, a DNA-binding factor in the Notch signalling pathway conserved from worms to humans. However, prior to this study, little was known about the role of the interaction between these two proteins during the repression of host genes. We therefore chose three genes–the expression of which is very robustly repressed by EBNA3C –to explore the molecular interactions involved. Hitherto these genes had not been shown to require RBPJ for EBNA3C-mediated repression. We have described the sequence of events during repression and challenge a widely held assumption that if a protein interacts with RBPJ it would be recruited to DNA because of the intrinsic capacity of RBPJ to bind specific sequences. We show that interaction with RBPJ is essential for the repression of all three genes during the infection of B cells by EBV, but that RBPJ itself is only recruited to the genes when EBNA3C is functional. These data suggest an unexpectedly complex interaction of multiple proteins when EBNA3C prevents the expression of cellular genes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Friberg A, Thumann S, Hennig J, Zou P, Nössner E, Ling PD, Sattler M, Kempkes B. The EBNA-2 N-Terminal Transactivation Domain Folds into a Dimeric Structure Required for Target Gene Activation. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004910. [PMID: 26024477 PMCID: PMC4449002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a γ-herpesvirus that may cause infectious mononucleosis in young adults. In addition, epidemiological and molecular evidence links EBV to the pathogenesis of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV has the unique ability to transform resting B cells into permanently proliferating, latently infected lymphoblastoid cell lines. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) is a key regulator of viral and cellular gene expression for this transformation process. The N-terminal region of EBNA-2 comprising residues 1-58 appears to mediate multiple molecular functions including self-association and transactivation. However, it remains to be determined if the N-terminus of EBNA-2 directly provides these functions or if these activities merely depend on the dimerization involving the N-terminal domain. To address this issue, we determined the three-dimensional structure of the EBNA-2 N-terminal dimerization (END) domain by heteronuclear NMR-spectroscopy. The END domain monomer comprises a small fold of four β-strands and an α-helix which form a parallel dimer by interaction of two β-strands from each protomer. A structure-guided mutational analysis showed that hydrophobic residues in the dimer interface are required for self-association in vitro. Importantly, these interface mutants also displayed severely impaired self-association and transactivation in vivo. Moreover, mutations of solvent-exposed residues or deletion of the α-helix do not impair dimerization but strongly affect the functional activity, suggesting that the EBNA-2 dimer presents a surface that mediates functionally important intra- and/or intermolecular interactions. Our study shows that the END domain is a novel dimerization fold that is essential for functional activity. Since this specific fold is a unique feature of EBNA-2 it might provide a novel target for anti-viral therapeutics. Epstein-Barr virus is an oncogenic γ-herpesvirus that may cause infectious mononucleosis in young adults and fatal lymphoproliferative disorders in immunocompromised patients and is associated with the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) is a key regulator of viral and cellular gene expression which initiates and maintains a specific transcription program that promotes proliferation and differentiation of the infected B cell. EBNA-2 is a transcriptional activator that is recruited to DNA by cellular adaptor proteins, carries two transactivation domains, and has the capacity to form dimers or multimers. This study provides the first three-dimensional structure of the EBNA-2 N-terminal Dimerization (END) domain. Two END domain monomers, each consisting of four β-strands and a single α-helix, assemble into a dimer by interaction of two β-strands from each monomer in a parallel fashion. The dimer surface exposes residues that are critical for transactivation of target genes by EBNA-2. The dimeric fold of the EBNA-2 END domain has not been observed for any cellular protein and thus could provide a novel target for anti-viral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Friberg
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Sybille Thumann
- Department of Gene Vectors, Hematologikum, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Janosch Hennig
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Peijian Zou
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Elfriede Nössner
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Hematologikum, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Paul D. Ling
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (MS); (BK)
| | - Bettina Kempkes
- Department of Gene Vectors, Hematologikum, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
- * E-mail: (MS); (BK)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Giunco S, Celeghin A, Gianesin K, Dolcetti R, Indraccolo S, De Rossi A. Cross talk between EBV and telomerase: the role of TERT and NOTCH2 in the switch of latent/lytic cycle of the virus. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1774. [PMID: 26018735 PMCID: PMC4669716 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies, as well as lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), obtained in vitro by EBV infection of B cells, express latent viral proteins and maintain their ability to grow indefinitely through inappropriate activation of telomere-specific reverse transcriptase (TERT), the catalytic component of telomerase. Our previous studies demonstrated that high levels of TERT expression in LCLs prevent the activation of EBV lytic cycle, which is instead triggered by TERT silencing. As lytic infection promotes the death of EBV-positive tumor cells, understanding the mechanism(s) by which TERT affects the latent/lytic status of EBV may be important for setting new therapeutic strategies. BATF, a transcription factor activated by NOTCH2, the major NOTCH family member in B cells, negatively affects the expression of BZLF1, the master regulator of viral lytic cycle. We therefore analyzed the interplay between TERT, NOTCH and BATF in LCLs and found that high levels of endogenous TERT are associated with high NOTCH2 and BATF expression levels. In addition, ectopic expression of TERT in LCLs with low levels of endogenous telomerase was associated with upregulation of NOTCH2 and BATF at both mRNA and protein levels. By contrast, infection of LCLs with retroviral vectors expressing functional NOTCH2 did not alter TERT transcript levels. Luciferase reporter assays, demonstrated that TERT significantly activated NOTCH2 promoter in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that NF-κB pathway is involved in TERT-induced NOTCH2 activation. Lastly, pharmacologic inhibition of NOTCH signaling triggers the EBV lytic cycle, leading to the death of EBV-infected cells. Overall, these results indicate that TERT contributes to preserve EBV latency in B cells mainly through the NOTCH2/BAFT pathway, and suggest that NOTCH2 inhibition may represent an appealing therapeutic strategy against EBV-associated malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Giunco
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Celeghin
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - K Gianesin
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - R Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, CRO-IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - S Indraccolo
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - A De Rossi
- 1] Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy [2] Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
EBV latent infection is characterized by a highly restricted pattern of viral gene expression. EBV can establish latent infections in multiple different tissue types with remarkable variation and plasticity in viral transcription and replication. During latency, the viral genome persists as a multi-copy episome, a non-integrated-closed circular DNA with nucleosome structure similar to cellular chromosomes. Chromatin assembly and histone modifications contribute to the regulation of viral gene expression, DNA replication, and episome persistence during latency. This review focuses on how EBV latency is regulated by chromatin and its associated processes.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kulic I, Robertson G, Chang L, Baker JHE, Lockwood WW, Mok W, Fuller M, Fournier M, Wong N, Chou V, Robinson MD, Chun HJ, Gilks B, Kempkes B, Thomson TA, Hirst M, Minchinton AI, Lam WL, Jones S, Marra M, Karsan A. Loss of the Notch effector RBPJ promotes tumorigenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 212:37-52. [PMID: 25512468 PMCID: PMC4291530 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kulic et al. show that RBPJ, a transcriptional repressor of Notch, is frequently deleted in human cancers and can function as a tumor suppressor. Loss of RBPJ acts to derepress target gene promoters, allowing Notch-independent activation by alternate transcription factors that promote tumor growth. Aberrant Notch activity is oncogenic in several malignancies, but it is unclear how expression or function of downstream elements in the Notch pathway affects tumor growth. Transcriptional regulation by Notch is dependent on interaction with the DNA-binding transcriptional repressor, RBPJ, and consequent derepression or activation of associated gene promoters. We show here that RBPJ is frequently depleted in human tumors. Depletion of RBPJ in human cancer cell lines xenografted into immunodeficient mice resulted in activation of canonical Notch target genes, and accelerated tumor growth secondary to reduced cell death. Global analysis of activated regions of the genome, as defined by differential acetylation of histone H4 (H4ac), revealed that the cell death pathway was significantly dysregulated in RBPJ-depleted tumors. Analysis of transcription factor binding data identified several transcriptional activators that bind promoters with differential H4ac in RBPJ-depleted cells. Functional studies demonstrated that NF-κB and MYC were essential for survival of RBPJ-depleted cells. Thus, loss of RBPJ derepresses target gene promoters, allowing Notch-independent activation by alternate transcription factors that promote tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kulic
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada Experimental Medicine Program and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gordon Robertson
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Linda Chang
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jennifer H E Baker
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - William W Lockwood
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Winnie Mok
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Megan Fuller
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Michèle Fournier
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nelson Wong
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Vennie Chou
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hye-Jung Chun
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Blake Gilks
- Experimental Medicine Program and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bettina Kempkes
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas A Thomson
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Andrew I Minchinton
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Steven Jones
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Marco Marra
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Aly Karsan
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada Experimental Medicine Program and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, British Columbia, Canada Experimental Medicine Program and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ghosal S, Das S, Sen R, Chakrabarti J. HumanViCe: host ceRNA network in virus infected cells in human. Front Genet 2014; 5:249. [PMID: 25120561 PMCID: PMC4114262 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-virus interaction via host cellular components has been an important field of research in recent times. RNA interference mediated by short interfering RNAs and microRNAs (miRNA), is a widespread anti-viral defense strategy. Importantly, viruses also encode their own miRNAs. In recent times miRNAs were identified as key players in host-virus interaction. Furthermore, viruses were shown to exploit the host miRNA networks to suite their own need. The complex cross-talk between host and viral miRNAs and their cellular and viral targets forms the environment for viral pathogenesis. Apart from protein-coding mRNAs, non-coding RNAs may also be targeted by host or viral miRNAs in virus infected cells, and viruses can exploit the host miRNA mediated gene regulatory network via the competing endogenous RNA effect. A recent report showed that viral U-rich non-coding RNAs called HSUR, expressed in primate virus herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) infected T cells, were able to bind to three host miRNAs, causing significant alteration in cellular level for one of the miRNAs. We have predicted protein coding and non protein-coding targets for viral and human miRNAs in virus infected cells. We identified viral miRNA targets within host non-coding RNA loci from AGO interacting regions in three different virus infected cells. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis of the genes comprising the ceRNA networks in the virus infected cells revealed enrichment of key cellular signaling pathways related to cell fate decisions and gene transcription, like Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as pathways related to viral entry, replication and virulence. We identified a vast number of non-coding transcripts playing as potential ceRNAs to the immune response associated genes; e.g., APOBEC family genes, in some virus infected cells. All these information are compiled in HumanViCe (http://gyanxet-beta.com/humanvice), a comprehensive database that provides the potential ceRNA networks in virus infected human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ghosal
- Computational Biology Group, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata, India
| | - Shaoli Das
- Computational Biology Group, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata, India
| | | | - Jayprokas Chakrabarti
- Computational Biology Group, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata, India ; Gyanxet Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Campion EM, Hakimjavadi R, Loughran ST, Phelan S, Smith SM, D'Souza BN, Tierney RJ, Bell AI, Cahill PA, Walls D. Repression of the proapoptotic cellular BIK/NBK gene by Epstein-Barr virus antagonizes transforming growth factor β1-induced B-cell apoptosis. J Virol 2014; 88:5001-13. [PMID: 24554662 PMCID: PMC3993823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03642-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a lifelong latent infection in humans. EBV infection of primary B cells causes cell activation and proliferation, a process driven by the viral latency III gene expression program, which includes EBV nuclear proteins (EBNAs), latent membrane proteins, and untranslated RNAs, including microRNAs. Some latently infected cells enter the long-lived memory B-cell compartment and express only EBNA1 transiently (Lat I) or no EBV protein at all (Lat 0). Targeting the molecular machinery that controls B-cell fate decisions, including the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis-regulating proteins, is crucial to the EBV cycle of infection. Here, we show that BIK (also known as NBK), which encodes a proapoptotic "sensitizer" protein, is repressed by the EBNA2-driven Lat III program but not the Lat I program. BIK repression occurred soon after infection of primary B cells by EBV but not by a recombinant EBV in which the EBNA2 gene had been knocked out. Ectopic BIK induced apoptosis in Lat III cells by a mechanism dependent on its BH3 domain and the activation of caspases. We show that EBNA2 represses BIK in EBV-negative B-cell lymphoma-derived cell lines and that this host-virus interaction can inhibit the proapoptotic effect of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), a key physiological mediator of B-cell homeostasis. Reduced levels of TGF-β1-associated regulatory SMAD proteins were bound to the BIK promoter in response to EBV Lat III or ectopic EBNA2. These data are evidence of an additional mechanism used by EBV to promote B-cell survival, namely, the transcriptional repression of the BH3-only sensitizer BIK. IMPORTANCE Over 90% of adult humans are infected with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV establishes a lifelong silent infection, with its DNA residing in small numbers of blood B cells that are a reservoir from which low-level virus reactivation and shedding in saliva intermittently occur. Importantly, EBV DNA is found in some B-cell-derived tumors in which viral genes play a key role in tumor cell emergence and progression. Here, we report for the first time that EBV can shut off a B-cell gene called BIK. When activated by a molecular signal called transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), BIK plays an important role in killing unwanted B cells, including those infected by viruses. We describe the key EBV-B-cell molecular interactions that lead to BIK shutoff. These findings further our knowledge of how EBV prevents the death of its host cell during infection. They are also relevant to certain posttransplant lymphomas where unregulated cell growth is caused by EBV genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Campion
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roya Hakimjavadi
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad T. Loughran
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Phelan
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad M. Smith
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan N. D'Souza
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rosemary J. Tierney
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I. Bell
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Cahill
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Vascular Biology Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dermot Walls
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein-2A alters mitochondrial dynamics promoting cellular migration mediated by Notch signaling pathway. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1592-601. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
34
|
Fu Q, He C, Mao ZR. Epstein-Barr virus interactions with the Bcl-2 protein family and apoptosis in human tumor cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2013; 14:8-24. [PMID: 23303627 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human gammaherpesvirus carried by more than 90% of the world's population, is associated with malignant tumors such as Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoma, extra-nodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas in immune-compromised patients. In the process of infection, EBV faces challenges: the host cell environment is harsh, and the survival and apoptosis of host cells are precisely regulated. Only when host cells receive sufficient survival signals may they immortalize. To establish efficiently a lytic or long-term latent infection, EBV must escape the host cell immunologic mechanism and resist host cell apoptosis by interfering with multiple signaling pathways. This review details the apoptotic pathway disrupted by EBV in EBV-infected cells and describes the interactions of EBV gene products with host cellular factors as well as the function of these factors, which decide the fate of the host cell. The relationships between other EBV-encoded genes and proteins of the B-cell leukemia/lymphoma (Bcl) family are unknown. Still, EBV seems to contribute to establishing its own latency and the formation of tumors by modifying events that impact cell survival and proliferation as well as the immune response of the infected host. We discuss potential therapeutic drugs to provide a foundation for further studies of tumor pathogenesis aimed at exploiting novel therapeutic strategies for EBV-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Distinct roles of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral interferon regulatory factors in inflammatory response and cancer. J Virol 2013; 87:9398-410. [PMID: 23785197 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03315-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). Similar to other herpesviruses, KSHV has two life cycles, latency and lytic replication. In latency, the KSHV genome persists as a circular episome in the nucleus of the host cell and only a few viral genes are expressed. In this review, we focus on oncogenic, antiapoptotic, and immunomodulating properties of KSHV-encoded homologues of cellular interferon regulatory factors (IRFs)--viral IRF1 (vIRF1) to vIRF4--and their possible role in the KSHV-mediated antiviral response, apoptosis, and oncogenicity.
Collapse
|
36
|
De novo transcriptome sequencing in Frankliniella occidentalis to identify genes involved in plant virus transmission and insecticide resistance. Genomics 2013; 101:296-305. [PMID: 23434629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, a world-wide invasive insect, causes agricultural damage by directly feeding and by indirectly vectoring Tospoviruses, such as Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). We characterized the transcriptome of WFT and analyzed global gene expression of WFT response to TSWV infection using Illumina sequencing platform. We compiled 59,932 unigenes, and identified 36,339 unigenes by similarity analysis against public databases, most of which were annotated using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Within these annotated transcripts, we collected 278 sequences related to insecticide resistance. GO and KEGG analysis of different expression genes between TSWV-infected and non-infected WFT population revealed that TSWV can regulate cellular process and immune response, which might lead to low virus titers in thrips cells and no detrimental effects on F. occidentalis. This data-set not only enriches genomic resource for WFT, but also benefits research into its molecular genetics and functional genomics.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhao B, Grimes SN, Li S, Hu X, Ivashkiv LB. TNF-induced osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory bone resorption are inhibited by transcription factor RBP-J. J Exp Med 2012; 209:319-34. [PMID: 22249448 PMCID: PMC3280875 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bone resorption and associated morbidity in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Mechanisms that regulate the direct osteoclastogenic properties of TNF to limit pathological bone resorption in inflammatory settings are mostly unknown. Here, we show that the transcription factor recombinant recognition sequence binding protein at the J(κ) site (RBP-J) strongly suppresses TNF-induced osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory bone resorption, but has minimal effects on physiological bone remodeling. Myeloid-specific deletion of RBP-J converted TNF into a potent osteoclastogenic factor that could function independently of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) signaling. In the absence of RBP-J, TNF effectively induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in RANK-deficient mice. Activation of RBP-J selectively in osteoclast precursors suppressed inflammatory osteoclastogenesis and arthritic bone resorption. Mechanistically, RBP-J suppressed induction of the master regulator of osteoclastogenesis (nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1) by attenuating c-Fos activation and suppressing induction of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1, thereby preventing the down-regulation of transcriptional repressors such as IRF-8 that block osteoclast differentiation. Thus, RBP-J regulates the balance between activating and repressive signals that regulate osteoclastogenesis. These findings identify RBP-J as a key upstream negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis that restrains excessive bone resorption in inflammatory settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10065
| | - Shannon N. Grimes
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10065
| | - Susan Li
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10065
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lionel B. Ivashkiv
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Allgood AG, Barrick D. Mapping the Deltex-binding surface on the notch ankyrin domain using analytical ultracentrifugation. J Mol Biol 2011; 414:243-59. [PMID: 22001695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signal transduction pathway controls cell fate determination during metazoan development. The Notch gene encodes a transmembrane receptor that is cleaved upon activation, liberating the Notch intracellular domain, which enters the nucleus and assembles transcriptional activation complexes that drive expression of Notch-responsive genes. The most conserved region of the Notch intracellular domain is an ankyrin domain (Nank), which binds directly to the cytosolic effector protein Deltex (Dx), controlling intracellular Notch activity. However, the structural and energetic basis for this interaction remains unknown. Here, we analyze the thermodynamics and hydrodynamics of the Nank:Dx heteroassociation, as well as a weaker Nank self-association, using sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation. By comparing g(s*) and c(s) distributions, and by direct fitting of sedimentation boundaries with thermodynamic association models, we were able to characterize the Nank:Dx heterodimer, measure its affinity, and map the interaction on the surface on Nank. N- and C-terminal deletions of whole ankyrin units implicate repeats 3 and 4 as key for mediating heteroassociation. An alanine scan across the interaction loops of Nank identifies a conserved hot spot in repeats 3 and 4, centered at R127, as critical for Dx binding. In addition, we were able to detect weak but reproducible Nank homodimerization (K(d) in the millimolar range). This association is disrupted by substitution of a conserved arginine (R107) with alanine, a residue previously implicated in a functionally relevant mode of interaction within dimeric transcription complexes. The distinct binding surfaces on Nank for homotypic versus Dx interaction appear to be compatible with teterameric Notch(2):Dx(2) assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gayle Allgood
- TC Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Převorovský M, Atkinson SR, Ptáčková M, McLean JR, Gould K, Folk P, Půta F, Bähler J. N-termini of fungal CSL transcription factors are disordered, enriched in regulatory motifs and inhibit DNA binding in fission yeast. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23650. [PMID: 21858190 PMCID: PMC3155561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CSL (CBF1/RBP-Jκ/Suppressor of Hairless/LAG-1) transcription factors are the effector components of the Notch receptor signalling pathway, which is critical for metazoan development. The metazoan CSL proteins (class M) can also function in a Notch-independent manner. Recently, two novel classes of CSL proteins, designated F1 and F2, have been identified in fungi. The role of the fungal CSL proteins is unclear, because the Notch pathway is not present in fungi. In fission yeast, the Cbf11 and Cbf12 CSL paralogs play antagonistic roles in cell adhesion and the coordination of cell and nuclear division. Unusually long N-terminal extensions are typical for fungal and invertebrate CSL family members. In this study, we investigate the functional significance of these extended N-termini of CSL proteins. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identify 15 novel CSL family members from 7 fungal species and conduct bioinformatic analyses of a combined dataset containing 34 fungal and 11 metazoan CSL protein sequences. We show that the long, non-conserved N-terminal tails of fungal CSL proteins are likely disordered and enriched in phosphorylation sites and PEST motifs. In a case study of Cbf12 (class F2), we provide experimental evidence that the protein is proteolytically processed and that the N-terminus inhibits the Cbf12-dependent DNA binding activity in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides insight into the characteristics of the long N-terminal tails of fungal CSL proteins that may be crucial for controlling DNA-binding and CSL function. We propose that the regulation of DNA binding by Cbf12 via its N-terminal region represents an important means by which fission yeast strikes a balance between the class F1 and class F2 paralog activities. This mode of regulation might be shared with other CSL-positive fungi, some of which are relevant to human disease and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Převorovský
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment and UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cellular transcription factor Oct-1 interacts with the Epstein-Barr virus BRLF1 protein to promote disruption of viral latency. J Virol 2011; 85:8940-53. [PMID: 21697476 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00569-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent-to-lytic switch is an essential part of the viral life cycle, but the cellular factors that promote viral reactivation are not well defined. In this report, we demonstrate that the cellular transcription factor Oct-1 cooperates with the EBV immediate-early protein BRLF1 (R, Rta) to induce lytic viral reactivation. We show that cotransfected Oct-1 enhances the ability of BRLF1 to activate lytic gene expression in 293 cells stably infected with a BRLF1-defective EBV mutant (BRLF1-stop) and that Oct-1 increases BRLF1-mediated activation of lytic EBV promoters in reporter gene assays. We find that Oct-1 interacts directly with BRLF1 in vitro and that a mutant BRLF1 protein (the M140A mutant) attenuated for the ability to interact with Oct-1 in vitro is also resistant to Oct-1-mediated transcriptional enhancement in 293 BRLF1-stop cells. Furthermore, we show that cotransfected Oct-1 augments BRLF1 binding to a variety of lytic EBV promoters in chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays (including the BZLF1, BMRF1, and SM promoters) and that BRLF1 tethers Oct-1 to lytic EBV promoters. In addition, we demonstrate that an Oct-1 mutant defective in DNA binding (the S335D mutant) still retains the ability to enhance BRLF1 transcriptional effects. Finally, we show that knockdown of endogenous Oct-1 expression reduces the level of constitutive lytic EBV gene expression in both EBV-positive B-cell and EBV-positive epithelial cell lines. These results suggest that Oct-1 acts as a positive regulator of EBV lytic gene expression and that this effect is at least partially mediated through its interaction with the viral protein BRLF1.
Collapse
|
41
|
Barton E, Mandal P, Speck SH. Pathogenesis and host control of gammaherpesviruses: lessons from the mouse. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:351-97. [PMID: 21219186 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-072710-081639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are lymphotropic viruses that are associated with the development of lymphoproliferative diseases, lymphomas, as well as other nonlymphoid cancers. Most known gammaherpesviruses establish latency in B lymphocytes. Research on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68/γHV68/MHV4) has revealed a complex relationship between virus latency and the stage of B cell differentiation. Available data support a model in which gammaherpesvirus infection drives B cell proliferation and differentiation. In general, the characterized gammaherpesviruses exhibit a very narrow host tropism, which has severely limited studies on the human gammaherpesviruses EBV and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. As such, there has been significant interest in developing animal models in which the pathogenesis of gammaherpesviruses can be characterized. MHV68 represents a unique model to define the effects of chronic viral infection on the antiviral immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Barton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Calderwood MA, Lee S, Holthaus AM, Blacklow SC, Kieff E, Johannsen E. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 3C binds to the N-terminal (NTD) and beta trefoil domains (BTD) of RBP/CSL; only the NTD interaction is essential for lymphoblastoid cell growth. Virology 2011; 414:19-25. [PMID: 21440926 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Association of EBV nuclear proteins EBNA2, EBNA3A and EBNA3C with RBP/CSL, is essential for lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) proliferation. Conserved residues in the EBNA3 homology domain, required for RBP/CSL interaction, lack the WΦP motif that mediates EBNA2 and Notch binding to the RBP/CSL beta-trefoil domain (BTD). We map RBP/CSL interacting residues within EBNA3A(aa128-204) and EBNA3C(aa211-233). The EBNA3A results are consistent with an earlier report (aa125-222), but the EBNA3C domain is unexpectedly small and includes a "WTP" sequence. This EBNA3C WTP motif confers RBP/CSL binding in vitro, in yeast, and in mammalian cells. Further, an EBNA3C WTP→STP(W227S) mutation impaired BTD binding whereas EBNA3 homology domain mutations disrupted RBP/CSL N-terminal domain (NTD) binding. WTP was not essential for EBNA3C repression of EBNA2 in reporter assays or for maintenance of LCL growth. Our results indicate that EBNA3 proteins interact with multiple RBP/CSL domains, but only NTD interactions are required for LCL growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Calderwood
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 4 (vIRF4/K10) is a novel interaction partner of CSL/CBF1, the major downstream effector of Notch signaling. J Virol 2010; 84:12255-64. [PMID: 20861242 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01484-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In cells infected with the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), CSL/CBF1 signaling is essential for viral replication and promotes the survival of KSHV-infected cells. CSL/CBF1 is a DNA adaptor molecule which recruits coactivator and corepressor complexes to regulate viral and cellular gene transcription and which is a major downstream effector molecule of activated Notch. The interaction of KSHV RTA and LANA with CSL/CBF1 has been shown to balance the lytic and latent viral life cycle. Here we report that a third KSHV protein, viral interferon regulatory factor 4 (vIRF4/K10), but none of the three other KSHV-encoded vIRFs, interacts with CSL/CBF1. Two regions of vIRF4 with dissimilar affinities contribute to CSL/CBF1 binding. Similar to Notch, vIRF4 targets the hydrophobic pocket in the beta trefoil domain of CSL/CBF1 through a short peptide motif which closely resembles a motif found in Notch but does not strictly follow the ΦWΦP consensus conserved in human and mouse Notch proteins. Our results suggest that vIRF4 might compete with Notch for CSL/CBF1 binding and signaling.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is characterized by the development of glomerulosclerosis and is associated with glomerular epithelial cell proliferation. It has recently been shown that activation of the Notch signaling pathway in podocytes results in glomerulosclerosis and podocyte proliferation. To determine whether Notch signaling is involved in renal disorder associated with HIVAN, we evaluated the expression of Notch receptors in HIVAN. DESIGN We evaluated the expression of the Notch signaling pathway using an HIV-transgenic (HIV-Tg) rat model of HIVAN, and biopsy samples from HIVAN and normal controls. METHODS Paraffin sections and kidney lysates were used for immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. RESULTS A collapsing variant of glomerulosclerosis and focal segmental sclerosis was observed in HIV-Tg rats. Glomeruli of HIV-Tg rats demonstrated activation of Notch1 and Notch4, as determined by the presence of the intracellular domains. In addition, we observed increased expression of the Notch target protein, hairy enhancer of split homolog-1 in glomeruli of these animals. The expression of the Groucho homolog transducin-like enhancer protein 4, a Notch effector protein, and the homeodomain protein cut homeobox 1 were also significantly increased in glomeruli of HIV-Tg rats, and this was associated with decreased expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p27. Intriguingly, renal biopsy samples from HIVAN patients also showed upregulation of cleaved Notch1 and Notch4 in the glomeruli compared with the expression in normal kidneys. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate activation of Notch signaling pathway in HIVAN, thereby underscoring its role in disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Latency is a state of cryptic viral infection associated with genomic persistence and highly restricted gene expression. Its hallmark is reversibility: under appropriate circumstances, expression of the entire viral genome can be induced, resulting in the production of infectious progeny. Among the small number of virus families capable of authentic latency, the herpesviruses stand out for their ability to produce such infections in every infected individual and for being completely dependent upon latency as a mode of persistence. Here, we review the molecular basis of latency, with special attention to the gamma-herpesviruses, in which the understanding of this process is most advanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Speck
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chronic viral infection and primary central nervous system malignancy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:387-403. [PMID: 20387126 PMCID: PMC2914282 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors cause significant morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. While some of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of neuro-oncogenesis are known, much less is known about possible epigenetic contributions to disease pathophysiology. Over the last several decades, chronic viral infections have been associated with a number of human malignancies. In primary CNS malignancies, two families of viruses, namely polyomavirus and herpesvirus, have been detected with varied frequencies in a number of pediatric and adult histological tumor subtypes. However, establishing a link between chronic viral infection and primary CNS malignancy has been an area of considerable controversy, due in part to variations in detection frequencies and methodologies used among researchers. Since a latent viral neurotropism can be seen with a variety of viruses and a widespread seropositivity exists among the population, it has been difficult to establish an association between viral infection and CNS malignancy based on epidemiology alone. While direct evidence of a role of viruses in neuro-oncogenesis in humans is lacking, a more plausible hypothesis of neuro-oncomodulation has been proposed. The overall goals of this review are to summarize the many human investigations that have studied viral infection in primary CNS tumors, discuss potential neuro-oncomodulatory mechanisms of viral-associated CNS disease and propose future research directions to establish a more firm association between chronic viral infections and primary CNS malignancies.
Collapse
|
47
|
Mudiganti U, Hernandez R, Brown DT. Insect response to alphavirus infection--establishment of alphavirus persistence in insect cells involves inhibition of viral polyprotein cleavage. Virus Res 2010; 150:73-84. [PMID: 20214937 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alphavirus persistence in the insect vector is an essential element in the vector-host transmission cycle of the virus and provides a model to study the biochemical and molecular basis for virus-vector coexistence. The prototype alphavirus Sindbis (SV) establishes persistent infections in invertebrate cell cultures which are characterized by low levels of virus production. We hypothesized that antiviral factors may be involved in decreasing the virus levels as virus persistence is established in invertebrate cells. Transcription profiles in Drosophila S2 cells at 5 days post-infection with SV identified families of gene products that code for factors that can explain previous observations seen in insect cells infected with alphaviruses. Genomic array analysis identified up-regulation of gene products involved in intracellular membrane vesicle formation, cell growth rate changes and immune-related functions in S2 cells infected with SV. Transcripts coding for factors involved in different aspects of the Notch signaling pathway had increased in expression. Increased expression of ankyrin, plap, syx13, unc-13, csp, rab1 and rab8 may aid in formation of virus containing vesicles and in intracellular transport of viral structural proteins. Possible functions of these gene products and relevant hypotheses are discussed. We confirmed the up-regulation of a wide-spectrum protease inhibitor, Thiol-ester containing Protein (TEP) II. We report inhibition of the viral polyprotein cleavage at 5 days post-infection (dpi) and after superinfection of SV-infected cells at 5 dpi. We propose that inefficient cleavage of the polyprotein may, at least in part, lead to reduced levels of virus seen as persistence is established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usharani Mudiganti
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State, University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Induction of ectopic Myc target gene JAG2 augments hypoxic growth and tumorigenesis in a human B-cell model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:3534-9. [PMID: 20133585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901230107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic Myc expression plays a key role in human tumorigenesis, and Myc dose-dependent tumorigenesis has been well established in transgenic mice, but the Myc target genes that are dependent on Myc levels have not been well characterized. In this regard, we used the human P493-6 B cells, which have a preneoplastic state dependent on the Epstein-Barr viral EBNA2 protein and a neoplastic state with ectopic inducible Myc, to identify putative ectopic Myc target genes. Among the ectopic targets, JAG2 that encodes a Notch receptor ligand Jagged2, was directly induced by Myc. Inhibition of Notch signaling through RNAi targeting JAG2 or the gamma-secretase Notch inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-(S)-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) preferentially inhibited the neoplastic state in vitro. Furthermore, P493-6 tumorigenesis was inhibited by DAPT in vivo. Ectopic expression of JAG2 did not enhance aerobic cell proliferation, but increased proliferation of hypoxic cells in vitro and significantly increased in vivo tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the expression of Jagged2 in P493-6 tumors often overlapped with regions of hypoxia. These observations suggest that Notch signaling downstream of Myc enables cells to adapt in the tumor hypoxic microenvironment.
Collapse
|
49
|
Johnson SE, Ilagan MXG, Kopan R, Barrick D. Thermodynamic analysis of the CSL x Notch interaction: distribution of binding energy of the Notch RAM region to the CSL beta-trefoil domain and the mode of competition with the viral transactivator EBNA2. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:6681-92. [PMID: 20028974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.019968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is a cell-cell communication network giving rise to cell differentiation during metazoan development. Activation of the pathway releases the intracellular portion of the Notch receptor to translocate to the nucleus, where it is able to interact with the effector transcription factor CSL, converting CSL from a transcriptional repressor to an activator. This conversion is dependent upon the high affinity binding of the RAM region of the Notch receptor to the beta-trefoil domain (BTD) of CSL. Here we probe the energetics of binding to BTD of each conserved residue of RAM through the use of isothermal titration calorimetry and single residue substitution. We find that although the highly conserved PhiW PhiP motif is the largest determinant of binding, energetically significant interactions are contributed by N-terminal residues, including a conserved Arg/Lys-rich region. Additionally, we present a thermodynamic analysis of the interaction between the Epstein-Barr virus protein EBNA2 with BTD and explore the extent to which the EBNA2- and RAM-binding sites on BTD are nonoverlapping, as proposed by Fuchs et al. (Fuchs, K. P., Bommer, G., Dumont, E., Christoph, B., Vidal, M., Kremmer, E., and Kempkes, B. (2001) Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 4639-4646). Combining these results with displacement isothermal titration calorimetry, we propose a mechanism by which the PhiW PhiP motif of RAM and EBNA2 compete with one another for binding at the hydrophobic pocket of BTD using overlapping but specific interactions that are unique to each BTD ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Johnson
- T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: role of viral infection, genetic lesions and antigen stimulation in the pathogenesis of the disease. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2009; 1:e2009018. [PMID: 21416004 PMCID: PMC3033173 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2009.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are a life-threatening complication of solid organ transplantation or, more rarely, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The majority of PTLD is of B-cell origin and associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. PTLD generally display involvement of extranodal sites, aggressive histology and aggressive clinical behavior. The molecular pathogenesis of PTLD involves infection by oncogenic viruses, namely EBV, as well as genetic or epigenetic alterations of several cellular genes. At variance with lymphoma arising in immunocompetent hosts, whose genome is relatively stable, a fraction of PTLD are characterized by microsatellite instability as a consequence of defects in the DNA mismatch repair mechanism. Apart from microsatellite instability, molecular alterations of cellular genes recognized in PTLD include alterations of cMYC, BCL6, TP53, DNA hypermethylation, and aberrant somatic hypermutation of protooncogenes. The occurrence of IGV mutations in the overwhelming majority of PTLD documents that malignant transformation targets germinal centre (GC) B-cells and their descendants both in EBV–positive and EBV–negative cases. Analysis of phenotypic markers of B-cell histogenesis, namely BCL6, MUM1 and CD138, allows further distinction of PTLD histogenetic categories. PTLD expressing the BCL6+/MUM1+/-/CD138− profile reflect B-cells actively experiencing the GC reaction, and comprise diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) centroblastic and Burkitt lymphoma. PTLD expressing the BCL6−/MUM1+/CD138− phenotype putatively derive from B-cells that have concluded the GC reaction, and comprise the majority of polymorphic PTLD and a fraction of DLBCL immunoblastic. A third group of PTLD is reminiscent of post-GC and preterminally differentiated B-cells that show the BCL6−/MUM1+/CD138+ phenotype, and are morphologically represented by either polymorphic PTLD or DLBCL immunoblastic.
Collapse
|