AMPK signaling and its targeting in cancer progression and treatment

Targeting the autophagy-miRNA axis in prostate cancer: toward novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies

Since prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, a better understanding of the molecular pathways guiding its development is imperative. A key factor in prostate cancer is autophagy, a cellular mechanism that affects both cell survival and death. Autophagy is essential in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is a physiological mechanism wherein redundant or malfunctioning cellular constituents are broken down and recycled. It is essential for preserving cellular homeostasis and is implicated in several physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. Autophagy has been linked to metastasis, tumor development, and treatment resistance in prostate cancer. The deregulation of miRNAs related to autophagy appears to be a crucial element in the etiology of prostate cancer. These miRNAs influence the destiny of cancer cells by finely regulating autophagic mechanisms. Numerous investigations have emphasized the dual function of specific miRNAs in prostate cancer, which alter autophagy-related pathways to function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Notably, miRNAs have been linked to the control of autophagy and the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of prostate cancer cells. To create customized therapy approaches, it is imperative to comprehend the dynamic interplay between autophagy and miRNAs in prostate cancer. The identification of key miRNAs provides potential diagnostic and prognostic markers. Unraveling the complex network of lncRNAs, like PCA3, also expands the repertoire of molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. This review explores the intricate interplay between autophagy and miRNAs in prostate cancer, focusing on their regulatory roles in cellular processes ranging from survival to programmed cell death.

Bezafibrate protects blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity against traumatic brain injury mediated by AMPK

Bezafibrate (BEZ) has displayed a wide range of neuroprotective effects in different types of neurological diseases. However, its pharmacological function in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still unknown. In the current study, a TBI model was constructed in mice to examine the potential beneficial roles of BEZ. After TBI, mice were daily dieted with BEZ or vehicle solution. The motor function, learning and memory, brain edema, vascular inflammatory factors, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the expression of the tight junction zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) were assessed. The findings demonstrate that after TBI, BEZ treatment significantly promoted the recovery of motor function and cognitive function deficits. Moreover, BEZ attenuated brain edema by reducing the levels of brain water content. We also found that administration of BEZ alleviated cerebral vascular pro-inflammation by suppressing the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin. Notably, BEZ improved the impaired BBB integrity in TBI mice by restoring the expression of the tight junction (TJ) protein ZO-1. Further in vitro experiments show that treatment with BEZ prevented the aggravation of endothelial permeability and restored the reduction of trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) as well as the expression of ZO-1 in TBI-exposed brain bEnd.3 cells. Mechanistically, we prove that the protective effects of BEZ are mediated by AMPK. Based on these findings, we conclude that BEZ improves TBI-induced BBB injury and it might be considered for the treatment or management of TBI.

Epigenetic age acceleration is a distinctive trait of epithelioid sarcoma with potential therapeutic implications

Recently, DNA methylation clocks have been proven to be precise age predictors, and the application of these clocks in cancer tissue has revealed a global age acceleration in a majority of cancer subtypes when compared to normal tissue from the same individual. The polycomb repressor complex 2 plays a pivotal role in the aging process, and its targets have been shown to be enriched in CpG sites that gain methylation with age. This complex is further regulated by the chromatin remodeling complex SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable and its core subunit, notably the tumor suppressor gene SMARCB1, which under physiological conditions inhibits the activity of the polycomb repressor complex 2. Hence, the loss of function of core members of the SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable complex, such as the tumor suppressor gene SMARCB1, results in increased activity of polycomb repressor complex 2 and interferes with the aging process. SMARCB1-deficient neoplasms represent a family of rare tumors, including amongst others malignant rhabdoid tumors, atypical teratoid and rhabdoid tumors, and epithelioid sarcomas. As aging pathways have recently been proposed as therapeutic targets for various cancer types, these tumors represent candidates for testing such treatments. Here, by deriving epigenetic age scores from more than 1000 tumor samples, we identified epigenetic age acceleration as a hallmark feature of epithelioid sarcoma. This observation highlights the potential of targeting aging pathways as an innovative treatment approach for patients with epithelioid sarcoma.

Polymorphisms in miRNA Genes Targeting the AMPK Signaling Pathway are Associated with Cervical Cancer Susceptibility in a Han Chinese Population

Purpose

Cervical cancer (CC) poses a significant threat to women's health worldwide, and multiple signaling pathways have been confirmed to be involved in its development. The AMPK signaling pathway plays a central role in maintaining energy homeostasis, and its dysregulation is closely associated with the occurrence of CC. Changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression levels might be related to the AMPK signaling pathway. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can affect the function of miRNA and result in the development of CC. To investigate the association between the SNPs of AMPK pathway-associated miRNAs and CC in a Han Chinese population, we selected eight miRNA genes located in the AMPK pathway and analyzed nine SNP loci within these genes to explore whether they are associated with genetic susceptibility to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and CC.

Methods

A total of 2,220 subjects were included in this study, including 928 healthy controls, 421 CIN patients, and 871 CC patients. Nine candidate SNPs (rs895819 in miR-27a, rs10061133 in miR-449b, rs41291179 in miR-216a, rs76481776 in miR-182, rs10406069 in miR-5196, rs12803915 and rs550894 in miR-612, rs66683138 in miR-3622b, and rs2620381 in miR-627) were genotyped using the TaqMan method.

Results

The results showed significant differences in the allele distribution of rs41291179 and rs12803915 between the control group and the CIN group, as well as between the control group and the CC group (all P values < 0.005). The A allele of rs41291179 and the G allele of rs12803915 were associated with decreased risk of CIN (OR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01-0.39; OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.49-0.76) and CC (OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01-0.66; OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.59-0.86), respectively.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that polymorphisms in miRNA genes of the AMPK signaling pathway are associated with the development of CC.

Phytochemicals regulate cancer metabolism through modulation of the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Due to the complex pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cancer progression and metastasis, current therapeutic approaches lack efficacy and have significant adverse effects. Therefore, it is essential to establish novel strategies for combating cancer. Phytochemicals, which possess multiple biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, anti-angiogenesis, and antimetastatic properties, can regulate cancer progression and interfere in various stages of cancer development by suppressing various signaling pathways.

METHODS

The current systematic and comprehensive review was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria, using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct, until the end of December 2023. After excluding unrelated articles, 111 related articles were included in this systematic review.

RESULTS

In this current review, the major signaling pathways of cancer metabolism are highlighted with the promising anticancer role of phytochemicals. This was through their ability to regulate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. The AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism via targeting energy homeostasis and mitochondria biogenesis, glucose oxidation, and fatty acid oxidation, thereby generating ATP for cell growth. As a result, targeting this signaling pathway may represent a novel approach to cancer treatment. Accordingly, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpene/terpenoids, and miscellaneous phytochemicals have been introduced as promising anticancer agents by regulating the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Novel delivery systems of phytochemicals targeting the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in combating cancer are also highlighted in this review.

Application and research progress of cordycepin in the treatment of tumours (Review)

Cordycepin is a nucleoside molecule found in Cordyceps sinensis and can be obtained through chemical synthesis and biotransformation. Cordycepin has been extensively studied and has been shown to have antitumour activity. This activity includes effects on the autophagy process and inhibition of the MAPK/ERK and Hedgehog pathways. Ultimately, the inhibitory effect of cordycepin on tumour cells is due to the interplay of these effects. Cordycepin was shown to enhance the therapeutic effects of radiotherapy. There is increasing evidence indicating that cordycepin plays an anticancer role in the treatment of various cancers. The present review aims to provide a clear understanding of the antitumour mechanisms of cordycepin and discuss its present application in the treatment of tumours. This information can be an important theoretical basis and provide clinical guidance for the further development of cordycepin as an antitumour drug.

Declined flesh quality resulting from niacin deficiency is associated with elevated glycolysis and impaired mitochondrial homeostasis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Energy metabolism exerts profound impacts on flesh quality. Niacin can be transformed into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which is indispensable to energy metabolism. To investigate whether niacin deficiency could affect energy metabolism and flesh quality, six diets with graded levels of 0.49, 9.30, 21.30, 33.30, 45.30 and 57.30 mg/kg niacin were fed to grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) for 63 days. The results showed that niacin deficiency declined flesh quality by changing amino acid and fatty acid profiles, decreasing shear force, increasing cooking loss and accelerating pH decline. The accelerated pH decline might be associated with enhanced glycolysis as evident by increased hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, and mitochondrial dysfunction as evident by destroyed mitochondrial morphology, impaired respiratory chain complex I and antioxidant ability. Based on PWG and cooking loss, the niacin requirements for sub-adult grass carp were 31.95 mg/kg and 29.66 mg/kg diet, respectively.

Epithelial Piezo1 deletion ameliorates intestinal barrier damage by regulating ferroptosis in ulcerative colitis

Ferroptosis, a recently discovered form of regulated cell death, has been implicated in the development of ulcerative colitis (UC). While Piezo1's role in inducing ferroptosis in chondrocytes and pulmonary endothelial cells is documented, its regulatory function in ferroptosis and intestinal epithelial cells in UC remains unclear. To address this, colonic tissue samples from patients with UC were examined, and specific intestinal epithelial Piezo1-deficient (Piezo1ΔIEC) mice were created to investigate Piezo1's role in UC pathogenesis. Elevated epithelial Piezo1 levels were observed in patients with UC, correlating with increased ferroptosis and tight junction (TJ) disruption. In dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, Piezo1ΔIEC mice exhibited significantly reduced intestinal inflammation and improved gut barrier function compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, Piezo1 deficiency in colitis mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Caco-2 cells led to higher TJ protein levels, reduced lipid peroxidation, enhanced mitochondrial function, and altered expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins. Additionally, erastin, a ferroptosis activator, reversed the protective effect of Piezo1 silencing against LPS-induced ferroptosis in Caco-2 cells. Mechanistically, Piezo1 was found to regulate ferroptosis via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. These findings highlight a novel role for Piezo1 deletion in mitigating ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting Piezo1 as a potential therapeutic target for UC treatment.

AMPK: The energy sensor at the crossroads of aging and cancer

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a protein kinase that plays versatile roles in response to a variety of physiological stresses, including glucose deprivation, hypoxia, and ischemia. As a kinase with pleiotropic functions, it plays a complex role in tumor progression, exhibiting both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing activities. On one hand, AMPK enhances cancer cell proliferation and survival, promotes cancer metastasis, and impairs anti-tumor immunity. On the other hand, AMPK inhibits cancer cell growth and survival and stimulates immune responses in a context-dependent manner. Apart from these functions, AMPK plays a key role in orchestrating aging and aging-related disorders, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), Osteoarthritis (OA), and Diabetes. In this review article, we summarized the functions of AMPK pathway based on its oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles and highlighted the importance of AMPK pathway in regulating cellular aging. We also spotlighted the significant role of various signaling pathways, activators, and inhibitors of AMPK in serving as therapeutic strategies for anti-cancer and anti-aging therapy.

Metabolic reprogramming in the pathogenesis and progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique head and neck cancer with a complex etiology involving genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Despite progress in radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis for advanced NPC is still unfavorable, prompting the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Metabolic reprogramming plays a crucial role in the development and progression of NPC, marked by substantial changes in glycolysis, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. These alterations aid tumor cell proliferation, survival under stress, and immune evasion, with features such as enhanced aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) and shifts in lipid and amino acid pathways. Oncogenic drivers like MYC, RAS, EGFR, and the loss of tumor suppressors such as TP53 and PTEN, along with key signaling pathways including mTOR, AMPK, and HIF-1α, orchestrate these metabolic changes. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in NPC and outlines potential therapeutic targets within these pathways. Advances in metabolic imaging and biomarker discovery are also enhancing the precision of diagnostics and treatment monitoring, fostering personalized medicine in NPC treatment. This manuscript aims to provide a detailed overview of the current research and its implications for improving NPC management and patient outcomes through targeted metabolic therapies.

BBOX1 mediates metabolic reprogramming driven by hypoxia and participates in the malignant progress of high-grade serous ovarian cancer

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most aggressive type of ovarian cancer that causes great threats to women's health. Therefore, we performed RNA-sequencing technology in clinical samples to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of HGSOC. We then noticed BBOX1, a kind of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzyme that is highly expressed in HGSOC tumor tissues. Functional studies showed that BBOX1 promotes cell survival and growth of HGSOC cells in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of the wild-type BBOX1 promoted cell proliferation, but the Asn191 and Asn292 mutation (key amino acid for the enzymatic activity of BBOX1) counteracted this effect (P < 0.05), which indicated that the promotion effect of BBOX1 on HGSOC cell proliferation was related to its catalytic activity. Downregulation of BBOX1 reduced the activity of the mTORC1 pathway, and decreased protein expression of IP3R3 and phosphorylation level of S6KThr389. Metabolomics analysis revealed that BBOX1 is implicated in the glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism of HGSOC cells. In addition, inhibition of BBOX1 suppressed HGSOC cell glycolysis and decreased glucose consumption, lactate production, and the expression of key factors in glycolysis. Finally, we found hypoxia induced the expression of BBOX1 in HGSOC cells and confirmed that BBOX1 could be transcriptionally activated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, which could directly bind to the BBOX1 promoter. In summary, BBOX1 mediated the metabolic reprogramming driven by hypoxia, and affected cell metabolism through the mTORC1 pathway, thus acting as an oncogene during HGSOC development.

Enhancement of Bone Repair in Diabetic Rats with Metformin-Modified Silicified Collagen Scaffolds

Regenerating bone defects in diabetic rats presents a significant challenge due to the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species and impaired autophagy on bone healing. To address these issues, a metformin-modified biomimetic silicified collagen scaffold is developed utilizing the principles of biomimetic silicification. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the scaffold enhanced bone tissue regeneration within the diabetic microenvironment through the release of dual bio-factors. Further analysis reveals a potential therapeutic mechanism whereby these dual bio-factors synergistically promoted osteogenesis in areas of diabetic bone defects by improving mitochondrial autophagy and maintaining redox balance. The present study provides critical insights into the advancement of tissue engineering strategies aimed at bone regeneration in diabetic patients. The study also sheds light on the underlying biological mechanisms.

Exploration of the mechanism of fraxetin in treating acute myeloid leukemia based on network pharmacology and experimental verification

Objective

To explore the pharmacological mechanism of the effect of fraxetin in treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by the network pharmacology method combined with experimental validation.

Methods

The targets of fraxetin were identified through Swisstarget prediction, PhammerMap, and CTDBASE. Disease-related targets of AML were explored using GeneCards and DisGenet databases, and the intersected targets were analyzed in the String website to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Subsequently, gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were conducted using the DAVID database. Molecular docking of core proteins with drugs was performed using Auto Dock Vina software. Finally, the effect of fraxetin on AML was evaluated by in vitro experiments. The effect of fraxetin on AML cell proliferation was assessed by CCK8, the effect of fraxetin on AML cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry, and the expression of relevant protein targets was detected by Western blotting to evaluate the anti-AML effect of fraxetin.

Results

In this study, fraxetin exerts its effect against AML through 101 intersecting genes. The pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the pharmacological effects of fraxetin on AML were related to the Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway, and the molecular docking results indicated that fraxetin had an excellent binding affinity to both the core target and AMPK. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that fraxetin inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of THP1 and HL60 cells, and the western blotting results indicated that the p-AMPK of the fraxetin intervention group was significantly changed in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion

Fraxetin may modulate the AMPK signal pathway by interactine with the core target, thereby potentially therapeutic effect on AML.

An Integrated Approach Using Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation to Reveal the Therapeutic Mechanism of Weifuchun in Treating Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is a prevalent malignancy affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Weifuchun (WFC), a Chinese herbal prescription comprising red ginseng, Isodon amethystoides, and Fructus aurantii, is widely used in China for various chronic stomach disorders. However, its therapeutic role and mechanisms in treating GC remain unexplored. In a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial involving postoperative stages II and III GC patients, we compared adjuvant chemotherapy plus WFC (chemo plus WFC group) to adjuvant chemotherapy alone (chemo group) over 6 months. We assessed recurrence and metastasis rates and used systematic pharmacology to predict WFC's active components, screen target genes, and construct network interaction maps, were validated through in vitro experiments. The combined therapy significantly reduced 2-year recurrence and metastasis rates. We identified 67 active ingredients, 211 drug target proteins, 1539 disease targets, 105 shared targets, and 188 signaling pathways associated with WFC. WFC impacted cell apoptosis, proliferation, and the inflammatory response, with top tumor-related signaling pathways involving 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa-B (NFKB), and apoptosis. In vitro, WFC inhibited proliferation and migration while inducing apoptosis in GC cells, reduced VEGFA, TNFa, and IL6 expressions. Immunocytochemistry showed increased p-AMPK staining, and molecular analysis revealed decreased NFKB and phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) levels, increased p-AMPK and BAX protein levels in WFC-treated cells, effects reversed by Compound C. WFC's antitumor effects involve AMPK-dependent ERK1/2 and NFKB pathways, regulating proliferation, migration, and apoptosis in GC cells.

Ginsenoside Re inhibits non-small cell lung cancer progression by suppressing macrophage M2 polarization induced by AMPKα1/STING positive feedback loop

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) promote tumor cell metastasis by interacting with cancer cells. Ginsenoside Re is capable of modulating the host immune system and exerts anticancer effects through multiple pathways. Both AMPK and STING are involved in the regulation of MΦ polarization, thereby affecting tumor progression. However, whether there is a regulatory relationship between them and its effect on MΦ polarization and tumor progression is unclear. The aim of this study was to provide mechanistic evidence that ginsenoside Re modulates MΦ phenotype through inhibition of the AMPKα1/STING positive feedback loop and thus exerts an antimetastatic effect in NSCLC immunotherapy. Cell culture models and conditioned media (CM) systems were constructed, and the treated MΦ were analyzed by database analysis, RT-PCR, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence to determine the regulatory relationship between AMPK and STING and the effects of ginsenoside Re on MΦ polarization and tumor cells migration. The effects of ginsenoside Re (10, 20 mg/kg/day) on TAMs phenotype as well as tumor progression in mice were assessed by HE staining, immunohistochemical staining, and Western blotting. In this study, AMPKα1/STING positive feedback loop in NSCLC TAMs induced M2 type polarization, which in turn promoted NSCLC cell migration. In addition, ginsenoside Re was discovered to inhibit M2-like MΦ polarization, thereby inhibiting NSCLC cell migration. Mechanistically, Re was able to inhibit the formation of the AMPKα1/STING positive feedback loop, thereby inhibiting its induction of M2-like MΦ and consequently inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, in mouse models, Re was found to suppress LLC tumor growth and colonization by inhibiting M2-type polarization of TAMs. Our finding indicates that ginsenoside Re can effectively modulate MΦ polarization and thus play an important role in antimetastatic immunotherapy of NSCLC.

Regulation of bone homeostasis: signaling pathways and therapeutic targets

As a highly dynamic tissue, bone is continuously rebuilt throughout life. Both bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts constitute bone reconstruction homeostasis. The equilibrium of bone homeostasis is governed by many complicated signaling pathways that weave together to form an intricate network. These pathways coordinate the meticulous processes of bone formation and resorption, ensuring the structural integrity and dynamic vitality of the skeletal system. Dysregulation of the bone homeostatic regulatory signaling network contributes to the development and progression of many skeletal diseases. Significantly, imbalanced bone homeostasis further disrupts the signaling network and triggers a cascade reaction that exacerbates disease progression and engenders a deleterious cycle. Here, we summarize the influence of signaling pathways on bone homeostasis, elucidating the interplay and crosstalk among them. Additionally, we review the mechanisms underpinning bone homeostatic imbalances across diverse disease landscapes, highlighting current and prospective therapeutic targets and clinical drugs. We hope that this review will contribute to a holistic understanding of the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms sustaining bone homeostasis, which are promising to contribute to further research on bone homeostasis and shed light on the development of targeted drugs.

The activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibits the migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells by targeting Claudin-1 via epithelial-mesenchymal transition

BACKGROUND

The role of Claudin-1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) metastasis needs further clarification, particularly its impact on cell migration. Herein, our study aims to investigate the role of Claudin-1 in TSCC cell migration and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

36 TSCC tissue samples underwent immunohistochemical staining for Claudin-1. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted to evaluate Claudin-1 expression and distribution in TSCC cells. Claudin-1 knockdown cell lines were established using short hairpin RNA transfection. Migration effects were assessed through wound healing assays. Furthermore, the expression of EMT-associated molecules was measured via western blotting.

RESULTS

Claudin-1 expression decreased as TSCC malignancy increased. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation led to increased Claudin-1 expression and membrane translocation, inhibiting TSCC cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conversely, Claudin-1 knockdown reversed these inhibitory effects on migration and EMT caused by AMPK activation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated that AMPK activation suppresses TSCC cell migration by targeting Claudin-1 and EMT pathways.

Will AMPK be a potential therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma?

Cancer is the disease that poses the greatest threat to human health today. Among them, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is particularly prominent due to its high recurrence rate and extremely low five-year postoperative survival rate. In addition to surgical treatment, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy are the main methods for treating HCC. Due to the natural drug resistance of chemoradiotherapy and targeted drugs, satisfactory results have not been achieved in terms of therapeutic efficacy and cost. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase. It mainly coordinates the metabolism and transformation of energy between cells, which maintaining a balance between energy supply and demand. The processes of cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and survival all involve various reaction of cells to energy changes. The regulatory role of AMPK in cellular energy metabolism plays an important role in the occurrence, development, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. Here, we reviewed the latest progress on the regulatory role of AMPK in the occurrence and development of HCC. Firstly, the molecular structure and activation mechanism of AMPK were introduced. Secondly, the emerging regulator related to AMPK and tumors were elaborated. Next, the multitasking roles of AMPK in the occurrence and development mechanism of HCC were discussed separately. Finally, the translational implications and the challenges of AMPK-targeted therapies for HCC treatment were elaborated. In summary, these pieces of information suggest that AMPK can serve as a promising specific therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.

TRIM27 promotes the Warburg effect and glioblastoma progression via inhibiting the LKB1/AMPK/mTOR axis

Altered protein ubiquitination is associated with cancer. The novel tripartite motif (TRIM) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases have been reported to play crucial roles in the development, growth, and metastasis of various tumors. The TRIM family member TRIM27 acts as a potential promoter of tumor development in a wide range of cancers. However, little is known regarding the biological features and clinical relevance of TRIM27 in glioblastoma (GBM). Here, we report findings of elevated TRIM27 expression in GBM tissues and GBM cell lines. Further functional analysis showed that TRIM27 deletion inhibited GBM cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that TRIM27 promoted the growth of GBM cells by enhancing the Warburg effect. Additionally, the inactivation of the LKB1/AMPK/mTOR pathway was critical for the oncogenic effects of TRIM27 in GBM. Mechanistically, TRIM27 could directly bind to LKB1 and promote the ubiquitination and degradation of LKB1, which in turn enhanced the Warburg effect and GBM progression. Collectively, these data suggest that TRIM27 contributes to GNM pathogenesis by inhibiting the LKB1/AMPK/mTOR axis and may be a promising candidate as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic marker for patients with GBM.

Metabolomics analyses reveal the crucial role of ERK in regulating metabolic pathways associated with the proliferation of human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells treated with Glabridin

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTC) are a heterogeneous group of T-cell lymphoproliferative malignancies of the skin with limited treatment options, increased resistance and remission. Metabolic reprogramming is vital in orchestrating the uncontrolled growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Importantly, deregulated signalling plays a significant role in metabolic reprogramming. Considering the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in cancer-cell growth and proliferation, target identification and the development of novel and multi-targeting agents are imperative. The present study explores the underlying mechanisms and metabolic signalling pathways associated with Glabridin mediated anti-cancer actions in CTCL. Our results show that Glabridin significantly inhibits the growth of CTCL cells through induction of programmed cell death (PCD) such as apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. Interestingly, results further show that Glabridin induces PCD in CTCL cells by targeting MAPK signalling pathways, particularly the activation of ERK. Further, Glabridin also sensitized CTCL cells to the anti-cancer drug, bortezomib. Importantly, LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses further showed that Glabridin targeted multiple metabolites and metabolic pathways intricately involved in cancer cell growth and proliferation in an ERK-dependent fashion. Overall, our findings revealed that Glabridin induces PCD and attenuates the expression of regulatory proteins and metabolites involved in orchestrating the uncontrolled proliferation of CTCL cells through ERK activation. Therefore, Glabridin possesses important features of an ideal anti-cancer agent.

The role of AMPK in pancreatic cancer: from carcinogenesis to treatment

Pancreatic cancer has doubled over the previous two decades. Routine therapies are becoming incredibly resistant and failing to compensate for the burden caused by this aggressive neoplasm. As genetic susceptibility has always been a highlighted concern for this disease, identifying the molecular pathways involved in the survival and function of pancreatic cancer cells provides insight into its variant etiologies, one of which is the role of AMPK. This regulating factor of cell metabolism is crucial in the homeostasis and growth of the cell. Herein, we review the possible role of AMPK in pancreatic cancer while considering its leading effects on glycolysis and autophagy. Then, we assess the probable therapeutic agents that have resulted from the suggested pathways. Studying the underlying genetic changes in pancreatic cancer provides a chance to detect and treat patients suffering from advanced stages of the disease, and those who have given up their hope on conventional therapies can gain an opportunity to combat this cancer.

O-GlcNAc Modification Is a Promising Therapeutic Target for Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a very serious diabetes complication. Changes in the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification are associated with many diseases. However, its role in DR is not fully understood. In this research, we explored the effect of O-GlcNAc modification regulation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in DR, providing some evidence for clinical DR treatment in the future. Bioinformatics was used to make predictions from the database, which were validated using the serum samples of diabetic patients. As an in vivo model, diabetic mice were induced using streptozotocin (STZ) injection with/without an AMPK agonist (metformin) or an AMPK inhibitor (compound C) treatment. Electroretinogram (ERG) and H&E staining were used to evaluate the retinal functional and morphological changes. In vitro, 661 w cells were exposed to high-glucose conditions, with or without metformin treatment. Apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL staining. The protein expression was detected using Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The angiogenesis ability was detected using a tube formation assay. The levels of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in the serum changed in the DR patients in the clinic. In the diabetic mice, the ERG wave amplitude and retinal thickness decreased. In vitro, the apoptotic cell percentage and Bax expression were increased, and Bcl2 expression was decreased in the 661 w cells under high-glucose conditions. The O-GlcNAc modification was increased in DR. In addition, the expression of GFAT/TXNIP O-GlcNAc was also increased in the 661 w cells after the high-glucose treatment. Additionally, the Co-immunoprecipitation(CO-IP) results show that TXNIP interacted with the O-GlcNAc modification. However, AMPK activation ameliorated this effect. We also found that silencing the AMPKα1 subunit reversed this process. In addition, the conditioned medium of the 661 w cells may have affected the tube formation in vitro. Taken together, O-GlcNAc modification was increased in DR with photoreceptor cell degeneration and neovascularization; however, it was reversed after activating AMPK. The underlying mechanism is linked to the GFAT/TXNIP-O-GlcNAc modification signaling axis. Therefore, the AMPKα1 subunit plays a vital role in the process.

Activation of AMPK inhibits cervical cancer growth by hyperacetylation of H3K9 through PCAF

BACKGROUND

Dysregulation in histone acetylation, a significant epigenetic alteration closely associated with major pathologies including cancer, promotes tumorigenesis, inactivating tumor-suppressor genes and activating oncogenic pathways. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor that regulates a multitude of biological processes. Although a number of studies have identified the mechanisms by which AMPK regulates cancer growth, the underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain unknown.

METHODS

The impact of metformin, an AMPK activator, on cervical cancer was evaluated through assessments of cell viability, tumor xenograft model, pan-acetylation analysis, and the role of the AMPK-PCAF-H3K9ac signaling pathway. Using label-free quantitative acetylproteomics and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP) technology, the activation of AMPK-induced H3K9 acetylation was further investigated.

RESULTS

In this study, we found that metformin, acting as an AMPK agonist, activates AMPK, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of cervical cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, AMPK activation induces H3K9 acetylation at epigenetic level, leading to chromatin remodeling in cervical cancer. This also enhances the binding of H3K9ac to the promoter regions of multiple tumor suppressor genes, thereby promoting their transcriptional activation. Furthermore, the absence of PCAF renders AMPK activation incapable of inducing H3K9 acetylation.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that AMPK mediates the inhibition of cervical cancer growth through PCAF-dependent H3K9 acetylation. This discovery not only facilitates the clinical application of metformin but also underscores the essential role of PCAF in AMPK activation-induced H3K9 hyperacetylation.

Metformin as anticancer agent and adjuvant in cancer combination therapy: Current progress and future prospect

Metformin, as the preferred antihyperglycemic drug for type 2 diabetes, has been found to have a significant effect in inhibiting tumor growth in recent years. However, metformin alone in cancer treatment has the disadvantages of high dose concentrations and few targeted cancer types. Increasing studies have confirmed that metformin can be used in combination with conventional anticancer therapy to obtain more promising clinical benefits, which is expected to be rapidly transformed and applied in clinic. Some combination therapy strategies including metformin combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been proven to have more significant antitumor effects and longer survival time than monotherapy. In this review, we summarize the synergistic antitumor effects and mechanisms of metformin in combination with other current conventional anticancer therapies. In addition, we update the research progress and the latest prospect of the metformin-combined application in the cancer treatment. This work could provide more evidence and future direction for the clinical application of metformin in antitumor.

Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds in Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a common and fatal cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity, mortality and very poor prognosis worldwide. SAH can induce a complex series of pathophysiological processes, and the main factors affecting its prognosis are early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). The pathophysiological features of EBI mainly include intense neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction and brain edema, while DCI is characterized by delayed onset ischemic neurological deficits and cerebral vasospasm (CVS). Despite much exploration in people to improve the prognostic outcome of SAH, effective treatment strategies are still lacking. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that natural compounds of plant origin have unique neuro- and vascular protective effects in EBI and DCI after SAH and long-term neurological deficits, which mainly include inhibition of inflammatory response, reduction of oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and improvement of blood-brain barrier and cerebral vasospasm. The aim of this paper is to systematically explore the processes of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in SAH, and to summarize natural compounds as potential targets for improving the prognosis of SAH and their related mechanisms of action for future therapies.

Circular RNA COL1A1 promotes Warburg effect and tumor growth in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), pivotal in the pathogenesis and progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), remain a significant point of investigation for potential therapeutic interventions. Our research was driven by the objective to decipher the roles and underlying mechanisms of hsa_circ_0044569 (circCOL1A1) in governing the malignant phenotypes and the Warburg effect in NPC.

METHODS

We systematically collected samples from NPC tissues and normal nasopharyngeal epithelial counterparts. The expression levels of circCOL1A1, microRNA-370-5p (miR-370-5p), and prothymosin alpha (PTMA) were quantitatively determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting. Transfections in NPC cell lines were conducted using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or vectors carrying the pcDNA 3.1 construct for overexpression studies. We interrogated the circCOL1A1/miR-370-5p/PTMA axis's role in cellular functions through a series of assays: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide for cell viability, colony formation for growth, Transwell assays for migration and invasion, and Western blotting for protein expression profiling. To elucidate the molecular interactions, we employed luciferase reporter assays and RNA immunoprecipitation techniques.

RESULTS

Our investigations revealed that circCOL1A1 was a stable circRNA, highly expressed in both NPC tissues and derived cell lines. A correlation analysis with clinical pathological features demonstrated a significant association between circCOL1A1 expression, lymph node metastasis, and the tumor node metastasis staging system of NPC. Functionally, silencing circCOL1A1 led to substantial suppression of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metabolic alterations characteristic of the Warburg effect in NPC cells. At the molecular level, circCOL1A1 appeared to modulate PTMA expression by acting as a competitive endogenous RNA or 'sponge' for miR-370-5p, which in turn promoted the malignant characteristics of NPC cells.

CONCLUSION

To conclude, our findings delineate that circCOL1A1 exerts its oncogenic influence in NPC through the modulation of the miR-370-5p/PTMA signaling axis.

Emerging roles of circular RNAs in regulating the hallmarks of thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is a prevalent endocrine malignancy with increasing incidence in recent years. Although most thyroid cancers grow slowly, they can become refractory, leading to a high mortality rate once they exhibit recurrence, metastasis, resistance to radioiodine therapy, or a lack of differentiation. However, the mechanisms underlying these malignant characteristics remain unclear. Circular RNAs, a type of closed-loop non-coding RNAs, play multiple roles in cancer. Several studies have demonstrated that circular RNAs significantly influence the development of thyroid cancers. In this review, we summarize the circular RNAs identified in thyroid cancers over the past decade according to the hallmarks of cancer. We found that eight of the 14 hallmarks of thyroid cancers are regulated by circular RNAs, whereas the other six have not been reported to be correlated with circular RNAs. This review is expected to help us better understand the roles of circular RNAs in thyroid cancers and accelerate research on the mechanisms and cure strategies for thyroid cancers.

Trifluoperazine activates AMPK / mTOR / ULK1 signaling pathway to induce mitophagy in osteosarcoma cells

Osteosarcoma is a prevalent kind of primary bone malignancy. Trifluoperazine, as an antipsychotic drug, has anti-tumor activity against a variety of cancers. Nevertheless, the impact of trifluoperazine on osteosarcoma is unclear. Our investigation aimed to explore the mechanism of trifluoperazine's effect on osteosarcoma. We found that trifluoperazine inhibited 143B and U2-OS osteosarcoma cell proliferation in a method based on the dose. Furthermore, it was shown that trifluoperazine induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause mitochondrial damage and induced mitophagy in osteosarcoma cells. Finally, combined with RNA-seq results, we first demonstrated the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway as a potential mechanism of trifluoperazine-mediated mitophagy in osteosarcoma cells and can be suppressed by AMPK inhibitor Compound C.

Integrated RNA expression and alternative polyadenylation analysis identified CPSF1-CCDC137 oncogenic axis in lung adenocarcinoma

This study aims to analyze the RNA expression and alternative polyadenylation (APA) events and identify APA tuned genes with prognostic significance in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Genome-wide RNA expression profile and APA events were acquired in LUAD cancer and normal samples in GSE197346. Comparative analysis screened common deregulated genes and transcripts. All 11 and 19 transcripts were up and down expressed and polyadenylated in cancer samples, respectively. Clinical analysis found eight genes with prognostic significance, such as coiled-coil domain containing 137 (CCDC137). Role of CCDC137 in LUAD was first reported in this study. The cellular and animal experiments indicated that downregulated CCDC137 suppressed the malignant tumor phenotype and tumor growth in LUAD. Then, to identify APA regulators for elevated CCDC137, we analyzed the expression of 26 APA regulators in GSE197346 and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and found 4 differential regulators: CPSF1, CELF2, NUDT21, and ELAVL1. At last, the correlation of eight genes with four differential APA regulators was analyzed, and CPSF1 showed a strong positive correlation with CCDC137. Based on the above results, we propose an oncogenic axis of CPSF1-CCDC137 in LUAD. This study first constructed a polyadenylation tuned RNA expression map in LUAD, and the proposed oncogenic axis of CPSF1-CCDC137 would shed light on the pathogenesis of LUAD.

The burgeoning importance of PIWI-interacting RNAs in cancer progression

PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules that specifically bind to piwi protein family members to exert regulatory functions in germ cells. Recent studies have found that piRNAs, as tissue-specific molecules, both play oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles in cancer progression, including cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance and stemness. Additionally, the atypical manifestation of piRNAs and PIWI proteins in various malignancies presents a promising strategy for the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the diagnosis and management of tumors. Nonetheless, the precise functions of piRNAs in cancer progression and their underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully comprehended. This review aims to examine current research on the biogenesis and functions of piRNA and its burgeoning importance in cancer progression, thereby offering novel perspectives on the potential utilization of piRNAs and piwi proteins in the management and treatment of advanced cancer.

Brucea javanica derived exosome-like nanovesicles deliver miRNAs for cancer therapy

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by complex heterogeneity, high recurrence and metastasis rates, and short overall survival, owing to the lack of endocrine and targeted receptors, which necessitates chemotherapy as the major treatment regimen. Exosome-like nanovesicles derived from medicinal plants have shown great potential as novel biotherapeutics for cancer therapy by delivering their incorporated nucleic acids, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), to mammalian cells. In this study, we isolated exosome-like nanovesicles derived from B. javanica (BF-Exos) and investigated their influence and underlying molecular mechanisms in TNBC. We found that BF-Exos delivered 10 functional miRNAs to 4T1 cells, significantly retarding the growth and metastasis of 4T1 cells by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and promoting ROS/caspase-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, BF-Exos were shown to inhibit the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, contributing to anti-angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. In vivo, BF-Exos inhibited tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in breast tumor mouse models, while maintaining high biosafety. Overall, BF-Exos are considered promising nanoplatforms for the delivery of medicinal plant-derived nucleic acids, with great potential to be developed into novel biotherapeutics for the treatment of TNBC.

Protective Effects of Red Ginseng Against Tacrine-Induced Hepatotoxicity: An Integrated Approach with Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation

Introduction

Tacrine, an FDA-approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, has shown efficacy in treating Alzheimer's disease, but its clinical use is limited by hepatotoxicity. This study investigates the protective effects of red ginseng against tacrine-induced hepatotoxicity, focusing on oxidative stress.

Methods

A network depicting the interaction between compounds and targets was constructed for RG. Effect of RG was determined by MTT and FACS analysis with cells stained by rhodamine 123. Proteins were extracted and subjected to immunoblotting for apoptosis-related proteins.

Results

The outcomes of the network analysis revealed a significant association, with 20 out of 82 identified primary RG targets aligning with those involved in oxidative liver damage including notable interactions within the AMPK pathway. in vitro experiments showed that RG, particularly at 1000μg/mL, mitigated tacrine-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage, while activating the LKB1-mediated AMPK pathway and Hippo-Yap signaling. In mice, RG also protected the liver injury induced by tacrine, as similar protective effects to silymarin, a well-known drug for liver toxicity protection.

Discussion

Our study reveals the potential of RG in mitigating tacrine-induced hepatotoxicity, suggesting the administration of natural products like RG to reduce toxicity in Alzheimer's disease treatment.

Topical rhubarb charcoal-crosslinked chitosan/silk fibroin sponge scaffold for the repair of diabetic ulcers improves hepatic lipid deposition in db/db mice via the AMPK signalling pathway

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely linked to metabolic syndrome, characterised by insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, abnormal lipid metabolism, and chronic inflammation. Diabetic ulcers (DUs) comprise consequential complications that arise as a result of T2DM. To investigate, db/db mice were used for the disease model. The findings demonstrated that a scaffold made from a combination of rhubarb charcoal-crosslinked chitosan and silk fibroin, designated as RCS/SF, was able to improve the healing process of diabetic wounds in db/db mice. However, previous studies have primarily concentrated on investigating the impacts of the RSC/SF scaffold on wound healing only, while its influence on the entire body has not been fully elucidated.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The silk fibroin/chitosan sponge scaffold containing rhubarb charcoal was fabricated in the present study using a freeze-drying approach. Subsequently, an incision with a diameter of 8 mm was made on the dorsal skin of the mice, and the RCS/SF scaffold was applied directly to the wound for 14 days. Subsequently, the impact of RCS/SF scaffold therapy on hepatic lipid metabolism was assessed through analysis of serum and liver biochemistry, histopathology, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting.

RESULTS

The use of the RCS/SF scaffold led to an enhancement in the conditions associated with serum glucolipid metabolism in db/db mice. An assessment of hepatic histopathology further confirmed this enhancement. Additionally, the qRT-PCR analysis revealed that treatment with RCS/SF scaffold resulted in the downregulation of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid uptake, triglyceride (TG) synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and inflammatory factors. Moreover, the beneficial effect of the RCS/SF scaffold on oxidative stress was shown by assessing antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, the network pharmacology analysis verified that the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway had a vital function in mitigating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by utilizing R. officinale. The measurement of AMPK, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) gene and protein expression provided support for this discovery. Furthermore, the molecular docking investigations revealed a robust affinity between the active components of rhubarb and the downstream targets of AMPK (SREBP1 and FASN).

CONCLUSION

By regulating the AMPK signalling pathway, the RCS/SF scaffold applied topically effectively mitigated hepatic lipid accumulation, decreased inflammation, and attenuated oxidative stress. The present study, therefore, emphasises the crucial role of the topical RCS/SF scaffold in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, thereby confirming the concept of "external and internal reshaping".

Pyroptosis: Mechanisms and links with diabetic cardiomyopathy

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia that seriously affects human health. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major cardiovascular complication and one of the main causes of death in patients with DM. Although DCM attracts great attention, and new therapeutic methods are continuously developed, there is a lack of effective treatment strategies. Therefore, exploring and targeting new signalling pathways related to the evolution of DCM becomes a hotspot and difficulty in the prevention and treatment of DCM. Pyroptosis is a newly discovered regulated cell death that is heavily dependent on the formation of plasma membrane pores by members of the gasdermin protein family and is reported to be involved in the occurrence, development, and pathogenesis of DCM. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis, its involvement in the relevant signalling pathways of DCM, and potential pyroptosis-targeting therapeutic strategies for the treatment of DCM. Our review provides new insights into the use of pyroptosis as a useful tool for the prevention and treatment of DCM and clarifies future research directions.

Corydalis saxicola Bunting total alkaloids improve NAFLD by suppressing de novo lipogenesis through the AMPK-SREBP1 axis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Along with the gradually increasing incidence, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has already been influencing the health of more and more people in the world. Corydalis saxicola Bunting (CSB), a valuable folk medicine, is the dried whole grass of a perennial herb, Yanhuanglian (Papaveraceae), which has significant effects on various hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and other liver diseases. Corydalis saxicola Bunting total alkaloids (CSBTA), a mixture of alkaloids extracted from CSB, exhibit widely-accepted hepatoprotective effects.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of CSBTA on NAFLD and the underlying mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A mice model was established by high fat and high cholesterol diet (HFHCD) to study the benefits of CSBTA on the progression of NAFLD. The efficacy of CSBTA on NAFLD was revealed systematically via RNA-sequencing analysis. Further efficacy and molecular mechanism study were explored in mouse primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells stimulated with high energy with or without pharmacological inhibition or gene silencing.

RESULTS

CSBTA effectively improved the major hallmarks of NAFLD including liver lipid accumulation, liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis in HFHCD-fed mice. RNA sequencing and targeted qPCR analysis jointly evidenced CSBTA significantly suppressed the expression of Srebf1, Acc1 and Fasn which are the genes responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis. Moreover, stable isotope tracer test denoted CSBTA reduced lipid accumulation via interrupting fatty acid biosynthesis in hepatocytes or the liver. Mechanistically, CSBTA could impede SREBP1 maturation via AMPK activation, thereby reducing DNL-derived lipid accumulation in hepatocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

CSBTA protected against hepatic steatosis and other hallmarks of NAFLD induced by HFHCD via suppressing DNL, through modulating the AMPK-SREBP1 axis. CSBTA may therefore have a therapeutic potential for NAFLD treatment.

Silibinin, a potential fasting mimetic, inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by triggering extrinsic apoptosis

Fasting, without inducing malnutrition, has been shown to have various beneficial effects, including the inhibition of tumor initiation and progression. However, prolonged fasting poses challenges for many cancer patients, particularly those in intermediate and terminal stages. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of fasting mimetics which harness the protective effects of fasting but more suitable for patients. In this study, we first highlighted the pivotal role of silibinin in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and may serve, as a potential fasting mimetic via screening hepatoprotective drugs. Further metabolic analysis showed that silibinin inhibited the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, glucose uptake and diminished glycolysis process, which further confirmed that silibinin served as a fasting mimetic. In addition, fasting synergized with silibinin, or used independently, to suppress the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vivo. Mechanistically, silibinin upregulated death receptor 5 (DR5) through AMPK activation, and thus promoting extrinsic apoptosis and inhibiting HCC growth both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of AMPK using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, significantly attenuated the upregulation of DR5 and the apoptotic response induced by silibinin. These findings suggest that silibinin holds promise as a fasting mimetic and may serve as an adjuvant drug for HCC treatment.

RGCC-mediated PLK1 activity drives breast cancer lung metastasis by phosphorylating AMPKα2 to activate oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation

BACKGROUND

More than 90% of the mortality of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients is attributed to cancer metastasis with organotropism. The lung is a frequent site of TNBC metastasis. However, the precise molecular mechanism for lung-specific metastasis of TNBC is not well understood.

METHODS

RNA sequencing was performed to identify patterns of gene expression associated with lung metastatic behavior using 4T1-LM3, MBA-MB-231-LM3, and their parental cells (4T1-P, MBA-MB-231-P). Expressions of RGCC, called regulator of cell cycle or response gene to complement 32 protein, were detected in TNBC cells and tissues by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Kinase activity assay was performed to evaluate PLK1 kinase activity. The amount of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase α2 (AMPKα2) was detected by immunoblotting. RGCC-mediated metabolism was determined by UHPLC system. Oxidative phosphorylation was evaluated by JC-1 staining and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) assay. Fatty acid oxidation assay was conducted to measure the status of RGCC-mediated fatty acid oxidation. NADPH and ROS levels were detected by well-established assays. The chemical sensitivity of cells was evaluated by CCK8 assay.

RESULTS

RGCC is aberrantly upregulated in pulmonary metastatic cells. High level of RGCC is significantly related with lung metastasis in comparison with other organ metastases. RGCC can effectively promote kinase activity of PLK1, and the activated PLK1 phosphorylates AMPKα2 to facilitate TNBC lung metastasis. Mechanistically, the RGCC/PLK1/AMPKα2 signal axis increases oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria to generate more energy, and promotes fatty acid oxidation to produce abundant NADPH. These metabolic changes contribute to sustaining redox homeostasis and preventing excessive accumulation of potentially detrimental ROS in metastatic tumor cells, thereby supporting TNBC cell survival and colonization during metastases. Importantly, targeting RGCC in combination with paclitaxel/carboplatin effectively suppresses pulmonary TNBC lung metastasis in a mouse model.

CONCLUSIONS

RGCC overexpression is significantly associated with lung-specific metastasis of TNBC. RGCC activates AMPKα2 and downstream signaling through RGCC-driven PLK1 activity to facilitate TNBC lung metastasis. The study provides implications for RGCC-driven OXPHOS and fatty acid oxidation as important therapeutic targets for TNBC treatment.

ADP-dependent glucokinase controls metabolic fitness in prostate cancer progression

BACKGROUND

Cell metabolism plays a pivotal role in tumor progression, and targeting cancer metabolism might effectively kill cancer cells. We aimed to investigate the role of hexokinases in prostate cancer (PCa) and identify a crucial target for PCa treatment.

METHODS

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, online tools and clinical samples were used to assess the expression and prognostic role of ADP-dependent glucokinase (ADPGK) in PCa. The effect of ADPGK expression on PCa cell malignant phenotypes was validated in vitro and in vivo. Quantitative proteomics, metabolomics, and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) tests were performed to evaluate the impact of ADPGK on PCa metabolism. The underlying mechanisms were explored through ADPGK overexpression and knockdown, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), ECAR analysis and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays.

RESULTS

ADPGK was the only glucokinase that was both upregulated and predicted worse overall survival (OS) in prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD). Clinical sample analysis demonstrated that ADPGK was markedly upregulated in PCa tissues vs. non-PCa tissues. High ADPGK expression indicates worse survival outcomes, and ADPGK serves as an independent factor of biochemical recurrence. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that ADPGK overexpression promoted PCa cell proliferation and migration, and ADPGK inhibition suppressed malignant phenotypes. Metabolomics, proteomics, and ECAR and OCR tests revealed that ADPGK significantly accelerated glycolysis in PCa. Mechanistically, ADPGK binds aldolase C (ALDOC) to promote glycolysis via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. ALDOC was positively correlated with ADPGK, and high ALDOC expression was associated with worse survival outcomes in PCa.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, ADPGK is a driving factor in PCa progression, and its high expression contributes to a poor prognosis in PCa patients. ADPGK accelerates PCa glycolysis and progression by activating ALDOC-AMPK signaling, suggesting that ADPGK might be an effective target and marker for PCa treatment and prognosis evaluation.

Sakurasosaponin inhibits lung cancer cell proliferation by inducing autophagy via AMPK activation

Sakurasosaponin (S-saponin; PubChem ID: 3085160), a recently identified saponin from the roots of Primula sieboldii, has shown potential anticancer properties against various types of cancer. In the present study, the effects of S-saponin on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell proliferation and the underlying mechanisms, were investigated. The effect of S-saponin on cell proliferation and cell death were assessed CCK-8, clonogenic assay, western blotting and Annexin V/PI double staining. S-saponin-induced autophagy was determined by confocal microscopic analysis and immunoblotting. S-saponin inhibited the proliferation of A549 and H1299 NSCLC cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner, without inducing apoptosis. S-saponin treatment induced autophagy in these cells, as evidenced by the increased LC3-II levels and GFP-LC3 puncta formation. It activated the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, which is crucial for autophagy induction. Inhibition of AMPK with Compound C or siRNA-mediated knockdown of AMPK abrogated S-saponin-induced autophagy and partially rescued cell proliferation. Therefore, S-saponin exerts anti-proliferative effects on NSCLC cells through autophagy induction via AMPK activation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of S-saponin in NSCLC cells could provide insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for NSCLC.

Current status and frontier tracking of clinical trials on Metformin for cancer treatment

PURPOSE

Metformin has been used clinically for more than six decades. Over time, numerous remarkable effects of metformin beyond the clinic have been discovered and discussed. Metformin has been shown to have a favorable impact on cancer therapy in addition to its clinically recognized hypoglycemic effect. However, the antitumor efficacy of metformin in humans has not been clearly demonstrated yet. Hence, a systematic analysis of the existing trials is necessary.

METHODS

Here, we retrieved clinical trials from the Clinical Trials.gov database to overview the clinical development of metformin for the treatment of cancer, analyze existing clinical results, and summarize some promising applications for specific cancer therapies.

RESULTS

The potential application of metformin contains three directions: Firstly, improvement of metabolic factors associated with treatment effects, such as insulin resistance and peripheral neuropathy. Secondly, in combination with immune checkpoint blockade effects. Finally, use it for the endocrine treatment of hormone-dependent cancers.

CONCLUSION

Although the outcomes of metformin as a repurposed agent in some trials have been unsatisfactory, it still has the potential to be used in select cancer therapy settings.

Two-Dimensional-PAGE Coupled with nLC-MS/MS-Based Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins and Tumorigenic Pathways in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells Transfected for JTB Protein Silencing

The identification of new cancer-associated genes/proteins, the characterization of their expression variation, the interactomics-based assessment of differentially expressed genes/proteins (DEGs/DEPs), and understanding the tumorigenic pathways and biological processes involved in BC genesis and progression are necessary and possible by the rapid and recent advances in bioinformatics and molecular profiling strategies. Taking into account the opinion of other authors, as well as based on our own team's in vitro studies, we suggest that the human jumping translocation breakpoint (hJTB) protein might be considered as a tumor biomarker for BC and should be studied as a target for BC therapy. In this study, we identify DEPs, carcinogenic pathways, and biological processes associated with JTB silencing, using 2D-PAGE coupled with nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) proteomics applied to a MCF7 breast cancer cell line, for complementing and completing our previous results based on SDS-PAGE, as well as in-solution proteomics of MCF7 cells transfected for JTB downregulation. The functions of significant DEPs are analyzed using GSEA and KEGG analyses. Almost all DEPs exert pro-tumorigenic effects in the JTBlow condition, sustaining the tumor suppressive function of JTB. Thus, the identified DEPs are involved in several signaling and metabolic pathways that play pro-tumorigenic roles: EMT, ERK/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR, C-MYC, NF-κB, IFN-γ and IFN-α responses, UPR, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. These pathways sustain cancer cell growth, adhesion, survival, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, resistance to apoptosis, tight junctions and cytoskeleton reorganization, the maintenance of stemness, metabolic reprogramming, survival in a hostile environment, and sustain a poor clinical outcome. In conclusion, JTB silencing might increase the neoplastic phenotype and behavior of the MCF7 BC cell line. The data is available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD046265.

Quercetin and AMPK: A Dynamic Duo in Alleviating MG-Induced Inflammation via the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB Pathway

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is recognized as a principal causative agent of avian chronic respiratory disease, inflicting substantial economic losses upon the poultry industry. However, the extensive use of conventional antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of drug resistance and various challenges in their clinical application. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify effective therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of mycoplasma-induced respiratory disease in avian species. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) holds significant importance as a regulator of cellular energy metabolism and possesses the capacity to exert an anti-inflammatory effect by virtue of its downstream protein, SIRT1. This pathway has shown promise in counteracting the inflammatory responses triggered by pathogenic infections, thus providing a novel target for studying infectious inflammation. Quercetin possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has garnered attention as a potential alternative to antibiotics. However, there exists a gap in knowledge concerning the impact of this activation on MG-induced inflammatory damage. To address this knowledge gap, we employed AlphaFold2 prediction, molecular docking, and kinetic simulation methods to perform a systematic analysis. As expected, we found that both quercetin and the AMPK activator AICAR activate the chicken AMPKγ1 subunit in a similar manner, which was further validated at the cellular level. Our project aims to unravel the underlying mechanisms of quercetin's action as an agonist of AMPK against the inflammatory damage induced by MG infection. Accordingly, we evaluated the effects of quercetin on the prevention and treatment of air sac injury, lung morphology, immunohistochemistry, AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway activity, and inflammatory factors in MG-infected chickens. The results confirmed that quercetin effectively inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, leading to improved respiratory inflammation injury. Furthermore, quercetin was shown to enhance the levels of phosphorylated AMPK and SIRT1 while reducing the levels of phosphorylated P65 and pro-inflammatory factors. In conclusion, our study identifies the AMPK cascade signaling pathway as a novel cellular mediator responsible for quercetin's ability to counter MG-induced inflammatory damage. This finding highlights the potential significance of this pathway as an important target for anti-inflammatory drug research in the context of avian respiratory diseases.

Fumarate hydratase (FH) and cancer: a paradigm of oncometabolism

Fumarate hydratase (FH) is an enzyme of the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle whose mutations lead to hereditary and sporadic forms of cancer. Although more than twenty years have passed since its discovery as the leading cause of the cancer syndrome Hereditary leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Carcinoma (HLRCC), it is still unclear how the loss of FH causes cancer in a tissue-specific manner and with such aggressive behaviour. It has been shown that FH loss, via the accumulation of FH substrate fumarate, activates a series of oncogenic cascades whose contribution to transformation is still under investigation. In this review, we will summarise these recent findings in an integrated fashion and put forward the case that understanding the biology of FH and how its mutations promote transformation will be vital to establish novel paradigms of oncometabolism.

Glucose restriction induces AMPK-SIRT1-mediated circadian clock gene Per expression and delays NSCLC progression

The rhythmic expression of the circadian clock is intimately linked to the health status of the body. Disturbed circadian clock rhythms might lead to a wide range of metabolic diseases and even cancers. Our previous study showed that glucose restriction was able to inhibit non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the current study, we found that glucose restriction enhanced apoptosis and cell growth delay in NSCLC cells. In addition, we used GEPIA database analysis to derive different effects of each circadian clock gene on lung cancer tissue. Among these circadian clock genes, Per (Period) is lowly expressed in cancer tissues and highly expressed in normal tissues. Moreover, the higher expression of Per in cancer patients has a better prognostic significance. Furthermore, we revealed that glucose restriction induced the expression of the circadian clock gene Per in NSCLC cells by upregulating SIRT1 (Sirtuin1) via activation of the energy response factor AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase). Changes in Per expression following upregulation or downregulation of AMPK were consistent with AMPK expression. Additionally, a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet significantly delayed tumor progression in a xenograft tumor model of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Meanwhile, the ketogenic diet increased the expression of AMPK, SIRT1 and Per in vivo. Besides, the ketogenic diet was found to restore the normal rhythmic level of Per by Zeitgeber Time (ZT) experiments. Taken these together, these results indicated a novel mechanism that glucose restriction induces AMPK-SIRT1 mediated circadian clock gene Per expression and delays NSCLC progression, which provided more evidence for glucose restriction as an adjuvant clinical therapeutic strategy in NSCLC.

Non-Genomic Hallmarks of Aging-The Review

Aging is a natural, gradual, and inevitable process associated with a series of changes at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels that can lead to an increased risk of many diseases, including cancer. The most significant changes at the genomic level (DNA damage, telomere shortening, epigenetic changes) and non-genomic changes are referred to as hallmarks of aging. The hallmarks of aging and cancer are intertwined. Many studies have focused on genomic hallmarks, but non-genomic hallmarks are also important and may additionally cause genomic damage and increase the expression of genomic hallmarks. Understanding the non-genomic hallmarks of aging and cancer, and how they are intertwined, may lead to the development of approaches that could influence these hallmarks and thus function not only to slow aging but also to prevent cancer. In this review, we focus on non-genomic changes. We discuss cell senescence, disruption of proteostasis, deregualation of nutrient sensing, dysregulation of immune system function, intercellular communication, mitochondrial dysfunction, stem cell exhaustion and dysbiosis.

The Immune Regulatory Role of Adenosine in the Tumor Microenvironment

Adenosine, an immunosuppressive metabolite, is produced by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from dying or stressed cells and is found at high levels in the tumor microenvironment of most solid tumors. It mediates pro-tumor activities by inducing tumor cell proliferation, migration or invasion, tumor tissue angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. In addition, adenosine plays an important role in regulating anti-tumor immune responses and facilitating tumor immune escape. Adenosine receptors are broadly expressed by tumor-infiltrated immune cells, including suppressive tumor-associated macrophages and CD4+ regulatory T cells, as well as effector CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Therefore, adenosine is indispensable in down-regulating anti-tumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment and contributes to tumor progression. This review describes the current progress on the role of adenosine/adenosine receptor pathway in regulating the tumor-infiltrating immune cells that contribute to tumor immune evasion and aims to provide insights into adenosine-targeted tumor immunotherapy.

Total Flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae Treat Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting Arachidonic Acid Metabolites Through AMPK/NFκB Pathway

Objective

Previous clinical studies have found that total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae (TFRD) have a good therapeutic effect on osteoarthritis (OA), but its therapeutic mechanism needs further research.

Methods

OA rat model was established by Hulth method and was intervened by TFRD. Pathological assessments were conducted to assess the protective effect of TFRD on cartilage. Serum metabolomics and network pharmacology were detected to predict the mechanism of TFRD treating OA. In further experiments, molecular biology experiment was carried out to confirm the predicted mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.

Results

TFRD can effectively reduce chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degeneration in OA model rats. Serum metabolomics revealed that the intervention effect may be closely related to arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. Network pharmacologic prediction showed that COX-2 was the key target of TFRD in treating OA, and its mechanism might be related with NFκB, apoptosis, AMPK and arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. In vivo experiments indicated that TFRD can inhibit the abnormal expression of COX-2 mRNA in OA model rats. In the in vitro studies, the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein increased, AMPK phosphorylation was inhibited, and NFκB signaling pathway was activated in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes, and these changes can be reversed by TFRD. After the activation of AMPK signaling pathway or the block-down of NFκB signaling pathway, the effect of TFRD on COX-2 mRNA expression was significantly weakened.

Conclusion

TFRD can inhibit COX-2-mediated arachidonic acid metabolites, and its mechanism is closely related to AMPK/NFκB pathway, which may be a key mechanism in the treatment of OA.

Atherosclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cancer: Common Epidemiology, Shared Mechanisms, and Future Management

The involvement of cardiovascular disease in cancer onset and development represents a contemporary interest in basic science. It has been recognized, from the most recent research, that metabolic syndrome-related conditions, ranging from atherosclerosis to diabetes, elicit many pathways regulating lipid metabolism and lipid signaling that are also linked to the same framework of multiple potential mechanisms for inducing cancer. Otherwise, dyslipidemia and endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerosis may present common or even interdependent changes, similar to oncogenic molecules elevated in many forms of cancer. However, whether endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerotic disease provides signals that promote the pre-clinical onset and proliferation of malignant cells is an issue that requires further understanding, even though more questions are presented with every answer. Here, we highlight the molecular mechanisms that point to a causal link between lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome-related atherosclerotic disease with the development of cancer. The knowledge of these breakthrough mechanisms may pave the way for the application of new therapeutic targets and for implementing interventions in clinical practice.

Metformin Treatment Reduces CRC Aggressiveness in a Glucose-Independent Manner: An In Vitro and Ex Vivo Study

(1) Background: Metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, seems to protect against aggressive acquisition in colorectal cancers (CRCs). However, its mechanisms are still really unknown, raising questions about the possibility of its positive impact on non-diabetic patients with CRC. (2) Methods: An in vitro study based on human colon cancer cell lines and an ex vivo study with different colon cancer stages with proteomic and transcriptomic analyses were initiated. (3) Results: Metformin seems to protect from colon cancer invasive acquisition, irrespective of glucose concentration. (4) Conclusions: Metformin could be used as an adjuvant treatment to surgery for both diabetic and non-diabetic patients in order to prevent the acquisition of aggressiveness and, ultimately, recurrences.

A comprehensive review of stroke-related signaling pathways and treatment in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine

This review provides insight into the complex network of signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in stroke pathophysiology. It summarizes the historical progress of stroke-related signaling pathways, identifying potential interactions between them and emphasizing that stroke is a complex network disease. Of particular interest are the Hippo signaling pathway and ferroptosis signaling pathway, which remain understudied areas of research, and are therefore a focus of the review. The involvement of multiple signaling pathways, including Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and AMPK in pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress and apoptosis, highlights the complexity of stroke. The review also delves into the details of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapies such as Rehmanniae and Astragalus, providing an analysis of the recent status of western medicine in the treatment of stroke and the advantages and disadvantages of TCM and western medicine in stroke treatment. The review proposes that since stroke is a network disease, TCM has the potential and advantages of a multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of action in the treatment of stroke. Therefore, it is suggested that future research should explore more treasures of TCM and develop new therapies from the perspective of stroke as a network disease.