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Jullienne A, Malo M, Shaw K, Zheng Y, Johnston JD, Kontulainen S, Chilibeck PD, Dadachova E, Obenaus A, Sarty GE. Musculoskeletal perturbations of deep space radiation: Assessment using a Gateway MRI. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 42:74-83. [PMID: 39067994 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Human space exploration expansion from Low-Earth Orbit to deep space is accelerating the need to monitor and address the known health concerns related to deep space radiation. The human musculoskeletal system is vulnerable to these risks (alongside microgravity) and its health reflects the well-being of other body systems. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important approach for assessing temporal physiological changes in the musculoskeletal system. We propose that ultra-low-field MRI provides an optimal low Size Weight and Power (SwaP) solution for non-invasively monitoring muscle and bone changes on the planned Gateway lunar space station. Our proposed ultra-low-field Gateway MRI meets low SWaP design specifications mandated by limited room in the lunar space station. This review summarizes the current state of our knowledge on musculoskeletal consequences of spaceflight, especially with respect to radiation, and then elaborates how MRI can be used to monitor the deleterious effects of space travel and the efficacy of putative countermeasures. We argue that an ultra-low-field MRI in cis-lunar space on the Gateway can provide valuable research and medical insights into the effects of deep space radiation exposure on astronauts. Such an MRI would also allow the development of imaging protocols that would facilitate Earth-bound teams to monitor space personnel musculoskeletal changes during future interplanetary spaceflight. It will especially have a role in monitoring countermeasures, such as the use of melanin, in protecting space explorers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Jullienne
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92617, United States
| | - Mackenzie Malo
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Keely Shaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Yuwen Zheng
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - James D Johnston
- College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Saija Kontulainen
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Andre Obenaus
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92617, United States; School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, United States
| | - Gordon E Sarty
- Space MRI Lab, University of Saskatchewan, QuanTA Centre, 9 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A5, Canada.
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Borg J, Loy C, Kim J, Buhagiar A, Chin C, Damle N, De Vlaminck I, Felice A, Liu T, Matei I, Meydan C, Muratani M, Mzava O, Overbey E, Ryon KA, Smith SM, Tierney BT, Trudel G, Zwart SR, Beheshti A, Mason CE, Borg J. Spatiotemporal expression and control of haemoglobin in space. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4927. [PMID: 38862545 PMCID: PMC11166948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
It is now widely recognised that the environment in space activates a diverse set of genes involved in regulating fundamental cellular pathways. This includes the activation of genes associated with blood homoeostasis and erythropoiesis, with a particular emphasis on those involved in globin chain production. Haemoglobin biology provides an intriguing model for studying space omics, as it has been extensively explored at multiple -omic levels, spanning DNA, RNA, and protein analyses, in both experimental and clinical contexts. In this study, we examined the developmental expression of haemoglobin over time and space using a unique suite of multi-omic datasets available on NASA GeneLab, from the NASA Twins Study, the JAXA CFE study, and the Inspiration4 mission. Our findings reveal significant variations in globin gene expression corresponding to the distinct spatiotemporal characteristics of the collected samples. This study sheds light on the dynamic nature of globin gene regulation in response to the space environment and provides valuable insights into the broader implications of space omics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Borg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Conor Loy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - JangKeun Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alfred Buhagiar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Christopher Chin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Namita Damle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iwijn De Vlaminck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Felice
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Tammy Liu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irina Matei
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Department of Genome Biology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Omary Mzava
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eliah Overbey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krista A Ryon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott M Smith
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Braden T Tierney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guy Trudel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara R Zwart
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Joseph Borg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta.
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Waisberg E, Ong J, Masalkhi M, Lee AG. Anemia and Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS). Prehosp Disaster Med 2023; 38:680-682. [PMID: 37522324 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x23006131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a collection of distinct findings seen in some astronauts following prolonged spaceflight and is characterized by: optic disc edema, globe flattening, and choroidal folds. In this manuscript, we describe the potential mechanisms linking anemia and SANS. Future research aimed at understanding the relationship between these conditions may help to develop countermeasures and mitigation efforts for SANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Waisberg
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joshua Ong
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MichiganUSA
| | - Mouayad Masalkhi
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TexasUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TexasUSA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TexasUSA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New YorkUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TexasUSA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TexasUSA
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TexasUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IowaUSA
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4
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Simulated microgravity affects stroma-dependent ex vivo myelopoiesis. Tissue Cell 2023; 80:101987. [PMID: 36481580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity is known negatively affect physiology of living beings, including hematopoiesis. Dysregulation of hematopoietic cells and supporting stroma relationships in bone marrow niche may be in charge. We compared the efficacy of ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in presence of native or osteocommitted MSCs under simulated microgravity (Smg) using Random Positioning Machine (RPM). In comparison with 1 g, a decrease of MSC-associated HSPCs and an increase of floating HSPCs was observed after 7 days of Smg exposure. Among floating HSPCs, primitive progenitors were presented by late CD34+/133-. Total CFUs as well as erythroid (BFU-E) and granulocytic (CFU-G) numbers were lower. MSC-associated primitive HSPCs demonstrated increased proportion of late CD34+/133- in expense of early CD34-/133+. Osteo-MSCs preferentially supported late primitive CD34+ and more committed HSPCs as followed from increase of CFUs, and CD235a+ erythroid progenitors. Under Smg, an increased VEGF, eotaxin, and GRO-a levels, and a decrease in RANTES were found in the osteo-MSC-HSPC co-cultures. IL-6,-8, -13, G-CSF, GRO-a, MCP-3, MIP-1b, VEGF increased in co-culture with osteo-MSCs vs intact MSCs. Based on the findings, the misbalance between primitive/committed HSPCs and a decrease in hematopoiesis-supportive activity of osteocommitted cells are supposed to underline hematopoietic disorders during space flights.
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Kolev OI, Clement G, Reschke MF. Astronauts eye-head coordination dysfunction over the course of twenty space shuttle flights. J Vestib Res 2023; 33:313-324. [PMID: 37248929 DOI: 10.3233/ves-220127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coordination of motor activity is adapted to Earth's gravity (1 g). However, during space flight the gravity level changes from Earth gravity to hypergravity during launch, and to microgravity (0 g) in orbit. This transition between gravity levels may alter the coordination between eye and head movements in gaze performance. OBJECTIVE We explored how weightlessness during space flight altered the astronauts' eye-head coordination (EHC) with respect to flight day and target eccentricity. METHODS Thirty-four astronauts of 20 Space Shuttle missions had to acquire visual targets with angular offsets of 20°, 30°, and 49°. RESULTS Measurements of eye, head, and gaze positions collected before and during flight days 1 to 15 indicated changes during target acquisition that varied as a function of flight days and target eccentricity. CONCLUSIONS The in-flight alterations in EHC were presumably the result of a combination of several factors, including a transfer from allocentric to egocentric reference for spatial orientation in absence of a gravitational reference, the generation of slower head movements to attenuate motion sickness, and a decrease in smooth pursuit and vestibulo-ocular reflex performance. These results confirm that humans have several strategies for gaze behavior, between which they switch depending on the environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognyan I Kolev
- Neuroscience Laboratories, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gilles Clement
- COMETE, INSERM & University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
- KBRwyle, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Millard F Reschke
- Neuroscience Laboratories, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Horeau M, Ropert M, Mulder E, Tank J, Frings-Meuthen P, Armbrecht G, Loréal O, Derbré F. Iron Metabolism Regulation in Females and Males Exposed to Simulated Microgravity: results from the Randomized Trial AGBRESA. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1430-1440. [PMID: 36026525 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron metabolism imbalance could contribute to physical deconditioning experienced by astronauts due to its essential role in energy metabolism, cellular respiration, and oxygen transport. OBJECTIVES In this clinical exploratory study, we wanted to determine whether artificial gravity (AG) training modulated iron metabolism, red blood cell indices, and body lean mass in male and female healthy participants exposed to head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest, the reference ground-based model of microgravity. METHODS We recruited 8 female and 16 male healthy participants who were all exposed to HDT bed rest for 60 days. In addition, they were assigned to three experimental groups (n = 8/each): controls, continuous AG training in a short-arm centrifuge (1×30 min/day), and intermittent AG training (6 × 5 min/day). RESULTS The iron metabolism responses to simulated microgravity of AG training groups do not significantly differ from the responses of controls. Independently from AG, we found that both serum iron (+31.3%, P = 0.027) and transferrin saturation levels (+28.4%, P = 0.009) increased in males after 6 days of HDT bed rest, as well as serum hepcidin levels (+36.9% P = 0.005). The increase of transferrin saturation levels persisted after 57 days of HDT bed rest (+13.5%, P = 0.026), suggesting that long-term exposure to microgravity sustainably increases serum iron availability in males, and consequently the risk of iron excess or misdistribution. In females, 6 and 57 days of HDT bed rest did not significantly change serum iron, transferrin saturation, and hepcidin levels. CONCLUSIONS The data from this exploratory study suggest that 1) AG training does not influence the iron metabolism responses to microgravity; 2) iron metabolism parameters, especially iron availability for cells, are significantly increased in males, but not in females, exposed to long-term simulated microgravity. Due to the small sample size of females, we nevertheless must be cautious before concluding that iron metabolism could differently respond to microgravity in females. Clinical trial registry number: DRKS00015677.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Horeau
- Laboratory "Movement Sport and Health Sciences" EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, France.,INSERM, University of Rennes, INRAE, UMR 1241, AEM2 platform, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan) institute, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Ropert
- INSERM, University of Rennes, INRAE, UMR 1241, AEM2 platform, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan) institute, Rennes, France.,Department of Biochemistry, CHU Rennes, France
| | - Edwin Mulder
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Tank
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Frings-Meuthen
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Armbrecht
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Radiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivier Loréal
- INSERM, University of Rennes, INRAE, UMR 1241, AEM2 platform, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan) institute, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Derbré
- Laboratory "Movement Sport and Health Sciences" EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, France
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7
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Mian A, Aamir Mian M. Space Medicine: Inspiring a new generation of physicians. Postgrad Med J 2022:7150864. [PMID: 37137531 DOI: 10.1136/pmj-2022-141875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Space medicine is critical in enabling safe human exploration of space. The discipline focuses on supporting human survival, health, and performance in the austere environment of space. It is set to grow ever more important as significant transitions in the standard of space operations in the suborbital, low earth orbit (LEO) and beyond LEO domains will take place in the coming years. NASA along with their international and commercial partners have committed to returning to the Moon through the Artemis missions in this decade with the aim of achieving a permanent sustainable human presence on the lunar surface. Additionally, the development of reusable rockets is set to increase the number and frequency of humans going to space by making space travel more accessible. Commercial spaceflight and missions beyond LEO present many new challenges which space medicine physicians and researchers will need to address. Space medicine operates at the frontier of exploration, engineering, science and medicine. Aviation and Space Medicine (ASM) is the latest specialty to be recognised by the Royal College of Physicians and the General Medical Council in the UK. In this paper, we provide an introduction to space medicine, review the effects of spaceflight on human physiology and health along with countermeasures, medical and surgical issues in space, the varied roles of the ASM physician, challenges to UK space medicine practice and related research, and finally we explore the current representation of space medicine within the undergraduate curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areeb Mian
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Running Experimental Research of a Cable-Driven Astronaut on-Orbit Physical Exercise Equipment. MACHINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/machines10050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Manned spaceflight has already become an important approach to space science exploration, while long-term exposure to the microgravity environment will lead to severe health problems for astronauts, including bone loss, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular function decline. In order to mitigate or eliminate those negative influences, this paper presents a cable-driven exercise equipment that can be applied in a microgravity environment to render multi-functional on-orbit physical exercise modes for astronauts. First, the structure of cable module and the configuration of the equipment were proposed. Second, a two-level controller was provided, including the cable tension distribution algorithm and tension controller of the cable module. A safety protection strategy was proposed to ensure the safety of the astronaut. Furthermore, simulation and running experiment studies of the equipment were conducted, the results demonstrate that the load force of the equipment could achieve a high-level accuracy, and the exercise status of the astronaut could be monitored and protected in the meantime. Therefore, physical exercises could be carried out by the assistance of the equipment to keep astronauts in good shape on-orbit.
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9
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Juhl OJ, Buettmann EG, Friedman MA, DeNapoli RC, Hoppock GA, Donahue HJ. Update on the effects of microgravity on the musculoskeletal system. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 34301942 PMCID: PMC8302614 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the reignited push for manned spaceflight and the development of companies focused on commercializing spaceflight, increased human ventures into space are inevitable. However, this venture would not be without risk. The lower gravitational force, known as microgravity, that would be experienced during spaceflight significantly disrupts many physiological systems. One of the most notably affected systems is the musculoskeletal system, where exposure to microgravity causes both bone and skeletal muscle loss, both of which have significant clinical implications. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in our understanding of how exposure to microgravity affects the musculoskeletal system. We will focus on the catabolic effects microgravity exposure has on both bone and skeletal muscle cells, as well as their respective progenitor stem cells. Additionally, we report on the mechanisms that underlie bone and muscle tissue loss resulting from exposure to microgravity and then discuss current countermeasures being evaluated. We reveal the gaps in the current knowledge and expound upon how current research is filling these gaps while also identifying new avenues of study as we continue to pursue manned spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto J Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachel C DeNapoli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Paul AM, Overbey EG, da Silveira WA, Szewczyk N, Nishiyama NC, Pecaut MJ, Anand S, Galazka JM, Mao XW. Immunological and hematological outcomes following protracted low dose/low dose rate ionizing radiation and simulated microgravity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11452. [PMID: 34075076 PMCID: PMC8169688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a ground-based model to simulate spaceflight [21-days of single-housed, hindlimb unloading (HLU) combined with continuous low-dose gamma irradiation (LDR, total dose of 0.04 Gy)], an in-depth survey of the immune and hematological systems of mice at 7-days post-exposure was performed. Collected blood was profiled with a hematology analyzer and spleens were analyzed by whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-sequencing). The results revealed negligible differences in immune differentials. However, hematological system analyses of whole blood indicated large disparities in red blood cell differentials and morphology, suggestive of anemia. Murine Reactome networks indicated majority of spleen cells displayed differentially expressed genes (DEG) involved in signal transduction, metabolism, cell cycle, chromatin organization, and DNA repair. Although immune differentials were not changed, DEG analysis of the spleen revealed expression profiles associated with inflammation and dysregulated immune function persist to 1-week post-simulated spaceflight. Additionally, specific regulation pathways associated with human blood disease gene orthologs, such as blood pressure regulation, transforming growth factor-β receptor signaling, and B cell differentiation were noted. Collectively, this study revealed differential immune and hematological outcomes 1-week post-simulated spaceflight conditions, suggesting recovery from spaceflight is an unremitting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Paul
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA. .,Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA. .,Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114, USA.
| | - Eliah G Overbey
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Willian A da Silveira
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nathaniel Szewczyk
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Nina C Nishiyama
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Sulekha Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose University, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA
| | - Jonathan M Galazka
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
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11
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Culliton K, Louati H, Laneuville O, Ramsay T, Trudel G. Six degrees head-down tilt bed rest caused low-grade hemolysis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:4. [PMID: 33589644 PMCID: PMC7884785 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to measure hemolysis before, during and after 60 days of the ground-based spaceflight analog bed rest and the effect of a nutritional intervention through a prospective randomized clinical trial. Twenty male participants were hospitalized for 88 days comprised of 14 days of ambulatory baseline, 60 days of 6° head-down tilt bed rest and 14 days of reambulation. Ten participants each received a control diet or daily polyphenol associated with omega-3, vitamin E, and selenium supplements. The primary outcome was endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) elimination measured by gas chromatography. Hemolysis was also measured with serial bilirubin, iron, transferrin saturation blood levels and serial 3-day stool collections were used to measure urobilinoid excretion using photometry. Total hemoglobin mass (tHb) was measured using CO-rebreathing. CO elimination increased after 5, 11, 30, and 57 days of bed rest: +289 ppb (95% CI 101-477 ppb; p = 0.004), +253 ppb (78-427 ppb; p = 0.007), +193 ppb (89-298 ppb; p = 0.001) and +858 ppb (670-1046 ppb; p < 0.000), respectively, compared to baseline. Bilirubin increased after 20 and 49 days of bed rest +0.8 mg/l (p = 0.013) and +1.1 mg/l (p = 0.012), respectively; and iron increased after 20 days of bed rest +10.5 µg/dl (p = 0.032). The nutritional intervention did not change CO elimination. THb was lower after 60 days of bed rest -0.9 g/kg (p = 0.001). Bed rest enhanced hemolysis as measured through all three by-products of heme oxygenase. Ongoing enhanced hemolysis over 60 days contributed to a 10% decrease in tHb mass. Modulation of red blood cell control towards increased hemolysis may be an important mechanism causing anemia in astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Culliton
- grid.412687.e0000 0000 9606 5108Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Hakim Louati
- grid.412687.e0000 0000 9606 5108Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Odette Laneuville
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Tim Ramsay
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Guy Trudel
- grid.412687.e0000 0000 9606 5108Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada ,grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
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Nay K, Martin D, Orfila L, Saligaut D, Martin B, Horeau M, Cavey T, Kenawi M, Island ML, Ropert M, Loréal O, Koechlin-Ramonatxo C, Derbré F. Intermittent reloading does not prevent reduction in iron availability and hepcidin upregulation caused by hindlimb unloading. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:28-36. [PMID: 32281155 DOI: 10.1113/ep088339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Could skeletal muscle be involved in microgravity-induced iron misdistribution by modulating expression of hepcidin, the master regulator of iron metabolism? What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrate, in rats, that hepcidin upregulation is not a transient adaptation associated with early exposure to microgravity and that intermittent reloading does not limit microgravity-induced iron misdistribution despite having a beneficial effect on soleus muscle wasting. ABSTRACT In humans, exposure to microgravity during spaceflight causes muscle atrophy, changes in iron storage and a reduction in iron availability. We previously observed that during 7 days of simulated microgravity in rats, hepcidin plays a key role in iron misdistribution, and we suggested that a crosstalk between skeletal muscle and liver could regulate hepcidin synthesis in this context. In the present study in rats, we investigated the medium-term effects of simulated microgravity on iron metabolism. We also tested whether intermittent reloading (IR) to target skeletal muscle atrophy limits iron misdistribution efficiently. For this purpose, Wistar rats underwent 14 days of hindlimb unloading (HU) combined or not combined with daily IR. At the end of this period, the serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation were significantly reduced, whereas hepatic hepcidin mRNA was upregulated. However, the main signalling pathways involved in hepcidin synthesis in the liver (BMP-small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD), interleukin-6-STAT3 and ERK1/2) were unaffected. Unlike what was observed after 7 days of HU, the iron concentration in the spleen, liver and skeletal muscle was comparable between control animals and those that underwent HU or HU plus IR for 14 days. Despite its beneficial effect on soleus muscle atrophy and slow-to-fast myosin heavy chain distribution, IR did not significantly prevent a reduction in iron availability and hepcidin upregulation. Altogether, these results highlight that iron availability is durably reduced during longer exposure to simulated microgravity and that the related hepcidin upregulation is not a transient adaptation to these conditions. The results also suggest that skeletal muscle does not necessarily play a key role in the iron misdistribution that occurs during simulated microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Nay
- Laboratory 'Movement Sport and Health Sciences' EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, France
- DMEM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - David Martin
- Laboratory 'Movement Sport and Health Sciences' EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, France
| | - Luz Orfila
- Laboratory 'Movement Sport and Health Sciences' EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, France
| | - Dany Saligaut
- Laboratory 'Movement Sport and Health Sciences' EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, France
| | - Brice Martin
- Laboratory 'Movement Sport and Health Sciences' EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Horeau
- Laboratory 'Movement Sport and Health Sciences' EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, France
| | - Thibaut Cavey
- INSERM 1241, University of Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France
- Department of Biochemistry, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Moussa Kenawi
- INSERM 1241, University of Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Laure Island
- INSERM 1241, University of Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France
- Department of Biochemistry, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Ropert
- INSERM 1241, University of Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France
- Department of Biochemistry, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Loréal
- INSERM 1241, University of Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France
| | | | - Frédéric Derbré
- Laboratory 'Movement Sport and Health Sciences' EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, France
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13
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Nay K, Koechlin-Ramonatxo C, Rochdi S, Island ML, Orfila L, Treffel L, Bareille MP, Beck A, Gauquelin-Koch G, Ropert M, Loréal O, Derbré F. Simulated microgravity disturbs iron metabolism and distribution in humans: Lessons from dry immersion, an innovative ground-based human model. FASEB J 2020; 34:14920-14929. [PMID: 32918768 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001199rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of dry immersion, an innovative ground-based human model of simulated microgravity and extreme physical inactivity, on iron homeostasis and distribution. Twenty young healthy men were recruited and submitted to 5 days of dry immersion (DI). Fasting blood samples and MRI were performed before and after DI exposure to assess iron status, as well as hematological responses. DI increased spleen iron concentrations (SIC), whereas hepatic iron store (HIC) was not affected. Spleen iron sequestration could be due to the concomitant increase in serum hepcidin levels (P < .001). Increased serum unconjugated bilirubin, as well as the rise of serum myoglobin levels support that DI may promote hemolysis and myolysis. These phenomena could contribute to the concomitant increase of serum iron and transferrin saturation levels (P < .001). As HIC remained unchanged, increased serum hepcidin levels could be due both to higher transferrin saturation level, and to low-grade pro-inflammatory as suggested by the significant rise of serum ferritin and haptoglobin levels after DI (P = .003 and P = .003, respectively). These observations highlight the need for better assessment of iron metabolism in bedridden patients, and an optimization of the diet currently proposed to astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Nay
- Laboratory "Movement Sport and Health Sciences" EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, Bruz, France.,DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sarah Rochdi
- Laboratory "Movement Sport and Health Sciences" EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Marie-Laure Island
- INSERM, University of Rennes, INRAE, UMR 1241, AEM2 Platform, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan) Institute, Rennes, France.,Department of Biochemistry, CHU Rennes, France
| | - Luz Orfila
- Laboratory "Movement Sport and Health Sciences" EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Loïc Treffel
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
| | | | - Arnaud Beck
- Institute for Space Medicine and Physiology (MEDES), Toulouse, France
| | | | - Martine Ropert
- INSERM, University of Rennes, INRAE, UMR 1241, AEM2 Platform, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan) Institute, Rennes, France.,Department of Biochemistry, CHU Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Loréal
- INSERM, University of Rennes, INRAE, UMR 1241, AEM2 Platform, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan) Institute, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Derbré
- Laboratory "Movement Sport and Health Sciences" EA7470, University of Rennes/ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
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Wang P, Tian H, Zhang J, Qian J, Li L, Shi L, Zhao Y. Spaceflight/microgravity inhibits the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells by decreasing Kit-Ras/cAMP-CREB pathway networks as evidenced by RNA-Seq assays. FASEB J 2019; 33:5903-5913. [PMID: 30721627 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802413r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to spaceflight and microgravity causes physiologic and psychologic changes including bone loss, cardiovascular dysfunction, and immune dysfunction. Anemia and hematopoietic disorders are observed in astronauts after spaceflight. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), which can self-renew and give rise to all blood cells, play vital roles in hematopoiesis and homeostasis; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the impacts of microgravity on the proliferation of HSPCs remain unclear. We maintained mouse bone marrow HSPCs in the presence of stem cell factor for 12 d under spaceflight and simulated microgravity conditions, respectively, and analyzed cell proliferation and gene expression. Both spaceflight and simulated microgravity significantly decreased the number of HSPCs, mainly by blocking cell cycle at G1/S transition, but did not affect their differentiation abilities. RNA-sequencing data indicated that genes related to cell proliferation were down-regulated, whereas the genes related to cell death were up-regulated under microgravity. Among the gene signatures, we identified that the Kit-Ras/cAMP-cAMP response element-binding protein pathway might be one of the major microgravity-regulated pathways during HSPC proliferation. Furthermore, the quantification of notable genes was validated at the mRNA levels under simulated microgravity condition. Overall, these results would help us to understand the intracellular molecular mechanisms regulating microgravity-inhibited proliferation of HSPCs.-Wang, P., Tian, H., Zhang, J., Qian, J., Li, L., Shi, L., Zhao, Y. Spaceflight/microgravity inhibits the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells by decreasing Kit-Ras/cAMP-CREB pathway networks as evidenced by RNA-Seq assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juanjuan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Strollo F, Gentile S, Strollo G, Mambro A, Vernikos J. Recent Progress in Space Physiology and Aging. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1551. [PMID: 30483144 PMCID: PMC6240610 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts coming back from long-term space missions present with different health problems potentially affecting mission performance, involving all functional systems and organs and closely resembling those found in the elderly. This review points out the most recent advances in the literature in areas of expertise in which specific research groups were particularly creative, and as they relate to aging and to possible benefits on Earth for disabled people. The update of new findings and approaches in space research refers especially to neuro-immuno-endocrine-metabolic interactions, optic nerve edema, motion sickness and muscle-tendon-bone interplay and aims at providing the curious - and even possibly naïve young researchers – with a source of inspiration and of creative ideas for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandro Gentile
- Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli" and Nefrocenter Research Network, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Mambro
- Anesthesiology and Resuscitation Unit, "Misercordia" Hospital, Grosseto, Italy
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16
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Yang J, Zhang G, Dong D, Shang P. Effects of Iron Overload and Oxidative Damage on the Musculoskeletal System in the Space Environment: Data from Spaceflights and Ground-Based Simulation Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2608. [PMID: 30177626 PMCID: PMC6163331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The space environment chiefly includes microgravity and radiation, which seriously threatens the health of astronauts. Bone loss and muscle atrophy are the two most significant changes in mammals after long-term residency in space. In this review, we summarized current understanding of the effects of microgravity and radiation on the musculoskeletal system and discussed the corresponding mechanisms that are related to iron overload and oxidative damage. Furthermore, we enumerated some countermeasures that have a therapeutic potential for bone loss and muscle atrophy through using iron chelators and antioxidants. Future studies for better understanding the mechanism of iron and redox homeostasis imbalance induced by the space environment and developing the countermeasures against iron overload and oxidative damage consequently may facilitate human to travel more safely in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Gejing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Dandan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Peng Shang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research & Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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17
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Hodkinson P, Anderton R, Posselt B, Fong K. An overview of space medicine. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119:i143-i153. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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18
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Kunz H, Quiriarte H, Simpson RJ, Ploutz-Snyder R, McMonigal K, Sams C, Crucian B. Alterations in hematologic indices during long-duration spaceflight. BMC HEMATOLOGY 2017; 17:12. [PMID: 28904800 PMCID: PMC5590186 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-017-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a state of anemia is perceived to be associated with spaceflight, to date a peripheral blood hematologic assessment of red blood cell (RBC) indices has not been performed during long-duration space missions. METHODS This investigation collected whole blood samples from astronauts participating in up to 6-months orbital spaceflight, and returned those samples (ambient storage) to Earth for analysis. As samples were always collected near undock of a returning vehicle, the delay from collection to analysis never exceeded 48 h. As a subset of a larger immunologic investigation, a complete blood count was performed. A parallel stability study of the effect of a 48 h delay on these parameters assisted interpretation of the in-flight data. RESULTS We report that the RBC and hemoglobin were significantly elevated during flight, both parameters deemed stable through the delay of sample return. Although the stability data showed hematocrit to be mildly elevated at +48 h, there was an in-flight increase in hematocrit that was ~3-fold higher in magnitude than the anticipated increase due to the delay in processing. CONCLUSIONS While susceptible to the possible influence of dehydration or plasma volume alterations, these results suggest astronauts do not develop persistent anemia during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawley Kunz
- KBRwyle, 2400 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | | | | | - Robert Ploutz-Snyder
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, 400 North Ingalls Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Clarence Sams
- NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 E NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - Brian Crucian
- NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 E NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
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19
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A dramatic blood plasticity in hibernating and 14-day hindlimb unloading Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:869-879. [PMID: 28501920 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of hibernation inactivity and 14-day hindlimb unloading in non-hibernating period on biochemical, rheological, and hematological parameters of blood in Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Twenty-four squirrels were randomly divided into four groups: control (CON), hibernation (HIB), post-hibernation (POST), and 14-day hindlimb unloading (HU). The results showed that serum enzymes (L-lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase) activities decreased in HIB, POST, and HU squirrels compared with CON. Total protein (including albumin and globulin) maintained in HIB but decreased in HU compared with CON. Total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased in HIB but maintained in HU and POST compared with CON. Meanwhile, serum creatinine decreased and urea increased in HU compared with CON. All blood ions concentrations were unchanged in HIB, POST, and HU squirrels compared with CON except calcium which increased in HIB compared with CON, and phosphorus which increased in HIB and POST compared with CON. Most of detected serum biochemical analytes in POST recovered to the CON level. Blood viscosity, which was unchanged in all shear rates in HU, increased in HIB and recovered in POST in lower shear rates compared with CON. Erythrocyte and corpuscular volume decreased in HIB and HU but maintained in POST compared with CON. All the routine hematological parameters recovered in POST as compared with CON except platelet, which decreased in HIB and POST but maintained in HU compared with CON. In conclusion, our results suggested a remarkable ability to maintain blood homeostasis in hibernating squirrels.
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20
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Nelson ES, Mulugeta L, Myers JG. Microgravity-induced fluid shift and ophthalmic changes. Life (Basel) 2014; 4:621-65. [PMID: 25387162 PMCID: PMC4284461 DOI: 10.3390/life4040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although changes to visual acuity in spaceflight have been observed in some astronauts since the early days of the space program, the impact to the crew was considered minor. Since that time, missions to the International Space Station have extended the typical duration of time spent in microgravity from a few days or weeks to many months. This has been accompanied by the emergence of a variety of ophthalmic pathologies in a significant proportion of long-duration crewmembers, including globe flattening, choroidal folding, optic disc edema, and optic nerve kinking, among others. The clinical findings of affected astronauts are reminiscent of terrestrial pathologies such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension that are characterized by high intracranial pressure. As a result, NASA has placed an emphasis on determining the relevant factors and their interactions that are responsible for detrimental ophthalmic response to space. This article will describe the Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure syndrome, link it to key factors in physiological adaptation to the microgravity environment, particularly a cephalad shifting of bodily fluids, and discuss the implications for ocular biomechanics and physiological function in long-duration spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Nelson
- NASA Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Rd., Cleveland, OH 44135, USA.
| | - Lealem Mulugeta
- Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, 3600 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | - Jerry G Myers
- NASA Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Rd., Cleveland, OH 44135, USA.
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21
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Circadian rhythm of peripheral perfusion during 10-day hypoxic confinement and bed rest. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2093-104. [PMID: 24943734 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Future planetary habitats will be hypobaric and hypoxic to reduce the risk of decompression sickness during preparation for extra-vehicular activities. This study was part of a research programme investigating the combined effects of hypoxia and microgravity on physiological systems. PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced peripheral vasoconstriction persists at night and is aggravated by bed rest. Since sleep onset has been causally linked to nocturnal vasodilatation, we reasoned that hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction at night may explain sleep disturbances at altitude. Peripheral perfusion alterations as a consequence of bed rest may explain poor sleep quality reported during sojourns on the International Space Station. METHODS Eleven males underwent three 10-day interventions in a randomised order: (1) hypoxic ambulatory confinement; (2) hypoxic bed rest; (3) normoxic bed rest. During each intervention we conducted 22-h monitoring of peripheral perfusion, as reflected by the skin temperature gradient. Measurements were conducted on the first (D 1) and last day (D 10) of each intervention. RESULTS All interventions resulted in a decrease in daytime toe perfusion from D 1 to D 10. There was no difference in the magnitude of the daytime reduction in toe perfusion between the three interventions. There was a significant vasodilatation of the toes in all interventions by 11 pm. The fingertips remained well perfused throughout. CONCLUSIONS Daytime vasoconstriction induced by hypoxia and/or bed rest is abolished at night, lending further support to the theory that changes in peripheral skin temperature may be functionally linked to sleep onset.
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Risso A, Ciana A, Achilli C, Antonutto G, Minetti G. Neocytolysis: none, one or many? A reappraisal and future perspectives. Front Physiol 2014; 5:54. [PMID: 24592241 PMCID: PMC3924315 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocytolysis is the hypothesis formulated to explain experimental evidence of selective lysis of young red blood cells (RBCs) (neocytes) associated with decreased plasma levels of erythropoietin (EPO). In humans, it appears to take place whenever a fast RBC mass reduction is required, i.e., in astronauts during the first days of spaceflight under weightlessness, where a fast reduction in plasma volume and increase in haematocrit occur. EPO plasma levels then decline and a decrease in RBC mass takes place, apparently because of the selective lysis of the youngest, recently generated RBCs (neocytes). The same process seems to occur in people descending to sea level after acclimatization at high altitude. After descent, the polycythaemia developed at high altitude must be abrogated, and a rapid reduction in the number of circulating RBCs is obtained by a decrease in EPO synthesis and the lysis of what seem to be young RBCs. In vivo, neocytolysis seems to be abolished by EPO administration. More recent research has ascribed to neocytolysis the RBC destruction that occurs under such disparate pathophysiologic conditions as nephropathy, severe obstructive pulmonary disease, blood doping, and even malaria anaemia. According to the theory, EPO's central role would be not only to stimulate the production of new RBCs in conditions of anaemia, as maintained by the orthodox view, but also that of a cytoprotective factor for circulating young RBCs. Why neocytes are specifically destroyed and how is this related to decreased EPO levels has not yet been elucidated. Changes in membrane molecules of young RBCs isolated from astronauts or mountain climbers upon return to normal conditions seem to indicate a higher susceptibility of neocytes to ingestion by macrophages. By limiting the context to space missions and high altitude expeditions, this review will address unresolved and critical issues that in our opinion have not been sufficiently highlighted in previous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Risso
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine Udine, Italy
| | - Annarita Ciana
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Cesare Achilli
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Antonutto
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine Udine, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Minetti
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
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Morgan JLL, Zwart SR, Heer M, Ploutz-Snyder R, Ericson K, Smith SM. Bone metabolism and nutritional status during 30-day head-down-tilt bed rest. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012. [DOI: 10.115210.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed rest studies provide an important tool for modeling physiological changes that occur during spaceflight. Markers of bone metabolism and nutritional status were evaluated in 12 subjects (8 men, 4 women; ages 25–49 yr) who participated in a 30-day −6° head-down-tilt diet-controlled bed rest study. Blood and urine samples were collected twice before, once a week during, and twice after bed rest. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects linear regression with a priori contrasts comparing all days to the second week of the pre-bed rest acclimation period. During bed rest, all urinary markers of bone resorption increased ∼20% ( P < 0.001), and serum parathyroid hormone decreased ∼25% ( P < 0.001). Unlike longer (>60 days) bed rest studies, neither markers of oxidative damage nor iron status indexes changed over the 30 days of bed rest. Urinary oxalate excretion decreased ∼20% during bed rest ( P < 0.001) and correlated inversely with urinary calcium ( R = −0.18, P < 0.02). These data provide a broad overview of the biochemistry associated with short-duration bed rest studies and provide an impetus for using shorter studies to save time and costs wherever possible. For some effects related to bone biochemistry, short-duration bed rest will fulfill the scientific requirements to simulate spaceflight, but other effects (antioxidants/oxidative damage, iron status) do not manifest until subjects are in bed longer, in which case longer studies or other analogs may be needed. Regardless, maximizing research funding and opportunities will be critical to enable the next steps in space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. L. Morgan
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities/NASA Post-Doctoral Fellow, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sara R. Zwart
- Universities Space Research Association and NASA, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Martina Heer
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Profil Institute for Metabolic Research, Neuss, Germany
| | - Robert Ploutz-Snyder
- Universities Space Research Association and NASA, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen Ericson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana; and
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24
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Morgan JLL, Zwart SR, Heer M, Ploutz-Snyder R, Ericson K, Smith SM. Bone metabolism and nutritional status during 30-day head-down-tilt bed rest. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1519-29. [PMID: 22995395 PMCID: PMC3524659 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed rest studies provide an important tool for modeling physiological changes that occur during spaceflight. Markers of bone metabolism and nutritional status were evaluated in 12 subjects (8 men, 4 women; ages 25-49 yr) who participated in a 30-day -6° head-down-tilt diet-controlled bed rest study. Blood and urine samples were collected twice before, once a week during, and twice after bed rest. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects linear regression with a priori contrasts comparing all days to the second week of the pre-bed rest acclimation period. During bed rest, all urinary markers of bone resorption increased ~20% (P < 0.001), and serum parathyroid hormone decreased ~25% (P < 0.001). Unlike longer (>60 days) bed rest studies, neither markers of oxidative damage nor iron status indexes changed over the 30 days of bed rest. Urinary oxalate excretion decreased ~20% during bed rest (P < 0.001) and correlated inversely with urinary calcium (R = -0.18, P < 0.02). These data provide a broad overview of the biochemistry associated with short-duration bed rest studies and provide an impetus for using shorter studies to save time and costs wherever possible. For some effects related to bone biochemistry, short-duration bed rest will fulfill the scientific requirements to simulate spaceflight, but other effects (antioxidants/oxidative damage, iron status) do not manifest until subjects are in bed longer, in which case longer studies or other analogs may be needed. Regardless, maximizing research funding and opportunities will be critical to enable the next steps in space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L L Morgan
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Brümmer V, Schneider S, Vogt T, Strüder H, Carnahan H, Askew CD, Csuhaj R. Coherence between brain cortical function and neurocognitive performance during changed gravity conditions. J Vis Exp 2011:2670. [PMID: 21654620 DOI: 10.3791/2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of cognitive, mental and/or motor processes during short-, medium- and long-term weightlessness have only been descriptive in nature, and focused on psychological aspects. Until now, objective observation of neurophysiological parameters has not been carried out--undoubtedly because the technical and methodological means have not been available--, investigations into the neurophysiological effects of weightlessness are in their infancy (Schneider et al. 2008). While imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would be hardly applicable in space, the non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique represents a method of mapping hemodynamic processes in the brain in real time that is both relatively inexpensive and that can be employed even under extreme conditions. The combination with electroencephalography (EEG) opens up the possibility of following the electrocortical processes under changing gravity conditions with a finer temporal resolution as well as with deeper localization, for instance with electrotomography (LORETA). Previous studies showed an increase of beta frequency activity under normal gravity conditions and a decrease under weightlessness conditions during a parabolic flight (Schneider et al. 2008a+b). Tilt studies revealed different changes in brain function, which let suggest, that changes in parabolic flight might reflect emotional processes rather than hemodynamic changes. However, it is still unclear whether these are effects of changed gravity or hemodynamic changes within the brain. Combining EEG/LORETA and NIRS should for the first time make it possible to map the effect of weightlessness and reduced gravity on both hemodynamic and electrophysiological processes in the brain. Initially, this is to be done as part of a feasibility study during a parabolic flight. Afterwards, it is also planned to use both techniques during medium- and long-term space flight. It can be assumed that the long-term redistribution of the blood volume and the associated increase in the supply of oxygen to the brain will lead to changes in the central nervous system that are also responsible for anaemic processes, and which can in turn reduce performance (De Santo et al. 2005), which means that they could be crucial for the success and safety of a mission (Genik et al. 2005, Ellis 2000). Depending on these results, it will be necessary to develop and employ extensive countermeasures. Initial results for the MARS500 study suggest that, in addition to their significance in the context of the cardiovascular and locomotor systems, sport and physical activity can play a part in improving neurocognitive parameters. Before this can be fully established, however, it seems necessary to learn more about the influence of changing gravity conditions on neurophysiological processes and associated neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Brümmer
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne.
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Rowe WJ. Long space missions, gene therapy, and the vital role of magnesium: a three-pronged plan for the next 50 years. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2010; 3:123-7. [PMID: 21694938 PMCID: PMC3108772 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since pharmaceuticals cannot be used in space until liver and kidney dysfunctions are corrected, and with invariable malabsorption, it appears there is no alternative other than to use subcutaneous magnesium (Mg) replacements in the presence of deficiencies and use of gene therapy. I suggest beginning with the correction of as many as four gene deficiencies: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), nitric oxide (NO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and erythropoietin (EPO), all as well as Mg related to perfusion and angiogenesis. There is no evidence of significant lunar radiation levels in the absence of a solar storm. It could then be determined whether this has resulted in correction of liver and kidney dysfunction. If this persists, serial additions of gene therapy will be required determining the effect of each individual gene trial on organ function. Microgravity and endothelial gaps with leaks trigger reduced plasma volume. Partial correction by use of a plasma volume substitute and development of a delivery device may reduce complexity of gene therapy. Research would be conducted both on Earth and in microgravity, with the development of subcutaneous pharmaceuticals and Mg, and a space walk-reliable subcutaneous silicon device, given that no replenishable subcutaneous device is presently available. A three-pronged approach provides a plan for the next 50 years: A. complete correction of a Mg deficit; B. partial replacement with plasma volume substitutes, and C. multiple gene factor strategy.
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Makhro A, Wang J, Vogel J, Boldyrev AA, Gassmann M, Kaestner L, Bogdanova A. Functional NMDA receptors in rat erythrocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C1315-25. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00407.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ligand-gated nonselective cation channels mediating fast neuronal transmission and long-term potentiation in the central nervous system. These channels have a 10-fold higher permeability for Ca2+compared with Na+or K+and binding of the agonists (glutamate, homocysteine, homocysteic acid, NMDA) triggers Ca2+uptake. The present study demonstrates the presence of NMDA receptors in rat erythrocytes. The receptors are most abundant in both erythroid precursor cells and immature red blood cells, reticulocytes. Treatment of erythrocytes with NMDA receptor agonists leads to a rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+resulting in a transient shrinkage via Gardos channel activation. Additionally, the exposure of erythrocytes to NMDA receptor agonists causes activation of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase facilitating either NO production in l-arginine-containing medium or superoxide anion (O2·−) generation in the absence of l-arginine. Conversely, treatment with an NMDA receptor antagonist MK-80, or the removal of Ca2+from the incubation medium causes suppression of Ca2+accumulation and prevents attendant changes in cell volume and NO/O2·−production. These results suggest that the NMDA receptor activity in circulating erythrocytes is regulated by the plasma concentrations of homocysteine and homocysteic acid. Moreover, receptor hyperactivation may contribute to an increased incidence of thrombosis during hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya Makhro
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany; and
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A. Boldyrev
- International Biotechnology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany; and
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Body fluid regulation is affected by gravity. The primary mechanisms of the etiology of hypovolemia found in simulation studies on earth and after space flight are different. The increased diuresis after increase of central blood volume postulated by Henry Gauer could not be found. Based on recent findings, new hypotheses about fluid volume regulation during space flight have emerged. The reduced blood volume in space is the result of 1) a negative balance of decreased fluid intake and smaller reduction of urine output; 2) fast fluid shifts from the intravascular to interstitial space as the result of lower transmural pressure after reduced compression of all tissue by gravitational forces especially of the thorax cage; and 3) fluid shifts from intravascular to muscle interstitial space because of less muscle tone required to maintain body posture. Additionally, loss of erythrocytes reduces blood volume. The attenuated diuresis during space flight can be explained by increased retention after stress-mediated sympathetic activation during initial phase of space flight, stimulation caused by reduced red cell mass, and activation after fast blood volume contraction. Additionally, the relation between plasma osmolarity and vasopressin release might be disturbed in microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Diedrich
- Center for Space Medicine and Physiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2195, USA.
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