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Liu H, Zou M, Pei H, Chen C, Huang Y, Xiong L, Wu Q, Qiao R, Sun X, Li L, Yang J, Zhang J, Huang G. Nontargeted Analysis of Coumarins in Source Water and Their Formation of Chlorinated Coumarins as DBPs in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7543-7553. [PMID: 38632926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Coumarin was detected as one of the most abundant compounds by nontargeted analysis of natural product components in actual water samples prior to disinfection. More importantly, prechlorination of humic acid generated 3-hydroxycoumarin and monohydroxy-monomethyl-substituted coumarin with a total yield of ≤10.1%, which suggested the humic substance in raw water is an important source of coumarins. 7-Hydroxycoumarin, 6-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, and 7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin were identified in raw water by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry because only some coumarin standards were commercially available. Their chlorination generated monochlorinated and polychlorinated coumarins, and their structures were confirmed by the synthesized standards. These products could form at various dosages of chlorine and pH levels, and some with a concentration of 600 ng/L can be stable in tap water for days. 3,6,8-Trichloro-7-hydroxycoumarin, 3-chloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin, and 3,6-dichloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin were first identified in finished water with concentrations of 0.0670, 78.1, and 14.7 ng/L, respectively, but not in source water, suggesting that they are new DBPs formed during disinfection. The cytotoxicity of 3-chloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin in CHO-K1 cells was comparable to those of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone in TIC-Tox analyses, suggesting that further investigation of their occurrence and control in drinking water systems is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Liu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Meng Zou
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hongyan Pei
- Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Lilin Xiong
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Rongrong Qiao
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Detection and Traceability Technology of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria for Jiangsu Province Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Lei Li
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Detection and Traceability Technology of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria for Jiangsu Province Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, China
| | - Guang Huang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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Zhang L, Cui W, Zhai H, Cheng S, Wu W. Performance of public drinking water purifiers in control of trihalomethanes, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141459. [PMID: 38360417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-use water purifiers are widely applied as a terminal treatment device to produce drinking water with high quality. However, concerns are raised regarding low efficiency in eliminating emerging organic pollutants. To enhance our understanding of the reliability and potential risks of water purifiers, the removal of trihalomethanes, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in four public water purifiers was investigated. In the four public water purifiers in October and November, the removal efficiencies of trichloromethane (TCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) were 15%-69% (averagely 37%) and 6%-44% (averagely 23%). The levels of TCM and BDCM were lowered by all water purifiers in October and November, but accelerated in effluent compared to the influent in one public water purifier in December. The removal efficiencies of twelve antibiotics greatly varied with species and time. Out of twelve sampling cases, the removal efficiencies of total antibiotics were 25%-75% in ten cases. In the other two cases, very low removal efficiency (6%) or higher levels of antibiotics present in effluent compared to the influent were observed. Two public water purifiers effectively remove ARGs from water, with log removal rates of 0.45 log-3.89 log. However, in the other two public water purifiers, the ARG abundance accidently increased in the effluents. Overall, public water purifiers were more effective in removing antibiotics and ARGs compared to household water purifiers, but less or equally effective in removing trihalomethanes. Both public and household water purifiers could be contaminated and release the accumulated micro-pollutants or biofilm-related pollutants into effluent. The production frequency and standing time of water within water purifiers can impact the internal contamination and purification efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenjie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Shengzi Cheng
- Tianjin LVYIN Landscape & Ecology Construction Co. Ltd., Kaihua Road 20, Hi-Tech, Tianjin, 300110, China
| | - Wenling Wu
- China Construction Industrial Engineering and Technology Research Academy Co. Ltd., Beijing, 101399, China
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Koley S, Dash S, Khwairakpam M, Kalamdhad AS. Perspectives and understanding on the occurrence, toxicity and abatement technologies of disinfection by-products in drinking water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119770. [PMID: 38096765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are one of the significant emerging contaminants that have caught the attention of researchers worldwide due to their pervasiveness. Their presence in drinking water, even in shallow concentrations (in levels of parts per billion), poses considerable health risks. Therefore, it is crucial to understand their kinetics to understand better their formation and persistence in the water supply systems. This manuscript demonstrates different aspects of research carried out on DBPs in the past. A systematic approach was adopted for the bibliographical research that started with choosing appropriate keywords and identifying the most relevant manuscripts through the screening process. This follows a quantitative assessment of the extracted literature sample, which included the most productive and influential journal sources, the most widely used keywords, the most influential authors active in the research domain, the most cited articles, and the countries most actively engaged in the research field. Critical observations on the literature sample led to the qualitative assessment, wherein the past and current research trends were observed and reported. Finally, we identified the essential gaps in the available literature, which further led to recommending the course ahead in the research domain. This study will prove fruitful for young and established researchers who are or wish to work in this emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumona Koley
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Siddhant Dash
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Meena Khwairakpam
- School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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Wang Y, Gao S, Yan X, Wang S, Zhang R, Zhou Y, Ren L, Li C. The impact of water quality on the formation of halogenated benzoquinones and the adsorption efficiency by activated carbon. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:693-702. [PMID: 37778839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated benzoquinones (HBQs) could cause bladder cancer, but there were few related studies on the generation and control. In this study, the impact of different precursors, pH, bromide concentration, and algae-derived organic matters on the formation of HBQs and the removal efficiency by activated carbon were investigated. It was found that the chlorination of bisphenol A produced the most 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), reaching 14.86 µg/L at 1 hr, followed by tyrosine, 2-chlorophenol, P-hydroxybenzoic acid, trichlorophenol, and N-methylaniline. The production of 2,6-DCBQ increased first and then decreased from 0 to 36 hr (chlorination doses 0-20 mg/L), indicating that HBQs were unstable in water. Trihalomethanes (THMs) were detected during chlorination, and the concentration increased with prolongation of reaction time. 2,6-DCBQ production decreased and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ) production increased with increment bromide concentration and the bromide promoted the formation of tribromomethane. The production of 2,6-DCBQ decreased with increase of pH, and the maximum production was 141.38 µg/L at pH of 5. Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella algae cells, and intracellular organic matters (IOM) could be chlorinated as potential precursors for HBQs. The most amount of 2,6-DCBQ was generated from algae cells of Microcystis aeruginosa, followed by Chlorella algae cells, Microcystis aeruginosa IOM, and Chlorella IOM. This study compared the removal efficiency of HBQs by granular activated carbon (GAC) and columnar activated carbon (CAC) under different carbon doses and initial concentrations of HBQs. It was found that the removal efficiency by GAC (80.1%) was higher than that by CAC (51.8%), indicating that GAC has better control for HBQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Song Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruolin Zhang
- Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lianhai Ren
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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Xiao R, Yang X, Fang C, Zhang R, Chu W. Total organic halogen (TOX) in drinking water: Occurrence, correlation analysis, and precursor removal during drinking water treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167445. [PMID: 37777131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Total organic halogen (TOX) in drinking water provides a measurement of the overall organic halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during disinfection. Yangtze River Delta is one of the regions with the highest population density, the fastest urbanization process, and the most severe water pollution in China. Collecting water samples from full-scale drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in this region, this study firstly surveyed TOX occurrence in drinking water. Besides, the correlation of TOX formation potential (TOXFP) and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) with general water quality parameters (e.g., dissolved organic carbon [DOC], UV254, and specific ultraviolet absorbance) and the removal efficiencies of TOX precursors by different water treatment processes were also investigated. TOX levels in DWTP effluents (i.e., finished water) ranged from 29 to 165 μg/L (median 67 μg/L), and those in simulated distribution system waters ranged from 101 to 276 μg/L (median 158 μg/L). There were generally higher linear regression coefficient values for raw water (R2 = 0.51-0.88) than for treated water (R2 = 0.33-0.64) in terms of the relationship between DBP formation potentials and general parameters. However, a relatively stronger correlation between THMFP and TOXFP was observed for treated water (R2 = 0.80, p < 0.001) than for raw water (R2 = 0.64, p < 0.001). The overall treatment efficiencies of investigated parameters in DWTPs generally followed the order of UV254 > DOC > TOX precursors > THM precursors. Notably, the overall removal rates of DOC and TOX precursors in summer (averaging 59 % and 54 %, respectively) were obviously higher than those in winter (averaging 39 % and 38 %, respectively), which was assumed to be related to the seasonal variation of bioactivity in sand filter. These results could expand the knowledge of TOX in drinking water, and provide valuable perspectives to water industry and DBP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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6
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Li W, Han J, Zhang X, Chen G, Yang Y. Contributions of Pharmaceuticals to DBP Formation and Developmental Toxicity in Chlorination of NOM-containing Source Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18775-18787. [PMID: 37505917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have been considered a priority group of emerging micropollutants in source waters in recent years, while their role in the formation and toxicity of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorine disinfection remains largely unclear. In this study, the contributions of natural organic matter (NOM) and pharmaceuticals (a mixture of ten representative pharmaceuticals) to the overall DBP formation and toxicity during drinking water chlorination were investigated. By innovatively "normalizing" chlorine exposure and constructing a kinetic model, we were able to differentiate and evaluate the contributions of NOM and pharmaceuticals to the total organic halogen (TOX) formation for source waters that contained different levels of pharmaceuticals. It was found that at a chlorine contact time of 1.0 h, NOM (2 mg/L as C) and pharmaceuticals (total 0.0062-0.31 mg/L as C) contributed 79.8-99.5% and 0.5-20.2%, respectively, of TOX. The toxicity test results showed that the chlorination remarkably increased the toxicity of the pharmaceutical mixture by converting the parent compounds into more toxic pharmaceutical-derived DBPs, and these DBPs might contribute significantly to the overall developmental toxicity of chlorinated waters. This study highlights the non-negligible role of pharmaceuticals in the formation and toxicity of overall DBPs in chlorinated drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Guanghao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch), and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
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Lau S, Feng Y, Gu AZ, Russell C, Pope G, Mitch WA. Cytotoxicity Comparison between Drinking Water Treated by Chlorination with Postchloramination versus Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) with Postchlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13699-13709. [PMID: 37640368 PMCID: PMC10501121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon treatment with postchlorination (GAC/Cl2) and chlorination followed by chloramination (Cl2/NH2Cl) represent two options for utilities to reduce DBP formation in drinking water. To compare the total cytotoxicity of waters treated by a pilot-scale GAC treatment system with postchlorination (and in some instances with prechlorination upstream of GAC (i.e., (Cl2)/GAC/Cl2)) and chlorination/chloramination (Cl2/NH2Cl) at ambient and elevated Br- and I- levels and at three different GAC ages, we applied the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cytotoxicity assay to whole-water extracts in conjunction with calculations of the cytotoxicity contributed by the 33 (semi)volatile DBPs lost during extractions. At both ambient and elevated Br- and I- levels, GAC/Cl2 and Cl2/NH2Cl achieved comparable reductions in the formation of regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Nonetheless, GAC/Cl2 always resulted in lower total cytotoxicity than Cl2/NH2Cl, even at up to 65% total organic carbon breakthrough. Prechlorination formed (semi)volatile DBPs that were removed by the GAC, yet there was no substantial difference in total cytotoxicity between Cl2/GAC/Cl2 and GAC/Cl2. The poorly characterized fraction of DBPs captured by the bioassay dominated the total cytotoxicity when the source water contained ambient levels of Br- and I-. When the water was spiked with Br- and I-, the known, unregulated (semi)volatile DBPs and the uncharacterized fraction of DBPs were comparable contributors to total cytotoxicity; the contributions of regulated THMs and HAAs were comparatively minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie
S. Lau
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yinmei Feng
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, 220 Hollister Hall, 527 College Ave, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - April Z. Gu
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, 220 Hollister Hall, 527 College Ave, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Caroline Russell
- Carollo
Engineers, Inc., 8911 Capital of Texas Hwy North, Suite 2200, Austin, Texas 78759, United States
| | - Greg Pope
- Carollo
Engineers, Inc., 8911 Capital of Texas Hwy North, Suite 2200, Austin, Texas 78759, United States
| | - William A. Mitch
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Long L, Peng LE, Zhou S, Gan Q, Li X, Jiang J, Han J, Zhang X, Guo H, Tang CY. NaHCO 3 addition enhances water permeance and Ca/haloacetic acids selectivity of nanofiltration membranes for drinking water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120255. [PMID: 37356158 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The existence of disinfection by-products such as haloacetic acids (HAAs) in drinking water severely threatens water safety and public health. Nanofiltration (NF) is a promising strategy to remove HAAs for clean water production. However, NF often possesses overhigh rejection of essential minerals such as calcium. Herein, we developed highly selective NF membranes with tailored surface charge and pore size for efficient rejection of HAAs and high passage of minerals. The NF membranes were fabricated through interfacial polymerization (IP) with NaHCO3 as an additive. The NaHCO3-tailored NF membranes exhibited high water permeance up to ∼24.0 L m - 2 h - 1 bar-1 (more than doubled compared with the control membrane) thanks to the formation of stripe-like features and enlarged pore size. Meanwhile, the tailored membranes showed enhanced negative charge, which benefitted their rejection of HAAs and passage of Ca and Mg. The higher rejection of HAAs (e.g., > 90%) with the lower rejection of minerals (e.g., < 30% for Ca) allowed the NF membranes to achieve higher minerals/HAAs selectivity, which was significantly higher than those of commercially available NF membranes. The simultaneously enhanced membrane performance and higher minerals/HAAs selectivity would greatly boost water production efficiency and water quality. Our findings provide a novel insight to tailor the minerals/micropollutants selectivity of NF membranes for highly selective separation in membrane-based water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Long
- Membrane-based Environmental & Sustainable Technology Group, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lu Elfa Peng
- Membrane-based Environmental & Sustainable Technology Group, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- Membrane-based Environmental & Sustainable Technology Group, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qimao Gan
- Membrane-based Environmental & Sustainable Technology Group, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xianhui Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clean Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clean Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clean Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Membrane-based Environmental & Sustainable Technology Group, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Membrane-based Environmental & Sustainable Technology Group, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Peng F, Lu Y, Dong X, Wang Y, Li H, Yang Z. Advances and research needs for disinfection byproducts control strategies in swimming pools. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131533. [PMID: 37146331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pools is of great significance due to the non-negligible toxicity and widespread existence of DBPs. However, the management of DBPs remains challenging as the removal and regulation of DBPs is a multifactorial phenomenon in pools. This study summarized recent studies on the removal and regulation of DBPs, and further proposed some research needs. Specifically, the removal of DBPs was divided into the direct removal of the generated DBPs and the indirect removal by inhibiting DBP formation. Inhibiting DBP formation seems to be the more effective and economically practical strategy, which can be achieved mainly by reducing precursors, improving disinfection technology, and optimizing water quality parameters. Alternative disinfection technologies to chlorine disinfection have attracted increasing attention, while their applicability in pools requires further investigation. The regulation of DBPs was discussed in terms of improving the standards on DBPs and their preccursors. The development of online monitoring technology for DBPs is essential for implementing the standard. Overall, this study makes a significant contribution to the control of DBPs in pool water by updating the latest research advances and providing detailed perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Xuelian Dong
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yingyang Wang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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10
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Chowdhury S. Evaluation and strategy for improving the quality of desalinated water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65947-65962. [PMID: 37093380 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seawater desalination is practiced in many coastal countries, which is accepted as clean water by the general populations. The untreated seawater reported high concentrations of bromide (50,000 - 80,000 µg/L) and iodide (21 - 60 µg/L) ions, which are reduced to non-detectable levels during thermal desalination while the concentrations of bromide and iodide ions were reduced to 250-600 µg/L and < 4-16 µg/L, respectively during reverse osmosis processes. During the treatment and/or disinfection, many brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs and I-DBPs) are formed in desalinated water, some of which are genotoxic and cytotoxic to the mammalian cells and possible/probable human carcinogens. In this paper, DBPs' formation in desalinated and blended water from source to tap, toxicity to the mammalian cells, their risks to humans and the strategies to control DBPs were investigated. The lifetime excess cancer risks from groundwater, and desalinated and blended water sourced DBPs were 4.15 × 10-6 (4.72 × 10-7 - 1.30 × 10-5), 1.75 × 10-5 (2.58 × 10-6 - 5.25 × 10-5) and 2.59 × 10-5 (4.02 × 10-6 - 8.35 × 10-5) respectively, indicating higher risks from desalinated and blended water (2.56 and 4.51 times respectively) than groundwater systems. Few emerging DBPs in desalinated/blended water showed higher cyto- and genotoxicity in the mammalian cells. The findings were compared with safe drinking water standards and strategies to produce cleaner desalinated water were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakhawat Chowdhury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada.
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11
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Li W, Zhang X, Han J. Formation of Larger Molecular Weight Disinfection Byproducts from Acetaminophen in Chlorine Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16929-16939. [PMID: 36409822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen is widely used to treat mild to moderate pain and to reduce fever. Under the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, this over-the-counter pain reliever and fever reducer has been drastically consumed, which makes it even more abundant than ever in municipal wastewater and drinking water sources. Chlorine is the most widely used oxidant in drinking water disinfection, and chlorination generally causes the degradation of organic compounds, including acetaminophen. In this study, a new reaction pathway in the chlorination of acetaminophen, i.e., oxidative coupling reactions via acetaminophen radicals, was investigated both experimentally and computationally. Using an ultraperformance liquid chromatograph coupled to an electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, we detected over 20 polymeric products in chlorinated acetaminophen samples, some of which have structures similar to the legacy pollutants "polychlorinated biphenyls". Both C-C and C-O bonding products were found, and the corresponding bonding processes and kinetics were revealed by quantum chemical calculations. Based on the product confirmation and intrinsic reaction coordinate computations, a pathway for the formation of the polymeric products in the chlorination of acetaminophen was proposed. This study suggests that chlorination may cause not only degradation but also upgradation of a phenolic compound or contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR00000, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR00000, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR00000, China
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12
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Chen R, Huang X, Li G, Yu Y, Shi B. Performance of in-service granular activated carbon for perfluoroalkyl substances removal under changing water quality conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157723. [PMID: 35914596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption is one of the best available technologies for removing perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from drinking water. However, GAC processes in full-scale drinking water treatment plants frequently encounter unstable, even negative removal efficiency on PFASs due to the lack of understanding between the GAC characteristics and the PFASs polluted water quality conditions. In this study, the scenarios of raw water pre-chlorination and emergency contamination by multiple PFASs were simulated to evaluate the PFASs control performance by in-service GAC with different properties and ages. The results showed that the adsorption of a relatively longer-chain PFAS by the in-service GAC can be achieved by replacing the pre-adsorbed natural organic matter (NOM). The increased lower molecular weight NOM after pre-chlorination could compete with PFASs for adsorption sites and exacerbate the pore blockage, thus significantly weakening the PFASs removal ability of in-service GAC. When multiple PFASs entered the water by emergency contamination, the PFASs with stronger hydrophobicity could replace the PFASs with less hydrophobicity that had previously been adsorbed on GAC. GAC with a higher proportion of micropores had a lower risk of PFASs leakage facing the water quality changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruya Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Guiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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13
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Lu X, Zhou X, Qiu W, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yu J, Wang D, Gu J, Ma J. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with hypochlorous acid: Implication on electrochemical water treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129420. [PMID: 35816805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of HOCl to Cl- by in-situ electrochemical synthesis or ex-situ addition of H2O2 is a feasible method to minimize Cl-DBPs and ClOx- (x = 2, 3, and 4) formation in electrochemical oxidative water treatment systems. This work has investigated the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between H2O2 and HOCl. The kinetics study showed the species-specific second order rate constants for HOCl with H2O2 (k1), HOCl with HO2- (k2) and OCl- with H2O2 (k3) are 195.5 ± 3.3 M-1s-1, 4.0 × 107 M-1s-1 and 3.5 × 103 M-1s-1, respectively. The density functional theory calculation showed k2 is the most advantageous thermodynamically pathway because it does not need to overcome a high energy barrier. The yields of 1O2 generation from the reaction of H2O2 with HOCl were reinvestigated by using furfuryl alcohol (FFA) as a probe, and an average of 92.3% of 1O2 yields was obtained at pH 7-12. The second order rate constants of the reaction of 1O2 with 13 phenolates were determined by using the H2O2/HOCl system as a quantitative 1O2 production source. To establish a quantitative structure activity relationship, quantum chemical descriptors were more satisfactory than empirical Hammett constants. The potential implications in electrochemical oxidative water treatment were discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Ziyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yishi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Haochen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jiaxin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Da Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jia Gu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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14
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Yang H, Ye S, Wang H, Zhou C, Xiong T, Deng Y, Fu Q, Zeng G, Zeng Z, Tan X. Insight into disinfection byproduct formation potential of aged biochar and its effects during chlorination. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115437. [PMID: 35661878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochar can achieve multiple benefits including solid waste management, polluted water remediation, carbon sequestration, and emission reduction. However, various environmental factors (such as temperature variations and dry-wet alternation) and microbial activity may lead to the fragmentation, dissolution, and oxidation of biochar. These accelerate the dissolution of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) and then influence disinfection byproducts formation potential (DBPFP) throughout the water treatment process. In this paper, biochars from six biomass feedstocks with five aging processes were prepared, and the DBPFP of biochar and its derived DOM were first studied systematically. Different aging processes might increase the DBPFP of biochar by increasing DOM content and changing the fraction distribution of DOM derived from biochar. Especially, the DBPFP of biochar increased apparently with the chemical aging process. Coexisting with the environmental concentration of humic acid, even aged biochar showed the potential to reduce DBPFP and integrated toxic risk value of the mixed system. In this study, the DBPFP of biochar-derived DOM during the disinfection process is confirmed, and the results can give information to the selection of biomass feedstocks of biochar and its service life in the water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shujing Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Chengyun Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Ting Xiong
- Institute of Big Data and Internet Innovation, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, 410205, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Qianmin Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zhuotong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
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15
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Liang JK, Lu Y, Song ZM, Ye B, Wu QY, Hu HY. Effects of chlorine dose on the composition and characteristics of chlorinated disinfection byproducts in reclaimed water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153739. [PMID: 35149072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During chlorination of reclaimed water, the dose of chlorine used can influence the formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs). We used non-targeted screening by Orbitrap mass spectrometry to identify Cl-DBPs in samples of chlorinated reclaimed water, and found that chlorination was likely to form slightly oxidized unsaturated aliphatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic compounds. Increasing the chlorine dose increased the proportion of polycyclic aromatic Cl-DBPs containing one chlorine atom (Cl1-DBPs) and highly oxidized unsaturated aliphatic Cl-DBPs containing two chlorine atoms (Cl2-DBPs). In addition, increasing the chlorine dose first decreased and then increased the proportion of Cl1-DBPs with aromatic index values >0.5 and increased the proportion of Cl2-DBPs with aromatic index values <0.5. Increasing the chlorine dose increased double bond equivalent minus oxygen values of Cl1-DBPs and decreased the double bond equivalent minus oxygen values of Cl2-DBPs, while the nominal oxidant state of carbon decreased for Cl1-DBPs and increased for Cl2-DBPs. In considering the possible precursors of Cl-DBPs and their reaction pathways, substitution reactions occurred more readily with aliphatic compounds and addition reactions occurred more readily with aromatic precursors. When the chlorine dose is increased, more Cl2-DBPs may be formed by substitution. Overall, the chlorine dose influences Cl-DBP formation and composition and should be taken into account during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kun Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Bei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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16
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Miao M, Liu J, Dou Y, Hao H, Cheng X, Zhang M, Li Y. Effects of microplastics on DBPs formation under the chlorination of natural organic matters. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134067. [PMID: 35216978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have attracted extensive attention and concern because they inflict damage on human beings and the environment. When the microplastics enter the water system, they inevitably flow into the water treatment system and encounter disinfectants during the disinfection procedure. Chlorine can react with microplastics to form different kinds of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). O-containing functional groups on the surface of microplastics may play a major role in DBP formation. Without O-containing functional groups, microplastics can also form DBPs but with totally different mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS, i.e., •OH) and reactive chlorine substances (RCS, i.e., Cl• and ClO•) may attack the microplastics and form DBP precursors. With relatively low surface area and very little pore volume, microplastics cannot affect the DBP formation between Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) and chlorine. When SRFA exists, microplastics with few O-containing functional groups can hardly form DBPs because of the inhibition of ROS and RCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhong Miao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Tianjin International Engineering Consulting Group Co.,Ltd, Dongting Road 20, Hexi District, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huizhi Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuhua Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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17
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Lu Y, Liang JK, Wang HY, Wang C, Song ZM, Hu Q, Wu QY. Novel chlorinated disinfection byproducts from tannic acid: nontargeted identification, formation pathways, and computationally predicted toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127827. [PMID: 34894502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tannic acid is ubiquitously present in various simulated and real water sources and in wastewater. Various chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs) are generated via reactions with tannic acid during disinfection with chlorine. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with our self-developed halogen extraction code to selectively identify Cl-DBPs. Our strategy enabled successful detection of 35 Cl-DBP formulas formed by chlorination of tannic acid, and we identified 26 of these structures. The structures of 17 novel Cl-DBPs are firstly reported here. The reaction pathways of these Cl-DBPs were tentatively proposed. These Cl-DBPs are likely to be generated during chlorination at various chlorine doses, from 0.0 to 10.0 mg-Cl2/L, and 14 of the 26 Cl-DBPs were detected in simulated drinking water, which implies a relatively high probability of incidence. Quantitative structure-activity relationship toxicity analyses predicted that most of these Cl-DBPs would exhibit much higher acute toxicity than the common DBPs trichloromethane and monochloroacetic acid and that some of these compounds would induce developmental toxicity and be mutagenic, which further emphasizes that these Cl-DBPs should raise concerns. This study broadens our understanding of the Cl-DBPs formed from tannic acid and should prompt wider application of our analytical strategy in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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18
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Li J, Zhang H, Wang J, Yu Z, Li H, Yang M. Identification of unknown disinfection byproducts in drinking water produced from Taihu Lake source water. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:1-11. [PMID: 34963519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water have been suggested as a cancer causing factor, the causative compounds have not yet been clarified. In this study, we used liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS) to identify the unknown disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water produced from Taihu Lake source water, which is known as a convergence point for the anthropogenic pollutants discharged from intensive industrial activities in the surrounding regions. In total, 91 formulas of DBPs were discovered through LC-QTOF MS nontarget screen, 81 of which have not yet been reported. Among the 91 molecules, 56 only contain bromine, 15 only contain chlorine and 20 DBPs have both bromine and chlorine atoms. Finally, five DBPs including 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 2,6-dibromo-4-chlorophenol, 2,6-dichloro-4-bromophenol, 4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were confirmed using standards. The former three compounds mainly formed in the predisinfection step (maximum concentration, 0.2-2.6 µg/L), while the latter two formed in the disinfection step (maximum concentration, 18.2-33.6 ng/L). In addition, 19 possible precursors of the discovered DBPs were detected, with the aromatic compounds being a major group. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol as the precursor of 4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol was confirmed with standard, with a concentration of 20.3 µg/L in raw water. The results of this study show that brominated DBPs which are possibly formed from industrial pollutants are relevant DBP species in drinking water produced form Taihu source water, suggesting protection of Taihu Lake source water is important to control the DBP risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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19
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Zhai H, Zhao J, Wang R, Yan Y, Yu S, Zhao Y. Formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids from 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone during chlorination: Decomposition kinetics, conversion rates, and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132729. [PMID: 34718017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a typical aromatic disinfection byproduct (DBP), 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) attracts much concern due to the potential toxicity. To further evaluate the role of 2,6-DCBQ as an intermediate DBP in water with or without chlorine, their decomposition characteristics and transformation potential to the regulated DBPs (i.e., trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) were investigated under different chlorine doses, pH values, temperatures, contact times, and bromide levels. The decomposition of 2,6-DCBQ under different conditions all fit apparent first-order kinetics. The hydrolysis rate constants of 2,6-DCBQ significantly increased with pH. The half-live values of 2,6-DCBQ were 108.3-568.7 h at pH 6.0-6.5, and 1.8-31.1 h at pH 7.0-8.5. During the hydrolysis of 2,6-DCBQ, there was no THMs and HAAs generated. During chlorination, 2,6-DCBQ decayed rapidly accompanied by the fast formation of trichloromethane (TCM) and the gradual generation of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The molar conversion rates of 2,6-DCBQ-to-THMs (i.e., TCM) and 2,6-DCBQ-to-HAAs were 2.9-10.0% and 0.1-2.2% under different conditions. The presence of bromide increased the conversion rates of 2,6-DCBQ-to-THMs and caused the generation of brominated THMs and HAAs. According to the decomposition characteristics of 2,6-DCBQ and the formation trends of THMs and HAAs under different conditions, multiple formation pathways from 2,6-DCBQ to THMs and HAAs were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuwei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Samonte PRV, Li Z, Mao J, Chaplin BP, Xu W. Pyrogenic carbon-promoted haloacetic acid decarboxylation to trihalomethanes in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:117988. [PMID: 34959066 PMCID: PMC9195562 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water disinfection by chlorination or chloramination can result in the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs). Pyrogenic carbonaceous matter (PCM), such as activated carbon (AC), is commonly used as an ostensibly inert adsorbent to remove HAAs from water. HAA degradation has been mainly attributed to biological factors. This study, for the first time, revealed that abiotic HAA degradation in the presence of PCM could be important under water treatment conditions. Specifically, we observed complete destruction of Br3AA, a model HAA, in the presence of powder AC at pH 7 within 30 min. To understand the role of PCM and the reaction mechanism, we performed a systematic study using a suite of HAAs and various PCM types. We found that PCM significantly accelerated the transformation of three HAAs (Br3AA, BrCl2AA, Br2ClAA) at pH 7. Product characterization indicated an approximately 1:1 HAA molar transformation into their respective THMs following a decarboxylation pathway with PCM. The Br3AA activation energy (Ea) was measured by kinetic experiments at 15-45 °C with and without a model PCM, wherein a significant decrease in Ea from 25.7 ± 3.2 to 13.6 ± 2.2 kcal•mol-1 was observed. We further demonstrated that oxygenated functional groups on PCM (e.g., -COOH) can accelerate HAA decarboxylation using synthesized polymers to resemble PCM. Density functional theory simulations were performed to determine the enthalpy of activation (ΔH‡) for Br3AA decarboxylation with H3O+ and formic acid (HCOOH). The presence of HCOOH significantly lowered the overall ΔH‡ value for Br3AA decarboxylation, supporting the hypothesis that -COOH catalyzes the C-C bond breaking in Br3AA. Overall, our study demonstrated the importance of a previously overlooked abiotic reaction pathway, where HAAs can be quickly converted to THMs with PCM under water treatment relevant conditions. These findings have substantial implications for DBP mitigation in water quality control, particularly for potable water reuse or pre-chlorinated water that allow direct contact between HAAs and AC during filtration as well as PAC fines traveling with finished water in water distribution systems. As such, the volatilization and relative low toxicity of volatile THMs may be considered as a detoxification process to mitigate adverse DBP effects in drinking water, thereby lowering potential health risks to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Rose V Samonte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Jingdong Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States
| | - Brian P Chaplin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 929 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, United States; Institute of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Civil, Materials, and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States.
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21
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Li B, Chen B, Chen S, Yang M, Wu Q. Removing chlorinated haloacetaldehydes from drinking water by household heating devices with and without chlorine: Efficiency, influencing factors, and mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131202. [PMID: 34175515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetaldehyde (HAL) is a type of disinfection byproduct (DBP) commonly detected in disinfected drinking water, and concerns toward its cytotoxic effects have promoted numerous efforts to control it. Given that household water treatment (HWT) process is a promising approach to polish drinking water quality and has been widely used by public, we herein evaluated the performances of two household heating devices (electric kettle and microwave oven) on the removals of three types of chlorinated haloacetaldehydes (Cl-HALs) under varying operating and water conditions. Results showed that the removals of HALs by boiling water to 100 °C were not very efficient (<20%) under automatic switch-off mode when chlorine was absent. The key mechanism responsible for Cl-HALs loss was likely volatilization because altering heating or cooling time did not enhance Cl-HALs' attenuations significantly. In contrast, Cl-HALs were readily transformed (>80%) when 1.0 mg/L chlorine was present without prolonging boiling time. Adding chlorine quencher (ascorbic acid) inhibited Cl-HALs' removals substantially, confirming that chlorine played a key role in the transformation process. The reactions between Cl-HALs and chlorine can be accelerated by raising water temperature and chlorine dosage. Stepwisely, monochloroacetaldehyde was transformed into dichloroacetaldehyde (DCAL), then DCAL was converted into trichloroacetaldehyde (TCAL), and eventually the C-C bond of TCAL was cleaved to form trichloromethane and formic acid. The study hence explains the differences on the removals of Cl-HALs between with and without adding chlorine and meanwhile identifies the limits of domestic heating devices in removing Cl-HALs from drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China.
| | - Shuwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Qianyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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22
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Wu QY, Yang LL, Du Y, Liang ZF, Wang WL, Song ZM, Wu DX. Toxicity of Ozonated Wastewater to HepG2 Cells: Taking Full Account of Nonvolatile, Volatile, and Inorganic Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10597-10607. [PMID: 34296870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater ozonation forms various toxic byproducts, such as aldehydes, bromate, and organic bromine. However, there is currently no clear understanding of the overall toxicity changes in ozonated wastewater because pretreatment with solid phase extraction cannot retain inorganic bromate and volatile aldehydes, yet contributions of known ozonation byproducts to toxicity are unknown. Moreover, compared with bromate, organic bromine did not receive widespread attention. This study evaluated the toxicity of ozonated wastewater by taking aldehydes, bromate, and organic bromine into consideration. In the absence of bromide, formaldehyde contributed 96-97% cytotoxicity and 92-95% genotoxicity to HepG2 cells among the detected known byproducts, while acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and glyoxal had little toxicity. Both formaldehyde and dibromoacetonitrile drove toxicity among the known byproducts when bromide was present. Toxicity assays in HepG2 cells showed that when secondary effluents contained no bromide, the cytotoxicity of the nonvolatile organic fraction (NVOF) was reduced by 56-70%, and genotoxicity was completely removed after ozonation. However, the formed aldehydes (volatile organic fraction, VOF) led to increased overall toxicity. In the presence of bromide, compared with the secondary effluent, ozonation increased the cytotoxicity of the NVOFBr from 3.4-4.0 mg phenol/L to 10.3-13.9 mg phenol/L, possibly due to the formation of organic bromine. In addition, considering the toxicity of VOFBr (VOF in the presence of bromide, including aldehydes, tribromomethane, etc.), the overall cytotoxicity and genotoxicity became much higher than those of the secondary effluent. Although bromate had a limited impact on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, it caused an increase in oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Therefore, when taking full account of nonvolatile, volatile, and inorganic fractions, ozonation generally increases the toxicity of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yuan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lu-Lin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Du
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zi-Fan Liang
- China United Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - De-Xiu Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Zhang X, Shen J, Huo X, Li J, Zhou Y, Kang J, Chen Z, Chu W, Zhao S, Bi L, Xu X, Wang B. Variations of disinfection byproduct precursors through conventional drinking water treatment processes and a real-time monitoring method. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129930. [PMID: 35534977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, raw water (RW), settled water (SW), and filtered water (FW) collected from a drinking water treatment plant were fractionated into 24 natural organic matter (NOM) fractions with varying molecular weights and hydrophobicity. The yields of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) obtained during the chlorination of the NOM fractions were explored. Results revealed that the 0-1 kDa, 5-10 kDa, and hydrophobic DBP precursors dominated RW. Hydrophobic fractions cannot be effectively removed, which contributed to the high DBP precursors remaining in the FW. The optional optical parameters, including UVA (UV340, UV360, and UV380), UVB (UV280, UV300, and UV310), and UVC (UV254, UV260, and UV272), were analyzed to determine the DBP yields during chlorination of different NOM fractions. Results revealed that UVC could be applied to indicate the regulated DBP yields of the humified precursors. Contrary to the generally accepted view, for biologically derived precursors, their regulated DBPs and dichloroacetonitrile correlated better with UVA (e.g. UV340). Moreover, PARAFAC analysis was applied to decompose an array of 24 EEM spectra. Good linear correlations were found between the PARAFAC components and most DBP yields. Furthermore, four fluorescence parameters were proposed via a modified fluorescence picking method, which can serve as excellent surrogates of PARAFAC components. These fluorescence parameters were found to be effective in indicating most DBP yields. Finally, the fluorescence intensity at excitation wavelength/emission wavelength = 310/416 nm was found to be a promising built-in parameter for the real-time monitoring of DBP precursors, regardless of the humification degree of the precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shengxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Lanbo Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Binyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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24
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Han J, Zhang X, Jiang J, Li W. How Much of the Total Organic Halogen and Developmental Toxicity of Chlorinated Drinking Water Might Be Attributed to Aromatic Halogenated DBPs? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5906-5916. [PMID: 33830743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although >700 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been identified, >50% of the total organic halogen (TOX) in drinking water chlorination is unknown, and the DBPs responsible for the chlorination-associated health risks remain largely unclear. Recent studies have revealed numerous aromatic halo-DBPs, which generally present substantially higher developmental toxicity than aliphatic halo-DBPs. This raises a fascinating and important question: how much of the TOX and developmental toxicity of chlorinated drinking water can be attributed to aromatic halo-DBPs? In this study, an effective approach with ultraperformance liquid chromatography was developed to separate the DBP mixture (from chlorination of bromide-rich raw water) into aliphatic and aromatic fractions, which were then characterized for their TOX and developmental toxicity. For chlorine contact times of 0.25-72 h, aromatic fractions accounted for 49-67% of the TOX in the obtained aliphatic and aromatic fractions, which were equivalent to 26-36% of the TOX in the original chlorinated water samples. Aromatic halo-DBP fractions were more developmentally toxic than the corresponding aliphatic fractions, and the overall developmental toxicity of chlorinated water samples was dominated by aromatic halo-DBP fractions. This might be explained by the considerably higher potentials of aromatic halo-DBPs to bioconcentrate and then generate reactive oxygen species in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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25
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Alver A, Baştürk E, Kılıç A. Development of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system model for predict trihalomethane formation potential in distribution network simulation test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:15870-15882. [PMID: 33244689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs), which is one of the major classes of DBP known to be highly cytotoxic and genotoxic, were formed and modeled under controlled conditions by laboratory-scale distribution network simulation test. The formation potentials of THM depending on the parameters such as natural organic matter, bromide, chlorine, pH, and contact time were determined. Subsequently, the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model was developed using these parameters as inputs and THM formation potentials as output, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9817. In the range of the inputs, the ANFIS model representing the simulation test results were compared with THM formations of an actual distribution network system in dry and wet seasons. As a result, the predictions of the ANFIS model were little affected by the unidentified factors that were not used in model training but are known to affect THM formations in real waters and gave more consistent results than the EPA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Alver
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Science Institute, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Emine Baştürk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Science Institute, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kılıç
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Science Institute, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
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26
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Liu Q, Yang J, Li H, Ye J, Fei Z, Chen X, Zhang Z, Tang J, Cui M, Qiao X. Activated carbon prepared from catechol distillation residue for efficient adsorption of aromatic organic compounds from aqueous solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128750. [PMID: 33199105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
At present, activated carbon (AC) derived from industrial wastes has a great practical significance. In this work, residue activated carbon (RAC) was successfully synthesized from catechol distillation residue by a simple activation process based on two steps. The optimized RAC (RAC-800, activated at 800 °C) had high specific surface area (1800 m2/g) and large total pore volume (0.91 cm3/g). RAC-800 portrayed the evident increase of the graphitic structure and possessed abundant functional groups. Catechol (CC), phthalic acid (PA) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were chosen as typical pollutant to investigate the effect of different functional groups on adsorption aromatic compounds, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity of RAC-800 for CC, PA and DMP was 221.5, 365.0 and 449.9 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption behaviors were systematically studied by the combination of kinetic and thermodynamic model. The adsorption process was dominated by the π-π interaction, assisted by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. In addition, regeneration study showed that the adsorption capacity can still remain over 88.5% after five cycles. In total, fine chemical distillation residues are promising to turn into the precursor of activated carbon, which has potential to be used as a good adsorbent for removal of aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Junhao Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jiahua Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Zhaoyang Fei
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Xian Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Zhuxiu Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jihai Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Mifen Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Xu Qiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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27
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Spectral and mass spectrometric characteristics of different molecular weight fractions of dissolved organic matter. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Chen H, Lin T, Zhang S, Chen W, Xu H, Tao H. Covalent organic frameworks as an efficient adsorbent for controlling the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in chlorinated drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141138. [PMID: 32795759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine-1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol covalent organic frameworks (PATP COF) were prepared and used as novel adsorbent for controlling the formation potential (FP) and reducing the toxic potential of both carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs) and nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) during their subsequent chlorination. During the PATP COF adsorption pretreatment process, the FP of C-DBPs, N-DBPs and total organic halogen (TOX) were reduced by 86.5, 75.4 and 81.1%, respectively. These removal efficiencies were significantly higher when compared with those obtained using a traditional activated carbon (AC) adsorption pretreatment process (42.7, 19.4 and 28.7%, respectively). By comprehensive toxicity calculations, a significant reduction in both the acute and chronic toxic potential of C-DBPs and N-DBPs were observed during the PATP COF adsorption process (with reduction rates of ~85 and ~ 75% observed for the C-DBPs and N-DBPs, respectively), which were comparable to the removal efficiencies observed for C-DBPs FP and N-DBPs FP by weight, suggesting the simultaneous and effective control of DBPs FP and their toxic potential. Cycling tests and stability trial also showed the excellent reusability, wide pH adaptability, and high stability of PATP COF, demonstrating its great potential application to the treatment of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Shisheng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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29
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Webb DT, Nagorzanski MR, Powers MM, Cwiertny DM, Hladik ML, LeFevre GH. Differences in Neonicotinoid and Metabolite Sorption to Activated Carbon Are Driven by Alterations to the Insecticidal Pharmacophore. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14694-14705. [PMID: 33119293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Widespread application of neonicotinoids has led to their proliferation in waters. Despite low neonicotinoid hydrophobicity, our prior studies implicated granular activated carbon (GAC) in neonicotinoid removal. Based on known receptor binding characteristics, we hypothesized that the insecticidal pharmacophore influences neonicotinoid sorption. Our objectives were to illuminate drivers of neonicotinoid sorption for parent neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and thiacloprid) and pharmacophore-altered metabolites (desnitro-imidacloprid and imidacloprid urea) to GAC, powdered activated carbon, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Neonicotinoid sorption to GAC was extensive and largely irreversible, with significantly greater sorption of imidacloprid than desnitro-imidacloprid. Imidacloprid and imidacloprid urea (electronegative pharmacophores) sorbed most extensively to nonfunctionalized CNTs, whereas desnitro-imidacloprid (positive pharmacophore) sorbed most to COOH-CNTs, indicating the importance of charge interactions and/or hydrogen bonding between the pharmacophore and carbon surface. Water chemistry parameters (temperature, alkalinity, ionic strength, and humic acid) inhibited overall neonicotinoid sorption, suggesting that pharmacophore-driven sorption in real waters may be diminished. Analysis of a full-scale drinking water treatment plant GAC filter influent, effluent, and spent GAC attributes neonicotinoid/metabolite removal to GAC under real-world conditions for the first time. Our results demonstrate that the neonicotinoid pharmacophore not only confers insecticide selectivity but also impacts sorption behavior, leading to less effective removal of metabolites by GAC filters in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Webb
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Matthew R Nagorzanski
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Megan M Powers
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, University of Iowa, 455 Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, 310 South Grand Ave, 209 South Quadrangle, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Gregory H LeFevre
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Yin R, Shang C. Removal of micropollutants in drinking water using UV-LED/chlorine advanced oxidation process followed by activated carbon adsorption. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116297. [PMID: 32818735 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal of three selected micropollutants (i.e., bisphenol A, diclofenac and caffeine) in drinking water using the UV-LED/chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP) followed by activated carbon adsorption. The degradation of bisphenol A, diclofenac and caffeine was predominantly contributed by chlorination (>60%), direct UV photolysis (>80%) and radical oxidation (>90%), respectively, during the treatment by the UV-LED/chlorine AOP at three tested UV wavelengths (i.e., 265, 285 and 300 nm). The most effective UV wavelengths for the degradation of bisphenol A, diclofenac and caffeine were 265, 285 and 300 nm, respectively. The degradation of all the three micropollutants was enhanced with increasing pH from 6 to 8, though the reasons for the pH dependence were different. The residues of the micropollutants and their degradation (by)products were removed by post-adsorption using granular activated carbon (GAC). Interestingly and more importantly, the adsorption rates of the degradation (by)products were 2-3 times higher than the adsorption rates of the corresponding micropollutants, indicating the formation of more adsorbable (by)products after the AOP pre-treatment. The UV-LED/chlorine AOP followed by GAC adsorption provides a multi-barrier treatment system for enhancing micropollutant removal in potable water. The findings also suggest the merit of the sequential use of UV-LEDs followed by GAC in treating chlorine-containing potable water in small-scale water treatment systems (e.g., point-of-use or point-of-entry water purifiers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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31
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Macêdo LPR, Dornelas ASP, Vieira MM, Ferreira JSDJ, Sarmento RA, Cavallini GS. Effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations of peracetic acid and active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite on Chironomus xanthus. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127171. [PMID: 32470743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are vulnerable to residual concentrations of chemical agents from anthropogenic activities, and the real impacts of such compounds can only be evaluated accurately using ecotoxicological tests. The assessment of ecotoxicological effects of peracetic acid (PAA) and the active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) on the insect Chironomus xanthus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) is highly relevant as there are few reports on its effects in fresh water ecosystems. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to assess the chronic toxicity of the compounds to C. xanthus. The toxicity bioassays for C. xanthus included the acute effect (CL50) and the chronic effects based on body length, head width, and cumulative emergence. The results obtained in the acute effect tests indicated that the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)2 is 14 fold more toxic than PAA to C. xanthus. In sublethal evaluations, the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)2 presented higher toxicity than PAA in terms of percentage emergence, body development, and head width. In general, the results showed lower PAA toxicity relative to the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)2, demonstrating that PAA is a promising substitute for chlorinated disinfectants. In addition, the study facilitates the establishment of reference values for the safe release of effluents treated with PAA into water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Priscilla Rodrigues Macêdo
- Multidisciplinar em Ensino, Educação, Química, Linguagens e Meio Ambiente, Instituto Federal do Pará, 68.629-020, Paragominas, Pará, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | | | - Mayane Marques Vieira
- Curso de Química Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Joel Santiago de Jesus Ferreira
- Curso de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Grasiele Soares Cavallini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil; Curso de Química Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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Erdem CU, Ateia M, Liu C, Karanfil T. Activated carbon and organic matter characteristics impact the adsorption of DBP precursors when chlorine is added prior to GAC contactors. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116146. [PMID: 32726742 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pre-chlorination (i.e. dosing chlorine prior to granular activated carbon (GAC) contactors) was recently introduced as a promising method to reduce the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, our understanding on the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) and GAC characteristics on pre-chlorination efficiency is still elusive. Thus, we have designed this systematic study to investigate the effects of GAC characteristics (i.e. surface area, pore size, and surface charge) on the subsequent reduction of DBP formation using five well-characterized adsorbents with three different NOM under three initial Br- concentrations. The results revealed that the adsorption of halogenated DBPs precursors mostly occurs in the mesoporous region (i.e. 2 nm < pore size <50 nm) of the adsorbents. Subsequently, pre-chlorination before treatment with HD3000 (i.e. GAC with the highest mesoporous surface area) decreased the formation of DBPs by 58%. Furthermore, oxidation of GAC increased the surface acidity and negatively impacted the adsorption of halogenated DBP precursors, which suggests basic GACs as promising adsorbents when applying pre-chlorination. In addition, experiments with different NOM showed that pre-chlorination was effective with higher aromatic NOM (i.e. high specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254)). However, pre-chlorination of NOM with low SUVA254 has decreased the adsorption of some DBP precursors which resulted in increased formations of haloacetic acid (HAA) and total organic halogen (TOX). Also, experiments with effluent organic matter (EfOM) showed that pre-chlorination did not increase the adsorption of DBP precursors in low SUVA254 wastewater effluents. Besides, increasing initial Br- concentration increased the formation of brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs) and the adsorbed Br-DBP precursors. This study gives in-depth understanding of the mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of pre-chlorination as a potential method to control DBPs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagri Utku Erdem
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, United States
| | - Mohamed Ateia
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, United States; Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, United States; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, United States.
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Liu X, Chen L, Yang M, Tan C, Chu W. The occurrence, characteristics, transformation and control of aromatic disinfection by-products: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116076. [PMID: 32698088 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the development of analytical technology, more emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been identified and detected. Among them, aromatic DBPs, especially heterocyclic DBPs, possess relatively high toxicity compared with regulated DBPs, which has been proved by bioassays. Thus, the occurrence of aromatic DBPs is of great concern. This article provides a comprehensive review and summary of the characteristics, occurrence, transformation pathways and control of aromatic DBPs. Aromatic DBPs are frequently detected in drinking water, wastewater and swimming pool water, among which swimming pool water illustrates highest concentration. Considering the relatively high concentration and toxicity, halophenylacetonitriles (HPANs) and halonitrophenols (HNPs) are more likely to be toxicity driver among frequently detected phenyl DBPs. Aromatic DBPs can be viewed as important intermediate products of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during chlor(am)ination. High molecular weight DOM could convert to aromatic DBPs via direct or indirect pathways, and they can further decompose into regulated aliphatic DBPs such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) by ring opening and side chain cleavage. Even though no single DBPs control strategy is efficient to all aromatic DBPs, the decrease of overall toxicity may be achieved by several methods including absorption, solar radiation and boiling. By systematically considering aromatic DBPs and aliphatic DBPs, a better trade-off can be made to reduce health risk induced by DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Liu J, Li Y, Jiang J, Zhang X, Sharma VK, Sayes CM. Effects of ascorbate and carbonate on the conversion and developmental toxicity of halogenated disinfection byproducts during boiling of tap water. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126890. [PMID: 32957290 PMCID: PMC8056440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine disinfection inactivates pathogens in drinking water, but meanwhile it causes the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which may induce adverse health effects. Humans are unavoidably exposed to halogenated DBPs via tap water ingestion. Boiling of tap water has been found to significantly reduce the concentrations of halogenated DBPs. In this study, we found that compared with boiling only, adding ascorbate (vitamin C) or carbonate (baking soda) to tap water and then boiling the water further reduced the level of total organic halogen (a collective parameter for all halogenated DBPs) by up to 36% or 28%, respectively. Adding ascorbate removed the chlorine residual in tap water and thus prevented the formation of more halogenated DBPs in the boiling process. Adding carbonate elevated pH of tap water and consequently enhanced the hydrolysis (dehalogenation) of halogenated DBPs or led to the formation of more trihalomethanes that might volatilize to air during the boiling process. The comparative developmental toxicity of the DBP mixtures in the water samples was also evaluated. The results showed that adding a tiny amount of sodium ascorbate or carbonate (2.5-5.0 mg/L) to tap water followed by boiling for 5 min reduced the developmental toxicity of tap water to a substantially lower level than boiling only. The addition of sodium ascorbate or carbonate to tap water in household could be realized by preparing them in tiny pills. This study suggests simple and effective methods to reduce the adverse effects of halogenated DBPs on humans through tap water ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
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Li Y, Jiang J, Li W, Zhu X, Zhang X, Jiang F. Volatile DBPs contributed marginally to the developmental toxicity of drinking water DBP mixtures against Platynereis dumerilii. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126611. [PMID: 32443275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed during chlorine disinfection of drinking water. The complicated natural organic matter in source water causes the formation of an even more complicated mixture of DBPs. To evaluate the toxicity of a DBP mixture in a disinfected water sample, the sample needs to be pretreated in order to attain an observable acute adverse effect in the toxicity test. During sample pretreatment, volatile DBPs including trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles and haloketones may be lost, which could affect the toxicity evaluation of the DBP mixture. In this study, we intentionally prepared "concentrated" simulated drinking water samples, which contained sufficiently high levels of volatile and nonvolatile DBPs and thus enabled directly evaluating the toxicity of the DBP mixtures without sample pretreatment. Specifically, the natural organic matter and bromide concentrations and the chlorine dose in the concentrated water samples were 250 times higher than those in a typical drinking water sample. Each concentrated water sample was divided into two aliquots, and one of them was nitrogen sparged to eliminate volatile DBPs; then, both aliquots were used directly in a well-established developmental toxicity test. No significant difference (p > 0.10) was found between the developmental toxicity indexes of each concentrated water sample without and with nitrogen sparging, indicating that the contribution of volatile DBPs to the developmental toxicity of the DBP mixture might be marginal. A reasonable interpretation is that nonvolatile halogenated DBPs (especially the aromatic ones) in the DBP mixture could be the major developmental toxicity contributor that warrants more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Lara P, Ramírez V, Castrillón F, Peñuela GA. Presence of Disinfection Byproducts in Public Swimming Pools in Medellín, Colombia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134659. [PMID: 32605262 PMCID: PMC7369848 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The quality of water in swimming pools is essential to avoid risks to the health of users. Medellín has more than 1000 public swimming pools, which are supervised by the Medellín Health Authority to monitor and ensure compliance with relevant regulations. The Health Authority has financed several studies related to the quality of drinking and recreational water in Medellín in order to protect consumers and users. One such study involves the evaluation of the presence of disinfection byproducts (DBP). The best known DBPs resulting from disinfection with chlorine are trihalomethanes (THMs) and halogenated acetic acids (HAAs), as well as other minorities such as chloramines or halophenols (HPs). DBPs pose a greater risk in swimming pool water because there is a greater possibility of ingestion, since exposure occurs through several routes at the same time (direct ingestion of water, inhalation of volatile or aerosol solutes, dermal contact and absorption through skin). In the present work, high concentrations of THMs and HAAs were detected in the public swimming pools selected in the study, but the presence of HPs was not detected in the pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lara
- Faculty of Engineering, Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellin, Colombia; (P.L.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Ramírez
- Faculty of Engineering, Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellin, Colombia; (P.L.); (V.R.)
| | - Fernando Castrillón
- Health Authority Entity of Medellín, La Alpujarra Administrative Center of Medellín, Calle 42 No 52-106, 050015 Medellín, Colombia;
| | - Gustavo A. Peñuela
- Faculty of Engineering, Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellin, Colombia; (P.L.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-219-6570
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Truong HB, Ike IA, Ok YS, Hur J. Polyethyleneimine modification of activated fly ash and biochar for enhanced removal of natural organic matter from water via adsorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125454. [PMID: 31995894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, fly ash (FA) and biochar (BC), two common industrial byproducts, were activated and surface-modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI) to enhance their capacities to remove natural organic matter (NOM) from water via adsorption. Different fluorescent components were identified using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) to explore the individual adsorption behaviors of different organic constituents in a bulk NOM. The NOM adsorption was quantitatively examined via adsorption isotherm and kinetics models. Compared to the pristine adsorbents, the functionalized adsorbent with increased surface area and positive surface charge achieved higher NOM adsorption. By evaluating the adsorptive behaviors of UV-absorbing and fluorescent moieties, it was concluded that the operative mechanism of adsorption included electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interaction. At the optimal pH of 3, the surface-modified FA and BC (i.e., FA-PEI and BC-PEI) had adsorption capacities for NOM that were ∼3 times higher than the capacities of the pristine materials. Due to its aromatic features, π-π interaction may have enhanced BC and BC-PEI selective adsorption of aromatic NOM components compared to FA and FA-PEI. Kinetic modelling showed that the mesopores of FA-PEI were available for NOM adsorption and diffusion of NOM molecules into the mesoporous structures was rate-limiting. On the other hand, PEI-modification may have further reduced NOM diffusion through the narrow micropores in BC such that external adsorption primarily occurred on BC-PEI. The modified adsorbents showed a faster adsorption kinetics than the pristine counterparts and a high durability in repeated adsorption-desorption cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Bang Truong
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikechukwu A Ike
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Chen X, Wang Y, Li W, Zhang J, Qi W, Lu Y, Ding Z. Coupling changes of disinfectant and bacteria induced by the water stagnation and disinfection strategy. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125190. [PMID: 31704528 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper studied stagnation-induced changes of disinfectant and bacteria using an orthogonal test and kinetic analysis, and then proposed a disinfection strategy. Tap water from a drinking water distribution system and ultrafiltrated water were collected and disinfected with four disinfectants (concentrations were set 0.2-1 mg/L as Cl2. The study had several findings. First, disinfectants expanded lag phases and shortened generation times of the microbiome. Reduction in culturability, substrate responsiveness, respiratory activity, membrane potential and integrity subsequently occurred with increasing disinfection concentration. Second, the disinfectant decay rate decreased with initial disinfection concentration, and the effective disinfection phase (heterotrophic plate count (HPC) was less than 100 cfu/mL) was longer in water samples with lower organic matter. Moreover, the disinfection process was divided into an effective phase and an invalid phase (HPC>100 cfu/mL). Then a disinfection efficiency model was built and the regulation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) production was studied in chlorinated water samples, which provides a general method for other disinfectant studies. The average trihalomethanes (THMs) production during the effective phase (marked as THM/th) and THMs production during the invalid phase (marked as ΔTHM) were proposed to evaluate the DBPs production. The level of THM/th and ΔTHM were lower in ultrafiltrated water than those in tap water. THM/th were negatively correlated with initial chlorine concentration while ΔTHM were positively correlated with initial chlorine concentration. Finally, for the purpose of raising disinfection efficiency and decreasing DBPs, we propose periodic pulse disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- College of Defense Engineering, The Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, 210007, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Defense Engineering, The Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, 210007, China.
| | - Weiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Pudong Veolia Water Supply Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Wanqi Qi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yaofeng Lu
- College of Defense Engineering, The Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, 210007, China
| | - Zhibin Ding
- College of Defense Engineering, The Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, 210007, China.
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Jiang J, Han J, Zhang X. Nonhalogenated Aromatic DBPs in Drinking Water Chlorination: A Gap between NOM and Halogenated Aromatic DBPs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1646-1656. [PMID: 31909989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are generated via reactions with natural organic matter (NOM) in chlorine disinfection of drinking water. How large NOM molecules are converted to halogenated aliphatic DBPs during chlorination remains a fascinating yet largely unresolved issue. Recently, many relatively toxic halogenated aromatic DBPs have been identified in chlorinated drinking waters, and they behave as intermediate DBPs to decompose to halogenated aliphatic DBPs. There is still one gap between NOM and halogenated aromatic DBPs. In this study, nine nonhalogenated aromatic compounds were identified as new intermediate DBPs in chlorination, including 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-formyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, 5-formyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyphthalic acid, 4'-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-methylbenzoic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde. These nonhalogenated aromatic DBPs formed quickly and reached the maximum levels at relatively low chlorine doses within a short contact time, and their formation pathways were proposed. The formation kinetics of three nonhalogenated aromatic DBPs and their corresponding monochloro-/dichloro-substitutes during chlorination were then modeled. The nonhalogenated aromatic DBPs contributed up to 84% of the formed monochloro-substitutes and 22% of the formed dichloro-substitutes, demonstrating that they somewhat acted as intermediates between NOM and halogenated aromatic DBPs. Furthermore, the formed nonhalogenated aromatic DBPs were found to be removed by >50% by granular activated carbon adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong 999077 , China
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40
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Huang X, Wan Y, Shi B, Shi J. Effects of powdered activated carbon on the coagulation-flocculation process in humic acid and humic acid-kaolin water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124637. [PMID: 31470312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) to remove micropollutants is a commonly used technology to improve drinking water quality. However, the effects of PAC dosing strategy on the coagulation-flocculation process of water treatment have not been well understood, especially for water with low amounts of inorganic particles. Therefore, the current research aimed to comprehensively study the effects of simultaneous addition of PAC and aluminum sulfate (AS) coagulants (denoted as PAC-AS) or adding PAC 2 h before coagulation (denoted as PAC2h-AS) on the coagulation behavior in humic acid (HA) and HA-kaolin water treatment. The results showed that the floc size, growth rate, breakage factor, and fractal dimension were all enhanced by PAC-AS and PAC2h-AS for HA but not for HA-kaolin water treatment. In HA water treatment, PAC-AS reached a larger floc size and faster growth rate, while PAC2h-AS achieved a larger floc breakage factor and fractal dimension value. For PAC2h-AS, the pre-adsorption of HA onto PAC would lower the initial particle concentration and reduce the collision probability during HA water coagulation process; thus, the DOC removal efficiency, floc size, and growth rate of PAC2h-AS were relatively smaller than those of PAC-AS. For the floc strength and floc fractal dimension, the pre-adsorption of HA onto PAC contributed to formation of stronger inter-particle bonds; thus, stronger and more compact flocs were formed by PAC2h-AS compared with those of PAC-AS. The addition of PAC had a smaller impact on the floc properties in HA-kaolin water treatment owing to its higher initial particle concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Yang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Textiles, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jian Shi
- School of Textiles, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China; Analysis & Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
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Yang J, Li W, Zhu Q, Yang M, Li J, Zhang J, Yang B, Zhao X. Identification, Formation, and Predicted Toxicity of Halogenated DBPs Derived from Tannic Acid and Its Biodegradation Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13019-13030. [PMID: 31609596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humic substances are commonly known disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. Tannic acid is one precursor of humic substances in organic degradation, and it occurs ubiquitously in both source water and wastewater. In this study, the biological degradation process was simulated under laboratory conditions, and the characteristics of DBP formation generated from the chlorination of tannic acid samples with different biodegradation times were explored. Twenty-six emerging halogenated DBPs were identified, and the formation pathways of the tannic acid-derived DBPs were tentatively proposed. Moreover, results demonstrated that the profile of the chlorinated DBP formation was significantly different from its brominated counterpart during biodegradation, and a general increasing trend of the ratio of TOBr/TOX or TIIPIS79/(TIIPIS79+TIIPIS35) as biodegradation time increasing was noticeable. The observed trend could be mainly ascribed to the reactive sites of tannic acid shifting from relatively fast to slow sites during biodegradation. In addition, the comparative toxicity of the detected DBPs derived from tannic acid was predicted by using two quantitative structure-activity relationship models established previously. On the basis of both the two toxicity metrics (involving developmental toxicity and growth inhibition potency), the predicted toxicity data indicated that the emerging DBP group trihalo-(di)hydroxycyclopentane-1,3-diones may possess extremely high toxic potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products , Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming 650000 , China
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Qingyao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Juying Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Xu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
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Song J, Jin X, Wang XC, Jin P. Preferential binding properties of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups with aluminium salts for humic acid removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:478-487. [PMID: 31229708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To systematically elucidate the removal characteristics of humic acid (HA), which are highly dependent on the molecular structure of HA, a series of representative HA model compounds containing different numbers and positions of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups were selected, and the chemical reaction behaviour between HA and aluminium coagulants was investigated. The results indicated that the number of carboxyl groups in the benzene ring and binding environment had great effects on the Al-binding properties of HA molecules. Under weakly acidic conditions, coordination occurred between carboxyl and Al ions, and the complexing capacity was restricted by the substituted position of hydroxyl groups. Under neutral conditions or at higher coagulant dosages, sweep coagulation occurred by surface complexation of aluminium hydroxide by carboxyl groups and hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl group and aluminium hydroxide; this process was dependent on the substitutive pattern of the functional groups. Moreover, increased aliphatic chain length and benzene ring size could enhance hydrophobicity, and hence resulted in higher coagulation efficiency. This study provided new insight into the mechanism of the interaction between HA and aluminium coagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Song
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710055, China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710055, China
| | - Pengkang Jin
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710055, China.
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Zhang M, Wang X, Hao H, Wang H, Duan L, Li Y. Formation of disinfection byproducts as affected by biochar during water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:190-197. [PMID: 31176894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) is as an emerging and promising adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions in water treatment given its porous structure, large surface area, and numerous O-functional groups. However, the effects of BC on the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during the disinfection process of water treatment remains largely unknown. This study investigated the influence of aqueous solution chemistry on DBP formation in the presence of BC during chlorination. BC samples prepared from different biomass precursors (wheat straw, peanut shells, and shaddock peel) with different pyrolysis temperatures were compared, and the effects of aqueous solution chemistry were systematically investigated. Results indicated that DBPs could be formed during disinfection with BC. Certain intermediate DBP products would undergo base catalysis to form trichloromethane (TCM) via hydrolysis as pH increased. This phenomenon would increase TCM content, as well as decrease chloral hydrate and 1,1-dichloro-2-propanone content. The increment in inorganic ion (NaCl) content showed negligible effects on DBP formation during BC chlorination. DBP formation was restrained in the presence of humic acid (HA) because the number of active sites on BC that participated in the reaction decreased when BC adsorbed HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huizhi Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lin Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Rodrigues Macêdo LP, Pereira Dornelas AS, Vieira MM, Santiago de Jesus Ferreira J, Almeida Sarmento R, Cavallini GS. Comparative ecotoxicological evaluation of peracetic acid and the active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite: Use of Dugesia tigrina as a bioindicator of environmental pollution. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:273-281. [PMID: 31176128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine plays a primary role in the disinfection of drinking water and wastewater due to its effectiveness as a biocide; however, there is evidence of the formation of toxic byproducts from its application, and this has promoted the search for alternatives. Alternative disinfectants can be effective in the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms and are less damaging to human health and aquatic ecosystems. However, more information is needed on the effect of residual concentrations on the environment. This work compares the ecotoxicological effects of PAA disinfectants and the active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite in relation to the organism Dugesia tigrina (planaria), in terms of the acute effects: LC50, and chronic effects: feeding, locomotion, regeneration, reproduction and fertility. The results indicated that the active chlorine was more toxic than PAA, with LC50 (96 h) of 2.63 mg.L-1 and 3.16 mg.L-1, respectively. Sub-lethal exposure to active chlorine was more toxic when compared to PAA, and there was evidence of significantly reduced feeding and locomotion, causing a greater delay in regeneration and impairment in reproduction and fertility. The results allowed the comparison of the two disinfectants using half-life constants of the compounds and the lowest observed effect level (LOEC) of the oxidants. Chlorine represents a greater risk to the ecosystem for a longer period. The results obtained in this study can help in the establishment of discharge limits for PAA in water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayane Marques Vieira
- Curso de Química Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
| | - Joel Santiago de Jesus Ferreira
- Curso de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
| | - Grasiele Soares Cavallini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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Zhang M, Wang X, Du T, Wang H, Hao H, Wang Y, Li Y, Hao T. Effects of carbon materials on the formation of disinfection byproducts during chlorination: Pore structure and functional groups. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:1-10. [PMID: 31254881 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Release of carbon materials (CMs) into water and wastewater treatment systems occurs due to their increasing utilization as adsorbents for water treatment. When the CMs, mixed with natural organic matter (NOM), interact with disinfectants used during water treatment (e.g. chlorine), the released CMs can affect the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, three common CMs were investigated to reveal their possible effects and the mechanisms of DBP formation during the chlorination of NOM. The experimental results indicate that DBPs generation decreased by 10-40% in the presence of CMs when Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) was chlorinated. The adsorption of SRHA by CMs was hypothesized as the major cause for the DBPs inhibition. CMs could irreversibly adsorb DBP precursors in their mesopores through π-π bonding and hydrophobic effects. OH groups on the surface of CMs were shown to be critical for DBPs inhibition through linking with the OH or COOH groups on the surface of NOM via hydrogen bonding. The study also showed that water chemistry parameters, such as pH and salinity, can affect DBP formation by changing the adsorption of NOM onto CMs. With diverse NOM components, the presence of CMs resulted in decreased formation of trichloromethane from 57.1 μg/L to 23.8, 38.4, and 40.4 μg/L when coal-made activated carbon (CAC), wheat straw-made BC pyrolyzed at 300 °C (WSBC300), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), respectively, were added to surface water; and from 30.6 μg/L to 20.0, 19.2, and 13.2 μg/L when CAC, WSBC300, and MWCNTs, respectively, were added to wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Tingting Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huizhi Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Tianwei Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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Ding S, Deng Y, Bond T, Fang C, Cao Z, Chu W. Disinfection byproduct formation during drinking water treatment and distribution: A review of unintended effects of engineering agents and materials. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:313-329. [PMID: 31154129 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Unintended effects of engineering agents and materials on the formation of undesirable disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during drinking water treatment and distribution were comprehensively reviewed. Specially, coagulants, biologically active filtration biofilms, activated carbons, nanomaterials, ion-exchange resins, membrane materials in drinking water treatment and piping materials, deposits and biofilms within drinking water distribution systems were discussed, which may serve as DBP precursors, transform DBPs into more toxic species, and/or catalyze the formation of DBPs. Speciation and quantity of DBPs generated rely heavily on the material characteristics, solution chemistry conditions, and operating factors. For example, quaternary ammonium polymer coagulants can increase concentrations of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) to above the California notification level (10 ng/L). Meanwhile, the application of strong base ion-exchange resins has been associated with the formation of N-nitrosamines and trichloronitromethane up to concentrations of 400 ng/L and 9.0 μg/L, respectively. Organic compounds leaching from membranes and plastic and rubber pipes can generate high NDMA (180-450 ng/L) and chloral hydrate (∼12.4 μg/L) upon downstream disinfection. Activated carbon and membranes preferentially remove organic precursors over bromide, resulting in a higher proportion of brominated DBPs. Copper corrosion products (CCPs) accelerate the decay of disinfectants and increase the formation of halogenated DBPs. Chlorination of high bromide waters containing CCPs can form bromate at concentrations exceeding regulatory limits. Owing to the aforementioned concern for the drinking water quality, the application of these materials and reagents during drinking water treatment and distribution should be based on the removal of pollutants with consideration for balancing DBP formation during disinfection scenarios. Overall, this review highlights situations in which the use of engineering agents and materials in drinking water treatment and distribution needs balance against deleterious impacts on DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhongqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Chen H, Lin T, Chen W, Xu H, Tao H. Different removal efficiency of disinfection-byproduct precursors between dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) by up-flow biological activated carbon (UBAC) process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25874-25882. [PMID: 31273652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Up-flow biological activated carbon (UBAC) filter has been widely used in waterworks due to its less hydraulic loss, stronger biodegradation ability, and the prevention of excessive biomass growth relative to down-flow BAC treatment. In this study, the different removal efficiency (DRE) of disinfection byproduct precursors between dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) was evaluated when UBAC filter was used as advanced treatment process. Results showed that the UBAC filter with approximately 36 months of usage time had a poor performance in the removal of DCAcAm formation potential (FP) (i.e. 9.3-19.1%) compared to DCAN FP (i.e., 22.5-34.1%). After chlorination of UBAC effluent, the hydrolysis of DCAN to form DCAcAm only partly contributed to the DRE variations of both DCAN FP and DCAcAm FP. Using the high-throughput sequencing technology and the redundancy analysis (RDA), the second dominant genus Bacillus in UBAC filter, which may transform precursors of DCAN into inorganic matters, could be another reason that led to the DRE in DCAN and DCAcAm FP. The formation and leakage of soluble microbial products (SMPs) was identified by excitation-emission matrix (EEM) peak intensities as well as variation of biological index (BIX). The SMPs released into UBAC effluent, favoring the formation of DCAcAm, also contributed to the precursors of both DCAN and DCAcAm, causing a poor removal performance in DCAcAm FP by UBAC filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
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48
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Wang L, Renwick DV, Regli S. Re-assessing ICR GAC Treatment Study Database: Effect of Bromide on DBP Formation. AWWA WATER SCIENCE 2019; 1:10.1002/aws2.1147. [PMID: 32462113 PMCID: PMC7252525 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While granular active carbon (GAC) can effectively remove disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors, its use has raised concerns over increased formation of some brominated DBP species in treated water following postchlorination, especially for waters with high bromide concentrations. The Information Collection Rule Treatment Study Database contains results of the most extensive GAC studies ever conducted nationwide. Data were analyzed to assess the extent of DBP speciation changes and overall reduction of brominated DBPs by GAC to gain new insights of the bromide effect. Results showed that formation of three brominated trihalomethanes (collectively, Br-THM3) varied greatly depending on TOC removal and bromide concentrations. Low TOC concentrations in GAC effluents resulted in greatly reduced Br-THM3 formation, except for a few cases where Br-THM3 formation increased. GAC followed by chloramination were likely to better control Br-THM3 formation for waters with high TOC and high bromide. Lastly, the chlorine demand reduction by GAC was quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Corresponding Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA; phone: (202) 564-9156;
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49
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Yang M, Zhang X, Liang Q, Yang B. Application of (LC/)MS/MS precursor ion scan for evaluating the occurrence, formation and control of polar halogenated DBPs in disinfected waters: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 158:322-337. [PMID: 31051377 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection can result in the unintended formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which have been the subject of intensive investigation over the past 40 years. Robust methods for evaluating and characterizing the formation of halogenated DBPs are prerequisites for ultimately controlling the formation of DBPs and ensuring quality and safe disinfected water. Only a fraction of the total organic halogen (TOX) formed during disinfection has been chemically identified or even well characterized by the classical (derivatization-)gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Such a method may not be amenable to the detection of polar halogenated DBPs, which constitute a major portion of the TOX that is still unaccounted for. Accordingly, a novel precursor ion scan (PIS) method using (liquid chromatography/) electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed for the rapid selective detection of all polar halogenated DBPs-no matter whether the DBPs are known or unknown-in water. This article reviews recent literature on the application of the PIS method for evaluating the occurrence, formation and control of polar halogenated DBPs in disinfected waters. The challenges in developing the PIS method were briefly summarized. Application of the powerful method pinpointed >150 previously unknown DBPs and revealed the formation, speciation and transformation of halogenated DBPs in disinfected drinking water, wastewater effluents, and swimming pool water. For the same source water, positive correlations were found between the total ion intensity (TII) levels in the PIS spectra of m/z 35/79/126.9 and the total organic chlorine/bromine/iodine levels in the disinfected water sample, and a disinfected sample with a higher TII level generally showed a higher toxic potency. Accordingly, the TII value can be used as a surrogate to comparatively reflect the water quality and assess the efficiency of a DBP control approach. To achieve a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the DBP compositions in different waters and thus better control the DBP formation and reduce their overall toxicity, topics for future work were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qiuhong Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Zhang M, Shi Q, Song X, Wang H, Bian Z. Recent electrochemical methods in electrochemical degradation of halogenated organics: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10457-10486. [PMID: 30798495 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organics are widely used in modern industry, agriculture, and medicine, and their large-scale emissions have led to soil and water pollution. Electrochemical methods are attractive and promising techniques for wastewater treatment and have been developed for degradation of halogenated organic pollutants under mild conditions. Electrochemical techniques are classified according to main reaction pathways: (i) electrochemical reduction, in which cleavage of C-X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) bonds to release halide ions and produce non-halogenated and non-toxic organics and (ii) electrochemical oxidation, in which halogenated organics are degraded by electrogenerated oxidants. The electrode material is crucial to the degradation efficiency of an electrochemical process. Much research has therefore been devoted to developing appropriate electrode materials for practical applications. This paper reviews recent developments in electrode materials for electrochemical degradation of halogenated organics. And at the end of this paper, the characteristics of new combination methods, such as photocatalysis, nanofiltration, and the use of biochemical method, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhe Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaoyong Bian
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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