1
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Tiwari P, Mueed S, Abdulkareem AO, Hanif K. Activation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 promotes hippocampal neurogenesis via activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hypertension. Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 130:103953. [PMID: 39013481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension-induced brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation and neuroinflammation are hallmark neuropathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies from our lab have shown that inhibition of ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis (by AT1R blockers or ACE inhibitors) reduced neuroinflammation and accompanied neurodegeneration via up-regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Apart from this conventional axis, another axis of RAS also exists i.e., ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis, reported as an anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory. However, the role of this axis has not been explored in hypertension-induced glial activation and hippocampal neurogenesis in rat models of hypertension. Hence, in the present study, we examined the effect of ACE2 activator, Diminazene aceturate (DIZE) at 2 different doses of 10 mg/kg (non-antihypertensive) and 15 mg/kg (antihypertensive dose) in renovascular hypertensive rats to explore whether their effect on glial activation, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis is either influenced by blood-pressure. The results of our study revealed that hypertension induced significant glial activation (astrocyte and microglial), neuroinflammation, and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. However, ACE2 activation by DIZE, even at the low dose prevented these hypertension-induced changes in the brain. Mechanistically, ACE2 activation inhibited Ang II levels, TRAF6-NFκB mediated inflammatory signaling, NOX4-mediated ROS generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction by upregulating ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR signaling. Moreover, DIZE-induced activation of the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis upregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, promoting hippocampal neurogenesis during the hypertensive state. Therefore, our study demonstrates that ACE2 activation can effectively prevent glial activation and enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in hypertensive conditions, regardless of its blood pressure-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Tiwari
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sumbul Mueed
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Adam Olaitan Abdulkareem
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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2
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Tayler HM, Skrobot OA, Baron DH, Kehoe PG, Miners JS. Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular dementia. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13251. [PMID: 38454306 PMCID: PMC11189771 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates systemic and cerebral blood flow and is dysregulated in dementia. The major aim of this study was to determine if RAS signalling is dysregulated in vascular dementia. We measured markers of RAS signalling in white matter underlying the frontal and occipital cortex in neuropathologically confirmed cases of vascular dementia (n = 42), Alzheimer's disease (n = 50), mixed AD/VaD (n = 50) and age-matched controls (n = 50). All cases were stratified according to small vessel disease (SVD) severity across both regions. ACE-1 and ACE-2 protein and activity was measured by ELISA and fluorogenic peptide assays respectively, and angiotensin peptide (Ang-II, Ang-III and Ang-(1-7)) levels were measured by ELISA. ACE-1 protein level and enzyme activity, and Ang-II and Ang-III, were elevated in the white matter in vascular dementia in relation to SVD severity. ACE-1 and Ang-II protein levels were inversely related to MAG:PLP1 ratio, a biochemical marker of brain tissue oxygenation that when reduced indicates cerebral hypoperfusion, in a subset of cases. ACE-2 level was elevated in frontal white matter in vascular dementia. Ang-(1-7) level was elevated across all dementia groups compared to age-matched controls but was not related to SVD severity. RAS signalling was not altered in the white matter in Alzheimer's disease. In the overlying frontal cortex, ACE-1 protein was reduced and ACE-2 protein increased in vascular dementia, whereas angiotensin peptide levels were unchanged. These data indicate that RAS signalling is dysregulated in the white matter in vascular dementia and may contribute to the pathogenesis of small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Tayler
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - O. A. Skrobot
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - D. H. Baron
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - P. G. Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - J. S. Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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3
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Etebar N, Naderpour S, Akbari S, Zali A, Akhlaghdoust M, Daghighi SM, Baghani M, Sefat F, Hamidi SH, Rahimzadegan M. Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on brain renin angiotensin system related signaling and its subsequent complications on brain: A theoretical perspective. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 138:102423. [PMID: 38705215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cellular ACE2 (cACE2), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), possesses catalytic activity to maintain AngII and Ang 1-7 balance, which is necessary to prevent harmful effects of AngII/AT2R and promote protective pathways of Ang (1-7)/MasR and Ang (1-7)/AT2R. Hemostasis of the brain-RAS is essential for maintaining normal central nervous system (CNS) function. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral disease that causes multi-organ dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 mainly uses cACE2 to enter the cells and cause its downregulation. This, in turn, prevents the conversion of Ang II to Ang (1-7) and disrupts the normal balance of brain-RAS. Brain-RAS disturbances give rise to one of the pathological pathways in which SARS-CoV-2 suppresses neuroprotective pathways and induces inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Finally, these impairments lead to neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, and neurological complications. In conclusion, the influence of RAS on various processes within the brain has significant implications for the neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. These effects include sensory disturbances, such as olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, as well as cerebrovascular and brain stem-related disorders, all of which are intertwined with disruptions in the RAS homeostasis of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Etebar
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy - Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Saghi Naderpour
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy - Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Setareh Akbari
- Neuroscience and Research Committee, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zali
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Akhlaghdoust
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; USERN Office, Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Daghighi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Baghani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Seyed Hootan Hamidi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Acharya BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Milad Rahimzadegan
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Maurya SK, Borgonovo JE, Biswal S, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Mishra R, Muñoz EM. Editorial: Trends in neuroimmunology: cross-talk between brain-resident and peripheral immune cells in both health and disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1442322. [PMID: 39026666 PMCID: PMC11256089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1442322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank K. Maurya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Janina E. Borgonovo
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Suryanarayan Biswal
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, and MIND Institute at the UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Rajnikant Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Estela M. Muñoz
- Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
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5
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Wang Z, Fan H, Wu J. Food-Derived Up-Regulators and Activators of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12896-12914. [PMID: 38810024 PMCID: PMC11181331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), also serving as an amino acid transporter and a receptor for certain coronaviruses. Its primary role is to protect the cardiovascular system via the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR cascade. Given the critical roles of ACE2 in regulating numerous physiological functions, molecules that can upregulate or activate ACE2 show vast therapeutic value. There are only a few ACE2 activators that have been reported, a wide range of molecules, including food-derived compounds, have been reported as ACE2 up-regulators. Effective doses of bioactive peptides range from 10 to 50 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day when orally administered for 1 to 7 weeks. Protein hydrolysates require higher doses at 1000 mg/kg BW/day for 20 days. Phytochemicals and vitamins are effective at doses typically ranging from 10 to 200 mg/kg BW/day for 3 days to 6 months, while Traditional Chinese Medicine requires doses of 1.25 to 12.96 g/kg BW/day for 4 to 8 weeks. ACE2 activation is linked to its hinge-bending region, while upregulation involves various signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic modulators. Future studies are expected to explore novel roles of ACE2 activators or up-regulators in disease treatments and translate the discovery to bedside applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Department
of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Cardiovascular
Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Hongbing Fan
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department
of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Cardiovascular
Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada
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6
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Al‐Qahtani Z, Al‐kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Ali NH, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. The potential role of brain renin-angiotensin system in the neuropathology of Parkinson disease: Friend, foe or turncoat? J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18495. [PMID: 38899551 PMCID: PMC11187740 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. Of note, brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is intricate in the PD neuropathology through modulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Therefore, modulation of brain RAS by angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) may be effective in reducing the risk and PD neuropathology. It has been shown that all components including the peptides and enzymes of the RAS are present in the different brain areas. Brain RAS plays a critical role in the regulation of memory and cognitive function, and in the controlling of central blood pressure. However, exaggerated brain RAS is implicated in the pathogenesis of different neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Two well-known pathways of brain RAS are recognized including; the classical pathway which is mainly mediated by AngII/AT1R has detrimental effects. Conversely, the non-classical pathway which is mostly mediated by ACE2/Ang1-7/MASR and AngII/AT2R has beneficial effects against PD neuropathology. Exaggerated brain RAS affects the viability of dopaminergic neurons. However, the fundamental mechanism of brain RAS in PD neuropathology was not fully elucidated. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to disclose the mechanistic role of RAS in in the pathogenesis of PD. In addition, we try to revise how the ACEIs and ARBs can be developed for therapeutics in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainah Al‐Qahtani
- Neurology Section, Internal Medicine Department, College of MedicineKing khaled universityAbhaSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐kuraishy
- Clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali K. Albuhadily
- Clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & DevelopmentChandigarh UniversityMohaliIndia
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Research & Development, FunogenAthensGreece
- Department of Research & DevelopmentAFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourAlBeheiraEgypt
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7
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Moore GJ, Ridway H, Gadanec LK, Apostolopoulos V, Zulli A, Swiderski J, Kelaidonis K, Vidali VP, Matsoukas MT, Chasapis CT, Matsoukas JM. Structural Features Influencing the Bioactive Conformation of Angiotensin II and Angiotensin A: Relationship between Receptor Desensitization, Addiction, and the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5779. [PMID: 38891966 PMCID: PMC11171751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal portion of the octapeptide angiotensin II (DRVYIHPF; AngII), a vasopressor peptide that favorably binds to, and activates, AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R), has an important role in maintaining bioactive conformation. It involves all three charged groups, namely (i) the N-terminal amino group cation, (ii) the Asp sidechain anion and (iii) the Arg guanidino cation. Neutralization of any one of these three charged groups results in a substantial reduction (<5%) in bioactivity, implicating a specialized function for this cluster. In contrast, angiotensin A (ARVYIHPF; AngA) has reduced bioactivity at AT1R; however, replacement of Asp in AngII with sarcosine (N-methyl-glycine) not only restores bioactivity but increases the activity of agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist analogues. A bend produced at the N-terminus by the introduction of the secondary amino acid sarcosine is thought to realign the functional groups that chaperone the C-terminal portion of AngII, allowing transfer of the negative charge originating at the C-terminus to be transferred to the Tyr hydroxyl-forming tyrosinate anion, which is required to activate the receptor and desensitizes the receptor (tachyphylaxis). Peptide (sarilesin) and nonpeptide (sartans) moieties, which are long-acting inverse agonists, appear to desensitize the receptor by a mechanism analogous to tachyphylaxis. Sartans/bisartans were found to bind to alpha adrenergic receptors resulting in structure-dependent desensitization or resensitization. These considerations have provided information on the mechanisms of receptor desensitization/tolerance and insights into possible avenues for treating addiction. In this regard sartans, which appear to cross the blood-brain barrier more readily than bisartans, are the preferred drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Moore
- Pepmetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V8Y 3H4, Canada;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Harry Ridway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Laura Kate Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Immunology and Translational Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (V.A.); (A.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Immunology and Translational Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (V.A.); (A.Z.); (J.S.)
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Immunology and Translational Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (V.A.); (A.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jordan Swiderski
- Institute for Health and Sport, Immunology and Translational Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (V.A.); (A.Z.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Veroniki P. Vidali
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Christos T. Chasapis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - John M. Matsoukas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Institute for Health and Sport, Immunology and Translational Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (V.A.); (A.Z.); (J.S.)
- NewDrug/NeoFar PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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8
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Ali NH, Al‐Kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Hamad RS, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. Role of brain renin-angiotensin system in depression: A new perspective. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14525. [PMID: 37953501 PMCID: PMC11017442 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a mood disorder characterized by abnormal thoughts. The pathophysiology of depression is related to the deficiency of serotonin (5HT), which is derived from tryptophan (Trp). Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Notably, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of depression, and different findings revealed that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may be effective in depression. However, the underlying mechanism for the role of dysregulated brain RAS-induced depression remains speculative. Therefore, this review aimed to revise the conceivable role of ACEIs and ARBs and how these agents ameliorate the pathophysiology of depression. Dysregulation of brain RAS triggers the development and progression of depression through the reduction of brain 5HT and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, inhibition of central classical RAS by ARBS and ACEIs and activation of non-classical RAS prevent the development of depression by regulating 5HT, BDNF, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal MedicineMedical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranKSA
| | - Hayder M. Al‐Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali K. Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Rabab S. Hamad
- Biological Sciences DepartmentCollege of Science, King Faisal UniversityAl AhsaSaudi Arabia
- Central LaboratoryTheodor Bilharz Research InstituteGizaEgypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh UniversityMohaliPunjabIndia
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourAlBeheiraEgypt
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9
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Hamouda HA, Sayed RH, Eid NI, El-Sayeh BM. Azilsartan Attenuates 3-Nitropropinoic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: The Role of IĸB/NF-ĸB and KEAP1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1017-1033. [PMID: 38184805 PMCID: PMC10901959 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms. Injection of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a widely used experimental model for induction of HD. The current study aimed to inspect the potential neuroprotective properties of azilsartan (Azil), an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ATR1), in 3-NP-induced striatal neurotoxicity in rats. Rats were randomly allocated into five groups and treated for 14 days as follows: group I received normal saline; group II received Azil (10 mg/kg, p.o.); group III received 3-NP (10 mg/kg, i.p); group IV and V received Azil (5 or 10 mg/kg, p.o, respectively) 1 h prior to 3-NP injection. Both doses of Azil markedly attenuated motor and behavioural dysfunction as well as striatal histopathological alterations caused by 3-NP. In addition, Azil balanced striatal neurotransmitters levels as evidenced by the increase of striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid content and the decrease of glutamate content. Azil also amended neuroinflammation and oxidative stress via modulating IĸB/NF-ĸB and KEAP1/Nrf2 downstream signalling pathways, as well as reducing iNOS and COX2 levels. Moreover, Azil demonstrated an anti-apoptotic activity by reducing caspase-3 level and BAX/BCL2 ratio. In conclusion, the present study reveals the neuroprotective potential of Azil in 3-NP-induced behavioural, histopathological and biochemical changes in rats. These findings might be attributed to inhibition of ATR1/NF-κB signalling, modulation of Nrf2/KEAP1 signalling, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend A Hamouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
- School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Nihad I Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Bahia M El-Sayeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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10
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Scarian E, Viola C, Dragoni F, Di Gerlando R, Rizzo B, Diamanti L, Gagliardi S, Bordoni M, Pansarasa O. New Insights into Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2698. [PMID: 38473944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are two important and well-studied pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Due to elevated oxygen consumption, the high presence of easily oxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acids and the weak antioxidant defenses, the brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative injury. Uncertainty exists over whether these deficits contribute to the development of NDDs or are solely a consequence of neuronal degeneration. Furthermore, these two pathological hallmarks are linked, and it is known that OS can affect the inflammatory response. In this review, we will overview the last findings about these two pathways in the principal NDDs. Moreover, we will focus more in depth on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to understand how anti-inflammatory and antioxidants drugs have been used for the treatment of this still incurable motor neuron (MN) disease. Finally, we will analyze the principal past and actual clinical trials and the future perspectives in the study of these two pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveljn Scarian
- Cellular Models and Neuroepigenetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Camilla Viola
- Cellular Models and Neuroepigenetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Agostino Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Dragoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Molecular Biology and Transcriptomics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Di Gerlando
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Molecular Biology and Transcriptomics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Bartolo Rizzo
- Molecular Biology and Transcriptomics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Diamanti
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stella Gagliardi
- Molecular Biology and Transcriptomics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Bordoni
- Cellular Models and Neuroepigenetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Orietta Pansarasa
- Cellular Models and Neuroepigenetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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11
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Hamash SM, Jabir MS, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Albukhaty S, Sulaiman GM. The classical and non-classical axes of renin-angiotensin system in Parkinson disease: The bright and dark side of the moon. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102200. [PMID: 38237699 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a common brain neurodegenerative disease due to progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Of note, the cardio-metabolic disorders such as hypertension are adversely affect PD neuropathology through exaggeration of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS affects the stability of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc, and exaggeration of angiotensin II (AngII) is implicated in the development and progression of PD. RAS has two axes classical including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/AngII/AT1R, and the non-classical axis which include ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas receptor, AngIII, AngIV, AT2R, and AT4R. It has been shown that brain RAS is differs from that of systemic RAS that produce specific neuronal effects. As well, there is an association between brain RAS and PD. Therefore, this review aims to revise from published articles the role of brain RAS in the pathogenesis of PD focusing on the non-classical pathway, and how targeting of this axis can modulate PD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sadiq M Al-Hamash
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Department of Applied science, University of technology, Iraq.
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali K Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq
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12
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Zhou Z, Orchard SG, Nelson MR, Fravel MA, Ernst ME. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Cognition: a Scoping Review. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024; 26:1-19. [PMID: 37733162 PMCID: PMC10796582 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of the association between angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) use and cognitive outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS ARBs have previously shown greater neuroprotection compared to other anti-hypertensive classes. The benefits are primarily attributed to the ARB's effect on modulating the renin-angiotensin system via inhibiting the Ang II/AT1R pathway and activating the Ang II/AT2R, Ang IV/AT4R, and Ang-(1-7)/MasR pathways. These interactions are associated with pleiotropic neurocognitive benefits, including reduced β-amyloid accumulation and abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau, ameliorated brain hypo-fusion, reduced neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction, better neurotoxin clearing, and blood-brain barrier function restoration. While ACEis also inhibit AT1R, they simultaneously lower Ang II and block the Ang II/AT2R and Ang IV/AT4R pathways that counterbalance the potential benefits. ARBs may be considered an adjunctive approach for neuroprotection. This preliminary evidence, coupled with their underlying mechanistic pathways, emphasizes the need for future long-term randomized trials to yield more definitive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhou
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Mark R Nelson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Michelle A Fravel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Michael E Ernst
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA.
- Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, 01291-A PFP, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa, IA, 52242, USA.
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13
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Turek M, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Owsianik K, Bałczewski P. New Perspectives for Antihypertensive Sartans as Components of Co-crystals and Co-amorphous Solids with Improved Properties and Multipurpose Activity. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:18-37. [PMID: 38108281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Sartans (angiotensin II receptor blockers, ARBs), drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, play a principal role in addressing the global health challenge of hypertension. In the past three years, their potential use has expanded to include the possibility of their application in the treatment of COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases (80 clinical studies worldwide). However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited by their poor solubility and bioavailability, prompting the need for innovative approaches to improve their pharmaceutical properties. This review discusses methods of co-crystallization and co-amorphization of sartans with nonpolymeric, low molecular, and stabilizing co-formers, as a promising strategy to synthesize new multipurpose drugs with enhanced pharmaceutical properties. The solid-state forms have demonstrated the potential to address the poor solubility limitations of conventional sartan formulations and offer new opportunities to develop dual-active drugs with broader therapeutic applications. The review includes an in-depth analysis of the co-crystal and co-amorphous forms of sartans, including their properties, possible applications, and the impact of synthetic methods on their pharmacokinetic properties. By shedding light on the solid forms of sartans, this article provides valuable insights into their potential as improved drug formulations. Moreover, this review may serve as a valuable resource for designing similar solid forms of sartans and other drugs, fostering further advances in pharmaceutical research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Turek
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Owsianik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
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14
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Karmakar V, Gorain B. Potential molecular pathways of angiotensin receptor blockers in the brain toward cognitive improvement in dementia. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103850. [PMID: 38052318 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The alarming rise of cognitive impairment and memory decline and limited effective solutions present a worldwide concern for dementia patients. The multivariant role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain offers strong evidence of a role for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in the management of memory impairment by modifying glutamate excitotoxicity, downregulating inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, inhibiting kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT)-II, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family and pyrin-domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, boosting cholinergic activity, activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, countering cyclooxygenase (COX) and mitigating the hypoxic condition. The present work focuses on the intricate molecular mechanisms involved in brain-RAS, highlighting the role of ARBs, connecting links between evidence-based unexplored pathways and investigating probable biomarkers involved in dementia through supported preclinical and clinical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnita Karmakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Bapi Gorain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India.
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15
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Cheng J, Yang H, Chen F, Qiu L, Chen F, Du Y, Meng X. The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis alleviates brain injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits by activating PI3K/Akt signaling. Transl Neurosci 2024; 15:20220334. [PMID: 38623573 PMCID: PMC11017183 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Death among resuscitated patients is mainly caused by brain injury after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR). The angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7)/Mas receptor (MasR) axis has beneficial effects on brain injury. Therefore, we examined the roles of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis in brain injury after CA/CPR. Method We used a total of 76 male New Zealand rabbits, among which 10 rabbits underwent sham operation and 66 rabbits received CA/CPR. Neurological functions were determined by assessing serum levels of neuron-specific enolase and S100 calcium-binding protein B and neurological deficit scores. Brain water content was estimated. Neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays. The expression levels of various genes were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. Results Ang-(1-7) (MasR activator) alleviated CA/CPR-induced neurological deficits, brain edema, and neuronal damage, and A779 (MasR antagonist) had the opposite functions. The stimulation of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR inactivated the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis and activated PI3K/Akt signaling. Inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling inhibited Ang-(1-7)-mediated protection against brain damage after CA/CPR. Conclusion Collectively, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis alleviates CA/CPR-induced brain injury through attenuating hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by activating PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Yanhua Du
- General Practice Ward, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, No. 473 Hanzheng Street, Qiaokou District, Wuhan430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangping Meng
- General Practice Ward, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, No. 473 Hanzheng Street, Qiaokou District, Wuhan430030, Hubei, China
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16
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Shehata NI, Abd EL-Salam DM, Hussein RM, Rizk SM. Effect of safranal or candesartan on 3-nitropropionicacid-induced biochemical, behavioral and histological alterations in a rat model of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293660. [PMID: 37910529 PMCID: PMC10619823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a potent mitochondrial inhibitor mycotoxin. Systemic administration of 3-NP can induce Huntington's disease (HD)-like symptoms in experimental animals. Safranal (Safr) that is found in saffron essential oil has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions. Candesartan (Cands) is an angiotensin receptor blocker that has the potential to prevent cognitive deficits. The present study aims to investigate the potential neuroprotective efficacy of Safr or Cands in 3-NP-induced rat model of HD. The experiments continued for nine consecutive days. Rats were randomly assigned into seven groups. The first group (Safr-control) was daily intraperitoneally injected with paraffin oil. The second group (Cands- and 3-NP-control) daily received an oral dose of 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% saline. The third and fourth groups received a single daily dose of 50 mg/kg Safr (intraperitoneal) and 1 mg/kg Cands (oral), respectively. The sixth group was daily treated with 50 mg Safr kg/day (intraperitoneal) and was intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg 3-NP/ kg, from the 3rd till the 9th day. The seventh group was daily treated with 1 mg Cands /kg/day (oral) and was intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg 3-NP/ kg, from the 3rd till the 9th day. The present results revealed that 3-NP injection induced a considerable body weight loss, impaired memory and locomotor activity, reduced striatal monoamine levels. Furthermore, 3-NP administration remarkably increased striatal malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, whereas markedly decreased the total antioxidant capacity. Moreover, 3-NP significantly upregulated the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase and caspase-3 as well as the Fas ligand, in striatum. On the contrary, Safr and Cands remarkably alleviated the above-mentioned 3-NP-induced alterations. In conclusion, Safr and Cands may prevent or delay the progression of HD and its associated impairments through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuromodulator effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sherine Maher Rizk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Reveret L, Leclerc M, Emond V, Tremblay C, Loiselle A, Bourassa P, Bennett DA, Hébert SS, Calon F. Higher angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels in the brain of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:159. [PMID: 37784209 PMCID: PMC10544218 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is frequent in the geriatric population, which has been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we investigated the levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and the main entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2 in host cells, in postmortem parietal cortex samples from two independent AD cohorts, totalling 142 persons. Higher concentrations of ACE2 protein (p < 0.01) and mRNA (p < 0.01) were found in individuals with a neuropathological diagnosis of AD compared to age-matched healthy control subjects. Brain levels of soluble ACE2 were inversely associated with cognitive scores (p = 0.02) and markers of pericytes (PDGFRβ, p = 0.02 and ANPEP, p = 0.007), but positively correlated with concentrations of soluble amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) (p = 0.01) and insoluble phospho-tau (S396/404, p = 0.002). However, no significant differences in ACE2 were observed in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of tau and Aβ neuropathology. Results from immunofluorescence and Western blots showed that ACE2 protein is predominantly localized in microvessels in the mouse brain whereas it is more frequently found in neurons in the human brain. The present data suggest that higher levels of soluble ACE2 in the human brain may contribute to AD, but their role in CNS infection by SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Reveret
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-05, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-05, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Vincent Emond
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-05, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-05, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Andréanne Loiselle
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-05, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Philippe Bourassa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-05, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sébastien S Hébert
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-05, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-05, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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18
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Ababei DC, Bild V, Macadan I, Vasincu A, Rusu RN, Blaj M, Stanciu GD, Lefter RM, Bild W. Therapeutic Implications of Renin-Angiotensin System Modulators in Alzheimer's Dementia. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2290. [PMID: 37765259 PMCID: PMC10538010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) has attracted considerable interest beyond its traditional cardiovascular role due to emerging data indicating its potential involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's dementia (AD). This review investigates the therapeutic implications of RAS modulators, specifically focusing on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and renin inhibitors in AD. ACEIs, commonly used for hypertension, show promise in AD by reducing angiotensin (Ang) II levels. This reduction is significant as Ang II contributes to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, all implicated in AD pathogenesis. ARBs, known for vasodilation, exhibit neuroprotection by blocking Ang II receptors, improving cerebral blood flow and cognitive decline in AD models. Renin inhibitors offer a novel approach by targeting the initial RAS step, displaying anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that mitigate AD degeneration. Preclinical studies demonstrate RAS regulation's favorable impact on neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, cognitive function, and Aβ metabolism. Clinical trials on RAS modulators in AD are limited, but with promising results, ARBs being more effective that ACEIs in reducing cognitive decline. The varied roles of ACEIs, ARBs, and renin inhibitors in RAS modulation present a promising avenue for AD therapeutic intervention, requiring further research to potentially transform AD treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela-Carmen Ababei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Veronica Bild
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, 8 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.-M.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Ioana Macadan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Alexandru Vasincu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Răzvan-Nicolae Rusu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Mihaela Blaj
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Dumitrița Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Radu-Marian Lefter
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, 8 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.-M.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Walther Bild
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, 8 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.-M.L.); (W.B.)
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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19
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Oyesiji Abiodun A, AlDosari DI, Alghamdi A, Aziz Al-Amri A, Ahmad S, Ola MS. Diabetes-induced stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system in the rat brain cortex. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103779. [PMID: 37663397 PMCID: PMC10470205 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is a threat to people with diabetes and hypertension. Diabetes can damage the brain by stimulating the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), leading to neurological deficits and brain strokes. Diabetes-induced components of the RAS, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-II (Ang-II), and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), have been linked to various neurological disorders in the brain. In this study, we investigated how diabetes and high blood pressure affected the regulation of these major RAS components in the frontal cortex of the rat brain. We dissected, homogenized, and processed the brain cortex tissues of control, streptozotocin-induced diabetic, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), and streptozotocin-induced SHR rats for biochemical and Western blot analyses. We found that systolic blood pressure was elevated in SHR rats, but there was no significant difference between SHR and diabetic-SHR rats. In contrast to SHR rats, the heartbeat of diabetic SHR rats was low. Western blot analysis showed that the frontal cortexes of the brain expressed angiotensinogen, AT1R, and MAS receptor. There were no significant differences in angiotensinogen levels across the rat groups. However, the AT1R level was increased in diabetic and hypertensive rats compared to controls, whereas the MAS receptor was downregulated (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that RAS overactivation caused by diabetes may have negative consequences for the brain's cortex, leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeeb Oyesiji Abiodun
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia I AlDosari
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alghamdi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Al-Amri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Departments of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Ababei DC, Balmus IM, Bild W, Ciobica AS, Lefter RM, Rusu RN, Stanciu GD, Cojocaru S, Hancianu M, Bild V. The Impact of Some Modulators of the Renin-Angiotensin System on the Scopolamine-Induced Memory Loss Mice Model. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1211. [PMID: 37626567 PMCID: PMC10452197 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As some of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)-dependent mechanisms underlying the cognitive performance modulation could include oxidative balance alterations, in this study we aimed to describe some of the potential interactions between RAAS modulators (Losartan and Ramipril) and oxidative stress in a typical model of memory impairment. In this study, 48 white male Swiss mice were divided into six groups and received RAAS modulators (oral administration Ramipril 4 mg/kg, Losartan 20 mg/kg) and a muscarinic receptors inhibitor (intraperitoneal injection scopolamine, 0.5 mg/kg) for 8 consecutive days. Then, 24 h after the last administration, the animals were euthanized and whole blood and brain tissues were collected. Biological samples were then processed, and biochemical analysis was carried out to assess superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities and malondialdehyde concentrations. In the present experimental conditions, we showed that RAAS modulation via the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (Ramipril) and via the angiotensin II receptor blockage (Losartan) chronic treatments could lead to oxidative stress modulation in a non-selective muscarinic receptors blocker (scopolamine) animal model. Our results showed that Losartan could exhibit a significant systemic antioxidant potential partly preventing the negative oxidative effects of scopolamine and a brain antioxidant potential, mainly by inhibiting the oxidative-stress-mediated cellular damage and apoptosis. Ramipril could also minimize the oxidative-mediated damage to the lipid components of brain tissue resulting from scopolamine administration. Both blood serum and brain changes in oxidative stress status were observed following 8-day treatments with Ramipril, Losartan, scopolamine, and combinations. While the serum oxidative stress modulation observed in this study could suggest the potential effect of RAAS modulation and scopolamine administration on the circulatory system, blood vessels endothelia, and arterial tension modulation, the observed brain tissues oxidative stress modulation could lead to important information on the complex interaction between renin-angiotensin and cholinergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela-Carmen Ababei
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (R.-N.R.); (V.B.)
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ioana-Miruna Balmus
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Walther Bild
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, no 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (A.S.C.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Physiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Stelian Ciobica
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, no 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (A.S.C.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei nr. 54, Sector 5, 050094 Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Radu Marian Lefter
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, no 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (A.S.C.); (R.M.L.)
| | - Răzvan-Nicolae Rusu
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (R.-N.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Sabina Cojocaru
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Monica Hancianu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Veronica Bild
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (R.-N.R.); (V.B.)
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, no 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (A.S.C.); (R.M.L.)
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21
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Ahmadi S, Khaledi S. Brain Renin-Angiotensin System: From Physiology to Pathology in Neuronal Complications Induced by SARS-CoV-2. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2023; 2023:8883492. [PMID: 37575318 PMCID: PMC10421715 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8883492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is expressed in various tissues and organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), binds to ACE2, which raises concerns about the potential for viral infection in the CNS. There are numerous reports suggesting a link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurological manifestations. This study aimed to present an updated review of the role of brain RAS components, especially ACE2, in neurological complications induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several routes of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the brain have been proposed. Because an anosmia condition appeared broadly in COVID-19 patients, the olfactory nerve route was suggested as an early pathway for SARS-CoV-2 entry into the brain. In addition, a hematogenous route via disintegrations in the blood-brain barrier following an increase in systemic cytokine and chemokine levels and retrograde axonal transport, especially via the vagus nerve innervating lungs, have been described. Common nonspecific neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients are myalgia, headache, anosmia, and dysgeusia. However, more severe outcomes include cerebrovascular diseases, cognitive impairment, anxiety, encephalopathy, and stroke. Alterations in brain RAS components such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and ACE2 mediate neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, at least in part. Downregulation of ACE2 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, followed by an increase in Ang II levels, leads to hyperinflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn accelerates neurodegeneration in the brain. Furthermore, ACE2 downregulation in the hypothalamus induces stress and anxiety responses by increasing corticotropin-releasing hormone. SARS-CoV-2 infection may also dysregulate the CNS neurotransmission, leading to neurological complications observed in severe cases of COVID-19. It can be concluded that the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 may be partially associated with changes in brain RAS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamseddin Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Shiler Khaledi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
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22
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Kanugula AK, Kaur J, Batra J, Ankireddypalli AR, Velagapudi R. Renin-Angiotensin System: Updated Understanding and Role in Physiological and Pathophysiological States. Cureus 2023; 15:e40725. [PMID: 37350982 PMCID: PMC10283427 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is that of the circulating hormone pathway involved in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal disorders. This led to the creation of drugs blocking the actions of this classical pathway, which improved cardiac and renal outcomes. Our understanding of the RAS has significantly expanded with the discovery of new peptides involved in this complex pathway. Over the last two decades, a counter-regulatory or protective pathway has been discovered that opposes the effects of the classical pathway. Components of RAS are also implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic diseases. The continued discovery of newer molecules also provides novel therapeutic targets to improve disease outcomes. This article aims to provide an overview of an updated understanding of the RAS, its role in physiological and pathological processes, and potential novel therapeutic options from RAS for managing cardiorenal disorders, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kanugula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wellstar Health System - Spalding Regional Hospital, Griffin, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jaskaran Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univerity of Pittsburg Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, USA
| | | | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Spectrum Health/Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA
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23
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Kunvariya AD, Dave SA, Modi ZJ, Patel PK, Sagar SR. Exploration of multifaceted molecular mechanism of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in pathogenesis of various diseases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15644. [PMID: 37153428 PMCID: PMC10160752 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a homolog of ACE (a transmembrane bound dipeptidyl peptidase enzyme). ACE2 converts angiotensinogen to the heptapeptide angiotensin-(1-7). ACE2 and its product, angiotensin-(1-7), have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of other members of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ACE2 and its principal product, angiotensin-(1-7), were considered an under recognized arm of the RAS. The COVID-19 pandemic brought to light this arm of RAS with special focus on ACE2. Membrane bound ACE2 serves as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 viral entry through spike proteins. Apart from that, ACE2 is also involved in the pathogenesis of various other diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and infertility. The present review focuses on the molecular mechanism of ACE2 in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, infertility and respiratory diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes unveiled roles of ACE2 in the pathogenesis of various diseases which further provides intriguing possibilities for the use of ACE2 activators and RAS modulating agents for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi D. Kunvariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Shivani A. Dave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Zeal J. Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Paresh K. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Sneha R. Sagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
- Corresponding author.
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24
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Datta A, Saha C, Godse P, Sharma M, Sarmah D, Bhattacharya P. Neuroendocrine regulation in stroke. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:260-277. [PMID: 36922255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system, a crosstalk between the central nervous system and endocrine glands, balances and controls hormone secretion and their functions. Neuroendocrine pathways and mechanisms often get dysregulated following stroke, leading to altered hormone secretion and aberrant receptor expression. Dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis often led to severe stroke outcomes. Post-stroke complications such as cognitive impairment, depression, infection etc. are directly or indirectly influenced by the altered neuroendocrine activity that plays a crucial role in stroke vulnerability and susceptibility. Therefore, it is imperative to explore various neurohormonal inter-relationships in regulating stroke, its outcome, and prognosis. Here, we review the biology of different hormones associated with stroke and explore their regulation with a view towards prospective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishika Datta
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Chandrima Saha
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Pratiksha Godse
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Muskaan Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India.
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25
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Tiwari V, Singh J, Tiwari P, Chaturvedi S, Gupta S, Mishra A, Singh S, Wahajuddin M, Hanif K, Shukla S. ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis activation prevents inflammation and improves cognitive functions in streptozotocin induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease-like phenotypes. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 946:175623. [PMID: 36871666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), by Angiotensin converting enzyme/Angiotensin II/Angiotensin receptor-1 (ACE/Ang II/AT1 R) axis elicits amyloid deposition and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, ACE2 induced release of Ang-(1-7) binds with the Mas receptor and autoinhibits ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis activation. Inhibition of ACE by perindopril has been reported to improve memory in preclinical settings. However, the functional significance and mechanism by which ACE2/Mas receptor regulate cognitive functions and amyloid pathology is not known. The present study is aimed to determine the role of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in STZ induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have used pharmacological, biochemical and behavioural approaches to identify the role of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis activation on AD-like pathology in both in vitro and invivo models. STZ treatment enhances ROS formation, inflammation markers and NFκB/p65 levels which are associated with reduced ACE2/Mas receptor levels, acetylcholine activity and mitochondrial membrane potential in N2A cells. DIZE mediated ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis activation resulted in reduced ROS generation, astrogliosis, NFκB level and inflammatory molecules and improved mitochondrial functions along with Ca2+ influx in STZ treated N2A cells. Interestingly, DIZE induced activation of ACE2/Mas receptor significantly restored acetylcholine levels and reduced amyloid-beta and phospho-tau deposition in cortex and hippocampus that resulted in improved cognitive function in STZ induced rat model of AD-like phenotypes. Our data indicate that ACE2/Mas receptor activation is sufficient to prevented cognitive impairment and progression of amyloid pathology in STZ induced rat model of AD-like phenotypes. These findings suggest the potential role of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in AD pathophysiology by regulating inflammation cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Tiwari
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, (U.P), India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jitendra Singh
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, (U.P), India
| | - Priya Tiwari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Division of Pharmacology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, (U.P), India
| | - Swati Chaturvedi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, (U.P), India
| | - Shivangi Gupta
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, (U.P), India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akanksha Mishra
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, (U.P), India; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 01595, USA
| | - Sonu Singh
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, (U.P), India; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut (Uconn) Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, L-4078, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Muhammad Wahajuddin
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, (U.P), India; Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Division of Pharmacology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, (U.P), India
| | - Shubha Shukla
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, (U.P), India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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26
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Louise R, Manon L, Vincent E, Andréanne L, Philippe B, Cyntia T, Bennett DA, Sébastien H, Frédéric C. Higher Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels in the brain of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524254. [PMID: 36711734 PMCID: PMC9882134 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major cause of death in the elderly. Cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is frequent in the geriatric population disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Interestingly, central nervous system (CNS) manifestations have been reported in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In this study, we investigated the levels of Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), the main entry receptor of SARS-COV-2 in cells, in postmortem parietal cortex samples from two independent AD cohorts, totalling 142 persons. Higher concentrations of ACE2 protein and mRNA were found in individuals with a neuropathological diagnosis of AD compared to age-matched healthy control subjects. Brain levels of soluble ACE2 were inversely associated with cognitive scores (p = 0.02), markers of pericytes (PDGFRβ, p=0.02 and ANPEP, p = 0.007) and caveolin1 (p = 0.03), but positively correlated with soluble amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) concentrations (p = 0.01) and insoluble phospho- tau (S396/404, p = 0.002). No significant differences in ACE2 were observed in the 3xTgAD mouse model of tau and Aβ neuropathology. Results from immunofluorescence and Western blots showed that ACE2 protein is mainly localized in neurons in the human brain but predominantly in microvessels in the mouse brain. The present data show that an AD diagnosis is associated with higher levels of soluble ACE2 in the human brain, which might contribute to a higher risk of CNS SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reveret Louise
- Faculty of pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Leclerc Manon
- Faculty of pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Bourassa Philippe
- Faculty of pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hébert Sébastien
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculty of medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Calon Frédéric
- Faculty of pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
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27
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Rukavina Mikusic NL, Gironacci MM. Mas receptor endocytosis and signaling in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:49-65. [PMID: 36631200 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a major role in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte homeostasis and is mainly composed by two axes mediating opposite effects. The pressor axis, constituted by angiotensin (Ang) II and the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), exerts vasoconstrictor, proliferative, hypertensive, oxidative and pro-inflammatory actions, while the depressor/protective axis, represented by Ang-(1-7), its Mas receptor (MasR) and the Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R), opposes the actions elicited by the pressor arm. The MasR belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. To avoid receptor overstimulation, GPCRs undergo internalization and trafficking into the cell after being stimulated. Then, the receptor may induce other signaling cascades or it may even interact with other receptors, generating distinct biological responses. Thus, control of a GPCR regarding space and time affects the specificity of the signals transduced by the receptor and the ultimate cellular response. The present chapter is focused on the signaling and trafficking pathways of MasR under physiological conditions and its participation in the pathogenesis of numerous brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Rukavina Mikusic
- From Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- From Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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28
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MacLachlan R, Evans CE, Chai SY, Good MA, Kehoe PG, Miners JS. Age-related reduction in brain ACE-2 is not exacerbated by Alzheimer's disease pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. AGING BRAIN 2023; 3:100062. [PMID: 36911263 PMCID: PMC9997187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in the circulatory and organ-specific renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathways is associated with age-related dysfunction and disease including cardiovascular burden and more recently Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is currently unclear whether an age-associated imbalance in components of the RAS within the brain precedes the onset of AD or whether a RAS imbalance is associated with the onset of disease pathology and cognitive decline. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 (ACE-1) and -2 (ACE-2) protein (ELISA) and enzyme activity (FRET assay), markers of the classical and counter-regulatory RAS axis respectively, and Ang-II and Ang-(1-7) peptide levels (ELISA), were measured in the left cortex across four transgenic AD mouse models of amyloid pathology (5xFAD - 2, 6, and 12 months of age; Apd9 - 3-4, 12, and 18 months of age; Tg2576 - 3-4 and 24 months of age; and PDAPP - 3-4, 7, 11, 15, and 18 months of age) and littermate wild-type (WT) controls. ACE-1 level, and enzyme activity, was unaltered in relation to age in WT mice and across all four models. In contrast, ACE-2 level and enzyme activity, was reduced and Ang-II increased with ageing in both WT animals and disease models. The changes in ACE-2 and Ang-II in AD models mirrored WT mice, except for the 5xFAD model, when the reduction in ACE-2 (and elevated Ang-II) was observed at a younger age. These data indicate an age-related dysregulation of brain RAS is likely to be driven by a reduction in ACE-2. The reduction in ACE-2 occurs at a young age, coinciding with early pathological changes and the initial deposition of Aβ, and preceding neuronal loss and cognitive decline, in the transgenic AD models. However, the age-related loss was mirrored in WT mice suggesting that the change was independent of pathological Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert MacLachlan
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Charles E Evans
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mark A Good
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Gavin Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
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29
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Lee HW, Kim S, Jo Y, Kim Y, Ye BS, Yu YM. Neuroprotective effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1137197. [PMID: 36949774 PMCID: PMC10025478 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1137197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies on renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors have reported a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the effect of RAS inhibitor type and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability on the risk of AD is still unknown. Objectives To assess the effects of RAS inhibitors on the risk of AD based on the type and BBB permeability and investigate the cumulative duration-response relationship. Methods This was a population-based retrospective cohort study using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment database records from 2008 to 2019. The data of patients diagnosed with ischemic heart disease between January 2009 and June 2009 were identified for inclusion in the analyses. Propensity score matching was used to balance RAS inhibitor users with non-users. The association between the use of RAS inhibitors and incident AD was evaluated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model. The results are presented in adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Among the 57,420 matched individuals, 7,303 developed AD within the follow-up period. While the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) was not significantly associated with AD risk, the use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) showed a significant association with reduced risk of incident AD (aHR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.90-0.99). Furthermore, the use of BBB-crossing ARBs was associated with a lower risk of AD (aHR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.78-0.88) with a cumulative duration-response relationship. A higher cumulative dose or duration of BBB-crossing ARBs was associated with a gradual decrease in AD risk (P for trend < 0.001). No significant association between the use of ACEIs and the risk of AD was observed regardless of BBB permeability. Conclusion Long-term use of BBB-crossing ARBs significantly reduced the risk of AD development. The finding may provide valuable insight into disease-modifying drug options for preventing AD in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Sciences, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkwon Jo
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Ye
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Mi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Sciences, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Yun Mi Yu,
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30
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Tiwari P, Tiwari V, Gupta S, Shukla S, Hanif K. Activation of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide-induced Glial Activation by Modulating Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2/Angiotensin (1-7)/Mas Receptor Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:203-227. [PMID: 36251234 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with activation of glial cells and pro-inflammatory arm of the central Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) namely, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme/Angiotensin II/Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor (ACE/Ang II/AT1R) axis. Apart from this, another axis of RAS also exists, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/Angiotensin (1-7)/Mas Receptor (ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR), which counters ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis by showing anti-inflammatory properties. However, the role of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis has not been explored in glial activation and neuroinflammation. Hence, the present study tries to unveil the role of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation using diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an ACE2 activator, in astroglial (C6) and microglial (BV2) cells as well as male SD rats. We found that ACE2 activation efficiently prevented LPS-induced changes by decreasing glial activation, inflammatory signaling, cell migration, ROS generation via upregulation of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR signaling. In addition, activation of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis by DIZE significantly suppressed the pro-inflammatory ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis by reducing Ang II level in neuroinflammatory conditions induced by LPS in both in vitro and in vivo. ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis activation further decreased mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis, hence providing neuroprotection. Furthermore, to validate that the beneficial effect of the ACE2 activator was indeed through MasR, a selective MasR antagonist (A779) was used that significantly blocked the anti-inflammatory effect of ACE2 activation by DIZE. Hence, our study demonstrated that ACE2 activation imparted neuroprotection by enhancing ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR signaling which in turn decreased glial activation, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis and improved mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Tiwari
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Virendra Tiwari
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shivangi Gupta
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shubha Shukla
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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Vakili K, Fathi M, Yaghoobpoor S, Sayehmiri F, Nazerian Y, Nazerian A, Mohamadkhani A, Khodabakhsh P, Réus GZ, Hajibeygi R, Rezaei-Tavirani M. The contribution of gut-brain axis to development of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 recovered patients: A hypothesis and review of literature. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983089. [PMID: 36619768 PMCID: PMC9815719 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota undergoes significant alterations in response to viral infections, particularly the novel SARS-CoV-2. As impaired gut microbiota can trigger numerous neurological disorders, we suggest that the long-term neurological symptoms of COVID-19 may be related to intestinal microbiota disorders in these patients. Thus, we have gathered available information on how the virus can affect the microbiota of gastrointestinal systems, both in the acute and the recovery phase of the disease, and described several mechanisms through which this gut dysbiosis can lead to long-term neurological disorders, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic fatigue, psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, and even neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. These mechanisms may be mediated by inflammatory cytokines, as well as certain chemicals such as gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., CCK), neurotransmitters (e.g., 5-HT), etc. (e.g., short-chain fatty acids), and the autonomic nervous system. In addition to the direct influences of the virus, repurposed medications used for COVID-19 patients can also play a role in gut dysbiosis. In conclusion, although there are many dark spots in our current knowledge of the mechanism of COVID-19-related gut-brain axis disturbance, based on available evidence, we can hypothesize that these two phenomena are more than just a coincidence and highly recommend large-scale epidemiologic studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Nazerian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gislaine Z. Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani,
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32
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Khatun S, Appidi T, Rengan AK. Casein nanoformulations - Potential biomaterials in theranostics. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Ağagündüz D, Gençer Bingöl F, Çelik E, Cemali Ö, Özenir Ç, Özoğul F, Capasso R. Recent developments in the probiotics as live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) as modulators of gut brain axis related neurological conditions. Lab Invest 2022; 20:460. [PMID: 36209124 PMCID: PMC9548122 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have been defined as “living microorganisms that create health benefits in the host when taken in sufficient amounts. Recent developments in the understanding of the relationship between the microbiom and its host have shown evidence about the promising potential of probiotics to improve certain health problems. However, today, there are some confusions about traditional and new generation foods containing probiotics, naming and classifications of them in scientific studies and also their marketing. To clarify this confusion, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declared that it has made a new category definition called "live biotherapeutic products" (LBPs). Accordingly, the FDA has designated LBPs as “a biological product that: i)contains live organisms, such as bacteria; ii)is applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of a disease/condition of human beings; and iii) is not a vaccine”. The accumulated literature focused on LBPs to determine effective strains in health and disease, and often focused on obesity, diabetes, and certain diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).However, microbiome also play an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases that age day by day in the modern world via gut-brain axis. Herein, we discuss the novel roles of LBPs in some gut-brain axis related conditions in the light of recent studies. This article may be of interest to a broad readership including those interested in probiotics as LBPs, their health effects and safety, also gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 06490, Ankara, Emek, Turkey.
| | - Feray Gençer Bingöl
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Yerleşkesi, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Elif Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 06490, Ankara, Emek, Turkey
| | - Özge Cemali
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 06490, Ankara, Emek, Turkey
| | - Çiler Özenir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kırıkkale University, 71100, Kırıkkale, Merkez, Turkey
| | - Fatih Özoğul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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34
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Soluble ANPEP Released From Human Astrocytes as a Positive Regulator of Microglial Activation and Neuroinflammation: Brain Renin-Angiotensin System in Astrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100424. [PMID: 36220603 PMCID: PMC9650055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are major supportive glia and immune modulators in the brain; they are highly secretory in nature and interact with other cell types via their secreted proteomes. To understand how astrocytes communicate during neuroinflammation, we profiled the secretome of human astrocytes following stimulation with proinflammatory factors. A total of 149 proteins were significantly upregulated in stimulated astrocytes, and a bioinformatics analysis of the astrocyte secretome revealed that the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important mechanism of astrocyte communication. We observed that the levels of soluble form of aminopeptidase N (sANPEP), an RAS component that converts angiotensin (Ang) III to Ang IV in a neuroinflammatory milieu, significantly increased in the astrocyte secretome. To elucidate the role of sANPEP and Ang IV in neuroinflammation, we first evaluated the expression of Ang IV receptors in human glial cells because Ang IV mediates biological effects through its receptors. The expression of angiotensin type 1 receptor was considerably upregulated in activated human microglial cells but not in human astrocytes. Moreover, interleukin-1β release from human microglial cells was synergistically increased by cotreatment with sANPEP and its substrate, Ang III, suggesting the proinflammatory action of Ang IV generated by sANPEP. In a mouse neuroinflammation model, brain microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression levels were increased by intracerebroventricular injection of sANPEP and attenuated by an enzymatic inhibitor and neutralizing antibody against sANPEP. Collectively, our results indicate that astrocytic sANPEP-induced increase in Ang IV exacerbates neuroinflammation by interacting with microglial proinflammatory receptor angiotensin type 1 receptor, highlighting an important role of indirect crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia through the brain RAS in neuroinflammation.
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35
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Egan BM, Scharf A, Pohl F, Kornfeld K. Control of aging by the renin–angiotensin system: a review of C. elegans, Drosophila, and mammals. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:938650. [PMID: 36188619 PMCID: PMC9518657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.938650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The free-living, non-parasitic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a premier model organism for the study of aging and longevity due to its short lifespan, powerful genetic tools, and conservation of fundamental mechanisms with mammals. Approximately 70 percent of human genes have homologs in C. elegans, including many that encode proteins in pathways that influence aging. Numerous genetic pathways have been identified in C. elegans that affect lifespan, including the dietary restriction pathway, the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway, and the disruption of components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. C. elegans is also a powerful system for performing drug screens, and many lifespan-extending compounds have been reported; notably, several FDA-approved medications extend the lifespan in C. elegans, raising the possibility that they can also extend the lifespan in humans. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in mammals is an endocrine system that regulates blood pressure and a paracrine system that acts in a wide range of tissues to control physiological processes; it is a popular target for drugs that reduce blood pressure, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Emerging evidence indicates that this system influences aging. In C. elegans, decreasing the activity of the ACE homolog acn-1 or treatment with the ACE-inhibitor Captopril significantly extends the lifespan. In Drosophila, treatment with ACE inhibitors extends the lifespan. In rodents, manipulating the RAS with genetic or pharmacological interventions can extend the lifespan. In humans, polymorphisms in the ACE gene are associated with extreme longevity. These results suggest the RAS plays a conserved role in controlling longevity. Here, we review studies of the RAS and aging, emphasizing the potential of C. elegans as a model for understanding the mechanism of lifespan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Egan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrea Scharf
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States
| | - Franziska Pohl
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kerry Kornfeld
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kerry Kornfeld,
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36
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Nikitina AY, Chimagomedova AS, Levin OS. Neurological Complications of COVID-19 in the Elderly. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 52:625-634. [PMID: 36119647 PMCID: PMC9468529 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-022-01287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus is a β-coronavirus and produces a severe viral pneumonia which can be complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. As knowledge of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) increases, it has become known that SARS-CoV-2 has pronounced neurotropism, producing a wide spectrum of neurological complications. This article addresses the characteristics of the neurological complications of COVID-19 in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yu. Nikitina
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Sh. Chimagomedova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - O. S. Levin
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
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37
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Omidian N, Mohammadi P, Sadeghalvad M, Mohammadi-Motlagh HR. Cerebral microvascular complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: How did it occur and how should it be treated? Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113534. [PMID: 35994816 PMCID: PMC9381434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral microvascular disease has been reported as a central feature of the neurological disorders in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection that may be associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. The main pathomechanism in the development of cerebrovascular injury due to SARS-CoV-2 infection can be a consequence of endothelial cell dysfunction as a structural part of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which may be accompanied by increased inflammatory response and thrombocytopenia along with blood coagulation disorders. In this review, we described the properties of the BBB, the neurotropism behavior of SARS-CoV-2, and the possible mechanisms of damage to the CNS microvascular upon SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Omidian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pantea Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mona Sadeghalvad
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Mohammadi-Motlagh
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani T, Kashanian S, Al-Sabri MH, Kročianová D, Clemensson LE, Gentreau M, Schiöth HB. Statins and cognition: Modifying factors and possible underlying mechanisms. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:968039. [PMID: 36046494 PMCID: PMC9421063 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.968039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are a class of widely prescribed drugs used to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and important to prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Most statin users are older adults with CVD, who are also at high risk of cognitive decline. It has been suggested that statins can alter cognitive performance, although their positive or negative effects are still debated. With more than 200 million people on statin therapy worldwide, it is crucial to understand the reasons behind discrepancies in the results of these studies. Here, we review the effects of statins on cognitive function and their association with different etiologies of dementia, and particularly, Alzheimer’s disease (AD). First, we summarized the main individual and statin-related factors that could modify the cognitive effects of statins. Second, we proposed the underlying mechanisms for the protective and adverse effects of statins on cognitive performance. Finally, we discussed potential causes of discrepancies between studies and suggested approaches to improve future studies assessing the impact of statins on dementia risk and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Surgical Science, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC), Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohamed H. Al-Sabri
- Department of Surgical Science, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniela Kročianová
- Department of Surgical Science, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura E. Clemensson
- Department of Surgical Science, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mélissa Gentreau
- Department of Surgical Science, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Science, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Helgi B. Schiöth,
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Fu J, Chen S, Ni Z. Rational truncation, mutation, and halogenation of bradykinin neuropeptides as potent
ACEII
inhibitors by integrating molecular dynamics simulations, quantum mechanics calculations, and in vitro assays. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fu
- Department of Neurology Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Suzhou China
| | - Shenghui Chen
- Department of Neurology Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Suzhou China
| | - Zhong Ni
- Institute of Life Sciences Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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40
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Shikata E, Miyamoto T, Yamaguchi T, Yamaguchi I, Kagusa H, Gotoh D, Shimada K, Tada Y, Yagi K, Kitazato KT, Kanematsu Y, Takagi Y. An imbalance between RAGE/MR/HMGB1 and ATP1α3 is associated with inflammatory changes in rat brain harboring cerebral aneurysms prone to rupture. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:161. [PMID: 35725479 PMCID: PMC9210698 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE An aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a devastating event. To establish an effective therapeutic strategy, its pathogenesis must be clarified, particularly the pathophysiology of brain harboring intracranial aneurysms (IAs). To elucidate the pathology in brain harboring IAs, we examined the significance of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE)/mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathway and Na+/K+-ATPase (ATP1α3). METHODS Ten-week-old female rats were subjected to oophorectomy as well as hypertension and hemodynamic changes to induce IAs, and were fed a high-salt diet. Brain damage in these rats was assessed by inflammatory changes in comparison to sham-operated rats fed a standard diet. RESULTS Six weeks after IA induction (n = 30), irregular morphological changes, i.e., an enlarged vessel diameter and vascular wall, were observed in all of the left posterior cerebral arteries (Lt PCAs) prone to rupture. Approximately 20% of rats had ruptured IAs within 6 weeks. In brain harboring unruptured IAs at the PCA, the mRNA levels of RAGE and MR were higher, and that of ATP1α3 was lower than those in the sham-operated rats (p < 0.05, each). Immunohistochemically, elevated expression of RAGE and MR, and decreased expression of ATP1α3 were observed in the brain parenchyma adjacent to the Lt PCA, resulting in increased Iba-1 and S100B expression that reflected the inflammatory changes. There was no difference between the unruptured and ruptured aneurysm rat groups. Treatment with the MR antagonist esaxerenone abrogated these changes, and led to cerebral and vascular normalization and prolonged subarachnoid hemorrhage-free survival (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Regulation of the imbalance between the RAGE/MR pathway and ATP1α3 may help attenuate the damage in brain harboring IAs, and further studies are warranted to clarify the significance of the down-regulation of the MR/RAGE pathway and the up-regulation of ATP1α3 for attenuating the pathological changes in brain harboring IAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Shikata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Izumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kagusa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Daiki Gotoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Tada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kenji Yagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Keiko T Kitazato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kanematsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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41
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Renin-angiotensin system in normal pregnancy and in preeclampsia: A comprehensive review. Pregnancy Hypertens 2022; 28:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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42
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Nervous system manifestations related to COVID-19 and their possible mechanisms. Brain Res Bull 2022; 187:63-74. [PMID: 35772604 PMCID: PMC9236920 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection broke. With the gradual deepening understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, researchers and clinicians noticed that this disease is closely related to the nervous system and has complex effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). In this review, we summarize the effects and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 on the nervous system, including the pathways of invasion, direct and indirect effects, and associated neuropsychiatric diseases, to deepen our knowledge and understanding of the relationship between COVID-19 and the nervous system.
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Tyagi M, Kapoor I, Mahajan C, Gupta N, Prabhakar H. Brain Biomarkers in Patients with COVID-19 and Neurological Manifestations: A Narrative Review. JOURNAL OF NEUROANAESTHESIOLOGY AND CRITICAL CARE 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAcute hyperinflammatory response (cytokine storm) and immunosuppression are responsible for critical illness in patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is a serious public health crisis that has affected millions of people worldwide. The main clinical manifestations are mostly by respiratory tract involvement and have been extensively researched. Increasing numbers of evidence from emerging studies point out the possibility of neurological involvement by COVID-19 highlighting the need for developing technology to diagnose, manage, and treat brain injury in such patients. Here, we aimed to discuss the rationale for the use of an emerging spectrum of blood biomarkers to guide future diagnostic strategies to mitigate brain injury-associated morbidity and mortality risks in COVID-19 patients, their use in clinical practice, and prediction of neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Tyagi
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Indu Kapoor
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Charu Mahajan
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Neuroanesthesia, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemanshu Prabhakar
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Renz-Polster H, Tremblay ME, Bienzle D, Fischer JE. The Pathobiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Case for Neuroglial Failure. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:888232. [PMID: 35614970 PMCID: PMC9124899 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.888232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) has a specific and distinctive profile of clinical features, the disease remains an enigma because causal explanation of the pathobiological matrix is lacking. Several potential disease mechanisms have been identified, including immune abnormalities, inflammatory activation, mitochondrial alterations, endothelial and muscular disturbances, cardiovascular anomalies, and dysfunction of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Yet, it remains unclear whether and how these pathways may be related and orchestrated. Here we explore the hypothesis that a common denominator of the pathobiological processes in ME/CFS may be central nervous system dysfunction due to impaired or pathologically reactive neuroglia (astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes). We will test this hypothesis by reviewing, in reference to the current literature, the two most salient and widely accepted features of ME/CFS, and by investigating how these might be linked to dysfunctional neuroglia. From this review we conclude that the multifaceted pathobiology of ME/CFS may be attributable in a unifying manner to neuroglial dysfunction. Because the two key features - post exertional malaise and decreased cerebral blood flow - are also recognized in a subset of patients with post-acute sequelae COVID, we suggest that our findings may also be pertinent to this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Renz-Polster
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPD-BW), University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Joachim E. Fischer
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPD-BW), University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Gouveia F, Camins A, Ettcheto M, Bicker J, Falcão A, Cruz MT, Fortuna A. Targeting brain Renin-Angiotensin System for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101612. [PMID: 35346852 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of two main hallmarks - Tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ deposits. Notwithstanding, in the last few years the scientific evidence about the drivers of AD have been changing and nowadays age-related vascular alterations and several cardiovascular risk factors have been shown to trigger the development of AD. In this context, drugs targeting the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS), commonly used for the treatment of hypertension, are evidencing a high potential to delay AD development due to their action on brain RAS. Indeed, the ACE 1/Ang II/AT1R axis is believed to be upregulated in AD and to be responsible for deleterious effects such as increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability, astrocytes dysfunction and a decrease in cerebral blood flow. In contrast, the alternative axis - ACE 1/Ang II/AT2R; ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/MasR; Ang IV/ AT4R(IRAP) - seems to counterbalance the deleterious effects of the principal axis and to exert beneficial effects on memory and cognition. Accordingly, retrospective studies demonstrate a reduced risk of developing AD among people taking RAS medication as well as several in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies as it is herein critically reviewed. In this review, we first revise, at a glance, the pathophysiology of AD focused on its classic hallmarks. Secondly, an overview about the impact of the RAS on the pathophysiology of AD is also provided, focused on their four essential axes ACE 1/Ang II/AT2R; ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/MasR; Ang IV/ AT4R(IRAP) and ACE 1/Ang II/AT1R. Finally, the therapeutic potential of available drugs targeting RAS on AD, namely angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), is highlighted and data supporting this hope will be presented, from in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical to clinical studies.
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Fakih W, Zeitoun R, AlZaim I, Eid AH, Kobeissy F, Abd-Elrahman KS, El-Yazbi AF. Early metabolic impairment as a contributor to neurodegenerative disease: Mechanisms and potential pharmacological intervention. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:982-993. [PMID: 35470973 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome comprises a family of clinical and laboratory findings, including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and hypertension, in addition to central obesity. The syndrome confers a high risk of cardiovascular mortality. Indeed, metabolic dysfunction has been shown to cause a direct insult to smooth muscle and endothelial components of the vasculature, which leads to vascular dysfunction and hyperreactivity. This, in turn, causes cerebral vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion, eventually contributing to cognitive deficits. Moreover, the metabolic syndrome disrupts key homeostatic processes in the brain, including apoptosis, autophagy, and neurogenesis. Impairment of such processes in the context of metabolic dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases. The aim of this review is to elucidate the role that the metabolic syndrome plays in the pathogenesis of the latter disorders, with a focus on the role of perivascular adipose inflammation in the peripheral-to-central transduction of the inflammatory insult. This review delineates common signaling pathways that contribute to these pathologies. Moreover, the role of therapeutic agents aimed at treating the metabolic syndrome, as well as their risk factors that interfere with the aforementioned pathways, are discussed as potential interventions for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Fakih
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ralph Zeitoun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Khaled S Abd-Elrahman
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alamein International University, New Alamein City, Egypt
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Shared Molecular Targets in Parkinson’s Disease and Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030653. [PMID: 35327454 PMCID: PMC8945026 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Parkinson’s disease and arterial hypertension are likely to coexist in the elderly, with possible bidirectional interactions. We aimed to assess the role of antihypertensive agents in PD emergence and/or progression. (2) We performed a systematic search on the PubMed database. Studies enrolling patients with Parkinson’s disease who underwent treatment with drugs pertaining to one of the major antihypertensive drug classes (β-blockers, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and calcium-channel blockers) prior to or after the diagnosis of parkinsonism were scrutinized. We divided the outcome into two categories: neuroprotective and disease-modifying effect. (3) We included 20 studies in the qualitative synthesis, out of which the majority were observational studies, with only one randomized controlled trial. There are conflicting results regarding the effect of antihypertensive drugs on Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis, mainly because of heterogeneous protocols and population. (4) Conclusions: There is low quality evidence that antihypertensive agents might be potential therapeutic targets in Parkinson’s disease, but this hypothesis needs further testing.
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Reiken S, Sittenfeld L, Dridi H, Liu Y, Liu X, Marks AR. Alzheimer's-like signaling in brains of COVID-19 patients. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:955-965. [PMID: 35112786 PMCID: PMC9011576 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The mechanisms that lead to cognitive impairment associated with COVID‐19 are not well understood. Methods Brain lysates from control and COVID‐19 patients were analyzed for oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling pathway markers, and measurements of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)‐linked signaling biochemistry. Post‐translational modifications of the ryanodine receptor/calcium (Ca2+) release channels (RyR) on the endoplasmic reticuli (ER), known to be linked to AD, were also measured by co‐immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting of the brain lysates. Results We provide evidence linking SARS‐CoV‐2 infection to activation of TGF‐β signaling and oxidative overload. The neuropathological pathways causing tau hyperphosphorylation typically associated with AD were also shown to be activated in COVID‐19 patients. RyR2 in COVID‐19 brains demonstrated a “leaky” phenotype, which can promote cognitive and behavioral defects. Discussion COVID‐19 neuropathology includes AD‐like features and leaky RyR2 channels could be a therapeutic target for amelioration of some cognitive defects associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Reiken
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leah Sittenfeld
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Haikel Dridi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew R Marks
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Mohapatra D, Kanungo S, Pradhan SP, Jena S, Prusty SK, Sahu PK. Captopril is more effective than Perindopril against aluminium chloride induced amyloidogenesis and AD like pathology. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08935. [PMID: 35243060 PMCID: PMC8857426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Aluminium chloride induces AD like pathology in rats. Renin angiotensin system plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and occurrence of Alzheimer's disease. In the present study we evaluated and compared the effect of Captopril and Perindopril against aluminium chloride induced amyloidogenesis and cognitive dysfunction in rats. Wistar rats of both sex were divided randomly into four groups i.e. Group I was served as normal control and treated with normal saline, Group II was administered with AlCl3 (100 mg/kg, p. o.) and Group III and IV received Captopril (30 mg/kg, p. o.) and Perindopril (5 mg/kg, p. o.) respectively 1hr prior to administration of AlCl3. All the doses were given once daily for 42 days. The evaluation of memory function was carried out in Y-maze (spontaneous alternation), radial arm maze (number of correct responses) and elevated plus maze (transfer latency). After behavioral studies, estimation of antioxidant status (brain and serum), amyloid-β content (brain) and histopathology of brain hippocampus region was done. Administration of AlCl3 for 42 days impaired cognitive dysfunction. Captopril and Perindopril prevented AlCl3 induced cognitive dysfunction by improving spontaneous alternation behavior, number of correct responses and reducing transfer latency. They also increase the antioxidant status, reduce the Aβ42 content in the brain and reverse the histopathological changes caused by AlCl3 in hippocampal region. Both Captopril and Perindopril protects against aluminium chloride induced amyloidogenesis and AD like pathology. Captopril is found to be more effective than Perindopril.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susmita Jena
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, India
| | | | - Pratap Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, India
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Murala S, Nagarajan E, Bollu PC. Infectious Causes of Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106274. [PMID: 35093633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the primary causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. It can be ischemic or hemorrhagic, and the former can be due to an in-situ thrombus or a distant embolus. Despite being a rare cause, stroke can also be caused in the setting of infection. Bacterial agents are the most common cause of stroke, among other infectious agents. Until the antibiotic era, rheumatic heart disease was a predisposing risk factor of infective endocarditis. VZV is the most common cause of strokes in pediatric and adult populations. Cryptococcus and Candida spp are the most common yeasts involved in CNS infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. In COVID-19 patients, ischemic strokes are more common than hemorrhagic strokes. In this review, we will discuss the most common infectious agents, with particular emphasis on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sireesha Murala
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Elanagan Nagarajan
- Department of Neurology, Erlanger Health System, University of Tennessee School of Medicine, Chattanooga, TN, United States
| | - Pradeep C Bollu
- Department of Neurology, Prisma Health, Midlands/University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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