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Alsamadany H, Abdulbaki AS, Alzahrani Y. Unravelling drought and salinity stress responses in barley genotypes: physiological, biochemical, and molecular insights. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1417021. [PMID: 39049857 PMCID: PMC11266107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1417021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In the face of escalating environmental challenges, understanding crop responses to abiotic stress is pivotal for sustainable agriculture. The present study meticulously investigates the intricate interplay between drought and salinity stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Employing three distinct barley genotypes-Traveller, Prunella, and Zahna-we scrutinize their physiological, biochemical, and molecular adaptations under stress conditions. Our findings underscore genotype-specific responses, unravelling the multifaceted mechanisms that govern stress tolerance. Chlorophyll content, a vital indicator of photosynthetic efficiency, exhibits significant variations across genotypes. Salinity stress induces a decline in chlorophyll levels, while drought stress triggers a more nuanced response. Stomatal conductance, a key regulator of water loss, also diverges among the genotypes. Traveller displays remarkable stomatal closure under drought, conserving water, whereas Prunella and Zahna exhibit contrasting patterns. Antioxidant enzyme activities, crucial for combating oxidative stress, fluctuate significantly. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) surge under salinity stress, while drought predominantly impacts SOD. Gene expression profiling reveals genotype-specific signatures, with stress-responsive genes modulating adaptive pathways. Correlation analyses revealed the intricate interplay of the physiological and biochemical parameters. Genotype-specific adaptations, coupled with dynamic physiological and molecular responses, underscore the plasticity of barley's stress tolerance mechanisms. Throughout the study, the Zahna genotype demonstrated notable tolerance in terms of performance. These insights hold promise for breeding resilient cultivars, bolstering food security in an increasingly unpredictable climate. By deciphering the barley stress symphony, we contribute to the harmonious orchestration of sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameed Alsamadany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulbaki Shehu Abdulbaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsinma, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Yahya Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zaheer MS, Rizwan M, Aijaz N, Hameed A, Ikram K, Ali HH, Niaz Y, Usman Aslam HM, Manoharadas S, Riaz MW, Ahmed N, Bibi R, Manzoor MA, Rehman S. Investigating the synergistic effects of biochar, trans-zeatin riboside, and Azospirillum brasilense on soil improvement and enzymatic activity in water-stressed wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:314. [PMID: 38654167 PMCID: PMC11036750 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water stress is a major danger to crop yield, hence new approaches to strengthen plant resilience must be developed. To lessen the negative effects of water stress on wheat plants, present study was arranged to investigate the role of synergistic effects of biochar, trans-zeatin riboside (t-ZR), and Azospirillum brasilense on soil improvement and enzymatic activity in water-stressed wheat. RESULTS In a three-replication experiment comprising of four treatments (T0: Control, T1: Drought stress (DS), T2: DS + t-ZR with biochar, T3: DS + A. brasilense with biochar), we observed notable improvements in soil quality and enzymatic activities in water-stressed wheat plants with the application of t-ZR and A. brasilense with biochar. In drought stress, Treatment having the application of A. brasilense with biochar performs best as compared to the other and significant increased the enzymatic activities such as peroxidase (7.36%), catalase (8.53%), superoxide dismutase (6.01%), polyphenol oxidase (14.14%), and amylase (16.36%) in wheat plants. Different enzymatic activities showed different trends of results. Soil organic C, dissolved organic C, dissolved organic N also enhanced 29.46%, 8.59%, 22.70% respectively with the application of A. brasilense with biochar under drought stress condition. CONCLUSIONS The synergistic action of A. brasilense and biochar creates an effective microbiological environment that supports essential plant physiological processes during drought stress. This enhancement is attributed to improved soil fertility and increased organic matter content, highlighting the potential of these novel strategies in mitigating water stress effects and enhancing crop resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqlain Zaheer
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Nazish Aijaz
- School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Akhtar Hameed
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, 61000, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ikram
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Haider Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Yasir Niaz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz M Usman Aslam
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, 61000, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Pathology, San Luis Valley Research Center, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA
| | - Salim Manoharadas
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Waheed Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Group of Wheat Quality and Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, 61000, Pakistan
| | - Rani Bibi
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, 61000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir Manzoor
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shamsur Rehman
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261325, China
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Al-Tabbal J, Al-Harahsheh M, Al-Zou'by JY. Silica nanoparticles as a waste product to alleviate the harmful effects of water stress in wheat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2024; 26:1626-1642. [PMID: 38644591 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2342631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Drought is a threat to food security and agricultural sustainability in arid and semi-arid countries. Using wasted silica nanoparticles could minimize water scarcity. A controlled study investigated wheat plant physiological and morphological growth under tap-water irrigation (80-100, 60-80, and 40-60% field capacity). The benefits of S1: 0%, S2: 5%, and S3: 10% nanoparticle silica soil additions were studied. Our research reveals that water stress damages the physiological and functional growth of wheat plants. Plant height decreased by 8.9%, grain yield by 5.4%, and biological yield by 19.2%. These effects were observed when plants were irrigated to 40-60% field capacity vs. control. In plants under substantial water stress (40-60% of field capacity), chlorophyll a (8.04 mg g-1), b (1.5 mg g-1), total chlorophyll (9.55 mg g-1), carotenoids (2.44 mg g-1), and relative water content (54%), Electrolyte leakage (59%), total soluble sugar (1.79 mg g-1 fw), and proline (80.3 mol g-1) were highest. Plants cultivated with silica nanoparticles exhibit better morphological and physiological growth than controls. The largest effect came from maximum silica nanoparticle loading. Silica nanoparticles may increase drought-stressed plant growth and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Al-Tabbal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Processing, Al‑Huson University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Harahsheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jehad Y Al-Zou'by
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Al‑Huson University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Irbid, Jordan
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Naderi S, Maali-Amiri R, Sadeghi L, Hamidi A. Physio-biochemical and DNA methylation analysis of the defense response network of wheat to drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 209:108516. [PMID: 38537384 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In the present work, physio-biochemical and DNA methylation analysis were conducted in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars "Bolani" (drought-tolerant) and "Sistan" (drought-sensitive) during drought treatments: well-watered (at 90% field capacity (FC)), mild stress (at 50% FC, and severe stress (at 25% FC). During severe stress, O2•- and H2O2 content in cultivar Sistan showed significant increase (by 1.3 and 2.5-fold, respectively) relative to cultivar Bolani. In Bolani, the increased levels of radical scavenging activity (by 32%), glycine betaine (GB) (by 11.44%), proline (4-fold), abscisic acid (by 63.76%), and more stability of relative water content (RWC) (2-fold) were observed against drought-induced oxidative stress. Methylation level significantly decreased from 70.26% to 60.64% in Bolani and from 69.06% to 59.85% in Sistan during stress, and higher decreased tendency was related to CG and CHG in Bolani but CG in Sistan under severe stress. Methylation patterns showed that the highest polymorphism in Bolani was mainly as CG. As the intensity of stress increased, the enhanced physio-biochemical responses of Bolani cultivar were accompanied by a more decrease in the number of unchanged bands. According to heat map analysis, the highest difference (84.38%) in methylation patterns was observed between control and severe stress. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) showed a cultivar-specific methylation during stress and that methylation changes between cultivars are much higher than that of within a cultivar. Higher methylation to demethylation in Bolani (30.06 vs. 22.12%) compared to that of cultivar Sistan (23.21 vs. 30.15%) indicated more demethylation did not induce tolerance responses in Sistan. Sequencing differentially methylated fragments along with qRT-PCR analysis showed the efficient role of various DNA fragments, including demethylated fragments such as phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), beta-glucosidase (BGlu), glycosyltransferase (GT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and lysine demethylase (LSD) genes and methylated fragments like ubiquitin E2 enzyme genes in the development of drought tolerance. These results suggested the specific roles of DNA methylation in development of drought tolerance in wheat landrace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salehe Naderi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran
| | - Reza Maali-Amiri
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran.
| | - Leila Sadeghi
- Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 31368-63111, Karaj, Iran
| | - Aidin Hamidi
- Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 31368-63111, Karaj, Iran
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Vukasovic S, Eckert AH, Moritz AL, Borsch C, Rudloff S, Snowdon RJ, Stahl A. Effect of a QTL on wheat chromosome 5B associated with enhanced root dry mass on transpiration and nitrogen uptake under contrasting drought scenarios in wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:83. [PMID: 38308236 PMCID: PMC10835935 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sufficient nitrogen supply is crucial for high-quality wheat yields. However, the use of nitrogen fertilization can also negatively influence ecosystems due to leaching or volatile atmospheric emissions. Drought events, increasingly prevalent in many crop production areas, significantly impact nitrogen uptake. Breeding more efficient wheat varieties is necessary to achieve acceptable yields with limited nitrogen and water. Crop root systems play a crucial role as the primary organ for absorbing water and nutrients. To investigate the impact of an enhanced root system on nitrogen and water use efficiency in wheat under various irrigation conditions, this study conducted two experiments using precision phenotyping platforms for controlled drought stress treatment. Experiment 1 involved four contrasting winter wheat genotypes. It included the Chinese variety Ning0604, carrying a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 5B associated with a higher root dry biomass, and three elite German varieties, Elixer, Genius, and Leandrus. Experiment 2 compared near-isogenic lines (NIL) of the three elite varieties, each containing introgressions of the QTL on chromosome 5B linked to root dry mass. In both experiments, nitrogen partitioning was tracked via isotope discrimination after fertilization with 5 Atom % 15N-labeled KNO3-. RESULTS In experiment 1 the quantification by 15N isotope discrimination revealed significantly (p < 0.05) higher nitrogen derived from fertilizer in the root organ for Ning0604 than those of the three German varieties. In experiment 2, two out of three NILs showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher uptake of N derived from fertilizer than their respective recipient line under well-watered conditions. Furthermore, significantly lower transpiration rates (p < 0.1) were observed in one NIL compared to its respective recipient. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the DroughtSpotter facility coupled with 15N tracer-based tracking of N uptake and remobilization extends the insight into the impact of genetically altered root biomass on wheat NUE and WUE under different water availability scenarios. The study shows the potential for how a modified genetic constitution of the locus on wheat chromosome 5B can reduce transpiration and enhance N uptake. The dependence of the observations on the recipient and water availability suggests a need for further research to investigate the interaction with genetic background traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan Vukasovic
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Andreas H Eckert
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna L Moritz
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Borsch
- Analytical Platform Stable Isotopes and Cell Biology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silvia Rudloff
- Analytical Platform Stable Isotopes and Cell Biology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rod J Snowdon
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany
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de Oliveira JPV, Duarte VP, de Castro EM, Magalhães PC, Pereira FJ. Contrasting leaf intercellular space development in sorghum and maize modulates different tolerance capacity to water limitation. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:535-548. [PMID: 37103629 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between intercellular spaces and leaf gas exchange and the effect of total intercellular space on the growth of maize and sorghum under water restriction. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (two plant types and three water conditions: field capacity (FC = 100%), 75%FC, and 50%FC) with 10 replicates. The lack of water was a limiting factor for maize because it showed reductions in leaf area, leaf thickness, biomass, and gas exchange parameters, while sorghum remained unchanged, maintaining its water-use efficiency. This maintenance was correlated with the growth of intercellular spaces in sorghum leaves because the increased internal volume led to better CO2 control and prevented excessive water loss under drought stress. In addition, sorghum had more stomata than maize. These characteristics contributed to the drought tolerance of sorghum, while maize could not make the same adjustments. Therefore, changes in intercellular spaces promoted adjustments to avoid water loss and may have improved CO2 diffusion, characteristics that are important for drought-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fabricio José Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Brazil.
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Lakhneko O, Stasik O, Škultéty Ľ, Kiriziy D, Sokolovska-Sergiienko O, Kovalenko M, Danchenko M. Transient drought during flowering modifies the grain proteome of bread winter wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1181834. [PMID: 37441186 PMCID: PMC10333505 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1181834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Drought is among the most limiting factors for sustainable agricultural production. Water shortage at the onset of flowering severely affects the quality and quantity of grain yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Herein, we measured oxidative stress and photosynthesis-related parameters upon applying transient drought on contrasting wheat cultivars at the flowering stage of ontogenesis. The sensitive cultivar (Darunok Podillia) showed ineffective water management and a more severe decline in photosynthesis. Apparently, the tolerant genotype (Odeska 267) used photorespiration to dissipate excessive light energy. The tolerant cultivar sooner induced superoxide dismutase and showed less inhibited photosynthesis. Such a protective effect resulted in less affected yield and spectrum of seed proteome. The tolerant cultivar had a more stable gluten profile, which defines bread-making quality, upon drought. Water deficit caused the accumulation of medically relevant proteins: (i) components of gluten in the sensitive cultivar and (ii) metabolic proteins in the tolerant cultivar. We propose specific proteins for further exploration as potential markers of drought tolerance for guiding efficient breeding: thaumatin-like protein, 14-3-3 protein, peroxiredoxins, peroxidase, FBD domain protein, and Ap2/ERF plus B3 domain protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Lakhneko
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Oleg Stasik
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ľudovit Škultéty
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dmytro Kiriziy
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Mariia Kovalenko
- Educational and Scientific Centre (ESC) “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Danchenko
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
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Chaouachi L, Marín-Sanz M, Kthiri Z, Boukef S, Harbaoui K, Barro F, Karmous C. The opportunity of using durum wheat landraces to tolerate drought stress: screening morpho-physiological components. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad022. [PMID: 37228421 PMCID: PMC10205476 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Local genetic resources could constitute a promising solution to overcome drought stress. Thus, eight (8) durum wheat landraces and one improved variety were assessed for drought tolerance in pots under controlled conditions. Three water treatments were tested: control (100 % of the field capacity (FC)), medium (50 % FC) and severe (25 % FC) stress. The assessment was carried out at the seedling stage to mimic stress during crop set-up. Results showed that increased water stress led to a decrease in biomass and morpho-physiological parameters and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities. Severe water stress decreased the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, relative water content (RWC) and water potential of the investigated genotypes by 56.45, 20.58, 50.18 and 139.4 %, respectively. Besides, the phenolic compounds content increased by 169.2 % compared to the control. Catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities increased 17 days after treatment for most genotypes except Karim and Hmira. A principal component analysis showed that the most contributed drought tolerance traits were chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, RWC and electrolyte conductivity. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean clustering showed that the landraces Aouija, Biskri and Hedhba exhibited a higher adaptive response to drought stress treatments, indicating that water stress-adaptive traits are included in Tunisian landraces germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Chaouachi
- Laboratory of Genetics and Cereal Breeding (LR14 AGR01), National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia, Carthage University, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Miriam Marín-Sanz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture-Spanish National Research Council (IAS-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Zayneb Kthiri
- Laboratory of Genetics and Cereal Breeding (LR14 AGR01), National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia, Carthage University, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Boukef
- High Institute of Agronomy of Chott Mariam, Sousse University, Chott-Mariem 13, Sousse 4042, Tunisia
| | - Kalthoum Harbaoui
- Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, Carthage University, 7030 Route de Tabarka, Tunisia
| | - Francisco Barro
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture-Spanish National Research Council (IAS-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Chahine Karmous
- Laboratory of Genetics and Cereal Breeding (LR14 AGR01), National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia, Carthage University, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
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Mockevičiūtė R, Jurkonienė S, Šveikauskas V, Zareyan M, Jankovska-Bortkevič E, Jankauskienė J, Kozeko L, Gavelienė V. Probiotics, Proline and Calcium Induced Protective Responses of Triticum aestivum under Drought Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1301. [PMID: 36986989 PMCID: PMC10051984 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase plants tolerance to drought, the idea of treating them with stress-protecting compounds exogenously is being considered. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of exogenous calcium, proline, and plant probiotics on the response of winter wheat to drought stress. The research was carried out under controlled conditions, simulating a prolonged drought from 6 to 18 days. Seedlings were treated with ProbioHumus 2 µL g-1 for seed priming, 1 mL 100 mL-1 for seedling spraying, and proline 1 mM according to the scheme. 70 g m-2 CaCO3 was added to the soil. All tested compounds improved the prolonged drought tolerance of winter wheat. ProbioHumus, ProbioHumus + Ca had the greatest effect on maintaining the relative leaf water content (RWC) and in maintaining growth parameters close to those of irrigated plants. They delayed and reduced the stimulation of ethylene emission in drought-stressed leaves. Seedlings treated with ProbioHumus and ProbioHumus + Ca had a significantly lower degree of membrane damage induced by ROS. Molecular studies of drought-responsive genes revealed substantially lower expression of Ca and Probiotics + Ca treated plants vs. drought control. The results of this study showed that the use of probiotics in combination with Ca can activate defense reactions that can compensate for the adverse effects of drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Mockevičiūtė
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigita Jurkonienė
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaidevutis Šveikauskas
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mariam Zareyan
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Jurga Jankauskienė
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Liudmyla Kozeko
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereshchenkivska Str. 2, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Virgilija Gavelienė
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Tanveer S, Akhtar N, Ilyas N, Sayyed R, Fitriatin BN, Perveen K, Bukhari NA. Interactive effects of Pseudomonas putida and salicylic acid for mitigating drought tolerance in canola ( Brassica napus L.). Heliyon 2023; 9:e14193. [PMID: 36950648 PMCID: PMC10025117 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was designed to analyze the interactive effects of Pseudomonas putida and salicylic acid on the growth of canola in stress and non-stress conditions. Salicylic acid is a phenolic derivative, that has a direct involvement in various plant stages like growth, and inflorescence. While Pseudomonas putida is a drought-tolerant strain having plant growth-promoting characteristics like phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid, and catalase production. Combined application of Pseudomonas putida and salicylic acid has the ability to develop stress tolerance in plants and also improve growth of plants. They have significant (p < 0.05) effects on germination and morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters. The plants that received the co-application of Pseudomonas putida and salicylic acid gave more significant results than their alone application. They showed enhanced germination percentage, germination index, promptness index and, seedling vigor index by 19%, 18%, 34% and, 27%, respectively. There was a substantial increase of 25%, 27%, and 39% in shoot length, root length, and leaf area, respectively. The synergistic effect of both treatments has caused a 14% and 12% increase in the Canola plants' relative water content and membrane stability index respectively. A substantial increase of 18% in proline content was observed by the inoculation of Pseudomonas putida, whereas proline content was increased by 28% by the exogenous application of salicylic acid. The content of flavonoids (39%) and phenol (40%) was significantly increased by the co-application. The increase in superoxide dismutase (46%), ascorbate peroxidase (43%), and glutathione (19%) were also significant. The present research demonstrated that the combined application of Pseudomonas putida and salicylic acid induces drought tolerance in canola and significantly improves its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundas Tanveer
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Noshin Ilyas
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
- Corresponding author. Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan.
| | - R.Z. Sayyed
- Asian PGPR Society, Department of Entomology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | | | - Kahkashan Perveen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, P.O. Box-22452, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat A. Bukhari
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, P.O. Box-22452, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Ghaffar A, Hussain N, Ajaj R, Shahin SM, Bano H, Javed M, Khalid A, Yasmin M, Shah KH, Zaheer M, Iqbal M, Zafar ZU, Athar HUR. Photosynthetic activity and metabolic profiling of bread wheat cultivars contrasting in drought tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1123080. [PMID: 36844078 PMCID: PMC9945586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1123080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in population growth under changing climatic conditions causes drought stress, threatening world food security. The identification of physiological and biochemical traits acting as yield-limiting factors in diverse germplasm is pre-requisite for genetic improvement under water-deficit conditions. The major aim of the present study was the identification of drought-tolerant wheat cultivars with a novel source of drought tolerance from local wheat germplasm. The study was conducted to screen 40 local wheat cultivars against drought stress at different growth stages. Barani-83, Blue Silver, Pak-81, and Pasban-90 containing shoot and root fresh weight >60% of control and shoot and root dry weight >80% and 70% of control, respectively, P (% of control >80 in shoot and >88 in root), K+ (>85% of control), and quantum yield of PSII > 90% of control under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress at seedling stage can be considered as tolerant, while more reduction in these parameters make FSD-08, Lasani-08, Punjab-96, and Sahar-06 as drought-sensitive cultivars. FSD-08 and Lasani-08 could not maintain growth and yield due to protoplasmic dehydration, decreased turgidity, cell enlargement, and cell division due to drought treatment at adult growth stage. Stability of leaf chlorophyll content (<20% decrease) reflects photosynthetic efficiency of tolerant cultivars, while ~30 µmol/g fwt concentration of proline, 100%-200% increase in free amino acids, and ~50% increase in accumulation of soluble sugars were associated with maintaining leaf water status by osmotic adjustment. Raw OJIP chlorophyll fluorescence curves revealed a decrease in fluorescence at O, J, I, and P steps in sensitive genotypes FSD-08 and Lasani-08, showing greater damage to photosynthetic machinery and greater decrease in JIP test parameters, performance index (PIABS), maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) associated with increase in Vj, absorption (ABS/RC), and dissipation per reaction center (DIo/RC) while a decrease in electron transport per reaction center (ETo/RC). During the present study, differential modifications in morpho-physiological, biochemical, and photosynthetic attributes that alleviate the damaging effects of drought stress in locally grown wheat cultivars were analyzed. Selected tolerant cultivars could be explored in various breeding programs to produce new wheat genotypes with adaptive traits to withstand water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ghaffar
- Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Hussain
- Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Rahaf Ajaj
- Department of Environmental and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suzan Marwan Shahin
- College of Arts and Science, Umm Al Quwain University, Umm Al Quwain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hussan Bano
- Department of Botany, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javed
- Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Khalid
- Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Memoona Yasmin
- Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Zaheer
- Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Ullah Zafar
- Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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12
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Quagliata G, Abdirad S, Celletti S, Sestili F, Astolfi S. Screening of Triticum turgidum genotypes for tolerance to drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:271-280. [PMID: 36442359 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses leading to reduced yields and economic losses. Effective germplasm screening for drought tolerance particularly under managed water-deficit conditions is an effective way of selecting materials for advanced breeding programs. Here, 37 Triticum turgidum genotypes, including landraces, ancient and modern genotypes, along with 2 tritordeum cultivars, were subjected to water-deficit stress through the application of 10% (w/v) PEG 6000 and to re-watering treatment in controlled environment, and at the end of each treatment, several physiological and morphological traits were investigated. Our results revealed large variation in shoot and root fresh weight, proline, chlorophyll, and MDA concentration, and also in root morphological traits across the 37 genotypes. The hierarchical clustering of the physiological and morphological traits led to the identification of tolerant and sensitive genotypes to water-deficit stress and also reveals those genotypes characterized by deep-rooting and shallow-rooting systems. By integrating both datasets, three outstanding genotypes, namely Karim, Svems 20, and Svems 18 were identified as the most tolerant genotypes with deep-rooting system. On the other hand, Iride and Bulel tritordeum, were introduced as the most sensitive genotypes with shallow-rooting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Quagliata
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Abdirad
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Celletti
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - F Sestili
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Astolfi
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
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13
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Kumar S, Wang M, Liu Y, Fahad S, Qayyum A, Jadoon SA, Chen Y, Zhu G. Nickel toxicity alters growth patterns and induces oxidative stress response in sweetpotato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1054924. [PMID: 36438136 PMCID: PMC9685627 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1054924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) contaminated soil is a persistent risk to plant growth and production worldwide. Therefore, to explore the Ni toxicity levels in sweetpotato production areas, we investigated the influence of different Ni treatments (0, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 mg L-1) for 15 days on phenotype, Ni uptake, relative water content, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress, osmolytes, antioxidants, and enzymes of sweetpotato plants. The results presented that Ni at higher levels (30 and 60 mg L-1) substantially reduced growth, biomass, and root morphological traits. The Pearson correlation analysis suggested that Ni toxicity causes oxidative injuries as persistent augmentation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) and reduced RWC, gas exchange, and photosynthetic pigment. Furthermore, this study revealed that sweetpotato could tolerate moderate Ni treatment (up to 15 mg L-1) by reducing oxidative stress. The results also indicated that the increase in the activities of mentioned osmolytes, antioxidants, and enzymes is not sufficient to overcome the higher Ni toxicity. Based on these results, we suggest using low Ni-contaminated soil for better growth of sweetpotato and also could be used as a phytoremediator in moderate Ni-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjeet Kumar
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Akbar Jadoon
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Yanli Chen
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Guopeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, China
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14
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Peršić V, Ament A, Antunović Dunić J, Drezner G, Cesar V. PEG-induced physiological drought for screening winter wheat genotypes sensitivity - integrated biochemical and chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:987702. [PMID: 36311092 PMCID: PMC9597320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to screen different winter wheat genotypes at the onset of metabolic changes induced by water deficit to comprehend possible adaptive features of photosynthetic apparatus function and structure to physiological drought. The drought treatment was the most influential variable affecting plant growth and relative water content, and genotype variability determined with what intensity varieties of winter wheat seedlings responded to water deficit. PEG-induced drought, as expected, changed phenomenological energy fluxes and the efficiency with which an electron is transferred to final PSI acceptors. Based on the effect size, fluorescence parameters were grouped to represent photochemical parameters, that is, the donor and acceptor side of PSII (PC1); the thermal phase of the photosynthetic process, or the electron flow around PSI, and the chain of electrons between PSII and PSI (PC2); and phenomenological energy fluxes per cross-section (PC3). Furthermore, four distinct clusters of genotypes were discerned based on their response to imposed physiological drought, and integrated analysis enabled an explanation of their reactions' specificity. The most reliable JIP-test parameters for detecting and comparing the drought impact among tested genotypes were the variable fluorescence at K, L, I step, and PITOT. To conclude, developing and improving screening methods for identifying and evaluating functional relationships of relevant characteristics that are useful for acclimation, acclimatization, and adaptation to different types of drought stress can contribute to the progress in breeding research of winter wheat drought-tolerant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Peršić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Ament
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Georg Drezner
- Department of Small Cereal Crops, Agricultural Institute Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vera Cesar
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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15
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Wei N, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang J, Wu B, Zhao J, Qiao L, Zheng X, Wang J, Zheng J. Genome-wide association study of coleoptile length with Shanxi wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1016551. [PMID: 36212294 PMCID: PMC9532578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1016551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In arid and semi-arid regions, coleoptile length is a vital agronomic trait for wheat breeding. The coleoptile length determines the maximum depth that seeds can be sown, and it is critical for establishment of the crop. Therefore, identifying loci associated with coleoptile length in wheat is essential. In the present study, 282 accessions from Shanxi Province representing wheat breeding for the Loess Plateau were grown under three experimental conditions to study coleoptile length. The results of phenotypic variation indicated that drought stress and light stress could lead to shortening of coleoptile length. Under drought stress the growth rate of environmentally sensitive cultivars decreased more than insensitive cultivars. The broad-sense heritability (H 2) of BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) under various conditions showed G × E interaction for coleoptile length but was mainly influenced by heredity. Correlation analysis showed that correlation between plant height-related traits and coleoptile length was significant in modern cultivars whereas it was not significant in landraces. A total of 45 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for coleoptile length in the three conditions were identified using the 3VmrMLM (3 Variance-component multi-locus random-SNP-effect Mixed Linear Model) and MLM (mixed linear model). In total, nine stable genetic loci were identified via 3VmrMLM under the three conditions, explaining 2.94-7.79% of phenotypic variation. Five loci on chromosome 2B, 3A, 3B, and 5B have not been reported previously. Six loci had additive effects toward increasing coleoptile length, three of which are novel. Molecular markers for the loci with additive effects on coleoptile length can be used to breed cultivars with long coleoptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naicui Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - ShengQuan Zhang
- Institute of Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bangbang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Ling Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Xingwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Juanling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
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16
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Khan R, Ma X, Hussain Q, Asim M, Iqbal A, Ren X, Shah S, Chen K, Shi Y. Application of 2,4-Epibrassinolide Improves Drought Tolerance in Tobacco through Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081192. [PMID: 36009819 PMCID: PMC9405153 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major abiotic stress that hinders plant growth and development. Brassinosteroids (BR), including 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR), play important roles in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses, including drought stress. This work investigates exogenous EBR application roles in improving drought tolerance in tobacco. Tobacco plants were divided into three groups: WW (well-watered), DS (drought stress), and DSB (drought stress + 0.05 mM EBR). The results revealed that DS decreased the leaf thickness (LT), whereas EBR application upregulated genes related to cell expansion, which were induced by the BR (DWF4, HERK2, and BZR1) and IAA (ARF9, ARF6, PIN1, SAUR19, and ABP1) signaling pathway. This promoted LT by 28%, increasing plant adaptation. Furthermore, EBR application improved SOD (22%), POD (11%), and CAT (5%) enzyme activities and their related genes expression (FeSOD, POD, and CAT) along with a higher accumulation of osmoregulatory substances such as proline (29%) and soluble sugars (14%) under DS and conferred drought tolerance. Finally, EBR application augmented the auxin (IAA) (21%) and brassinolide (131%) contents and upregulated genes related to drought tolerance induced by the BR (BRL3 and BZR2) and IAA (YUCCA6, SAUR32, and IAA26) signaling pathways. These results suggest that it could play an important role in improving mechanisms of drought tolerance in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayyan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xinghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Quaid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Anas Iqbal
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaochun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Shahen Shah
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Keling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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17
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Ahmed HGMD, Zeng Y, Shah AN, Yar MM, Ullah A, Ali M. Conferring of drought tolerance in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes using seedling indices. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:961049. [PMID: 35937360 PMCID: PMC9355593 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.961049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is the most widely grown and consumed crop because of its economic and social benefits. This crop is more important globally for food and feed, and its productivity is particularly vulnerable to abiotic factors. In this study, 40 wheat genotypes were studied to access the drought tolerance level using completely randomized design (CRD) in 250 ml disposable cups through morpho-physiological attributes at seedling stage. The wheat germplasm was tested under normal and two drought stress level D1 (50% field capacity) and D2 (75% field capacity) for different seedling attributes such as germination percentage (GP), chlorophyll content (CC), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), seedling fresh weight (SDFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), relative water content (RWC), root/shoot ratio (RS), and seedling dry weight (SeDW). The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and spider analysis indicate that significant amount of genetic variation was present and behavior of studied germplasm showed different behavior in different environment. The correlation analysis showed that root length has significantly positive association with root/shoot ratio, dry weight, and fresh weight while negatively correlated with shoot length and relative water content. Based on the positively associated traits, the studied genetic material would improve genetic gain for drought tolerance. The multivariate analysis showed that out 13 principal components only five PCs were significant and has eigenvalue > 1, cumulatively showed 82.33, 83.07, and 97.34% of total variation under normal, D1 and D2 conditions, respectively. Significantly, the result of spider graph and multivariate analysis showed that genotypes G47, G48, G65, G68, and G80 performed well in all drought stress conditions and considered as drought-tolerant genotypes. The best performing genotypes can be used in future breeding programs. The selection on the bases of studied attributes is effective for development of drought-tolerant and high-yielding varieties for sustainable food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ghulam Muhu-Din Ahmed
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Yawen Zeng
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Adnan Noor Shah
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Majid Yar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Aziz Ullah
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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18
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Najafi Vafa Z, Sohrabi Y, Mirzaghaderi G, Heidari G. Soil Microorganisms and Seaweed Application With Supplementary Irrigation Improved Physiological Traits and Yield of Two Dryland Wheat Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:855090. [PMID: 35720598 PMCID: PMC9198557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.855090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of useful soil microorganisms and organic compounds on physiological characteristics and yield of two wheat cultivars under supplementary irrigation conditions, a study was conducted in the Agriculture Research Farm of Kurdistan University during the two cropping seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. A split-split plot-based study on a randomized complete block design with four replicates was used as an experimental design. The main factor was irrigation at three levels, including control without irrigation, supplementary irrigation in the booting stage, and supplementary irrigation in the booting and flowering stages. Two wheat cultivars, namely, Sardari and Sirvan, as sub-factors and application of bio-fertilizers in eight levels, including the use of bio-fertilizers containing: Mycorrhiza, Seaweed extract, Nitrozist and Phosphozist, Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist, Seaweed extract + Nitrozist and Phosphozist, Mycorrhiza + Seaweed extract, Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist + Seaweed extract, and non-application of bio-fertilizers, were considered as sub-factors. The results of both seasons of the experiment showed that the application of bio-fertilizers compared to the control treatment at all irrigation levels increased root volume, leaf relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), and photosynthetic pigment content. The highest amount of H2O2, proline, and soluble carbohydrates were obtained in wheat under dry land conditions, and supplementary irrigation, especially two-time irrigation, significantly reduced the values of these traits. Supplementary irrigation also increased grain yield, so that in the conditions of two-time irrigation compared to the non-irrigation treatment (dry land), in the first and second seasons, the grain yield increased by 79.51 and 78.69%, respectively. Application of bio-fertilizers (Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist + Seaweed extract) in comparison with the non-application of these fertilizers, due to increased root volume, RWC, MSI, and content of photosynthetic pigments, increased the grain yield in the first and second seasons of the experiment by 8.04 and 6.96%, respectively. As a result, suitable microorganisms and seaweed can improve wheat resistance mechanisms to water deficit, which along with using supplementary irrigation that saves water consumption improves plant growth and yield in areas faced with water shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yousef Sohrabi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
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19
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Yousefvand P, Sohrabi Y, Heidari G, Weisany W, Mastinu A. Salicylic Acid Stimulates Defense Systems in Allium hirtifolium Grown under Water Deficit Stress. Molecules 2022; 27:3083. [PMID: 35630559 PMCID: PMC9145819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of the growth regulator salicylic acid for improving a plant's resistance to environmental stresses such as drought is increasing. The present study investigated the effect of salicylic acid on the physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes, yield, and quality of Allium hirtifolium (shallots) under drought conditions for three years (2016-2017, 2017-2018, and 2018-2019). The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with four repeats. Irrigation as the main factor in four levels of 100% (full irrigation), 75% and 50% of the plant water requirements with non-irrigation (dryland), and salicylic acid as the sub-factor in four levels of 0, 0.75, and 1 mmol, were the studied factors in this research. The combined analysis of three-year data showed that drought reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll content, onion yield, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline content, tang, and allicin of shallots. Shallot spraying with salicylic acid improved leaf RWC, MSI, chlorophyll content, and onion yield. The highest yield of onion (1427 gr m-2) belonged to full irrigation and foliar application of 1 mmol salicylic acid. The lowest yield (419.8 gr m-2) belonged to plats with non-irrigation and non-application of salicylic acid. By improving the effective physiological traits in resistance to water deficit, salicylic acid adjusted the effects of water deficit on the yield of shallots. Foliar application of 1 mmol salicylic acid in dryland and irrigation of 50% of the plant water requirement increased onion yield by 15.12% and 29.39%, respectively, compared to the control treatment without salicylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Yousefvand
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177, Iran; (P.Y.); (G.H.)
| | - Yousef Sohrabi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177, Iran; (P.Y.); (G.H.)
| | - Gholamreza Heidari
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177, Iran; (P.Y.); (G.H.)
| | - Weria Weisany
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778, Iran;
| | - Andrea Mastinu
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Kamara MM, Rehan M, Mohamed AM, El Mantawy RF, Kheir AMS, Abd El-Moneim D, Safhi FA, ALshamrani SM, Hafez EM, Behiry SI, Ali MMA, Mansour E. Genetic Potential and Inheritance Patterns of Physiological, Agronomic and Quality Traits in Bread Wheat under Normal and Water Deficit Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070952. [PMID: 35406932 PMCID: PMC9002629 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is a major environmental stress that adversatively impacts wheat growth, production, and quality. Furthermore, drought is predicted to be more frequent and severe as a result of climate change, particularly in arid regions. Hence, breeding for drought-tolerant and high-yielding wheat genotypes has become more decisive to sustain its production and ensure global food security with continuing population growth. The present study aimed at evaluating different parental bread wheat genotypes (exotic and local) and their hybrids under normal and drought stress conditions. Gene action controlling physiological, agronomic, and quality traits through half-diallel analysis was applied. The results showed that water-deficit stress substantially decreased chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency (FV/Fm), relative water content, grain yield, and yield attributes. On the other hand, proline content, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, and SOD), grain protein content, wet gluten content, and dry gluten content were significantly increased compared to well-watered conditions. The 36 evaluated genotypes were classified based on drought tolerance indices into 5 groups varying from highly drought-tolerant (group A) to highly drought-sensitive genotypes (group E). The parental genotypes P3 and P8 were identified as good combiners to increase chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, grain yield, and yield components under water deficit conditions. Additionally, the cross combinations P2 × P4, P3 × P5, P3 × P8, and P6 × P7 were the most promising combinations to increase yield traits and multiple physiological parameters under water deficit conditions. Furthermore, P1, P2, and P5 were recognized as promising parents to improve grain protein content and wet and dry gluten contents under drought stress. In addition, the crosses P1 × P4, P2 × P3, P2 × P5, P2 × P6, P4 × P7, P5 × P7, P5 × P8, P6 × P8, and P7 × P8 were the best combinations to improve grain protein content under water-stressed and non-stressed conditions. Certain physiological traits displayed highly positive associations with grain yield and its contributing traits under drought stress such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), proline content, and relative water content, which suggest their importance for indirect selection under water deficit conditions. Otherwise, grain protein content was negatively correlated with grain yield, indicating that selection for higher grain yield could reduce grain protein content under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Kamara
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt; (M.M.K.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Medhat Rehan
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Burydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics, College of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Amany M. Mohamed
- Seed Technology Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Rania F. El Mantawy
- Crop Physiology Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. S. Kheir
- Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt;
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Directorate of Programs, Dubai 14660, United Arab Emirates
| | - Diaa Abd El-Moneim
- Department of Plant Production (Genetic Branch), Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish 45511, Egypt;
| | - Fatmah Ahmed Safhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Salha M. ALshamrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Emad M. Hafez
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt; (M.M.K.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Said I. Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed M. A. Ali
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.M.A.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Elsayed Mansour
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.M.A.A.); (E.M.)
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Vuković R, Čamagajevac IŠ, Vuković A, Šunić K, Begović L, Mlinarić S, Sekulić R, Sabo N, Španić V. Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Response of Different Winter Wheat Varieties under Drought Stress at Germination and Seedling Growth Stage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040693. [PMID: 35453378 PMCID: PMC9028496 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to climate change in recent years, there has been an increasing water deficit during the winter wheat sowing period. This study evaluated six Croatian winter wheat varieties’ physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses under two drought stress levels at the germination/seedling growth stage. Lipid peroxidation was mainly induced under both drought stress treatments, while the antioxidative response was variety-specific. The most significant role in the antioxidative response had glutathione along with the ascorbate-glutathione pathway. Under drought stress, wheat seedlings responded in proline accumulation that was correlated with the P5CS gene expression. Expression of genes encoding dehydrins (DHN5, WZY2) was highly induced under the drought stress in all varieties, while genes encoding transcription factors were differentially regulated. Expression of DREB1 was upregulated under severe drought stress in most varieties, while the expression of WRKY2 was downregulated or revealed control levels. Different mechanisms were shown to contribute to the drought tolerance in different varieties, which was mainly associated with osmotic adjustment and dehydrins expression. Identifying different mechanisms in drought stress response would advance our understanding of the complex strategies contributing to wheat tolerance to drought in the early growth stage and could contribute to variety selection useful for developing new drought-tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Vuković
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (R.V.); (I.Š.Č.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (S.M.); (R.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Ivna Štolfa Čamagajevac
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (R.V.); (I.Š.Č.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (S.M.); (R.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Ana Vuković
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (R.V.); (I.Š.Č.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (S.M.); (R.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Katarina Šunić
- Department of Small Cereal Crops, Agricultural Institute Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Lidija Begović
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (R.V.); (I.Š.Č.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (S.M.); (R.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Selma Mlinarić
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (R.V.); (I.Š.Č.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (S.M.); (R.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Ramona Sekulić
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (R.V.); (I.Š.Č.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (S.M.); (R.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikolina Sabo
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (R.V.); (I.Š.Č.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (S.M.); (R.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Valentina Španić
- Department of Small Cereal Crops, Agricultural Institute Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Correspondence:
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22
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Genome Wide Association Study Uncovers the QTLome for Osmotic Adjustment and Related Drought Adaptive Traits in Durum Wheat. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020293. [PMID: 35205338 PMCID: PMC8871942 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Osmotic adjustment (OA) is a major component of drought resistance in crops. The genetic basis of OA in wheat and other crops remains largely unknown. In this study, 248 field-grown durum wheat elite accessions grown under well-watered conditions, underwent a progressively severe drought treatment started at heading. Leaf samples were collected at heading and 17 days later. The following traits were considered: flowering time (FT), leaf relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (ψs), OA, chlorophyll content (SPAD), and leaf rolling (LR). The high variability (3.89-fold) in OA among drought-stressed accessions resulted in high repeatability of the trait (h2 = 72.3%). Notably, a high positive correlation (r = 0.78) between OA and RWC was found under severe drought conditions. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed 15 significant QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) for OA (global R2 = 63.6%), as well as eight major QTL hotspots/clusters on chromosome arms 1BL, 2BL, 4AL, 5AL, 6AL, 6BL, and 7BS, where a higher OA capacity was positively associated with RWC and/or SPAD, and negatively with LR, indicating a beneficial effect of OA on the water status of the plant. The comparative analysis with the results of 15 previous field trials conducted under varying water regimes showed concurrent effects of five OA QTL cluster hotspots on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), and/or grain yield (GY). Gene content analysis of the cluster regions revealed the presence of several candidate genes, including bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET, rhomboid-like protein, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein, as well as DREB1. Our results support OA as a valuable proxy for marker-assisted selection (MAS) aimed at enhancing drought resistance in wheat.
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Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidant Responses and Implications from a Microbial Modulation Perspective. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020155. [PMID: 35205022 PMCID: PMC8869449 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Environmental conditions are subject to unprecedented changes due to recent progressive anthropogenic activities on our planet. Plants, as the frontline of food security, are susceptible to these changes, resulting in the generation of unavoidable byproducts of metabolism (ROS), which eventually affect their productivity. The response of plants to these unfavorable conditions is highly intricate and depends on several factors, among them are the species/genotype tolerance level, intensity, and duration of stress factors. Defensive mechanisms in plant systems, by nature, are concerned primarily with generating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In addition to this, plant-microbe interactions have been found to improve immune systems in plants suffering from drought and salinity stress. Abstract Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses in their lifespan that threaten their survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the byproducts of aerobic metabolism, are essential signalling molecules in regulating multiple plant developmental processes as well as in reinforcing plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stimuli. However, intensified environmental challenges such as salinity, drought, UV irradiation, and heavy metals usually interfere with natural ROS metabolism and homeostasis, thus aggravating ROS generation excessively and ultimately resulting in oxidative stress. Cellular damage is confined to the degradation of biomolecular structures, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, pigments, and DNA. The nature of the double-edged function of ROS as a secondary messenger or harmful oxidant has been attributed to the degree of existing balance between cellular ROS production and ROS removal machinery. The activities of enzyme-based antioxidants, catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, E.C.1.6.5.4), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7); and non-enzyme based antioxidant molecules, ascorbate (AA), glutathione (GSH), carotenoids, α-tocopherol, prolines, flavonoids, and phenolics, are indeed parts of the defensive strategies developed by plants to scavenge excess ROS and to maintain cellular redox homeostasis during oxidative stress. This review briefly summarises current knowledge on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant machinery in plants. Moreover, additional information about the beneficial impact of the microbiome on countering abiotic/biotic stresses in association with roots and plant tissues has also been provided.
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Mahmood MZ, Bibi S, Shahzad M, Fakhar A, Rafique M, Qayyum A. Mechanisms of microbes to combat salinity in soil by producing secondary metabolites. ARABIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12517-021-09371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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