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Ahmed S, Liu G, Sadiq A, Yang H, Yongbin L, Farooq U, Yi D, Yiyu S, Xiaodong W, Ahmed M, Jiang X. Synergistic Effect of Maternal Micronutrient Supplementation on ORFV DNA Vaccine Immune Response in a Pregnant Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04263-9. [PMID: 38874865 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a contagious zoonotic disease caused by the Orf virus that can infect farm animals and humans, but no vaccine is available for pregnant mothers. Excessive oxidative stress during pregnancy can suppress the vaccine immune response in pregnant mothers; hence, maternal micronutrient supplementation could effectively improve the immune response, health, and oxidative status during pregnancy. In this study, we employed an 8-week-old pregnant rat model to receive a single intramuscular dose of 200 µg of ORF DNA vaccine with or without vitamin E and selenium supplementation to evaluate their effect on immune responses (specific IgG and IgG isotypes), oxidative stress, liver enzymes, and blood glucose levels in maternal-neonatal serum and milk secretions. Additionally, antioxidant-related gene expressions were analyzed in the maternal placenta and pups' liver. The results showed that supplementation of vitamin E and selenium with ORF DNA vaccination increased the production of specific antibody and IgG isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) and reduced the oxidative stress in neonatal-maternal serum and milk compared to both the control group and those vaccinated without supplementation (p < 0.05). Notably, the ORF DNA vaccine did not cause oxidative stress and hepatic damage. However, combined supplementation of vitamin E and selenium with DNA vaccination significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and improved the antioxidant-related enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and selenoprotein P (SELP) in the maternal placenta and liver of pups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, maternal supplementation of vitamin E and selenium enhanced the immune responses of the ORF DNA vaccine by mitigating oxidative stress in pregnant rats and could thus be a promising strategy for better health outcomes for both mothers and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Amber Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Huiguo Yang
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Liu Yongbin
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Yi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Yiyu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Xiaodong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mehboob Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Gómez Á, Lacasta D, Teresa Tejedor M, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Ramos JJ, Ruiz H, Ortín A, Villanueva-Saz S, Reina R, Quílez P, Navarro T, Verde M, Borobia M, Windsor PA. Use of a local anaesthetic and antiseptic wound formulation for the treatment of lambs naturally infected with Orf virus. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110037. [PMID: 38479302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is a worldwide highly contagious zoonotic viral skin disease of sheep and goats. Treatment for Orf virus (ORFV) infection usually involves topical and oral antibiotics. An anaesthetic and antiseptic topical gel (Multisolfen® or Tri-Solfen®; MS®, Medical Ethics, Australia) has been documented as an efficacious therapy for lesions from mucosal and epithelial viral infections in ruminants. The present study tested a new treatment protocol of MS® for CE therapy on-farm in 150 lambs naturally infected with ORFV. Lambs were divided into three cohorts of 50 lambs each (C, D and E). Cohort C was treated with MS® 3 times with an interval of 3 days between treatments, cohort D was treated daily with hypochlorous acid, whilst cohort E served as untreated controls. The lambs were examined clinically every two days, weight measured weekly, with whole blood and sterile swabs from ORFV lesions collected for haematological analysis and specific ORFV PCR. Cohort C presented fewer lambs displaying ORFV-associated lesions than other cohorts at different times of the experiment. Further, lesions treated with MS® were milder compared with other cohorts. However, following cessation of therapy, most of the lambs again developed ORFV-associated lesions. No differences between cohorts were observed in weight, haematological and PCR results. These findings suggest that topical treatment with MS® is effective for CE in field conditions, especially in the first stages of the clinical course, although treatment with MS® may need to be extended a minimum of 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álex Gómez
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Tejedor
- Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics Department, CIBER CV (Universidad de Zaragoza-IIS), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Héctor Ruiz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Aurora Ortín
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutilva 31192, Spain.
| | - Pablo Quílez
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Teresa Navarro
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Maite Verde
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Marta Borobia
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Peter Andrew Windsor
- University of Sydney, Sydney School of. Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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3
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Coradduzza E, Scarpa F, Rocchigiani AM, Cacciotto C, Lostia G, Fiori MS, Rodriguez Valera Y, De Pascali AM, Brandolini M, Azzena I, Locci C, Casu M, Bechere R, Pintus D, Ligios C, Scagliarini A, Sanna D, Puggioni G. The Global Evolutionary History of Orf Virus in Sheep and Goats Revealed by Whole Genomes Data. Viruses 2024; 16:158. [PMID: 38275968 PMCID: PMC10820850 DOI: 10.3390/v16010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus (Poxviridae family). It is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (CE) that is an economically detrimental disease affecting small ruminants globally. Contagious ecthyma outbreaks are usually reported in intensive breeding of sheep and goats but they have also been reported in wildlife species. Notably, ORFV can infect humans, leading to a zoonotic disease. This study aims to elucidate the global evolutionary history of ORFV genomes in sheep and goats, including the first genomes from Central America in the analyses. In comparison to the last study on ORFV whole genomes, the database now includes 11 more sheep and goat genomes, representing an increase of 42%. The analysis of such a broader database made it possible to obtain a fine molecular dating of the coalescent time for ORFV S and G genomes, further highlighting the genetic structuring between sheep and goat genomes and corroborating their emergence in the latter half of 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Angela Maria Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giada Lostia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Mariangela Stefania Fiori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Alessandra Mistral De Pascali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Martina Brandolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilenia Azzena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Chiara Locci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Casu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
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4
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Nair RR, Nakazawa Y, Peterson AT. An evaluation of the ecological niche of Orf virus (Poxviridae): Challenges of distinguishing broad niches from no niches. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293312. [PMID: 38236902 PMCID: PMC10796068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a skin disease, caused by Orf virus, creating great economic threats to livestock farming worldwide. Zoonotic potential of this disease has gained recent attention owing to the re-emergence of disease in several parts of the world. Increased public health concern emphasizes the need for a predictive understanding of the geographic distributional potential of Orf virus. Here, we mapped the current distribution using occurrence records, and estimated the ecological niche in both geographical and environmental spaces. Twenty modeling experiments, resulting from two- and three-partition models, were performed to choose the candidate models that best represent the geographic distributional potential of Orf virus. For all of our models, it was possible to reject the null hypothesis of predictive performance no better than random expectations. However, statistical significance must be accompanied by sufficiently good predictive performance if a model is to be useful. In our case, omission of known distribution of the virus was noticed in all Maxent models, indicating inferior quality of our models. This conclusion was further confirmed by the independent final evaluation, using occurrence records sourced from the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) models indicated the broad range of environmental conditions under which Orf virus infections are found. The excluded climatic conditions from MVEs could not be considered as unsuitable owing to the broad distribution of Orf virus. These results suggest two possibilities: that the niche models fail to identify niche limits that constrain the virus, or that the virus has no detectable niche, as it can be found throughout the geographic distributions of its hosts. This potential limitation of component-based pathogen-only ENMs is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Raveendran Nair
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - A. Townsend Peterson
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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Lacasta D, Ríos M, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Ortín A, Ramos JJ, Villanueva-Saz S, Tejedor MT, Ruiz H, Borobia M, Reina R, Gómez A, Navarro T, Windsor PA. Use of a Local Anaesthetic/Antiseptic Formulation for the Treatment of Lambs Experimentally Infected with Orf Virus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2962. [PMID: 37760362 PMCID: PMC10525785 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a highly transmissible eruptive viral disease of the skin and mucosa of sheep and goats distributed worldwide. The treatment of orf lesions is usually based on the use of antiseptics and antibiotics for the management of presumptive secondary infections, increasing risks of antimicrobial resistance. The wound dressing formulation Tri-Solfen® (TS) containing two local anaesthetics (lignocaine and bupivacaine), adrenaline and an antiseptic (cetrimide) in a gel formulation has been demonstrated to reduce suffering and enhance recovery in cattle and buffalo with oral and skin lesions due to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection and reduced the orf viral load in lambs. In the present study, experimental infection with the orf virus was conducted in 50 newborn lambs and 25 animals were treated after the presence of the first lesions with TS and repeated three days later. Daily clinical examination, haematological, serological, biomolecular and post-mortem analyses were conducted during 34 days after treatment. Results indicated that treatment had no effect on weight gain and clinical progression of the lesions. It was determined that seroconversion after experimental infection occurs 34 days after infection and suggested that the deep basal epithelial location of the orf lesions may have prevented the therapy from having altered the clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Marina Ríos
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Aurora Ortín
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - María Teresa Tejedor
- Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics Department, CIBER CV (Universidad de Zaragoza-IIS), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Héctor Ruiz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Marta Borobia
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Spain;
| | - Alex Gómez
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Teresa Navarro
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Peter Andrew Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
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Ghazaleh RA, Al-Sawalhe M, Odeh IA, El Ibrahim J, Al-Turman B, Makhamreh J. Host range, severity and trans boundary transmission of Orf virus (ORFV). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105448. [PMID: 37217030 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma in small ruminants is a zoonotic disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) in the genus Parapoxvirus that can be deadly to its natural hosts. It causes significant losses worldwide, and commonly infects humans. However, the literature about its comparative severity in sheep and goat hosts is misleading; and while contagious ecthyma has been shown to occur in camels and transmit to humans, there is confusion as to whether ORFV is responsible. Camels are important from a 'One Health' perspective as they have been implicated as a reservoir host for the virus causing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), which has a case fatality rate of 35% in humans. We compared ORFV gene sequences and mortality data from the West Bank in Palestine, where ORFV has not been reported previously, with data from the region. Surprisingly, we found that infections of camels that had been attributed to ORFV were more closely related to a different member of the genus Parapoxvirus. Two Middle East ORFVs isolated from humans were unrelated and sat alongside sheep and goat derived sequences on two distinct ORFV lineages of a maximum likelihood B2L gene tree. One of the viral lineages bifurcated to produce a monophyletic group of goat-derived ORFVs characterized uniquely by a glycine at amino acid reside 249. We found that serine is the ancestral allele shared between ORFV infections of sheep and also two closely related Parapoxviruses (PCPV and CCEV), indicating that the glycine allele represents a more recent shift in virus host range adaptation to goats. Furthermore, and contrary to some reports that ORFV is more severe in goats than in sheep, we observed median mortality of up to 24.5% in sheep, but none in goats. We also identified trans-boundary spread of ORFV between the West Bank and Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Abu Ghazaleh
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine.
| | - Mohammed Al-Sawalhe
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Insaf Abu Odeh
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Jehad El Ibrahim
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine; National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Jenin, Palestine
| | - Basem Al-Turman
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
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7
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Hussain I, Khan MUR, Aslam A, Rabbani M, Masood S, Anjum A. Identification, molecular characterization, and pathological features of orf virus in sheep and goats in Punjab province, Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 55:24. [PMID: 36562854 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes an acute, contagious, skin disease of sheep and goats which is economically important. The objectives of this study were to identify ORFV and to explore its pathological and phylogenetic profiles in 350 goats and 91 sheep of 14 districts of Punjab, Pakistan, from July 2020 to July 2021. Skin scrapings (total no. of samples = 441) of suspected animals were subjected to polymerase chain reactions, phylogenetic analysis, and pathological observations. The partial length of GIF/IL-2 gene (408 bp) was successfully amplified in 58/441 samples. Phylogenetic analysis of GIF/IL2 gene showed that the study isolates belonged to ORFV-cluster I, together with the viruses reported in India and China. Pakistan ORFV isolates were shared 97.6-98.7% nucleotide and 97.6-100% amino acid identities with the reference strain (NC_005336). Moreover, Chinese ORFV-isolates were detected unique multiple amino acid substitutions (F11L, Q21H, D27N, I46V, N49S, N82D, D103N, S129G) with study isolates. Naturally infected animals were anorexic, emaciated, dull, and depressed. The macroscopic lesions included multifocal to coalescing, ulceration followed by proliferative papules, pustules, and crust formation on the epidermis of gums, lips, mouth commissure, muzzles, nose, and udder. Histopathological examination revealed hyperplasia, anastomosing rete ridges formation and degenerative changes, including spongiosis and vacuolation of epidermal cells. Keratinocytes exhibited eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies with pyknotic and karyorrhexis nuclei. This is the first report on molecular characterization of ORFV from Pakistan, with insight into its pathogenesis and comparative analysis of pathological alterations and genetic diversity between ORFV strains reported in different geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irtaza Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muti Ur Rehman Khan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Asim Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Masood
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Anjum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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8
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Sanchez JN, Munk BA, Colby J, Torres SG, Gonzales BJ, DeForge JR, Byard AJ, Konde L, Shirkey NJ, Pandit PS, Botta RA, Roug A, Ziccardi MH, Johnson CK. Pathogen surveillance and epidemiology in endangered Peninsular bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis nelsoni). CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022; 4:e12820. [PMID: 36590384 PMCID: PMC9799158 DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Peninsular bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) are found exclusively in Southern California and Baja Mexico. They are federally endangered due to multiple threats, including introduced infectious disease. From 1981 - 2017, we conducted surveillance for 16 pathogens and estimated population sizes, adult survival, and lamb survival. We used mixed effects regression models to assess disease patterns at the individual and population levels. Pathogen infection/exposure prevalence varied both spatially and temporally. Our findings indicate that the primary predictor of individual pathogen infection/exposure was the region in which an animal was captured, implying that transmission is driven by local ecological or behavioral factors. Higher Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae seropositivity was associated with lower lamb survival, consistent with lambs having high rates of pneumonia-associated mortality, which may be slowing population recovery. There was no association between M. ovipneumoniae and adult survival. Adult survival was positively associated with population size and parainfluenza-3 virus seroprevalence in the same year, and orf virus seroprevalence in the previous year. Peninsular bighorn sheep are recovering from small population sizes in a habitat of environmental extremes, compounded by infectious disease. Our research can help inform future pathogen surveillance and population monitoring for the long-term conservation of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Sanchez
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, Davis, California, USA 95616
| | - Brandon A. Munk
- Wildlife Health Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Rd, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA 95670
| | - Janene Colby
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, South Coast Region, 3883 Ruffin Rd, San Diego, CA, USA 92123
| | - Steve G. Torres
- Wildlife Health Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Rd, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA 95670
| | - Ben J. Gonzales
- Wildlife Health Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Rd, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA 95670
| | | | - Aimee J. Byard
- Bighorn Institute, P.O. Box 262, Palm Desert, CA, USA 92261
| | - Lora Konde
- Wildlife Health Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Rd, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA 95670
| | - Nicholas J. Shirkey
- Wildlife Health Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Rd, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA 95670
| | - Pranav S. Pandit
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, Davis, California, USA 95616
| | - Randy A. Botta
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, South Coast Region, 3883 Ruffin Rd, San Diego, CA, USA 92123
| | - Annette Roug
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Michael H. Ziccardi
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, Davis, California, USA 95616
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, Davis, California, USA 95616
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9
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Evaluation of the Immune Response Afforded by Combined Immunization with Orf Virus DNA and Subunit Vaccine in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091499. [PMID: 36146577 PMCID: PMC9504141 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is a highly contagious disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) infection. Orf is prevalent all over the world and, not only affects the healthy development of sheep husbandry, but also threatens human health. However, there are no safe and effective vaccines or drugs for the prevention and treatment of Orf at present. In this study, we constructed a DNA plasmid expressing ORFV B2L and F1L genes as a DNA vaccine candidate, with purified B2L full-length protein and F1L truncated protein as subunit vaccine candidates. BALB/c mice were immunized with the DNA vaccine, subunit vaccine, as well as DNA prime-protein boost strategies. The results showed that compared with the DNA vaccine and subunit vaccine alone, the DNA prime-protein boost immunization group had a higher level of specific antibodies, stronger lymphocyte proliferation, and higher expression of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, which are considered to cause a Th1/Th2 mixed cytokine response. Our results demonstrated that the DNA prime-protein boost immunization strategy induced stronger humoral and cellular immune responses, which have potential advantages in preventing ORFV infection.
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Peralta A, Flores-Olivares C, Verna A, González-Altamiranda E, Odriozola E, Madariaga C, Odeón A, König GA, Cantón G. Identification and molecular characterization of Orf virus infection in occupationally exposed women in South America. Rev Argent Microbiol 2022:S0325-7541(22)00063-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Kumar R, Moudgil P, Grakh K, Jindal N, Sharma M, Gupta R. Epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular detection of orf virus in Haryana (India) and its adjoining areas. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:268. [PMID: 35980491 PMCID: PMC9386199 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Orf is an acute, highly contagious, and economically important viral disease of small ruminants. In this study, six orf suspected outbreaks among goats and sheep were investigated from Haryana state and adjoining areas of Rajasthan state during the year 2021. The disease was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and molecular identification. The causative agent of the disease, orf virus (ORFV), was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting immunodominant envelope antigen (B2L) gene and confirmed by sequencing. The morbidity in goats ranged from 8.75 to 100%, whereas in sheep, it ranged from 0 to 8%. The higher mortality was observed among flocks with mixed infections of orf and peste des petits (PPR) or orf and haemonchosis as compared to other outbreaks. The phylogenetic analysis of sequenced PCR products clustered the current study strains in the same clad with Indian as well as strains from other countries with nucleotide identity more than 99%, signifying a close genetic relationship. The study highlighted the circulation of strains of a single cluster among sheep and goats in Haryana and adjoining areas. Prompt diagnosis of the disease is highly important for facilitating the implementation of control measures to minimize the losses suffered by small and marginal farmers in this region. Further detailed studies are required to delineate the molecular details of ORFV for better understanding the dynamics and molecular epidemiology of strains circulating in the country and for designing the effective vaccines against the disease which are currently lacking in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Pallavi Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Kushal Grakh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Maneesh Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
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12
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Mangga HK, Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Bukar AM, Lawan Z, Gambo A, Jesse FFA, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. Genome-Wide Analysis and Molecular Characterization of Orf Virus Strain UPM/HSN-20 Isolated From Goat in Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:877149. [PMID: 35898905 PMCID: PMC9309513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.877149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma commonly known as Orf is a globally important, highly contagious zoonotic, transboundary disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. The disease is of great economic significance causing an immense impact on animal health, welfare, productivity, and trade. Detailed analysis of the viral genome is crucial to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of Orf virus (ORFV) pathogenesis. In the present study, a confluent monolayer of lamb testicle cells was infected with the processed scab sample obtained from an infected goat. The presence of the virus was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction and electron microscopy, while its genome was sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology. The genome sequence of Malaysian ORFV strain UPM/HSN-20 was found to contain 132,124 bp with a G + C content of 63.7%. The homology analysis indicates that UPM/HSN-20 has a high level of identity 97.3–99.0% with the other reference ORFV strain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ORFV strain UPM/HSN-20 is genetically more closely related to ORFV strain XY and NP from China. The availability of the genome-wide analysis of ORFV UPM/HSN-20 strain from Malaysia will serve as a good platform for further understanding of genetic diversity, ORFV infection, and strategic development for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Hassana Kyari Mangga,
| | - Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Alhaji Modu Bukar
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Zaharaddeen Lawan
- Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure, Nigeria
| | - Auwal Gambo
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M. Noordin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd-Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Mohd-Lila Mohd-Azmi,
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Coradduzza E, Sanna D, Scarpa F, Azzena I, Fiori MS, Scivoli R, Rocchigiani AM, Bechere R, Dettori MA, Pintus D, Evangelista E, Casu M, Ligios C, Puggioni G. A Deeper Insight into Evolutionary Patterns and Phylogenetic History of ORF Virus through the Whole Genome Sequencing of the First Italian Strains. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071473. [PMID: 35891452 PMCID: PMC9318404 DOI: 10.3390/v14071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is distributed worldwide and is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma that mainly occurs in sheep and goats. This disease was reported for the first time at the end of 18th century in Europe but very little is currently known about the temporal and geographic origins of this virus. In the present study, the use of new Italian whole genomes allowed for better inference on the evolutionary history of ORFV. In accordance with previous studies, two genome types (S and G) were described for infection of sheep and goats, respectively. These two well-differentiated groups of genomes originated for evolutive convergence in the late 1800s in two different areas of the world (Europe for S type and Asia for G type), but it was only in the early 1900s that the effective size of ORFV increased among hosts and the virus spread across the whole European continent. The Italian strains which were sequenced in the present study were isolated on the Mediterranean island of Sardinian and showed to be exclusive to this geographic area. One of them is likely representative of the early European forms of ORFV which infected sheep and became extinct about one century ago. Such an ancient Sardinian strain may have reached the island simple by chance, where it quickly adapted to the new habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Ilenia Azzena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Mariangela S. Fiori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Rosario Scivoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Angela M. Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria A. Dettori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Eloisa Evangelista
- Ames Polydiagnostic Group Center SRL, Casalnuovo di Napoli, 80013 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marco Casu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Bottari B, Cummins E, Ylivainio K, Muñoz Guajardo I, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by-products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06932. [PMID: 34900004 PMCID: PMC8638561 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to assess if different thermal processes achieve a 5 log10 reduction in Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg (775W) and (if relevant) a 3 log10 reduction in thermoresistant viruses (e.g. Parvovirus) as well as if different chemical processes achieve a 3 log10 reduction of eggs of Ascaris sp., in eight groups of Category 2 and 3 derived products and animal by-products (ABP). These included (1) ash derived from incineration, co-incineration and combustion; (2) glycerine derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (3) other materials derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (4) hides and skins; (5) wool and hair; (6) feathers and down; (7) pig bristles; and (8) horns, horn products, hooves and hoof products. Data on the presence of viral hazards and on thermal and chemical inactivation of the targeted indicator microorganisms and biological hazards under relevant processing conditions were extracted via extensive literature searches. The evidence was assessed via expert knowledge elicitation. The certainty that the required log10 reductions in the most resistant indicator microorganisms or biological hazards will be achieved for each of the eight groups of materials mentioned above by the thermal and/or chemical processes was (1) 99-100% for the two processes assessed; (2) 98-100% in Category 2 ABP, at least 90-99% in Category 3 ABP; (3) 90-99% in Category 2 ABP; at least 66-90% in Category 3 ABP; (4) 10-66% and 33-66%; (5) 1-33% and 10-50%; (6) 66-90%; (7) 33-66% and 50-95%; (8) 66-95%, respectively. Data generation on the occurrence and reduction of biological hazards by thermal and/or chemical methods in these materials and on the characterisation of the usage pathways of ABP as organic fertilisers/soil improvers is recommended.
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Bukar AM, Jesse FFA, Abdullah CAC, Noordin MM, Lawan Z, Mangga HK, Balakrishnan KN, Azmi MLM. Immunomodulatory Strategies for Parapoxvirus: Current Status and Future Approaches for the Development of Vaccines against Orf Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1341. [PMID: 34835272 PMCID: PMC8624149 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both previously infected and vaccinated sheep due to several immunomodulatory genes encoded by the virus that temporarily suppress host immunity. Therefore, the development of novel, safe and effective vaccines against ORFV infection is an important priority. Although, the commercially licensed live-attenuated vaccines have provided partial protection against ORFV infections, the attenuated viruses have been associated with major safety concerns. In addition to safety issues, the persistent reinfection of vaccinated animals warrants the need to investigate several factors that may affect vaccine efficacy. Perhaps, the reason for the failure of the vaccine is due to the long-term adaptation of the virus in tissue culture. In recent years, the development of vaccines against ORFV infection has achieved great success due to technological advances in recombinant DNA technologies, which have opened a pathway for the development of vaccine candidates that elicit robust immunity. In this review, we present current knowledge on immune responses elicited by ORFV, with particular attention to the effects of the viral immunomodulators on the host immune system. We also discuss the implications of strain variation for the development of rational vaccines. Finally, the review will also aim to demonstrate future strategies for the development of safe and efficient vaccines against ORFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji Modu Bukar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Maiduguri 1070, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | | | - Mustapha M. Noordin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Zaharaddeen Lawan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Mohd-Lila Mohd Azmi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
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16
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Esmaeili H, Ghorani M, Arani EB, Shakeri AP. Detection of contagious ovine ecthyma (orf) and risk factors for infection in small ruminants in Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 79:101714. [PMID: 34715477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary cause of contagious ecthyma is the orf virus, the parapoxvirus prototype. It is a viral problem observed in goat and sheep flocks in Iran, causing economic loss. Orf is a zoonosis with little epidemiological investigation present in Iran. The current research aims at determining the status of this virus, and a PCR was used as a confirmatory instrument. We sampled 668 goats and sheep and various breeding systems. Besides, the orf prevalence was studied, and vaccination efficacy was determined. Moreover, the potential risk factors surveyed for infection with ecthyma were identified. Samples were taken from goat and sheep flocks in the present cross-sectional research, and PCR was used for testing orf DNA. A checklist including animals' general information was completed. Data were analyzed using univariate tests (chi-square and t-tests) and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. Three hundred one (45%) goats and sheep detected orf DNA. The age of 70% of positive cases was below one month. Ecthyma infection was significantly higher in imported breeds (87.3%) than indigenous (39.3%). Ninety-six percent of infected goats and sheep in the present work were not vaccinated against ecthyma. The high prevalence of the orf virus was confirmed among goat and sheep flocks in Iran. It is necessary to train ranchers regarding sanitary actions, quarantine, and application of orf vaccination plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Esmaeili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Ghorani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Baghal Arani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Pasha Shakeri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran
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Effect of Intensification Practices, Lambing Period and Environmental Parameters on Animal Health, and Milk Yield and Quality in Dairy Sheep Production Systems on Crete. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13179706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to increasing demand, many traditional, grazing-based Mediterranean sheep production systems have introduced intensified feeding regimes, increased investments in infrastructure and drug use to increase milk yields. However, compared to bovine milk production systems, there is limited knowledge about the impact of these intensification practices on animal welfare and health and on the quality of dairy products. The aim of this study was therefore to quantify the effects of management practices and environmental conditions background on udder health, parasitism and milk quantity and quality in Cretan traditional production systems. Milk yields were higher in semi-intensive production systems while concentrations of several nutritionally desirable compounds such as omega-3 fatty acids were found to be higher in milk from extensive systems. Antibiotic and anthelmintic use was relatively low in both extensive and semi-intensive production systems. There was no substantial difference in parasitic burden, somatic cell counts, and microbiological parameters assessed in milk. Recording of flock health parameters showed that animal health and welfare was high in both extensive and semi-intensively managed flocks, and that overall, the health status of extensively managed ewes was slightly better. In contrast, environmental conditions (temperature and rainfall) had a substantial effect on parasitism and milk quality.
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18
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Modise BM, Settypalli TBK, Kgotlele T, Xue D, Ntesang K, Kumile K, Naletoski I, Nyange JF, Thanda C, Macheng KN, Marobela-Raborokgwe C, Viljoen GJ, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. First molecular characterization of poxviruses in cattle, sheep, and goats in Botswana. Virol J 2021; 18:167. [PMID: 34391449 PMCID: PMC8364013 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poxviruses within the Capripoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera can infect livestock, with the two former having zoonotic importance. In addition, they induce similar clinical symptoms in common host species, creating a challenge for diagnosis. Although endemic in the country, poxvirus infections of small ruminants and cattle have received little attention in Botswana, with no prior use of molecular tools to diagnose and characterize the pathogens. Methods A high-resolution melting (HRM) assay was used to detect and differentiate poxviruses in skin biopsy and skin scab samples from four cattle, one sheep, and one goat. Molecular characterization of capripoxviruses and parapoxviruses was undertaken by sequence analysis of RPO30 and GPCR genes. Results The HRM assay revealed lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in three cattle samples, pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in one cattle sample, and orf virus (ORFV) in one goat and one sheep sample. The phylogenetic analyses, based on the RPO30 and GPCR multiple sequence alignments showed that the LSDV sequences of Botswana were similar to common LSDV field isolates encountered in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Botswana PCPV presented unique features and clustered between camel and cattle PCPV isolates. The Botswana ORFV sequence isolated from goat differed from the ORFV sequence isolated from sheep. Conclusions This study is the first report on the genetic characterization of poxvirus diseases circulating in cattle, goats, and sheep in Botswana. It shows the importance of molecular methods to differentially diagnose poxvirus diseases of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tebogo Kgotlele
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Dingrong Xue
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, China
| | | | - Kago Kumile
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ivancho Naletoski
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Carter Thanda
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | - Gerrit Johannes Viljoen
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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Lacasta D, Reina R, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Ferrer LM, Benito AA, Tejedor MT, Echeverria I, Ruiz H, Martinez Cardenas S, Windsor PA. Effect of a Topical Formulation on Infective Viral Load in Lambs Naturally Infected with Orf Virus. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:149-158. [PMID: 34136371 PMCID: PMC8200145 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s306355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orf is a highly contagious eruptive viral disease of the skin and mucosa of sheep and goats. Although vaccination with live or attenuated orf virus is the preferred option for disease control, the vaccine is unavailable in many countries. Treatment of orf lesions involves standard hygiene and in numerous cases, management of presumptive secondary infections with antibiotics, increasing risks of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The wound dressing formulation Tri-Solfen® containing two local anaesthetics (lignocaine and bupivacaine), adrenaline and an antiseptic (cetrimide) in a gel formulation was developed for pain relief in sheep undergoing surgical husbandry procedures in Australia. Recently, TS therapy was found to reduce suffering and enhance recovery in cattle and buffalo with oral and skin lesions due to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus infection. It was noted that TS has a low pH and is potentially viricidal, potentially aiding disease control. METHODS One-month-old lambs (n=14), naturally infected with orf, were recruited from a farm during a natural outbreak of the disease. The animals were selected at the early stages of the infection and randomly divided into two cohorts: Group A (n=11) treated with the topical wound gel formulation (TS); and Group B (n=3) an untreated control group. Swabs were obtained before treatment (T0) and on days one (T1), 3 (T2) and 5 (T3) post-treatment, then submitted to direct DNA extraction with real-time PCR quantification, plus incubation with primary tissue cultures from ovine skin fibroblasts (OSF) and T-immortalized goat embryonic fibroblasts (TIGEF). RESULTS Although no significant differences were found in the clinical progression of the lesions and PCR quantification (p=0.722) between these small cohorts, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in reduction in infective viral load between the groups when assessed in OSF cell cultures between T0 and T3. CONCLUSION These preliminary findings suggest that treatment of early stage lesions with this TS may reduce the infective viral load present in orf lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Ramses Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, 31192, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ferrer
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | | | - Maria Teresa Tejedor
- Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics Department, CIBER CV (Universidad de Zaragoza-IIS), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Irache Echeverria
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, 31192, Navarra, Spain
| | - Hector Ruiz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez Cardenas
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Peter Andrew Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an infectious disease of small ruminants caused by a parapoxvirus of family Poxviridae subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. The disease is obviously distinguished by an establishment of scabby lesions and ulcerative formation on less hairy areas including muzzle, ears, nostril, and sometimes on genitalia. The disease is endemic in sheep and goats. The virus is transmissible to other ruminants and is a public health concern in humans. Although the disease is known as self-limiting, it may cause a significant economic threat and financial losses due to lower productivity in livestock production. Information with regard to the risk of the disease and epidemiology in most parts of the world is underreported. This paper aims to provide relevant information about the epidemiology of CE in selected regions of Europe, South America, North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. An in-depth comprehension of virus infection, diagnoses, and management of the disease will enable farmers, researchers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, health personnel, and border controllers to improve their measures, skills, and effectiveness toward disease prevention and control, toward reducing unnecessary economic loss among farmers. A herd health program for significant improvement in management and productivity of livestock demands a well planned extension program that ought to encourage farmers to equip themselves with adequate skills for animal healthcare.
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21
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Coradduzza E, Sanna D, Rocchigiani AM, Pintus D, Scarpa F, Scivoli R, Bechere R, Dettori MA, Montesu MA, Marras V, Lobrano R, Ligios C, Puggioni G. Molecular Insights into the Genetic Variability of ORF Virus in a Mediterranean Region (Sardinia, Italy). Life (Basel) 2021; 11:416. [PMID: 34064326 PMCID: PMC8147818 DOI: 10.3390/life11050416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) represents the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, clinically characterized by mild papular and pustular to severe proliferative lesions, mainly occurring in sheep and goats. In order to provide hints on the evolutionary history of this virus, we carried out a study aimed to assess the genetic variation of ORFV in Sardinia that hosts a large affected small ruminant population. We also found a high worldwide mutational viral evolutionary rate, which resulted, in turn, higher than the rate we detected for the strains isolated in Sardinia. In addition, a well-supported genetic divergence was found between the viral strains isolated from sheep and those from goats, but no relevant connection was evidenced between the severity of lesions produced by ORFV and specific polymorphic patterns in the two species of hosts. Such a finding suggests that ORFV infection-related lesions are not necessarily linked to the expression of one of the three genes here analyzed and could rather be the effect of the expression of other genes or rather represents a multifactorial character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Angela M. Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Rosario Scivoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria A. Dettori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria A. Montesu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.M.); (V.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Vincenzo Marras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.M.); (V.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Renato Lobrano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.M.); (V.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
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Whole-Genome Sequence of an Orf Virus Isolate Derived from a Cell Culture Infected with Contagious Ecthyma Vaccine. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/32/e00752-20. [PMID: 32763944 PMCID: PMC7409861 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00752-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a draft genome of an orf virus (ORFV) vaccine strain assembled via long- and short-read hybrid assembly. ORFV is a zoonotic pathogen that affects sheep and goats. The genome of the virus contained in the vaccine was found to have high similarity (98%) to those of other published strains. This is a draft genome of an orf virus (ORFV) vaccine strain assembled via long- and short-read hybrid assembly. ORFV is a zoonotic pathogen that affects sheep and goats. The genome of the virus contained in the vaccine was found to have high similarity (98%) to those of other published strains.
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Pham TH, Lila MAM, Rahaman NYA, Lai HLT, Nguyen LT, Do KV, Noordin MM. Epidemiology and clinico-pathological characteristics of current goat pox outbreak in North Vietnam. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:128. [PMID: 32375821 PMCID: PMC7203824 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In view of the current swine fever outbreak and the government aspiration to increase the goat population, a need arises to control and prevent outbreaks of goat pox. Despite North Vietnam facing sporadic cases of goat pox, this most recent outbreak had the highest recorded morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate. Thus, owing to the likelihood of a widespread recurrence of goat pox infection, an analysis of that outbreak was done based on selected signalment, management and disease pattern (signs and pathology) parameters. This includes examination of animals, inspection of facilities, tissue sampling and analysis for confirmation of goatpox along with questionaires. Results It was found that the susceptible age group were between 3 and 6 months old kids while higher infection rate occurred in those under the free-range rearing system. The clinical signs of pyrexia, anorexia, nasal discharge and lesions of pocks were not restricted to the skin but have extended into the lung and intestine. The pathogen had been confirmed in positive cases via PCR as goat pox with prevalence of 79.69%. Conclusions The epidemiology of the current goat pox outbreak in North Vietnam denotes a significant prevalence which may affect the industry. This signals the importance of identifying the salient clinical signs and post mortem lesions of goat pox at the field level in order to achieve an effective control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Hong Pham
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 010000, Vietnam.
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yasmin Abd Rahaman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Huong Lan Thi Lai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 010000, Vietnam
| | - Lan Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 010000, Vietnam
| | - Khien Van Do
- Institute of Veterinary Research and Development of Central Vietnam, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, 650000, Vietnam
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Khalafalla AI, Elhag AE, Ishag HZA. Field investigation and phylogenetic characterization of orf virus (ORFV) circulating in small ruminants and Pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) in dromedary camels of eastern Sudan. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03595. [PMID: 32258461 PMCID: PMC7096746 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, livestock herders in eastern Sudan were interviewed through structured questionnaire involved 14046 animals in 151 herds (87 camel herds, 51 sheep and 13 goats) from June to September of 2016 in Showak area of Gadarif State to get some epidemiological information on contagious ecthyma (CE) infection. 102 suspected cases of CE were investigated (38 sheep, 22 goats and 42 camels) by a second questionnaire focusing on age and sex of affected animals beside number and localization of the lesions. Representative tissue samples of scab lesion scrapings were collected from a total of 36 suspected sheep, goats and camels for DNA extraction to identify PPV by quantitative real-time PCR and gel-based PCR, then a PCR protocol was used to obtain DNA fragment of B2L gene from six DNAs (2 from each animal species) for sequencing. Phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences was constructed and all data were analyzed statistically. Obtained result has shown morbidity rate of 23.8% and a case fatality rate of 4.7 % in overall investigated animals resulting in a significant economic loss. Within individual herd, the morbidity rate varied from 5.6 to 42.8%, while the case fatality rate ranged between 0 and 33.3%. Camels accounted for the highest case fatality rate with 6.5% compared to sheep and goats which their rates were 2.8% and 1.3%, respectively. 93% of the affected animals were young less than one-year-old. The prevalence of CE was high in the rainy season compared to winter and summer. Out of 36 scab materials collected from sheep, goats, and camels, 24 gave positive specific amplification in real-time PCR and 21 in the gel-based PCR. DNA sequencing confirmed the PCR results. All sequences had a high G + C content of 62.6-63.9%. A BLAST search also revealed that the studied sheep PPV (SPPV) isolates shared 99.08% nucleotide sequence intragroup identity, 96.88-97.27% identity with the goat PPV (GPPV) isolates and together they belong to the Orf virus (ORFV) species, while the camel PPV (CPPV) isolates are close to the Pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) species of the PPV genus and share 92.51-93.62 % identity with the GPPV isolates. In conclusion the present study demonstrated that the gross lesion produced by PPV in sheep, goats and camels is generally similar, yet the PPVs circulating in eastern Sudan in camels (PCPV) are genetically distinct from those affecting sheep and goats (ORFV). Contagious ecthyma in eastern Sudan causes significant morbidities and mortalities and control measures, guided by the results of this investigation ought to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Shambat, Sudan
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority P. O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Eisa Elhag
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif, 32211 Sudan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55270 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority P. O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- College of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Sudan
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Karki M, Kumar A, Arya S, Venkatesan G. Circulation of orf viruses containing the NZ7-like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-E) gene type in India. Virus Res 2020; 281:197908. [PMID: 32126295 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Orf, a poxviral skin infection of small ruminants is caused by orf virus (ORFV) of the genus Parapoxvirus of the Poxviridae family. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important virulence factor that is responsible for proliferative lesions in parapoxviral infections. VEGF gene shows high intra- and inter-species variability. Two variants of VEGF have been described globally in ORFV, viz. NZ2- and NZ7-like. In the present study, ORFV isolates of different geographic regions of India were analysed on the basis of the VEGF gene. Indian ORFV isolates showed 95.7-100 % nucleotide (nt) and 78.4-99.3 % amino acid (aa) identity with each other, except ORFV-Assam/LK/14 and ORFV-Meghalaya/03 which shared 85.1-88.35 % and 79.1-81.8 % identity, at nt and aa levels, respectively with other Indian ORFV isolates. All Indian ORFVs under the study demonstrated 83.5-99.1 % nt and 80.5-97.9 % aa identity with NZ7-like VEGF as compared to 41.2-44.8 % nt and 30.7-38.4 % aa identity with NZ2-like VEGF on comparison with global ORFV strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VEGF gene showed two clusters of ORFV in which the Indian ORFVs clustered with NZ7-like VEGF from global ORFV strains, mostly from China. Despite the considerable variation, VEGF protein from Indian ORFV strains showed conserved VEGF homology domain with eight cysteine residues. Homology modeling of Indian ORFV strains predicted the presence of extended Loop 3 similar to NZ7-like VEGF. Therefore, the present study showed the circulation of ORFV strains with comparatively less variable NZ7-like VEGF in India which implicates its importance in the epidemiology of ORFV infections in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monu Karki
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sargam Arya
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India.
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Wassie T, Fanmei Z, Jiang X, Liu G, Girmay S, Min Z, Chenhui L, Bo DD, Ahmed S. Recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA Vaccine Induces Immunity Against Orf Virus and Inhibits Spermatogenesis In Rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16262. [PMID: 31700161 PMCID: PMC6838309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf is a highly contagious zoonotic disease of small ruminants caused by Parapoxvirus. Kisspeptin, encoded by the KISS1 gene with its cognate receptor GPR-54 is recognized as an upstream orchestrator in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This study was designed to construct a DNA vaccine that produces a fused peptide composed of a major immunodominant protein of the orf virus (B2L) and kisspeptin-54, a neuropeptide with recognized roles in mammalian reproductive biology. The administration of this recombinant vaccine is shown to produce a significant antibody and cell-mediated immune response directed against B2L compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we found that rats inoculated with PBK-asd vaccine up-regulated antigen-mediated splenocyte proliferation and significantly raised antigen-specific tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα-), interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ) and interleukin (IL-2) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). This recombinant vaccine also stimulated antibody responses to kisspeptin and decreased serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels. Moreover, the current recombinant vaccine caused testicular atrophy and arrested spermatogenesis. It is concluded that this recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 vaccine could be a promising approach for construction of bivalent orf virus and immunocastration vaccine. Furthermore, we concluded that the orf virus envelope protein (B2L) could be used as an immunomodulator for kisspeptin-54 to produce a strong antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teketay Wassie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Fanmei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shishay Girmay
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Min
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Chenhui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Dong Bo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Sohail Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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Navarro T, Ramos J, Ruíz de Arcaute M, González J. Predisposing factors inducing ovine respiratory complex in intensive-reared lambs. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Jesse FFA, Abdullah AA, Noorzahari MSB, Ghazali MT, Mohamed RB, Haron AW, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. Identification of strain diversity and phylogenetic analysis based on two major essential proteins of Orf viruses isolated from several clinical cases reported in Malaysia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104076. [PMID: 31678648 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a little information on the characterization of Orf virus strains that are endemic in Malaysia. The relationship between the severity of disease and the molecular genetic profile of Orf virus strains has not been fully elucidated. This study documented the first confirmed report of contagious ecthyma causing by Orf virus in goats from a selected state of eastern peninsular Malaysia. The disease causes significant debilitation due to the inability of affected animals to suckle which brings a great economic loss to the farmers. A total of 504 animals were examined individually to recognize the affected animals with Orf lesion. Skin scrapping was used to collect the scab material from the infected animals. The presence of Orf virus was confirmed by combination of methods including virus isolation on vero cells, identification by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and molecular technique using PCR and Sanger sequencing. The results showed the successful isolation of four Orf virus strains with a typical cytopathic effects on the cultured vero cells line. The morphology was confirmed to be Orf virus with a distinctive ovoid and criss cross structure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolated strains were closely related to each other and to other previously isolated Malaysian orf viruses. In addition these Orf virus strains were closely related to Orf viruses from China and India. This study provides more valuable insight in terms of genotype of Orf virus circulating in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011 Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Muhammad Syaafii Bin Noorzahari
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Termizi Ghazali
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Negeri Terengganu, Peti Surat 203, 20720 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ramlan Bin Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Mustapha Mohamed Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Gelasakis AI, Kalogianni AI, Bossis I. Aetiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Control of Foot-Related Lameness in Dairy Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E509. [PMID: 31370310 PMCID: PMC6720304 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last twenty years, considerable research efforts have recognized the consequences of foot-related lameness primarily in cattle, and meat and wool sheep. Despite the lack of extensive epidemiological studies, field observations and isolated research reports in dairy sheep have suggested that the problem might be more severe in semi-intensive and intensive farming systems. Footrot, contagious ovine digital dermatitis, ovine interdigital dermatitis, white line disease, and pedal joint abscess are the most common causes of foot-related lameness. Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Treponema spp., and Actinomyces pyogenes are the most significant foot-related lameness-associated pathogens. Despite a documented hereditary predisposition, environmental factors are the most important in determining the occurrence of foot-related lameness. Moist and warm environment, increased parity and milk yield, inappropriate housing conditions and infrastructures, inadequate hygiene status, imbalanced nutrition, and insufficient foot care are the most critical risk factors. Furthermore, a foot-lameness control plan should include targeted implementation of claw trimming and footbathing, evidence-based planning of hygiene measures in preventive veterinary practices (i.e., antibiotic administration, vaccinations against footrot), selective breeding to footrot resistance, and, most importantly, the continuous training of farming personnel. Controlling foot-lameness in dairy sheep is critical in determining the well-being of animals, and strongly affects the farm's profitability and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios I Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., GR 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - Aphrodite I Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., GR 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., GR 11855, Athens, Greece
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Abdullah AA, Adamu L, Noorzahari MSB, May LK, Mangga HK, Ghazali MT, Mohamed RB, Haron AW, Noordin MM, Lila MAM. An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:250. [PMID: 31319873 PMCID: PMC6639921 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. The unknown status of this disease in the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia warrants a study to determine sero-prevalence of orf with regards to farmers' compliance level towards the Herd Health Program (HHP) programme. RESULTS Out of 504 animals, 115 were positive for Orf-virus antibodies. An overall prevalence rate of 22.8% indicated a high prevalence of orf disease in this region. It was observed that 25.1% (92/367) of goats were positive and 16.8% (23/137) of sheep sero-converted for Orf virus antibody. Several factors were measured for their possible association with prevalence of Orf virus infection. The prevalence was higher in LY farm, JC breed, kid and female animals, and in the presence of disease lesion. Chi-square analysis showed a significant association of three risk factors which are species, age and sex of the animals (P < 0.05). Notwithstanding, all other variables showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Farms surveyed usually practised intensive management system, keeping animals in the shade at all time, due to limited availability of suitable land as a free-range grazing area. An interview with small holder farmers revealed a lack of awareness of the main goals of herd health programme. An overall compliance level of 42.7% was observed for all HHP parameters. Among the 14 main components of HHP modules, animal identification had recorded highest compliance level (84.62%) while milking management recorded the least compliance (- 82.69%). That explained why there was a high sporadic prevalence of Orf infection in this region. CONCLUSION Good herd health supervision is a rehearsal target to prevent an outbreak and the spread of diseases thus reduces economic losses among farmers. Therefore, a good herd health programme should be in place, in order to prevent and control disease transmission as well as to improve herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Lawan Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Syaafii Bin Noorzahari
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lau Kah May
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Termizi Ghazali
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Negeri Terengganu Peti Surat 203, 20720, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ramlan Bin Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan, (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha Mohamed Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Nagarajan G, Pourouchottamane R, Reddy GBM, Yogisharadhya R, Sumana K, Rajapandi S, Murali G, Thirumaran SMK, Mallick PK, Rajendiran AS. Molecular characterization of Orf virus isolates from Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Vet World 2019; 12:1022-1027. [PMID: 31528027 PMCID: PMC6702573 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1022-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was carried out to find out the causative agent of exanthematous skin lesions in sheep maintained by Southern Regional Research Centre, Mannavanur, Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Orf virus (ORFV) B2L gene-specific primers was carried out by employing the total genomic DNA isolated from the scabs as the template. The ORFV isolates from Kodai hills were characterized by the use of bioinformatics tools. Results: The amino acid identity of ORFV isolate 1 from Kodai hills is having 98.14%, 96.29%, and 83.59% identity with reference strains of ORFV, Pseudocowpox virus, and bovine papular stomatitis virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ORFV isolates from Kodai hills clustered with the other ORFV isolates from different geographical areas of India. Conclusion: The etiological agent of exanthematous skin lesion among sheep of Kodai hills is ORFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Pourouchottamane
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - R Yogisharadhya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - K Sumana
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - S Rajapandi
- ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - G Murali
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S M K Thirumaran
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Mallick
- ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - A S Rajendiran
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
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Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA 1 Associates with Orf Virus OV20.0 and Enhances Viral Replication. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01912-18. [PMID: 30651363 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01912-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) infects sheep and goats and is also an important zoonotic pathogen. The viral protein OV20.0 has been shown to suppress innate immunity by targeting the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) by multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms include a direct interaction with PKR and binding with two PKR activators, dsRNA and the cellular PKR activator (PACT), which ultimately leads to the inhibition of PKR activation. In the present study, we identified a novel association between OV20.0 and adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1). OV20.0 bound directly to the dsRNA binding domains (RBDs) of ADAR1 in the absence of dsRNA. Additionally, OV20.0 preferentially interacted with RBD1 of ADAR1, which was essential for its dsRNA binding ability and for the homodimerization that is critical for intact adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I)-editing activity. Finally, the association with OV20.0 suppressed the A-to-I-editing ability of ADAR1, while ADAR1 played a proviral role during ORFV infection by inhibiting PKR phosphorylation. These observations revealed a new strategy used by OV20.0 to evade antiviral responses via PKR.IMPORTANCE Viruses evolve specific strategies to counteract host innate immunity. ORFV, an important zoonotic pathogen, encodes OV20.0 to suppress PKR activation via multiple mechanisms, including interactions with PKR and two PKR activators. In this study, we demonstrated that OV20.0 interacts with ADAR1, a cellular enzyme responsible for converting adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in RNA. The RNA binding domains, but not the catalytic domain, of ADAR1 are required for this interaction. The OV20.0-ADAR1 association affects the functions of both proteins; OV20.0 suppressed the A-to-I editing of ADAR1, while ADAR1 elevated OV20.0 expression. The proviral role of ADAR1 is likely due to the inhibition of PKR phosphorylation. As RNA editing by ADAR1 contributes to the stability of the genetic code and the structure of RNA, these observations suggest that in addition to serving as a PKR inhibitor, OV20.0 might modulate ADAR1-dependent gene expression to combat antiviral responses or achieve efficient viral infection.
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da Costa RA, Cargnelutti JF, Schild CO, Flores EF, Riet-Correa F, Giannitti F. Outbreak of contagious ecthyma caused by Orf virus (Parapoxvirus ovis) in a vaccinated sheep flock in Uruguay. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:565-569. [PMID: 30835059 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes contagious ecthyma (CE), a highly transmissible, zoonotic disease of small ruminants. CE most commonly affects lambs and unvaccinated sheep. This work reports epidemiologic, clinicopathologic, and virologic findings in a CE outbreak in a vaccinated sheep flock in Uruguay and failure to detect ORFV in a commercial vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Almeida da Costa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | | | - Carlos Omar Schild
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay.
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
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Dermatopathology of Orf Virus (Malaysian Isolates) in Mice Experimentally Inoculated at Different Sites with and without Dexamethasone Administration. J Pathog 2018; 2018:9207576. [PMID: 30155311 PMCID: PMC6093002 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9207576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf is a clinical manifestation of parapoxvirus infection often fatal in goats and sheep especially when they are under stress or influenced by unfavorable environment. This study investigated the pathogenicity of two Orf virus isolates (ORFV UPM1/14 and UPM2/14) and host response in mouse model by using different inoculation sites with/without prior exposure to dexamethasone. Treatments with dexamethasone served as an immunosuppressant that may mimic stress situation in affected animals. Groups of five mice were given intradermal injection of 0.2 mL of tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) of UPM1/14 (Group 1) and UPM2/14 (Group 2) at the dorsum (Group 1A; Group 2A), ear pinna (Group 1B; Group 2B), and labial commissure (Group 1C; Group 2C). An inoculum 0.2 mL of UPM1/14 was administered to animals treated with dexamethasone (n=5; 5 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally) and nondexamethasone (n=5) groups at the dorsum, ear pinna, and labial commissure. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the mean lesion scores among the groups of different inoculation sites or between dexamethasone-treated and nontreated groups. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean stratum thickness of affected skin following inoculation with UPM2/14 isolate at the ear pinna and labial commissure. Histopathology examination revealed keratosis, acanthosis, and ballooning degeneration in the skin of affected mice. Orf virus DNA was detected in the skin samples by targeting F1L and B2L virus-specific genes in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Intradermal inoculation with UPM1/14 or UPM2/14 isolate produced a mild skin lesion in mice, and there was no significant difference in orf disease manifestation despite variation of inoculation sites. Similarly, short-term dexamethasone administration gave no adverse effects on pathogenicity of orf virus isolates.
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Abdullah AA, Mohamed R, Haron AW, Jesse FFA, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. The re-emerging of orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:55-63. [PMID: 29709684 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Orf disease is known to be enzootic among small ruminants in Asia, Africa, and some other parts of the world. The disease caused by orf virus is highly contagious among small ruminant species. Unfortunately, it has been neglected for decades because of the general belief that it only causes a self-limiting disease. On the other hand, in the past it has been reported to cause huge cumulative financial losses in livestock farming. Orf disease is characterized by localized proliferative and persistent skin nodule lesions that can be classified into three forms: generalized, labial and mammary or genitals. It can manifest as benign or malignant types. The later type of orf can remain persistent, often fatal and usually causes a serious outbreak among small ruminant population. Morbidity and mortality rates of orf are higher especially in newly infected kids and lambs. Application of antibiotics together with antipyretic and/or analgesic is highly recommended as a supportive disease management strategy for prevention of subsequent secondary microbial invasion. The presence of various exotic orf virus strains of different origin has been reported in many countries mostly due to poorly controlled cross-border virus transmission. There have been several efforts to develop orf virus vaccines and it was with variable success. The use of conventional vaccines to control orf is a debatable topic due to the concern of short term immunity development. Following re-infection in previously vaccinated animals, it is uncommon to observe the farms involved to experience rapid virus spread and disease outbreak. Meanwhile, cases of zoonosis from infected animals to animal handler are not uncommon. Despite failures to contain the spread of orf virus by the use of conventional vaccines, vaccination of animals with live orf virus is still considered as one of the best choice. The review herein described pertinent issues with regard to the development and use of potential effective vaccines as a control measure against orf virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Ramlan Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan, (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Venkatesan G, De A, Arya S, Kumar A, Muthuchelvan D, Debnath BC, Dutta TK, Hemadri D, Pandey AB. Molecular evidence and phylogenetic analysis of orf virus isolates from outbreaks in Tripura state of North-East India. Virusdisease 2018; 29:216-220. [PMID: 29911157 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the first confirmed report of contagious ecthyma in Black Bengal goats from Tripura state, a North-Eastern state of India situated at the Indo-Bangladesh border. Outbreaks were characterized by the high rates of morbidity (58-67%), low mortality (8-10%) and case fatality (11-15%). The etiology of the outbreaks was confirmed as orf virus (ORFV) by standard virological/serological and molecular techniques including sequence analysis of B2L, a major envelop protein gene of genus Parapoxvirus. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on B2L gene of ORFV isolates from Tripura revealed that they were closely related to each other and also to other Indian isolates, in particular to ORFV-Shahjahanpur 82/04 isolate from North India. They revealed several specific nucleotide/amino acid substitutions, namely G299A (G100D), G660A, C705T, C795T (N267D) and G872A (R291H) which may be of notable epidemiological significance. This report necessitates the systematic investigation of orf outbreaks in susceptible populations including wild species particularly at transboundary regions by use of rapid diagnostics to control the infection by deploying an effective vaccine/therapeutics and better managemental practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnanavel Venkatesan
- 1Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital District, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
| | - Ankan De
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., R K Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura India
| | - Sargam Arya
- 1Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital District, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- 1Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital District, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- 1Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital District, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
| | - Bikas Ch Debnath
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., R K Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura India
| | - Tapan Kumar Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- 4ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - A B Pandey
- 1Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital District, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
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Genetic diversity of Orf virus isolated from sheep in Uruguay. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1285-1291. [PMID: 29368063 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious ecthyma, a disease widely spread in the world that occasionally causes zoonotic infections. This work is the first molecular characterization of ORFV in Uruguay, where we analyzed twenty-one sheep samples, eighteen of which were recovered from thirteen ORFV outbreaks that occurred during 2004 to 2011 as well as three strains from a national vaccine. Phylogenetic analysis and the derived amino acid sequences from the B2L gene suggest that the Uruguayan virus do not form a unique cluster, with most of them displaying similarities with worldwide ORFV isolates as well as our vaccine strains.
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Tedla M, Berhan N, Molla W, Temesgen W, Alemu S. Molecular identification and investigations of contagious ecthyma (Orf virus) in small ruminants, North west Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:13. [PMID: 29334948 PMCID: PMC5769459 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf virus, the prototype of parapoxvirus, is the main causative agent of contagious ecthyma. Little is known about the status of the disease in Ethiopia and this study was aimed at determining its status using PCR as a confirmatory tool. Methods a total of 400 randomly selected sheep and goat was screened for the identification of the virus using amplification of B2L gene and transfection of mammalian cells (VERO cells). Results Out of 400 animals screened for infection of the virus, 48 animals were found positive to PCR and revealed an overall incidence of 12%. Different epidemiological parameters were considered to look at the association with incidence of the disease and of which, only species of the animal(sheep), non-vaccinated and non-treated animals, nursing animals, poor body condition animals, extensively managed animals, animals having mouth lesion, and study areas having outbreak history showed higher prevalence. A univariate logistic regression analysis showed statistically significant difference in all variables (P < 0.05). Whereas, age and sex of animals showed no significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusion The result of the present finding showed high incidence of Orf virus in the region as confirmed through PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtu Tedla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Nega Berhan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudu Temesgen
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sefinew Alemu
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Seroprevalence of orf infection based on IgM antibody detection in sheep and goats from selected small ruminant farms in Malaysia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Is orf infection a risk to expanding goat production in developing countries? A study from Lao PDR. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Association of two clusters of Orf virus isolates in outbreaks of infection in goat in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. Virusdisease 2017; 28:345-348. [PMID: 29291224 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious pustular dermatitis and can cause skin disease in sheep and goats. In this study, two outbreaks of ORFV infection in goats in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey were investigated. Samples were collected from 1- to 4-month-old kids (n = 9) in two different flocks in the Aksaray and Konya Provinces during the months of March and May 2016. The presence of ORFV in suspected samples was confirmed by PCR using primers specific to envelope gene (B2L). The analysis of the B2L gene sequences revealed that the nucleotide homology between the two isolates in the present study was 100%, whereas the similarity with Parapoxvirus isolates from different regions ranged from 83.6 to 99%. Phylogenetic analysis of the B2L gene revealed that there are two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for past outbreaks in Turkey. The information presented here will provide an insight into genetic diversity of field isolates of ORFV circulating in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey.
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Simulundu E, Mtine N, Kapalamula TF, Kajihara M, Qiu Y, Ngoma J, Zulu V, Kwenda G, Chisanga C, Phiri IK, Takada A, Mweene AS. Genetic characterization of orf virus associated with an outbreak of severe orf in goats at a farm in Lusaka, Zambia (2015). Arch Virol 2017; 162:2363-2367. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wakelin KA, Wise LM, Bodaan CJ, Mercer AA, Riley CB, Theoret CL. Orf virus interleukin‐10 and vascular endothelial growth factor‐E modulate gene expression in cultured equine dermal fibroblasts. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:434-e114. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty A. Wakelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago PO Box 56 720 Cumberland Street Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Lyn M. Wise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago PO Box 56 720 Cumberland Street Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Christa J. Bodaan
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences Massey University Tennent Drive Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - Andrew A. Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago PO Box 56 720 Cumberland Street Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Christopher B. Riley
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences Massey University Tennent Drive Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - Christine L. Theoret
- Comparative Tissue Healing Laboratory Département de biomédecine vétérinaire Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal C.P. 5000 Saint‐Hyacinthe Québec Canada J2S 7C6
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Occurrence and identification of contagious ecthyma in blackbuck. Virusdisease 2016; 27:198-202. [PMID: 27366773 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A carcass of male free ranging adult blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) was presented for necropsy examination exhibiting thick confluent nodular skin lesions around the mouth and the dry scaly crusts/fissures on the skin of abdomen, thigh and shoulder with subcutaneous haemorrhages. The skin sample around mouth was found positive for orf virus (ORFV) identified by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and PCR. Histopathology of the mouth skin revealed the hyperkeratinization, epidermal sloughing and epithelial hyperplasia showing acanthosis with rete ridges and few eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in keratinocytes. Further, comparative B2L gene sequence analysis revealed that the virus isolate from blackbuck had shown 97.8-99.6 and 97.6-99.5 % identity at nucleotide and amino acid levels respectively with Indian isolates and maximum identity with ORFV 79/04, an isolate from India. Phylogenetic analysis based on B2L gene also revealed the same evolutionary relationship that it is closely related to Indian isolates. This seems to be the first report of orf in blackbuck from Indian subcontinent.
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Zhao K, He W, Bi J, Zhang X, Zhang D, Huang H, Zhang Y, Song D, Gao F. Development of a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the rapid diagnosis of Orf virus infections. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:10-17. [PMID: 27380632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) was developed for the specific detection of Orf virus (ORFV) using two distinct monoclonal antibodies (MAbs: 5A5 and 6F2) against the ORFV ORF011 protein. The MAb 5A5 was conjugated with colloidal gold, and the MAb 6F2 and goat anti-mouse IgG were sprayed onto a nitrocellulose membrane in strips at positions designated test (T) and control (C), respectively. The results showed that samples of ORFV complexed with colloidal gold-conjugated MAb 5A5, were captured by MAb 6F2 at the T line resulting in the appearance of a purple band. When samples did not contain ORFV or when they contained a quantity of ORFV below the detection limit of the test, only the C line was visible. The analysis of sensitivity of the test demonstrated that the lowest detected quantity of ORFV was 2.03×10(3.0) TCID50/ml. Storage at room temperature for 6 months did not result in the loss of performance of the LFIA test. Using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as a reference test, the relative specificity and sensitivity of the LFIA test were determined to be 100% and 92.1%, respectively. Based on these results, the LFIA test developed may be a suitable tool for rapid on-site testing for ORFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingying Bi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximu Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Peking University, 5 Summer Palace Road, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Houshuang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and Animal Research Center, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China.
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Gelaye E, Achenbach JE, Jenberie S, Ayelet G, Belay A, Yami M, Loitsch A, Grabherr R, Diallo A, Lamien CE. Molecular characterization of orf virus from sheep and goats in Ethiopia, 2008-2013. Virol J 2016; 13:34. [PMID: 26923232 PMCID: PMC4770539 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (ORFV) a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Although orf is endemic in Ethiopia, little attention has been given so far as it is not a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. In this work, we have investigated orf outbreaks representing five different geographical locations of Ethiopia, in Amba Giorgis, Gondar zuria, Adet, Debre zeit and Adami Tulu, between 2008 and 2013. Results The viral isolation and the sequence analysis of the A32L and the B2L genes of eighteen representative isolates confirmed that sampled animals were infected by ORFVs. The phylogenetic study and the comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid profile suggests that there were two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for the investigated outbreaks. Additionally the analysis of these two genes showed limited variability to ORFVs encountered elsewhere. This is the first report on the genetic characterization of the ORFV isolates from sheep and goats in Ethiopia. Conclusion The molecular characterization of Ethiopian ORFV isolates highlighted the circulation of two main clusters causing orf disease in sheep and goats. The use of laboratory based methods and a constant monitoring of Ethiopian ORFV isolates is needed to better understand the dynamic of ORFV circulating in the country and facilitate the implementation of control measures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0489-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria.,Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Jenna Elizabeth Achenbach
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shiferaw Jenberie
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Gelagay Ayelet
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Alebachew Belay
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
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Lacasta D, Ferrer L, Ramos J, González J, Ortín A, Fthenakis G. Vaccination schedules in small ruminant farms. Vet Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abdullah AA, Ismail MFB, Balakrishnan KN, Bala JA, Hani H, Abba Y, Awang Isa MK, Abdullah FFJ, Arshad SS, Nazariah ZA, Abdullah R, Mustapha NM, Mohd-Lila MA. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of caprine Orf virus in Malaysia. Virusdisease 2015; 26:255-9. [PMID: 26645035 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus is a DNA virus that causes contiguous ecthyma in goat and sheep. Infection of animals with this virus cause high mortality in young animals resulting in huge economic losses. In this study, we investigated an outbreak of Orf in a goat farm in Malaysia. Samples were collected from infected animals and viral isolation was done using both LT and MDCK cell lines. Molecular detection was done by conventional PCR for specific primers; B2L and F1L genes and phylogenetic analysis was done on the sequence data obtained. Cytopathic effects (CPE) were observed in both cell lines after 3 days of inoculation and were 50 % by the sixth day. PCR showed positive bands for both B2L and F1L genes and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Malaysian strain had close homology to the Chinese and Indian Orf virus isolates. This study gives more insight into the existing Orf viral strains in Malaysia and their relationship with other strains globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farid Bin Ismail
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Homayoun Hani
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Yusuf Abba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Mohd Kamaruddin Awang Isa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Jesse Abdullah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Zeenatul Allaudin Nazariah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia ; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Rasedee Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia ; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Noordin Mohamed Mustapha
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Mohd-Azmi Mohd-Lila
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE Malaysia
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