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Shakya AK, Mallick B, Nandakumar KS. A Perspective on Oral Immunotherapeutic Tools and Strategies for Autoimmune Disorders. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1031. [PMID: 37376420 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral immune tolerance is a physiological process to achieve tolerance against autoimmunity by oral ingestion of self-antigen(s) or other therapeutics. At the cellular level, oral tolerance suppresses autoimmune diseases by activating FoxP-positive and -negative regulatory T cells (Tregs) and/or causing clonal anergy or deletion of autoreactive T cells, affecting B cell tolerance. However, oral delivery of antigens/biologics is challenging due to their instability in the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Several antigen/drug delivery tools and approaches, including micro/nanoparticles and transgenic plant-based delivery systems, have been explored to demonstrate oral immune tolerance for different autoimmune diseases successfully. However, despite the effectiveness, variation in results, dose optimization, and undesirable immune system activation are the limitations of the oral approach to further advancement. From this perspective, the current review discusses the oral tolerance phenomenon, cellular mechanisms, antigen delivery tools and strategies, and its challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Buddhadev Mallick
- Department of Zoology, Raniganj Girls College, Bardhaman 713358, West Bengal, India
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Department of Environmental and Biosciences, School of Business, Innovation, and Sustainability, Halmstad University, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
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Tsai CJY, Loh JMS, Fujihashi K, Kiyono H. Mucosal vaccination: onward and upward. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:885-899. [PMID: 37817433 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2268724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The unique mucosal immune system allows the generation of robust protective immune responses at the front line of pathogen encounters. The needle-free delivery route and cold chain-free logistic requirements also provide additional advantages in ease and economy. However, the development of mucosal vaccines faces several challenges, and only a handful of mucosal vaccines are currently licensed. These vaccines are all in the form of live attenuated or inactivated whole organisms, whereas no subunit-based mucosal vaccine is available. AREAS COVERED The selection of antigen, delivery vehicle, route and adjuvants for mucosal vaccination are highly important. This is particularly crucial for subunit vaccines, as they often fail to elicit strong immune responses. Emerging research is providing new insights into the biological and immunological uniqueness of mucosal tissues. However, many aspects of the mucosal immunology still await to be investigated. EXPERT OPINION This article provides an overview of the current understanding of mucosal vaccination and discusses the remaining knowledge gaps. We emphasize that because of the potential benefits mucosal vaccines can bring from the biomedical, social and economic standpoints, the unmet goal to achieve mucosal vaccine success is worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jacelyn M S Loh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Co DO, Hogan LH, Karman J, Herbath M, Fabry Z, Sandor M. T Cell Interactions in Mycobacterial Granulomas: Non-Specific T Cells Regulate Mycobacteria-Specific T Cells in Granulomatous Lesions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123285. [PMID: 34943793 PMCID: PMC8699651 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with pathogenic mycobacteria are controlled by the formation of a unique structure known as a granuloma. The granuloma represents a host–pathogen interface where bacteria are killed and confined by the host response, but also where bacteria persist. Previous work has demonstrated that the T cell repertoire is heterogenous even at the single granuloma level. However, further work using pigeon cytochrome C (PCC) epitope-tagged BCG (PCC-BCG) and PCC-specific 5CC7 RAG−/− TCR transgenic (Tg) mice has demonstrated that a monoclonal T cell population is able to control infection. At the chronic stage of infection, granuloma-infiltrating T cells remain highly activated in wild-type mice, while T cells in the monoclonal T cell mice are anergic. We hypothesized that addition of an acutely activated non-specific T cell to the monoclonal T cell system could recapitulate the wild-type phenotype. Here we report that activated non-specific T cells have access to the granuloma and deliver a set of cytokines and chemokines to the lesions. Strikingly, non-specific T cells rescue BCG-specific T cells from anergy and enhance the function of BCG-specific T cells in the granuloma in the chronic phase of infection when bacterial antigen load is low. In addition, we find that these same non-specific T cells have an inhibitory effect on systemic BCG-specific T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that T cells non-specific for granuloma-inducing agents can alter the function of granuloma-specific T cells and have important roles in mycobacterial immunity and other granulomatous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic O. Co
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Laura H. Hogan
- The Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Jozsef Karman
- Cambridge Research Center, Abbvie, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Melinda Herbath
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.H.); (Z.F.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.H.); (Z.F.)
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.H.); (Z.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(608)-265-8715
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Rioseras B, Moro-García MA, García-Torre A, Bueno-García E, López-Martínez R, Iglesias-Escudero M, Diaz-Peña R, Castro-Santos P, Arias-Guillén M, Alonso-Arias R. Acquisition of New Migratory Properties by Highly Differentiated CD4+CD28 null T Lymphocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070594. [PMID: 34202487 PMCID: PMC8306508 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanded CD4+CD28null T lymphocytes are found in the tissues and peripheral blood of patients with many autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These highly differentiated cells present potent inflammatory activity and capability to induce tissue destruction, which has been suggested to predispose to the development of more aggressive disease. In fact, preferential migration to inflammatory sites has been proposed to be a contributing factor in the progression of autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases frequently found in these patients. The functional activity of CD4+CD28null T lymphocytes is largely dependent on interleukin 15 (IL-15), and this cytokine may also act as a selective attractor of these cells to local inflammatory infiltrates in damaged tissues. We have analysed, in RA patients, the migratory properties and transcriptional motility profile of CD4+CD28null T lymphocytes compared to their counterparts CD28+ T lymphocytes and the enhancing role of IL-15. Identification of the pathways involved in this process will allow us to design strategies directed to block effector functions that CD4+CD28null T lymphocytes have in the target tissue, which may represent therapeutic approaches in this immune disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rioseras
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.R.); (A.G.-T.); (E.B.-G.); rociolopez-@hotmail.com (R.L.-M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Marco Antonio Moro-García
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandra García-Torre
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.R.); (A.G.-T.); (E.B.-G.); rociolopez-@hotmail.com (R.L.-M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Eva Bueno-García
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.R.); (A.G.-T.); (E.B.-G.); rociolopez-@hotmail.com (R.L.-M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Rocio López-Martínez
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.R.); (A.G.-T.); (E.B.-G.); rociolopez-@hotmail.com (R.L.-M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | | | - Roberto Diaz-Peña
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Patricia Castro-Santos
- Inmunologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Miguel Arias-Guillén
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- CIBER—Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.R.); (A.G.-T.); (E.B.-G.); rociolopez-@hotmail.com (R.L.-M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Killinger B, Labrie V. The Appendix in Parkinson's Disease: From Vestigial Remnant to Vital Organ? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:S345-S358. [PMID: 31609697 PMCID: PMC6839473 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) has long been considered a brain disease, but studies now point to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as a potential starting point for PD. In particular, the human vermiform appendix has been implicated in PD. The appendix is a tissue rich in immune cells, serving as part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and as a storehouse for the gut microbiome. The functions of the appendix converge with recent evidence demonstrating that gut inflammation and shifts in the microbiome are linked to PD. Some epidemiological studies have linked removal of the appendix to lowered PD risk, though there is controversy among these associations. What is apparent is that there is an abundance of aggregated forms of α-synuclein in the appendix relevant to PD pathology. α-Synuclein pathology is thought to propagate from gut to brain via the vagus nerve, which innervates GI tract locations, including the appendix. Remarkably, α-synuclein aggregates in the appendix occur not only in PD patients, but are also present in healthy individuals. This has led to the proposal that in the appendix α-synuclein aggregates are not unique to PD. Moreover, the molecular events leading to PD and the mechanisms by which α-synuclein aggregates transfers from gut to brain may be identifiable in the human appendix. The influence of the appendix on GI inflammation, autoimmunity, microbiome storage, and the lymphatic system may be yet unexplored mechanisms by which the appendix contributes to PD. Overall, the appendix represents a promising tissue site to advance our understanding of PD pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Killinger
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Viviane Labrie
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Balzamino BO, Esposito G, Marino R, Keller F, Micera A. Changes in vitreal protein profile and retina mRNAs in Reeler mice: NGF, IL33 and Müller cell activation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212732. [PMID: 30811468 PMCID: PMC6392297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A possible link between Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Reelin might take place during impaired retinal development occurring in the Reelin deficient mouse model (Reeler). To better characterize NGF and retina impairments at the Reeler retina, vitreous and retina were investigated by means of protein expression and glial cell activation. Reeler (n = 9; RELN-/-) and WT (n = 9; wild-type RELN+/+, B6C3Fe) mice were analyzed at 14, 21 and 28 postnatal days (p). Retinas and vitreous were subjected to confocal analysis and protein array, followed by conventional analysis. A significant increase of NGF, IL33 and TIMP1, a trend to a decrease of IL12 and IL6, as well as a significant decrease of NT3 were detected in Reeler vitreous, particularly at p28 (p<0.05). MIP3β mRNA was decreased while IL33mRNA was significantly upregulated in Reeler retina. Increased number of GFAP+ and Nestin+ cells as well as upregulation of Glutamine Synthetase and Nestin mRNAs were observed in Reeler retinas (p<0.05). These findings extend our previous studies on Reeler retina showing a selective Müller cell activation. NGF and IL33 release into vitreous would suggest a local activation of Müller cells, in addition to retinal ganglion and accessory cells. Overall, the data from this experimental study would strength the potential neuroprotective role played by activated Muller cells through NGF release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graziana Esposito
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS–Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Ramona Marino
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuroscience and Neural Plasticity, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Keller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuroscience and Neural Plasticity, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS–Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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DGAT1 inhibits retinol-dependent regulatory T cell formation and mediates autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3126-3135. [PMID: 30718413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817669116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance of effector versus regulatory T cells (Tregs) controls inflammation in numerous settings, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we show that memory phenotype CD4+ T cells infiltrating the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely studied animal model of MS, expressed high levels of mRNA for Dgat1 encoding diacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1), an enzyme that catalyzes triglyceride synthesis and retinyl ester formation. DGAT1 inhibition or deficiency attenuated EAE, with associated enhanced Treg frequency; and encephalitogenic, DGAT1-/- in vitro-polarized Th17 cells were poor inducers of EAE in adoptive recipients. DGAT1 acyltransferase activity sequesters retinol in ester form, preventing synthesis of retinoic acid, a cofactor for Treg generation. In cultures with T cell-depleted lymphoid tissues, retinol enhanced Treg induction from DGAT1-/- but not from WT T cells. The WT Treg induction defect was reversed by DGAT1 inhibition. These results demonstrate that DGAT1 suppresses retinol-dependent Treg formation and suggest its potential as a therapeutic target for autoimmune inflammation.
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Tejchman A, Lamerant-Fayel N, Jacquinet JC, Bielawska-Pohl A, Mleczko-Sanecka K, Grillon C, Chouaib S, Ugorski M, Kieda C. Tumor hypoxia modulates podoplanin/CCL21 interactions in CCR7+ NK cell recruitment and CCR7+ tumor cell mobilization. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31876-31887. [PMID: 28416768 PMCID: PMC5458255 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin (PDPN), an O-glycosylated, transmembrane, mucin-type glycoprotein, is expressed by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In malignant transformation, PDPN is subjected to changes and its role is yet to be established. Here we show that it is involved in modulating the activity of the CCL21/CCR7 chemokine/receptor axis in a hypoxia-dependent manner. In the present model, breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and NKL3 cells express the surface CCR7 receptor for CCL21 chemokine which is a potent chemoattractant able to bind to PDPN. The impact of the CCL21/CCR7 axis in the molecular mechanism of the adhesion of NKL3 cells and of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was reduced in a hypoxic tumor environment. In addition to its known effect on migration, CCL21/CCR7 interaction was shown to allow NK cell adhesion to endothelial cells (ECs) and its reduction by hypoxia. A PDPN expressing model of CAFs made it possible to demonstrate the same CCL21/CCR7 axis involvement in the tumor cells to CAFs recognition mechanism through PDPN binding of CCL21. PDPN was induced by hypoxia and its overexpression undergoes a reduction of adhesion, making it an anti-adhesion molecule in the absence of CCL21, in the tumor. CCL21/CCR7 modulated NK cells/ECs and MDA-MB-231 cells/CAF PDPN-dependent interactions were further shown to be linked to hypoxia-dependent microRNAs as miRs: miR-210 and specifically miR-21, miR-29b which influence PDPN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tejchman
- Centre for Molecular Biophysics, UPR 4301 CNRS affiliated to Orléans University and INSERM, Orléans, France.,Laboratory of Glycobiology and Intercellular Interactions, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAN, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nathalie Lamerant-Fayel
- Centre for Molecular Biophysics, UPR 4301 CNRS affiliated to Orléans University and INSERM, Orléans, France
| | | | - Aleksandra Bielawska-Pohl
- Laboratory of Glycobiology and Intercellular Interactions, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAN, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mleczko-Sanecka
- Centre for Molecular Biophysics, UPR 4301 CNRS affiliated to Orléans University and INSERM, Orléans, France
| | - Catherine Grillon
- Centre for Molecular Biophysics, UPR 4301 CNRS affiliated to Orléans University and INSERM, Orléans, France
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM U1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Laboratory of Glycobiology and Intercellular Interactions, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAN, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Centre for Molecular Biophysics, UPR 4301 CNRS affiliated to Orléans University and INSERM, Orléans, France.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Lee S, Kim SW, Oh Y, Hwang HJ. Mathematical modeling and its analysis for instability of the immune system induced by chemotaxis. J Math Biol 2017; 75:1101-1131. [PMID: 28243721 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-017-1108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study how chemotaxis affects the immune system by proposing a minimal mathematical model, a reaction-diffusion-advection system, describing a cross-talk between antigens and immune cells via chemokines. We analyze the stability and instability arising in our chemotaxis model and find their conditions for different chemotactic strengths by using energy estimates, spectral analysis, and bootstrap argument. Numerical simulations are also performed to the model, by using the finite volume method in order to deal with the chemotaxis term, and the fractional step methods are used to solve the whole system. From the analytical and numerical results for our model, we explain not only the effective attraction of immune cells toward the site of infection but also hypersensitivity when chemotactic strength is greater than some threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwon Lee
- National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Woong Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Oh
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ju Hwang
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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Shakya AK, Chowdhury MYE, Tao W, Gill HS. Mucosal vaccine delivery: Current state and a pediatric perspective. J Control Release 2016; 240:394-413. [PMID: 26860287 PMCID: PMC5381653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most childhood infections occur via the mucosal surfaces, however, parenterally delivered vaccines are unable to induce protective immunity at these surfaces. In contrast, delivery of vaccines via the mucosal routes can allow antigens to interact with the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) to induce both mucosal and systemic immunity. The induced mucosal immunity can neutralize the pathogen on the mucosal surface before it can cause infection. In addition to reinforcing the defense at mucosal surfaces, mucosal vaccination is also expected to be needle-free, which can eliminate pain and the fear of vaccination. Thus, mucosal vaccination is highly appealing, especially for the pediatric population. However, vaccine delivery across mucosal surfaces is challenging because of the different barriers that naturally exist at the various mucosal surfaces to keep the pathogens out. There have been significant developments in delivery systems for mucosal vaccination. In this review we provide an introduction to the MALT, highlight barriers to vaccine delivery at different mucosal surfaces, discuss different approaches that have been investigated for vaccine delivery across mucosal surfaces, and conclude with an assessment of perspectives for mucosal vaccination in the context of the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenqian Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Pezoldt J, Huehn J. Tissue-Specific Induction of CCR6 and Nrp1 During Early CD4 + T Cell Differentiation. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2016; 6:219-226. [PMID: 27766171 PMCID: PMC5063015 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon differentiation, T cells acquire tissue-specific homing properties allowing efficient targeting of effector T cells into distinct inflamed organs. Priming of T cells within skin-draining, peripheral lymph nodes (pLNs) leads to the expression of E- and P-selectin ligands, which facilitate migration into inflamed skin, whereas activation within gut-draining, mesenteric LNs (mLNs) results in induction of chemokine receptor CCR9 and integrin α4β7, both required for migration of effector T cells into mucosal tissues. In addition to the local tissue microenvironment, both organ-specific dendritic cells and LN-resident stromal cells are critical factors to shape T cell migration properties. Here, we identify two additional homing-related molecules, CCR6 and Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), upregulated in T cells early during differentiation solely in pLNs, but not mLNs. Surprisingly, intestinal inflammation resulted in an ameliorated induction of CCR6 and Nrp1 in pLNs, suggesting that a local inflammation within the gut can systemically alter T cell differentiation. Finally, transplantation of mLNs to a skin-draining environment revealed that LN stromal cells also contribute to efficient CCR6 induction in pLNs. Collectively, these findings identify further aspects of early T cell differentiation within skin-draining pLNs, which could be utilized to further develop tailored and highly specialized vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joern Pezoldt
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Costa C, Traves SL, Tudhope SJ, Fenwick PS, Belchamber KB, Russell RE, Barnes PJ, Donnelly LE. Enhanced monocyte migration to CXCR3 and CCR5 chemokines in COPD. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:1093-102. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01642-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients exhibit chronic inflammation, both in the lung parenchyma and the airways, which is characterised by an increased infiltration of macrophages and T-lymphocytes, particularly CD8+ cells. Both cell types can express chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)3 and C-C chemokine receptor 5 and the relevant chemokines for these receptors are elevated in COPD. The aim of this study was to compare chemotactic responses of lymphocytes and monocytes of nonsmokers, smokers and COPD patients towards CXCR3 ligands and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)5.Migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes and lymphocytes from nonsmokers, smokers and COPD patients toward CXCR3 chemokines and CCL5 was analysed using chemotaxis assays.There was increased migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from COPD patients towards all chemokines studied when compared with nonsmokers and smokers. Both lymphocytes and monocytes contributed to this enhanced response, which was not explained by increased receptor expression. However, isolated lymphocytes failed to migrate and isolated monocytes from COPD patients lost their enhanced migratory capacity.Both monocytes and lymphocytes cooperate to enhance migration towards CXCR3 chemokines and CCL5. This may contribute to increased numbers of macrophages and T-cells in the lungs of COPD patients, and inhibition of recruitment using selective antagonists might be a treatment to reduce the inflammatory response in COPD.
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Peske JD, Woods AB, Engelhard VH. Control of CD8 T-Cell Infiltration into Tumors by Vasculature and Microenvironment. Adv Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26216636 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T-cells are a critical brake on the initial development of tumors. In established tumors, the presence of CD8 T-cells is correlated with a positive patient prognosis, although immunosuppressive mechanisms limit their effectiveness and they are rarely curative without manipulation. Cancer immunotherapies aim to shift the balance back to dominant antitumor immunity through antibody blockade of immunosuppressive signaling pathways, vaccination, and adoptive transfer of activated or engineered T-cells. These approaches have yielded striking responses in small subsets of patients with solid tumors, most notably those with melanoma. Importantly, the subset of patients who respond to vaccination or immunosuppression blockade therapies are those with CD8 T-cells present in the tumor prior to initiating therapy. While current adoptive cell therapy approaches can be dramatically effective, they require infusion of extremely large numbers of T-cells, but the number that actually infiltrates the tumor is very small. Thus, poor representation of CD8 T-cells in tumors is a fundamental hurdle to successful immunotherapy, over and above the well-established barrier of immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss the factors that determine whether immune cells are present in tumors, with a focus on the representation of cytotoxic CD8 T-cells. We emphasize the critically important role of tumor-associated vasculature as a gateway that enables the active infiltration of both effector and naïve CD8 T-cells that exert antitumor activity. We also discuss strategies to enhance the gateway function and extend the effectiveness of immunotherapies to a broader set of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Peske
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amber B Woods
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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14
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Wilson HL, Obradovic MR. Evidence for a common mucosal immune system in the pig. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:22-34. [PMID: 25242212 PMCID: PMC7132386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the common mucosal immune system exists in pigs. Vaccination at an easily accessible mucosal site may assist in providing protection at other mucosal sites. Local and distal mucosal sites should be sampled after vaccinations to define the optimal dose and formulation which promotes the common mucosal immune system in pigs.
The majority of lymphocytes activated at mucosal sites receive instructions to home back to the local mucosa, but a portion also seed distal mucosa sites. By seeding distal sites with antigen-specific effector or memory lymphocytes, the foundation is laid for the animal's mucosal immune system to respond with a secondary response should to this antigen be encountered at this site in the future. The common mucosal immune system has been studied quite extensively in rodent models but less so in large animal models such as the pig. Reasons for this paucity of reported induction of the common mucosal immune system in this species may be that distal mucosal sites were examined but no induction was observed and therefore it was not reported. However, we suspect that the majority of investigators simply did not sample distal mucosal sites and therefore there is little evidence of immune response induction in the literature. It is our hope that more pig immunologists and infectious disease experts who perform mucosal immunizations or inoculations on pigs will sample distal mucosal sites and report their findings, whether results are positive or negative. In this review, we highlight papers that show that immunization/inoculation using one route triggers mucosal immune system induction locally, systemically, and within at least one distal mucosal site. Only by understanding whether immunizations at one site triggers immunity throughout the common mucosal immune system can we rationally develop vaccines for the pig, and through these works we can gather evidence about the mucosal immune system that may be extrapolated to other livestock species or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Milan R Obradovic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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15
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Soloski MJ, Chrest FJ. Multiparameter flow cytometry for discovery of disease mechanisms in rheumatic diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1148-56. [PMID: 23334929 DOI: 10.1002/art.37847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Soloski
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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16
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Sathaliyawala T, Kubota M, Yudanin N, Turner D, Camp P, Thome JJC, Bickham KL, Lerner H, Goldstein M, Sykes M, Kato T, Farber DL. Distribution and compartmentalization of human circulating and tissue-resident memory T cell subsets. Immunity 2012; 38:187-97. [PMID: 23260195 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of human T cells derives chiefly from studies of peripheral blood, whereas their distribution and function in tissues remains largely unknown. Here, we present a unique analysis of human T cells in lymphoid and mucosal tissues obtained from individual organ donors, revealing tissue-intrinsic compartmentalization of naive, effector, and memory subsets conserved between diverse individuals. Effector memory CD4(+) T cells producing IL-2 predominated in mucosal tissues and accumulated as central memory subsets in lymphoid tissue, whereas CD8(+) T cells were maintained as naive subsets in lymphoid tissues and IFN-γ-producing effector memory CD8(+) T cells in mucosal sites. The T cell activation marker CD69 was constitutively expressed by memory T cells in all tissues, distinguishing them from circulating subsets, with mucosal memory T cells exhibiting additional distinct phenotypic and functional properties. Our results provide an assessment of human T cell compartmentalization as a new baseline for understanding human adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taheri Sathaliyawala
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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17
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Ding Y, Xu J, Bromberg JS. Regulatory T cell migration during an immune response. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:174-80. [PMID: 22305714 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells migrate into both inflammatory sites and draining lymph nodes (LNs) during an immune response, and have unique and overlaping functions in each location. Current studies suggest that Treg cells in draining LNs and inflamatory sites may not simply be a division of labor, but rather Treg cells migrate in a coordinated fashion between peripheral tissues and draining LNs. Trafficking between inflammatory sites and draining LNs is not only crucial for Treg cells to act, but also for them to acquire optimal immune regulatory activities. Furthermore, recent work has revealed that T helper (Th)1, Th2 and Th17 cell master transcription factors control Treg cell function by regulating genes important for Treg cell migration and suppression, and consequently affect disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Ding
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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18
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Beste MT, Lee D, King MR, Koretzky GA, Hammer DA. An integrated stochastic model of "inside-out" integrin activation and selective T-lymphocyte recruitment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2225-2237. [PMID: 22149624 PMCID: PMC3269544 DOI: 10.1021/la203803e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of T-lymphocyte homing is hypothesized to be controlled by combinations of chemokine receptors and complementary chemokines. Here, we use numerical simulation to explore the relationship among chemokine potency and concentration, signal transduction, and adhesion. We have developed a form of adhesive dynamics-a mechanically accurate stochastic simulation of adhesion-that incorporates stochastic signal transduction using the next subvolume method. We show that using measurable parameter estimates derived from a variety of sources, including signaling measurements that allow us to test parameter values, we can readily simulate approximate time scales for T-lymphocyte arrest. We find that adhesion correlates with total chemokine receptor occupancy, not the frequency of occupation, when multiple chemokine receptors feed through a single G-protein. A general strategy for selective T-lymphocyte recruitment appears to require low affinity chemokine receptors. For a single chemokine receptor, increases in multiple cross-reactive chemokines can lead to an overwhelming increase in adhesion. Overall, the methods presented here provide a predictive framework for understanding chemokine control of T-lymphocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Beste
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dooyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael R. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Gary A. Koretzky
- Department of Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel A. Hammer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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Tissue exit: a novel control point in the accumulation of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the influenza a virus-infected lung. J Virol 2012; 86:3436-45. [PMID: 22278253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07025-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory/effector T cells efficiently migrate into extralymphoid tissues and sites of infection, providing immunosurveillance and a first line of defense against invading pathogens. Even though it is a potential means to regulate the size, quality, and duration of a tissue infiltrate, T cell egress from infected tissues is poorly understood. Using a mouse model of influenza A virus infection, we found that CD8 effector T cells egressed from the infected lung in a CCR7-dependent manner. In contrast, following antigen recognition, effector CD8 T cell egress decreased and CCR7 function was reduced in vivo and in vitro, indicating that the exit of CD8 T cells from infected tissues is tightly regulated. Our data suggest that the regulation of T cell egress is a mechanism to retain antigen-specific effectors at the site of infection to promote viral clearance, while decreasing the numbers of bystander T cells and preventing overt inflammation.
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20
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Kraneveld AD, Braber S, Overbeek S, de Kruijf P, Koelink P, Smit MJ. Chemokine Receptors in Inflammatory Diseases. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527631995.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Schneider-Ohrum K, Ross TM. Virus-Like Particles for Antigen Delivery at Mucosal Surfaces. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:53-73. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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22
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Brown MN, Fintushel SR, Lee MH, Jennrich S, Geherin SA, Hay JB, Butcher EC, Debes GF. Chemoattractant receptors and lymphocyte egress from extralymphoid tissue: changing requirements during the course of inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4873-82. [PMID: 20833836 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory/effector T cells traffic efficiently through extralymphoid tissues, entering from the blood and leaving via the afferent lymph. During inflammation, T cell traffic into the affected tissue dramatically increases; however, the dynamics and mechanisms of T cell exit from inflamed tissues are poorly characterized. In this study, we show, using both a mouse and a sheep model, that large numbers of lymphocytes leave the chronically inflamed skin. Many T cells capable of producing IFN-γ and IL-17 also entered the draining afferent lymph, demonstrating that memory/effector T cells egress from sites of inflammation. Whereas efficient egress from acutely inflamed skin required lymphocyte-expressed CCR7, chronic inflammation promoted significant CCR7-independent exit as well. Lymphocyte exit at late time points of inflammation was sensitive to pertussis toxin but was only partially affected by the drug FTY720, implying the contribution of alternative chemoattractant receptors other than spingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1. Our data show that CCR7 is an important receptor for lymphocyte egress from both resting and inflamed extralymphoid tissues, but that alternative exit receptors come into play during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan N Brown
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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23
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Abstract
The development and function of lymphocytes depend upon their precise migration in response to chemoattractant cytokines, or chemokines. Two recent reports suggest that, during thymic beta-selection, the binding of the chemokine CXCL12 to the receptor CXCR4 on thymocytes provides not only directional but also developmental cues.
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24
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Evaluation of the memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells homeostasis during chronic venous disease of lower limbs. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 47:471-7. [PMID: 20164034 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more is known about the role of venous wall abnormalities and valvular incompetence in the development of chronic venous disorders (CVD). Unfortunately detailed mechanisms of CVD pathophysiology are not well understood. Recent studies focus on involvement of the inflammatory process in the structural remodeling of venous valves and venous wall. The aim of this study is to investigate and to document the memory T cells homeostasis in CVD patients. In this study we present lymphocytic changes in blood from varicose veins in terms of total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and their particular subsets of memory T cells: TN, TCM and TEM. Results suggest that immunological memory may be involved in the CVD development.
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25
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Tomura M, Honda T, Tanizaki H, Otsuka A, Egawa G, Tokura Y, Waldmann H, Hori S, Cyster JG, Watanabe T, Miyachi Y, Kanagawa O, Kabashima K. Activated regulatory T cells are the major T cell type emigrating from the skin during a cutaneous immune response in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:883-93. [PMID: 20179354 DOI: 10.1172/jci40926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tregs play an important role in protecting the skin from autoimmune attack. However, the extent of Treg trafficking between the skin and draining lymph nodes (DLNs) is unknown. We set out to investigate this using mice engineered to express the photoconvertible fluorescence protein Kaede, which changes from green to red when exposed to violet light. By exposing the skin of Kaede-transgenic mice to violet light, we were able to label T cells in the periphery under physiological conditions with Kaede-red and demonstrated that both memory phenotype CD4+Foxp3- non-Tregs and CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs migrated from the skin to DLNs in the steady state. During cutaneous immune responses, Tregs constituted the major emigrants and inhibited immune responses more robustly than did LN-resident Tregs. We consistently observed that cutaneous immune responses were prolonged by depletion of endogenous Tregs in vivo. In addition, the circulating Tregs specifically included activated CD25hi Tregs that demonstrated a strong inhibitory function. Together, our results suggest that Tregs in circulation infiltrate the periphery, traffic to DLNs, and then recirculate back to the skin, contributing to the downregulation of cutaneous immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Tomura
- Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN, Yokohama City, Japan.
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26
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Driving forces of AIDS pathogenesis: Massive CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion and abnormal immune activation. Virol Sin 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-009-3063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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27
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Brinkman CC, Sheasley-O'Neill SL, Ferguson AR, Engelhard VH. Activated CD8 T cells redistribute to antigen-free lymph nodes and exhibit effector and memory characteristics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1814-24. [PMID: 18641319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous dendritic cells display restricted trafficking when injected in vivo and stimulate CD8 T cell responses that are localized to a small number of lymphoid compartments. By examining these responses in the presence and absence of FTY720, a drug that causes sequestration of T cells in lymph nodes, we demonstrate that a significant fraction of divided CD8 T cells redistribute into Ag-free lymph nodes within 3 days of activation. Despite variation in the level of expression of CD62L, redistribution of these cells is CD62L-dependent. Redistributed CD8 T cells exhibit characteristics of differentiated effectors. However, when re-isolated from Ag-free lymph nodes 3 days after activation and transferred into naive mice, they persist for at least 3 wk and expand upon Ag challenge. Thus, CD8 T cells that redistribute to Ag-free lymph nodes 3 days after immunization contain memory precursors. We suggest that this redistribution process represents an important mechanism for establishment of lymph node resident central memory, and that redistribution to Ag-free nodes is an additional characteristic to be added to those that distinguish memory precursors from terminal effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Colin Brinkman
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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28
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Thomas MS, Mitchell JS, DeNucci CC, Martin AL, Shimizu Y. The p110gamma isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates migration of effector CD4 T lymphocytes into peripheral inflammatory sites. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:814-23. [PMID: 18523230 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0807561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of PI-3K in leukocyte function has been studied extensively. However, the specific role of the p110gamma isoform of PI- 3K in CD4 T lymphocyte function has yet to be defined explicitly. In this study, we report that although p110gamma does not regulate antigen-dependent CD4 T cell activation and proliferation, it plays a crucial role in regulating CD4 effector T cell migration. Naïve p110gamma(-/-) CD4 lymphocytes are phenotypically identical to their wild-type (WT) counterparts and do not exhibit any defects in TCR-mediated calcium mobilization or Erk activation. In addition, p110gamma-deficient CD4 OT.II T cells become activated and proliferate comparably with WT cells in response to antigen in vivo. Interestingly, however, antigen-experienced, p110gamma-deficient CD4 OT.II lymphocytes exhibit dramatic defects in their ability to traffic to peripheral inflammatory sites in vivo. Although antigen-activated, p110gamma-deficient CD4 T cells express P-selectin ligand, beta2 integrin, beta1 integrin, CCR4, CXCR5, and CCR7 comparably with WT cells, they exhibit impaired F-actin polarization and migration in response to stimulation ex vivo with the CCR4 ligand CCL22. These findings suggest that p110gamma regulates the migration of antigen-experienced effector CD4 T lymphocytes into inflammatory sites during adaptive immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Thomas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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29
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Kanamaru Y, Pfirsch S, Aloulou M, Vrtovsnik F, Essig M, Loirat C, Deschênes G, Guérin-Marchand C, Blank U, Monteiro RC. Inhibitory ITAM signaling by Fc alpha RI-FcR gamma chain controls multiple activating responses and prevents renal inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2669-78. [PMID: 18250479 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory signaling is an emerging function of ITAM-bearing immunoreceptors in the maintenance of homeostasis. Monovalent targeting of the IgA Fc receptor (FcalphaRI or CD89) by anti-FcalphaRI Fab triggers potent inhibitory ITAM (ITAM(i)) signaling through the associated FcRgamma chain (FcalphaRI-FcRgamma ITAM(i)) that prevents IgG phagocytosis and IgE-mediated asthma. It is not known whether FcalphaRI-FcRgamma ITAM(i) signaling controls receptors that do not function through an ITAM and whether this inhibition requires Src homology protein 1 phosphatase. We show in this study that FcalphaRI-Fcgamma ITAM(i) signals depend on Src homology protein 1 phosphatase to target multiple non-ITAM-bearing receptors such as chemotactic receptors, cytokine receptors, and TLRs. We found that anti-FcalphaRI Fab treatment in vivo reduced kidney inflammation in models of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and nonimmune obstructive nephropathy by a mechanism that involved decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis development. This treatment also prevented ex vivo LPS activation of monocytes from patients with lupus nephritis or vasculitis, as well as receptor activation through serum IgA complexes from IgA nephropathy patients. These findings point to a crucial role of FcalphaRI-FcRgamma ITAM(i) signaling in the control of multiple heterologous or autologous inflammatory responses. They also identify anti-FcalphaRI Fab as a new potential therapeutic tool for preventing progression of renal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kanamaru
- INSERM Unité 699, Universite Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Faculte de Medecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France
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30
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van den Heuvel MJ, Chantakru S, Xuemei X, Evans SS, Tekpetey F, Mote PA, Clarke CL, Croy BA. Trafficking of circulating pro-NK cells to the decidualizing uterus: regulatory mechanisms in the mouse and human. Immunol Invest 2007; 34:273-93. [PMID: 16136782 PMCID: PMC3286484 DOI: 10.1081/imm-200064488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) lymphocytes, strongly expressing CD56, become abundant in the human uterus three to five days after the mid-menstrual cycle surge in pituitary-derived luteinizing hormone (LH). The primary functions of LH are to initiate final oocyte maturation/ovulation and to contribute to decidualization of the uterine stroma. Decidualization is the transformation of estrogen-primed uterine stromal fibroblasts into large hormone-producing cells under the influence of progesterone (P4). Decidual CD56bright (dNK) cells are a distinct, transient, tissue-specific NK cell subset that undergoes proliferation, terminal differentiation, and then death prior to menses. If pregnancy occurs, dNK cells increase during first trimester, then decline and are virtually absent in late pregnancy. In mouse models, pregnancy-associated uterine NK (uNK) cells appear coincident with onset of decidualization during embryonic implantation. Murine uNK cells traffic from the circulation to the antimesometrial side of the uterus and migrate to the mesometrial side of each implantation site. Here they proliferate and are implicated in regulation of midgestation structural changes to major arteries supplying the placenta, before dying in late gestation. Emerging data indicate that interactions between lymphocytes and endothelial cells within the uterine microenvironment are mediated by classical molecules associated with lymphocyte trafficking in immune surveillance and in response to inflammation. Here, we review factors influencing NK cell trafficking to decidualizing murine and human uteri and the differentiation and functions of these cells within the uterus.
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31
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Abstract
The immune system is organized as a number of distinct lymphoid organs interconnected by recirculating lymphocytes. These organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and gut-associated Peyer's patches, are compartmentalized, providing separate niches for T and B cells. In addition, regional compartmentalization of lymphoid organs themselves exists, leading to the distinction between the mucosal and the systemic immune systems. This distinction not only reflects the anatomical localization but also is based on functional differences, with predominant tolerance induction via mucosal routes and immunity seen after systemic antigen exposure. These differences are associated with regional differences in the lymphoid organs and with environmental conditions of the tissues in which the immune system functions. Recirculation patterns of lymphocytes differ between mucosal and systemic lymphoid organs, and more insight into the mechanisms that imprint this behavior has been generated recently. Differences in dendritic cells have been observed between mucosal and systemic sites, and knowledge on how local factors contribute to the immune system is emerging. From our studies on mucosal tolerance in mouse models, it has become evident that regional lymph nodes draining the mucosa are important sites to direct immune responses. Here, we discuss the way regional lymph nodes contribute to the direction of immune responses and what is known about the local factors and cell behavior that form the basis for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Kraal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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32
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Gasser O, Schmid TA, Zenhaeusern G, Hess C. Cyclooxygenase Regulates Cell Surface Expression of CXCR3/1-Storing Granules in Human CD4+T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:8806-12. [PMID: 17142783 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient migration of CD4+ T cells into sites of infection/inflammation is a prerequisite to protective immunity. Inappropriate recruitment, on the other hand, contributes to inflammatory pathologies. The chemokine/chemokine receptor system is thought to orchestrate T cell homing. In this study, we show that most circulating human CD4+ T cells store the inflammatory chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR1 within a distinct intracellular compartment. Equipped with such storage granules, CD4+ T cells coexpressing both receptors increased from only 1% ex vivo to approximately 30% within minutes of activation with PHA or exposure to the cyclooxygenase (COX) substrate arachidonic acid. Up-regulation was TCR independent and reduced by COX inhibitors at concentrations readily reached in vivo. The inducible inflammatory CXCR3(high)CXCR1+ phenotype identified nonpolarized cells, was preferentially triggered on CCR7+CD4+ T cells, and conferred increased chemotactic responsiveness. Thus, inducible CXCR3/1 expression occurs in a large fraction of CD4+ T cells. Its dependency on COX may explain a number of established, and point toward novel, effects of COX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gasser
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Research, University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Klonowski KD, Marzo AL, Williams KJ, Lee SJ, Pham QM, Lefrançois L. CD8 T cell recall responses are regulated by the tissue tropism of the memory cell and pathogen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2006; 177:6738-46. [PMID: 17082587 PMCID: PMC2847276 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whether memory CD8 T cells can be reactivated in nonlymphoid tissues is unclear. Using mice lacking the spleen, lymph nodes, or both, we show that the secondary T cell response, but not homeostatic maintenance of memory cells, required lymphoid tissue. Whereas primary and secondary CD8 T cell responses to vesicular stomatitis virus infection were lymph node dependent, responses to Listeria monocytogenes infection were driven primarily in the spleen. Memory cell subset reactivation was also regulated by location of the responding population and the pathogen. Thus, CD62Llow effector memory T cells (TEM) cells responded nearly as well as CD62Lhigh central memory T cells (TCM) and TCM cells after L. monocytogenes infection, and both subsets generated equivalent populations of secondary memory cells. In contrast, TCM cells, but not TEM cells, mounted a robust response to vesicular stomatitis virus infection. TCM and TEM cells also required lymphoid tissue to mount recall responses, and the bone marrow did not contribute significantly to the response of either subset. Our findings indicated that characteristics of the infectious agent and the migratory preferences of memory cells dictated the secondary lymphoid tissue requirement for the recall response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina J. Williams
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Seung-Joo Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Quynh-Mai Pham
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Leo Lefrançois
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
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34
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Freeman CM, Stolberg VR, Chiu BC, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL, Chensue SW. CCR4 participation in Th type 1 (mycobacterial) and Th type 2 (schistosomal) anamnestic pulmonary granulomatous responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4149-58. [PMID: 16951380 PMCID: PMC1618796 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CCR4 is purported to be a Th type 2 (Th2) cell-biased receptor but its functional role is unclear. Recent studies suggest that chemokine receptor expression and function are more complex in vivo and raise doubts regarding restricted CCR4 expression by Th2 cells. To address these issues, we analyzed the role of CCR4 in highly polarized models of Th type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cell-mediated pulmonary granulomas, respectively, elicited by i.v. challenge of primed mice with either mycobacterial purified protein derivative or schistosomal egg Ag-coated beads. CCR4 agonists were expressed during both responses, correlating with a shift of CCR4+ CD4+ T cells from blood to lungs. CCL22 dominated in draining nodes during the Th1 response. Analysis of CD4+ effector T cells revealed CCR4 expression and CCR4-mediated chemotaxis by both IFN-gamma and IL-4 producers. Studies of CCR4 knockout (CCR4(-/-)) mice showed partial impairment of the local type-2 cytokine response and surprisingly strong impairment of the Th1 response with abrogated IFN-gamma production during secondary but not primary challenge. Adoptive transfer indicated CCR4(-/-)CD4+ Th1 cell function was defective but this could not be reconstituted with wild-type (CCR4(+/+)) CD4+ T cells indicating involvement of another CCR4+ population. Coculture of CCR4(+/+)CD4+ T cells and CCR4(-/-) dendritic cells revealed intact IL-2 but impaired IFN-gamma production, pointing to a role for CCR4+ dendritic cells in effector cell expression. Therefore, CCR4 is not Th2-restricted and was required for sustenance and expression of the Th1 effector/memory response to mycobacterial Ags.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/genetics
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/microbiology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/parasitology
- Immunologic Memory
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Receptors, CCR4
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/genetics
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/parasitology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/microbiology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/parasitology
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Freeman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
| | - Valerie R. Stolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Bo-Chin Chiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
| | - Steven L. Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
| | - Stephen W. Chensue
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Stephen W. Chensue, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 113, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. E-mail address:
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35
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Fisher DT, Chen Q, Appenheimer MM, Skitzki J, Wang WC, Odunsi K, Evans SS. Hurdles to lymphocyte trafficking in the tumor microenvironment: implications for effective immunotherapy. Immunol Invest 2006; 35:251-77. [PMID: 16916754 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600745430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An important consideration in the development of T cell-based cancer immunotherapy is that effector T cells must efficiently traffic to the tumor microenvironment in order to control malignant progression. T cell trafficking to target tissues is orchestrated by dynamic interactions between circulating lymphocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. It is informative, in this regard, to compare and contrast the molecular mechanisms governing lymphocyte extravasation at distinct vascular sites: (1) high endothelial venules (HEV) of secondary lymphoid organs, which are portals for efficient trafficking of naive and central memory T lymphocytes; (2) non-activated endothelium of normal tissues that mediate relatively low basal levels of trafficking but are rapidly transformed into HEV-like vessels in response to local inflammatory stimuli; and (3) vessels within the intratumoral region and the surrounding peritumoral areas. These vessels can be distinguished by differential expression of hallmark trafficking molecules that function as molecular beacons directing lymphocyte migration across vascular barriers. This article reviews evidence that recruitment of effector T cells to the intratumoral microenvironment is impeded by sub-threshold expression of trafficking molecules on tumor microvessels. Emerging data support the thesis that when considered from the perspective of extravasation, vessels embedded within the intratumoral microenvironment of established tumors do not exhibit stereotypical characteristics of a chronic inflammatory state. A major challenge will be to develop therapeutic approaches to improve trafficking of effector T lymphocytes to tumor sites without skewing the balance in favor of a chronic inflammatory milieu that facilitates tumor maintenance and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Fisher
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263-0001, USA
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36
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Kanai T, Hibi T, Watanabe M. The logics of leukocytapheresis as a natural biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:453-66. [PMID: 16610976 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.5.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are debilitating idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) with symptoms that impair ability to function and quality of life. The aetiology of IBD is inadequately understood and, therefore, drug therapy has been empirical instead of based on sound understanding of the disease mechanisms. This has been a major factor for poor drug efficacy and treatment-related side effects that often add to disease complications. The development of biologicals, notably infliximab, to block TNF-alpha reflects some progress, but there is major concern about their side effects and lack of long-term safety and efficacy profiles. However, IBD by its very nature is exacerbated and perpetuated by inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12, for which activated peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes are major sources. Hence, activated leukocytes should be appropriate targets of therapy. At present, three strategies are available for removing excess and activated leukocytes by leukocytapheresis: centrifugation, Adacolumn and Cellsorba. Centrifugation can deplete lymphocytes or total leukocytes, whereas Adacolumn selectively adsorbs granulocytes and monocytes together with a smaller fraction of lymphocytes (FcgammaR- and complement receptor-bearing leukocytes), and Cellsorba non-selectively removes all three major leukocyte populations. Efficacy has ranged from 'none' to an impressive 93% together with excellent safety profiles and downmodulation of inflammation factors. Furthermore, leukocytapheresis has shown strong drug-sparing effects and reduced the number of patients requiring colectomy or exposure to unsafe immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporin A. Leukocytapheresis removes from the body cells that contribute to IBD and, therefore, unlike drugs, it is not expected to induce dependency or refractoriness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kanai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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37
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Debes GF, Dahl ME, Mahiny AJ, Bonhagen K, Campbell DJ, Siegmund K, Erb KJ, Lewis DB, Kamradt T, Hamann A. Chemotactic responses of IL-4-, IL-10-, and IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells depend on tissue origin and microbial stimulus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:557-66. [PMID: 16365450 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Th1- and Th2-polarized immune responses are crucial in the defense against pathogens but can also promote autoimmunity and allergy. The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR4 have been implicated in differential trafficking of IFN-gamma- and IL-4-producing T cells, respectively, but also in tissue and inflammation-specific homing independent of cytokine responses. Here, we tested whether CD4+ T cells isolated from murine tissues under homeostatic or inflammatory conditions exhibit restricted patterns of chemotactic responses that correlate with their production of IFN-gamma, IL-4, or IL-10. In uninfected mice, IL-4-producing T cells preferentially migrated to the CCR4 ligand, CCL17, whereas IFN-gamma-expressing T cells as well as populations of IL-4+ or IL-10+ T cells migrated to the CXCR3 ligand, CXCL9. All cytokine-producing T cell subsets strongly migrated to the CXCR4 ligand, CXCL12. We assessed chemotaxis of T cells isolated from mice infected with influenza A virus or the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which induce a strong Th1 or Th2 response in the lung, respectively. Unexpectedly, the chemotactic responses of IL-4+ T cells and T cells expressing the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 were influenced not only by the strongly Th1- or Th2-polarized environments but also by their anatomical localization, i.e., lung or spleen. In contrast, IFN-gamma+ T cells exhibited robust chemotaxis toward CXCL9 and had the most consistent migration pattern in both infection models. The results support a model in which the trafficking responses of many effector and regulatory T cells are regulated as a function of the infectious and tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun F Debes
- Experimental Rheumatology, Medical Clinic, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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38
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DeVries ME, Kelvin AA, Xu L, Ran L, Robinson J, Kelvin DJ. Defining the origins and evolution of the chemokine/chemokine receptor system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:401-15. [PMID: 16365434 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine system has a critical role in mammalian immunity, but the evolutionary history of chemokines and chemokine receptors are ill-defined. We used comparative whole genome analysis of fruit fly, sea urchin, sea squirt, pufferfish, zebrafish, frog, and chicken to identify chemokines and chemokine receptors in each species. We report 127 chemokine and 70 chemokine receptor genes in the 7 species, with zebrafish having the most chemokines, 63, and chemokine receptors, 24. Fruit fly, sea urchin, and sea squirt have no identifiable chemokines or chemokine receptors. This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of the chemokine system to date and the only complete characterization of chemokine systems outside of mouse and human. We establish a clear evolutionary model of the chemokine system and trace the origin of the chemokine system to approximately 650 million years ago, identifying critical steps in their evolution and demonstrating a more extensive chemokine system in fish than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E DeVries
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto General Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Stenstad H, Ericsson A, Johansson-Lindbom B, Svensson M, Marsal J, Mack M, Picarella D, Soler D, Marquez G, Briskin M, Agace WW. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue-primed CD4+ T cells display CCR9-dependent and -independent homing to the small intestine. Blood 2006; 107:3447-54. [PMID: 16391017 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T-cell entry to the intestinal mucosa is central to the generation of mucosal immunity as well as chronic intestinal inflammation, yet the mechanisms regulating this process remain poorly defined. Here we show that murine small intestinal CD4(+) lamina propria lymphocytes express a heterogeneous but restricted array of chemokine receptors including CCR5, CCR6, CCR9, CXCR3, and CXCR6. CD4(+) T-cell receptor transgenic OT-II cells activated in mesenteric lymph nodes acquired a distinct chemokine receptor profile, including expression of CCR6, CCR9, and CXCR3 that was only partially reproduced in vitro after priming with mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells. A subset of these effector CD4(+) T cells, expressing CD69 and alpha(4)beta(7), entered the intestinal lamina propria and the majority of these cells expressed CCR9. CCR9(-/-) OT-II cells were disadvantaged in their ability to localize to the intestinal lamina propria; however, they were readily detected at this site and expressed alpha(4)beta(7), but little CCR2, CCR5, CCR6, CCR8, CCR10, CXCR3, or CXCR6. Thus, whereas CD4(+) T cells activated in gut-associated lymphoid tissue express a restricted chemokine receptor profile, including CCR9, targeting both CCR9-dependent and CCR9-independent entry mechanisms is likely to be important to maximally inhibit accumulation of these cells within the small intestinal mucosa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- In Vitro Techniques
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Stenstad
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC I-13, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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40
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Santana MA, Esquivel-Guadarrama F. Cell biology of T cell activation and differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 250:217-74. [PMID: 16861067 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)50006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
T cells are major components of the adaptive immune system. They can differentiate into two different populations of effector cells-type one and type two-and may also become tolerant. T cells respond to immune challenges by interacting with antigen-presenting cells of the innate immune system. These latter cells can identify the nature of any immune challenge and initiate adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are the most important antigen-presenting cells in the body. The T cell recognizes both peptides associated with MHC molecules on the antigen-presenting cells and also other molecules in a complex structure known as an immunological synapse. The nature of the antigen, the cytokine environment, and other molecules on the dendritic cell surface instruct the T cells as to the response required. A better understanding of the biology of T cell responses offers the prospect of more effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angélica Santana
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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41
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Wang L, Han R, Lee I, Hancock AS, Xiong G, Gunn MD, Hancock WW. Permanent Survival of Fully MHC-Mismatched Islet Allografts by Targeting a Single Chemokine Receptor Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:6311-8. [PMID: 16272282 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor blockade can diminish the recruitment of host effector cells and prolong allograft survival, but little is known of the role of chemokine receptors in promoting host sensitization. We engrafted fully allogeneic islets into streptozotocin-treated normal mice or mice with the autosomal recessive paucity of lymph node T cell (plt) mutation; the latter lack secondary lymphoid expression of the CCR7 ligands, secondary lymphoid organ chemokine (CCL21) and EBV-induced molecule-1 ligand chemokine (CCL19). plt mice showed permanent survival of islets engrafted under the kidney capsule, whereas controls rejected islet allografts in 12 days (p < 0.001), and consistent with this, plt mice had normal allogeneic T cell responses, but deficient migration of donor dendritic cell to draining lymph nodes. Peritransplant i.v. injection of donor splenocytes caused plt recipients to reject their allografts by 12 days, and sensitization at 60 days posttransplant of plt mice with well-functioning allografts restored acute rejection. Finally, islet allografts transplanted intrahepatically in plt mice were rejected approximately 12 days posttransplant, like controls, as were primarily revascularized cardiac allografts. These data show that the chemokine-directed homing of donor dendritic cell to secondary lymphoid tissues is essential for host sensitization and allograft rejection. Interruption of such homing can prevent T cell priming and islet allograft rejection despite normal T and B cell functions of the recipient, with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wang
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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42
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Yoo J, Omori M, Gyarmati D, Zhou B, Aye T, Brewer A, Comeau MR, Campbell DJ, Ziegler SF. Spontaneous atopic dermatitis in mice expressing an inducible thymic stromal lymphopoietin transgene specifically in the skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:541-9. [PMID: 16103410 PMCID: PMC2212851 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) and other allergic diseases in humans. To further characterize its role in this disease process, transgenic mice were generated that express a keratinocyte-specific, tetracycline-inducible TSLP transgene. Skin-specific overexpression of TSLP resulted in an AD-like phenotype, with the development of eczematous lesions containing inflammatory dermal cellular infiltrates, a dramatic increase in Th2 CD4+ T cells expressing cutaneous homing receptors, and elevated serum levels of IgE. These transgenic mice demonstrate that TSLP can initiate a cascade of allergic inflammation in the skin and provide a valuable animal model for future study of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Yoo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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43
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Woodberry T, Suscovich TJ, Henry LM, August M, Waring MT, Kaur A, Hess C, Kutok JL, Aster JC, Wang F, Scadden DT, Brander C. αEβ7 (CD103) Expression Identifies a Highly Active, Tonsil-Resident Effector-Memory CTL Population. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4355-62. [PMID: 16177076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of antiviral CTL responses has largely been limited to assessing Ag-specific immune responses in the peripheral blood. Consequently, there is an incomplete understanding of the cellular immune responses at mucosal sites where many viruses enter and initially replicate and how the Ag specificity and activation status of CTL derived from these mucosal sites may differ from that of blood-derived CTL. In this study, we show that EBV-specific CTL responses in the tonsils are of comparable specificity and breadth but of a significantly higher magnitude compared with responses in the peripheral blood. EBV-specific, tonsil-resident, but not PBMC-derived, T cells expressed the integrin/activation marker CD103 (alphaEbeta7), consistent with the detection of its ligand, E-cadherin, on tonsillar squamous cells. These CD8-positive, CD103-positive, tonsil-derived CTL were largely CCR7- and CD45RA- negative effector-memory cells and responded to lower Ag concentrations in in vitro assays than their CD103-negative PBMC-derived counterparts. Thus, EBV-specific CTL in the tonsil, a crucial site for EBV entry and replication, are of greater magnitude and phenotypically distinct from CTL in the peripheral blood and may be important for effective control of this orally transmitted virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia Woodberry
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02129, USA
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44
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Debes GF, Arnold CN, Young AJ, Krautwald S, Lipp M, Hay JB, Butcher EC. Chemokine receptor CCR7 required for T lymphocyte exit from peripheral tissues. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:889-94. [PMID: 16116468 PMCID: PMC2144916 DOI: 10.1038/ni1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes travel throughout the body to carry out immune surveillance and participate in inflammatory reactions. Their path takes them from blood through tissues into lymph and back to blood. Molecules that control lymphocyte recruitment into extralymphoid tissues are well characterized, but exit is assumed to be random. Here, we showed that lymphocyte emigration from the skin was regulated and was sensitive to pertussis toxin. CD4(+) lymphocytes emigrated more efficiently than CD8(+) or B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes in the afferent lymph expressed functional chemokine receptor CCR7, and CCR7 was required for T lymphocyte exit from the skin. The regulated expression of CCR7 by tissue T lymphocytes may control their exit, acting with recruitment mechanisms to regulate lymphocyte transit and accumulation during immune surveillance and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun F Debes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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45
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Abstract
There is currently great interest in developing mucosal vaccines against a variety of microbial pathogens. Mucosally induced tolerance also seems to be a promising form of immunomodulation for treating certain autoimmune diseases and allergies. Here we review the properties of the mucosal immune system and discuss advances in the development of mucosal vaccines for protection against infections and for treatment of various inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Holmgren
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute, Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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46
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Gupta S, Janani R, Bin Q, Luciw P, Greer C, Perri S, Legg H, Donnelly J, Barnett S, O'Hagan D, Polo JM, Vajdy M. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific gamma interferon-expressing cells following protective mucosal immunization with alphavirus replicon particles. J Virol 2005; 79:7135-45. [PMID: 15890953 PMCID: PMC1112144 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.7135-7145.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A safe, replication-defective viral vector that can induce mucosal and systemic immune responses and confer protection against many infectious pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), may be an ideal vaccine platform. Accordingly, we have generated and tested alphavirus replicon particles encoding HIV-1 Gag from Sindbis virus (SIN-Gag) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE-Gag), as well as chimeras between the two (VEE/SIN-Gag). Following intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.), or intravaginal (IVAG) immunization with VEE/SIN-Gag and an IVAG challenge with vaccinia virus encoding HIV Gag (VV-Gag), a larger number of Gag-specific CD8+ intracellular gamma interferon-expressing cells (iIFNEC) were detected in iliac lymph nodes (ILN), which drain the vaginal/uterine mucosa (VUM), than were observed after immunizations with SIN-Gag. Moreover, a single i.n. or IVAG immunization with VEE/SIN-Gag induced a larger number of cells expressing HIV Gag in ILN, and immunizations with VEE/SIN-Gag through any route induced better protective responses than immunizations with SIN-Gag. In VUM, a larger percentage of iIFNEC expressed alpha4beta7 or alpha(Ebeta)7 integrin than expressed CD62L integrin. However, in spleens (SP), a larger percentage of iIFNEC expressed alpha4beta7 or CD62L than expressed alpha(Ebeta)7. Moreover, a larger percentage of iIFNEC expressed the chemokine receptor CCR5 in VUM and ILN than in SP. These results demonstrate a better induction of cellular and protective responses following immunizations with VEE/SIN-Gag than that following immunizations with SIN-Gag and also indicate a differential expression of homing and chemokine receptors on iIFNEC in mucosal effector and inductive sites versus systemic lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Gupta
- Department of Pathology and Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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47
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Liang Y, Huang T, Zhang C, Todorov I, Atkinson M, Kandeel F, Forman S, Zeng D. Donor CD8+ T cells facilitate induction of chimerism and tolerance without GVHD in autoimmune NOD mice conditioned with anti-CD3 mAb. Blood 2005; 105:2180-8. [PMID: 15374883 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractPrevention of autoimmune diabetes and induction of islet transplantation tolerance in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice can be reached by induction of mixed chimerism via bone marrow transplantation (BMT), but this procedure requires total body irradiation (TBI) conditioning of the recipients. The toxicity of radiation and potential for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prevents its clinical application. Donor CD8+ T cells play a critical role in facilitation of engraftment but also contribute to induction of GVHD in TBI-conditioned recipients. Here, we showed that high doses of donor CD8+ T cells in combination with bone marrow (BM) cells induced mixed chimerism without GVHD in NOD recipients conditioned with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb). The prevention of GVHD in those recipients was associated with low-level production of inflammatory cytokines (ie, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α]), high-level production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (ie, interleukin 4 [IL-4] and IL-10), and confining of the donor CD8+ T-cell expansion to lymphohematopoietic tissues. The chimeric NOD recipients showed donor-specific tolerance and reversal of insulitis. These results demonstrate that donor CD8+ T-cell–mediated facilitation of engraftment can be separated from GVHD in nonirradiated recipients. This regimen may have potential application in the treatment of autoimmune disorders as well as induction of transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Liang
- Department of Diabetes, The Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Building, R2017, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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48
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49
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50
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are molecular switches controlling a broad range of cellular processes including lymphocyte activation. Not surprisingly, Rho GTPases are now recognized as pivotal regulators of antigen-specific T cell activation by APCs and immunological synapse formation. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPase-dependent pathways control T lymphocyte motility, polarization and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Deckert
- INSERM Unit 576, Hôpital de l'Archet, BP3079, 06202 Nice, France.
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