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Ngo C, Garrec C, Tomasello E, Dalod M. The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in immunity during viral infections and beyond. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01167-5. [PMID: 38777879 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I and III interferons (IFNs) are essential for antiviral immunity and act through two different but complimentary pathways. First, IFNs activate intracellular antimicrobial programs by triggering the upregulation of a broad repertoire of viral restriction factors. Second, IFNs activate innate and adaptive immunity. Dysregulation of IFN production can lead to severe immune system dysfunction. It is thus crucial to identify and characterize the cellular sources of IFNs, their effects, and their regulation to promote their beneficial effects and limit their detrimental effects, which can depend on the nature of the infected or diseased tissues, as we will discuss. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) can produce large amounts of all IFN subtypes during viral infection. pDCs are resistant to infection by many different viruses, thus inhibiting the immune evasion mechanisms of viruses that target IFN production or their downstream responses. Therefore, pDCs are considered essential for the control of viral infections and the establishment of protective immunity. A thorough bibliographical survey showed that, in most viral infections, despite being major IFN producers, pDCs are actually dispensable for host resistance, which is achieved by multiple IFN sources depending on the tissue. Moreover, primary innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses are only transiently affected in the absence of pDCs. More surprisingly, pDCs and their IFNs can be detrimental in some viral infections or autoimmune diseases. This makes the conservation of pDCs during vertebrate evolution an enigma and thus raises outstanding questions about their role not only in viral infections but also in other diseases and under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Ngo
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Garrec
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Elena Tomasello
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Marc Dalod
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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2
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Jirmo AC, Grychtol R, Gaedcke S, Liu B, DeStefano S, Happle C, Halle O, Monteiro JT, Habener A, Breiholz OD, DeLuca D, Hansen G. Single cell RNA sequencing reveals distinct clusters of Irf8-expressing pulmonary conventional dendritic cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127485. [PMID: 37251386 PMCID: PMC10213693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A single population of interferon-regulatory factor 8 (Irf8)-dependent conventional dendritic cell (cDC type1) is considered to be responsible for both immunogenic and tolerogenic responses depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Here, we challenge this concept of an omnipotent single Irf8-dependent cDC1 cluster through analysis of pulmonary cDCs at single cell resolution. We report existence of a pulmonary cDC1 cluster lacking Xcr1 with an immunogenic signature that clearly differs from the Xcr1 positive cDC1 cluster. The Irf8+Batf3+Xcr1- cluster expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory genes associated with antigen presentation, migration and co-stimulation such as Ccr7, Cd74, MHC-II, Ccl5, Il12b and Relb while, the Xcr1+ cDC1 cluster expresses genes corresponding to immune tolerance mechanisms like Clec9a, Pbx1, Cadm1, Btla and Clec12a. In concordance with their pro-inflammatory gene expression profile, the ratio of Xcr1- cDC1s but not Xcr1+cDC1 is increased in the lungs of allergen-treated mice compared to the control group, in which both cDC1 clusters are present in comparable ratios. The existence of two distinct Xcr1+ and Xcr1- cDC1 clusters is furthermore supported by velocity analysis showing markedly different temporal patterns of Xcr1- and Xcr1+cDC1s. In summary, we present evidence for the existence of two different cDC1 clusters with distinct immunogenic profiles in vivo. Our findings have important implications for DC-targeting immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adan Chari Jirmo
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Grychtol
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Gaedcke
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Bin Liu
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie DeStefano
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Happle
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Olga Halle
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Joao T. Monteiro
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Resolving Infection Susceptibility RESIST (EXC 2155), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Habener
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver D. Breiholz
- Research Core Unit Genomics (RCUG), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David DeLuca
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Resolving Infection Susceptibility RESIST (EXC 2155), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Abstract
A high diversity of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs), capable of recognizing virtually any pathogen but also self-antigens, is generated during T cell development in the thymus. Nevertheless, a strict developmental program supports the selection of a self-tolerant T cell repertoire capable of responding to foreign antigens. The steps of T cell selection are controlled by cortical and medullary stromal niches, mainly composed of thymic epithelial cells and dendritic cells. The integration of important cues provided by these specialized niches, including (a) the TCR signal strength induced by the recognition of self-peptide-MHC complexes, (b) costimulatory signals, and (c) cytokine signals, critically controls T cell repertoire selection. This review discusses our current understanding of the signals that coordinate positive selection, negative selection, and agonist selection of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. It also highlights recent advances that have unraveled the functional diversity of thymic antigen-presenting cell subsets implicated in T cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), CNRS, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France;
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4
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Wang H, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Thymic Microenvironment: Interactions Between Innate Immune Cells and Developing Thymocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885280. [PMID: 35464404 PMCID: PMC9024034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a crucial organ for the development of T cells. T cell progenitors first migrate from the bone marrow into the thymus. During the journey to become a mature T cell, progenitors require interactions with many different cell types within the thymic microenvironment, such as stromal cells, which include epithelial, mesenchymal and other non-T-lineage immune cells. There are two crucial decision steps that are required for generating mature T cells: positive and negative selection. Each of these two processes needs to be performed efficiently to produce functional MHC-restricted T cells, while simultaneously restricting the production of auto-reactive T cells. In each step, there are various cell types that are required for the process to be carried out suitably, such as scavengers to clean up apoptotic thymocytes that fail positive or negative selection, and antigen presenting cells to display self-antigens during positive and negative selection. In this review, we will focus on thymic non-T-lineage immune cells, particularly dendritic cells and macrophages, and the role they play in positive and negative selection. We will also examine recent advances in the understanding of their participation in thymus homeostasis and T cell development. This review will provide a perspective on how the thymic microenvironment contributes to thymocyte differentiation and T cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker,
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5
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Yuan Y, Tan L, Wang L, Zou D, Liu J, Lu X, Fu D, Wang G, Wang L, Wang Z. The Expression Pattern of Hypoxia-Related Genes Predicts the Prognosis and Mediates Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:814621. [PMID: 35155430 PMCID: PMC8829070 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.814621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, due to the heterogeneity of CRC, the clinical therapy outcomes differ among patients. There is a need to identify predictive biomarkers to efficiently facilitate CRC treatment and prognosis. Methods: The expression profiles from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to identify cancer hallmarks associated with CRC outcomes. An accurate gene signature based on the prognosis related cancer hallmarks was further constructed. Results: Hypoxia was identified to be the primary factor that could influence CRC outcomes. Sixteen hypoxia-related genes were selected to construct a risk gene signature (HGS) associated with individuals’ prognosis, which was validated in three independent cohorts. Further, stromal and immune cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) were found to be associated with hypoxia. Finally, among the 16 hypoxia-related genes, six genes (DCBLD2, PLEC, S100A11, PLAT, PPAP2B and LAMC2) were identified as the most attributable ones to drug resistance. Conclusion: HGS can accurately predict CRC prognosis. The expression of the drug resistance-related genes is critical in CRC treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Tan
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danyi Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohuan Lu
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daan Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guobin Wang, ; Lin Wang, ; Zheng Wang,
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guobin Wang, ; Lin Wang, ; Zheng Wang,
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guobin Wang, ; Lin Wang, ; Zheng Wang,
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6
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Vollmann EH, Rattay K, Barreiro O, Thiriot A, Fuhlbrigge RA, Vrbanac V, Kim KW, Jung S, Tager AM, von Andrian UH. Specialized transendothelial dendritic cells mediate thymic T-cell selection against blood-borne macromolecules. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6230. [PMID: 34711828 PMCID: PMC8553756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells undergo rigorous selection in the thymus to ensure self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity, with this process requiring innocuous self-antigens (Ags) to be presented to thymocytes. Self-Ags are either expressed by thymic stroma cells or transported to the thymus from the periphery by migratory dendritic cells (DCs); meanwhile, small blood-borne peptides can access the thymic parenchyma by diffusing across the vascular lining. Here we describe an additional pathway of thymic Ag acquisition that enables circulating antigenic macromolecules to access both murine and human thymi. This pathway depends on a subset of thymus-resident DCs, distinct from both parenchymal and circulating migratory DCs, that are positioned in immediate proximity to thymic microvessels where they extend cellular processes across the endothelial barrier into the blood stream. Transendothelial positioning of DCs depends on DC-expressed CX3CR1 and its endothelial ligand, CX3CL1, and disrupting this chemokine pathway prevents thymic acquisition of circulating proteins and compromises negative selection of Ag-reactive thymocytes. Thus, transendothelial DCs represent a mechanism by which the thymus can actively acquire blood-borne Ags to induce and maintain central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth H Vollmann
- Department of Immunology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kristin Rattay
- Department of Immunology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Olga Barreiro
- Department of Immunology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aude Thiriot
- Department of Immunology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca A Fuhlbrigge
- Department of Immunology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vladimir Vrbanac
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Humanized Immune System Mouse Program (HISMP), Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Immunology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Srinivasan J, Lancaster JN, Singarapu N, Hale LP, Ehrlich LIR, Richie ER. Age-Related Changes in Thymic Central Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676236. [PMID: 33968086 PMCID: PMC8100025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and hematopoietic antigen presenting cells (HAPCs) in the thymus microenvironment provide essential signals to self-reactive thymocytes that induce either negative selection or generation of regulatory T cells (Treg), both of which are required to establish and maintain central tolerance throughout life. HAPCs and TECs are comprised of multiple subsets that play distinct and overlapping roles in central tolerance. Changes that occur in the composition and function of TEC and HAPC subsets across the lifespan have potential consequences for central tolerance. In keeping with this possibility, there are age-associated changes in the cellular composition and function of T cells and Treg. This review summarizes changes in T cell and Treg function during the perinatal to adult transition and in the course of normal aging, and relates these changes to age-associated alterations in thymic HAPC and TEC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Srinivasan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | | | - Nandini Singarapu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Laura P Hale
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lauren I R Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Ellen R Richie
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
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8
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Marx A, Yamada Y, Simon-Keller K, Schalke B, Willcox N, Ströbel P, Weis CA. Thymus and autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:45-64. [PMID: 33537838 PMCID: PMC7925479 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The thymus prevents autoimmune diseases through mechanisms that operate in the cortex and medulla, comprising positive and negative selection and the generation of regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Egress from the thymus through the perivascular space (PVS) to the blood is another possible checkpoint, as shown by some autoimmune/immunodeficiency syndromes. In polygenic autoimmune diseases, subtle thymic dysfunctions may compound genetic, hormonal and environmental cues. Here, we cover (a) tolerance-inducing cell types, whether thymic epithelial or tuft cells, or dendritic, B- or thymic myoid cells; (b) tolerance-inducing mechanisms and their failure in relation to thymic anatomic compartments, and with special emphasis on human monogenic and polygenic autoimmune diseases and the related thymic pathologies, if known; (c) polymorphisms and mutations of tolerance-related genes with an impact on positive selection (e.g. the gene encoding the thymoproteasome-specific subunit, PSMB11), promiscuous gene expression (e.g. AIRE, PRKDC, FEZF2, CHD4), Treg development (e.g. SATB1, FOXP3), T-cell migration (e.g. TAGAP) and egress from the thymus (e.g. MTS1, CORO1A); (d) myasthenia gravis as the prototypic outcome of an inflamed or disordered neoplastic ‘sick thymus’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Katja Simon-Keller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Berthold Schalke
- Department of Neurology, Bezirkskrankenhaus, University of Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nick Willcox
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttigen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cleo-Aron Weis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Understanding the pathogenesis of certain viral agents is essential for developing new treatments and obtaining a clinical cure. With the onset of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in the beginning of 2020, a rush to conduct studies and develop drugs has led to the publication of articles that seek to address knowledge gaps and contribute to the global scientific research community. There are still no reports on the infectivity or repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the central lymphoid organ, the thymus, nor on thymocytes or thymic epithelial cells. In this brief review, we present a hypothesis about lymphopenia observed in SARS patients and the probable pathological changes that the thymus may undergo due to this new virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Paulo Lins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas - Maceió/AL, Brazil.,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Salete Smaniotto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas - Maceió/AL, Brazil.,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Jardine L, Haniffa M. Reconstructing human DC, monocyte and macrophage development in utero using single cell technologies. Mol Immunol 2020; 123:1-6. [PMID: 32380279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes and macrophages in adult humans is diverse and we are appreciating this to a greater extent as high throughput methods, such a single-cell RNA sequencing, become widely adopted and scalable. This powerful lens of analysis is also beginning to shed light on prenatal immunology, allowing us to chart the emergence, tissue distribution and developmental regulation of DCs, monocytes and macrophages during early human life. In this review, we will integrate recent insights from studies of the developing immune system into our understanding of adult DC, monocyte and macrophage organization, illustrating where insights from early life both affirm and challenge current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jardine
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Department of Haematology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4LP, UK.
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4LP, UK.
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11
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Park JE, Botting RA, Domínguez Conde C, Popescu DM, Lavaert M, Kunz DJ, Goh I, Stephenson E, Ragazzini R, Tuck E, Wilbrey-Clark A, Roberts K, Kedlian VR, Ferdinand JR, He X, Webb S, Maunder D, Vandamme N, Mahbubani KT, Polanski K, Mamanova L, Bolt L, Crossland D, de Rita F, Fuller A, Filby A, Reynolds G, Dixon D, Saeb-Parsy K, Lisgo S, Henderson D, Vento-Tormo R, Bayraktar OA, Barker RA, Meyer KB, Saeys Y, Bonfanti P, Behjati S, Clatworthy MR, Taghon T, Haniffa M, Teichmann SA. A cell atlas of human thymic development defines T cell repertoire formation. Science 2020; 367:367/6480/eaay3224. [PMID: 32079746 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The thymus provides a nurturing environment for the differentiation and selection of T cells, a process orchestrated by their interaction with multiple thymic cell types. We used single-cell RNA sequencing to create a cell census of the human thymus across the life span and to reconstruct T cell differentiation trajectories and T cell receptor (TCR) recombination kinetics. Using this approach, we identified and located in situ CD8αα+ T cell populations, thymic fibroblast subtypes, and activated dendritic cell states. In addition, we reveal a bias in TCR recombination and selection, which is attributed to genomic position and the kinetics of lineage commitment. Taken together, our data provide a comprehensive atlas of the human thymus across the life span with new insights into human T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Park
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rachel A Botting
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Dorin-Mirel Popescu
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Marieke Lavaert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel J Kunz
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Issac Goh
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emily Stephenson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roberta Ragazzini
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Tuck
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Anna Wilbrey-Clark
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kenny Roberts
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Veronika R Kedlian
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John R Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Xiaoling He
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Simone Webb
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Maunder
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Niels Vandamme
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Krishnaa T Mahbubani
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Krzysztof Polanski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lira Mamanova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Liam Bolt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Crossland
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,Department of Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology/Cardiothoracic Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4LP, UK
| | - Fabrizio de Rita
- Department of Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology/Cardiothoracic Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4LP, UK
| | - Andrew Fuller
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew Filby
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gary Reynolds
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David Dixon
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Deborah Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roser Vento-Tormo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Omer A Bayraktar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK.,WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Kerstin B Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paola Bonfanti
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tom Taghon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. .,Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4LP, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. .,Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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12
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Park JE, Botting RA, Domínguez Conde C, Popescu DM, Lavaert M, Kunz DJ, Goh I, Stephenson E, Ragazzini R, Tuck E, Wilbrey-Clark A, Roberts K, Kedlian VR, Ferdinand JR, He X, Webb S, Maunder D, Vandamme N, Mahbubani KT, Polanski K, Mamanova L, Bolt L, Crossland D, de Rita F, Fuller A, Filby A, Reynolds G, Dixon D, Saeb-Parsy K, Lisgo S, Henderson D, Vento-Tormo R, Bayraktar OA, Barker RA, Meyer KB, Saeys Y, Bonfanti P, Behjati S, Clatworthy MR, Taghon T, Haniffa M, Teichmann SA. A cell atlas of human thymic development defines T cell repertoire formation. Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3224 32079746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Park
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rachel A. Botting
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Dorin-Mirel Popescu
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Marieke Lavaert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel J. Kunz
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Issac Goh
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emily Stephenson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roberta Ragazzini
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Tuck
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Anna Wilbrey-Clark
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kenny Roberts
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Veronika R. Kedlian
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John R. Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Xiaoling He
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Simone Webb
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Maunder
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Niels Vandamme
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Krishnaa T. Mahbubani
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Krzysztof Polanski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lira Mamanova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Liam Bolt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Crossland
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology/Cardiothoracic Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4LP, UK
| | - Fabrizio de Rita
- Department of Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology/Cardiothoracic Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4LP, UK
| | - Andrew Fuller
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew Filby
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gary Reynolds
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David Dixon
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Deborah Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roser Vento-Tormo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Omer A. Bayraktar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Roger A. Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
- WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Kerstin B. Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paola Bonfanti
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tom Taghon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4LP, UK
| | - Sarah A. Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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13
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Kondo K, Ohigashi I, Takahama Y. Thymus machinery for T-cell selection. Int Immunol 2020; 31:119-125. [PMID: 30476234 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunocompetent and self-tolerant pool of naive T cells is formed in the thymus through the process of repertoire selection. T cells that are potentially capable of responding to foreign antigens are positively selected in the thymic cortex and are further selected in the thymic medulla to help prevent self-reactivity. The affinity between T-cell antigen receptors expressed by newly generated T cells and self-peptide-major histocompatibility complexes displayed in the thymic microenvironments plays a key role in determining the fate of developing T cells during thymic selection. Recent advances in our knowledge of the biology of thymic epithelial cells have revealed unique machinery that contributes to positive and negative selection in the thymus. In this article, we summarize recent findings on thymic T-cell selection, focusing on the machinery unique to thymic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kondo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
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14
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Insights into Thymus Development and Viral Thymic Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090836. [PMID: 31505755 PMCID: PMC6784209 DOI: 10.3390/v11090836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell development in the thymus is a complex and highly regulated process, involving a wide variety of cells and molecules which orchestrate thymocyte maturation into either CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive (SP) T cells. Here, we briefly review the process regulating T-cell differentiation, which includes the latest advances in this field. In particular, we highlight how, starting from a pool of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, the sequential action of transcriptional factors and cytokines dictates the proliferation, restriction of lineage potential, T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) gene rearrangements, and selection events on the T-cell progenitors, ultimately leading to the generation of mature T cells. Moreover, this review discusses paradigmatic examples of viral infections affecting the thymus that, by inducing functional changes within this lymphoid gland, consequently influence the behavior of peripheral mature T-lymphocytes.
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15
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Balan S, Saxena M, Bhardwaj N. Dendritic cell subsets and locations. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:1-68. [PMID: 31810551 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique class of immune cells that act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. The discovery of DCs by Cohen and Steinman in 1973 laid the foundation for DC biology, and the advances in the field identified different versions of DCs with unique properties and functions. DCs originate from hematopoietic stem cells, and their differentiation is modulated by Flt3L. They are professional antigen-presenting cells that patrol the environmental interphase, sites of infection, or infiltrate pathological tissues looking for antigens that can be used to activate effector cells. DCs are critical for the initiation of the cellular and humoral immune response and protection from infectious diseases or tumors. DCs can take up antigens using specialized surface receptors such as endocytosis receptors, phagocytosis receptors, and C type lectin receptors. Moreover, DCs are equipped with an array of extracellular and intracellular pattern recognition receptors for sensing different danger signals. Upon sensing the danger signals, DCs get activated, upregulate costimulatory molecules, produce various cytokines and chemokines, take up antigen and process it and migrate to lymph nodes where they present antigens to both CD8 and CD4 T cells. DCs are classified into different subsets based on an integrated approach considering their surface phenotype, expression of unique and conserved molecules, ontogeny, and functions. They can be broadly classified as conventional DCs consisting of two subsets (DC1 and DC2), plasmacytoid DCs, inflammatory DCs, and Langerhans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekumar Balan
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Mansi Saxena
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, United States
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16
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Lancaster JN, Thyagarajan HM, Srinivasan J, Li Y, Hu Z, Ehrlich LIR. Live-cell imaging reveals the relative contributions of antigen-presenting cell subsets to thymic central tolerance. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2220. [PMID: 31101805 PMCID: PMC6525199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) and dendritic cells (DC) present tissue-restricted antigens (TRA) to thymocytes to induce central tolerance, but the relative contributions of these antigen-presenting cell (APC) subsets remain unresolved. Here we developed a two-photon microscopy approach to observe thymocytes interacting with intact APCs presenting TRAs. We find that mTECs and DCs cooperate extensively to induce tolerance, with their relative contributions regulated by the cellular form of the TRA and the class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on which antigen is presented. Even when TRA expression is restricted to mTECs, DCs still present self-antigens at least as frequently as mTECs. Notably, the DC subset cDC2 efficiently acquires secreted mTEC-derived TRAs for cross-presentation on MHC-I. By directly imaging interactions between thymocytes and APCs, while monitoring intracellular signaling, this study reveals that distinct DC subsets and AIRE+ mTECs contribute substantially to presentation of diverse self-antigens for establishing central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Lancaster
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - H M Thyagarajan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - J Srinivasan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Z Hu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - L I R Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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17
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Beamer CA, Kreitinger JM, Cole SL, Shepherd DM. Targeted deletion of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in dendritic cells prevents thymic atrophy in response to dioxin. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:355-368. [PMID: 30499018 PMCID: PMC6367717 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In nearly every species examined, administration of the persistent environmental pollutant, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin, TCDD) causes profound immune suppression and thymic atrophy in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) dependent manner. Moreover, TCDD alters the development and differentiation of thymocytes, resulting in decreases in the relative proportion and absolute number of double positive (DP, CD4+CD8+) thymocytes, as well as a relative enrichment in the relative proportion and absolute number of double negative (DN, CD4-CD8-) and single-positive (SP) CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ thymocytes. Previous studies suggested that the target for TCDD-induced thymic atrophy resides within the hemopoietic compartment and implicated apoptosis, proliferation arrest of thymic progenitors, and emigration of DN thymocytes to the periphery as potential contributors to TCDD-induced thymic atrophy. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Our results show that administration of 10 µg/kg TCDD and 8 mg/kg 2-(1H-indol-3-ylcarbonyl)-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) induced AhR-dependent thymic atrophy in mice on day 7, whereas 100 mg/kg indole 3-carbinol (I3C) did not. Though our studies demonstrate that TCDD triggers a twofold increase in the frequency of apoptotic thymocytes, TCDD-induced thymic atrophy is not dependent on Fas-FasL interactions, and thus, enhanced apoptosis is unlikely to be a major mechanistic contributor. Finally, our results show that activation of the AhR in CD11c+ dendritic cells is directly responsible for TCDD-induced alterations in the development and differentiation of thymocytes, which results in thymic atrophy. Collectively, these results suggest that CD11c+ dendritic cells play a critical role in mediating TCDD-induced thymic atrophy and disruption of T lymphocyte development and differentiation in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine A Beamer
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building Room 284, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | | | - Shelby L Cole
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - David M Shepherd
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building Room 284, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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18
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19
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Barik S, Miller M, Cattin-Roy A, Ukah T, Zaghouani H. A distinct dendritic cell population arises in the thymus of IL-13Rα1-sufficient but not IL-13Rα1-deficient mice. Cell Immunol 2018; 331:130-136. [PMID: 29929727 PMCID: PMC6092245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IL-13 receptor alpha 1 (IL-13Rα1) associates with IL-4Rα to form a functional IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1 heteroreceptor (HR) through which both IL-4 and IL-13 signal. Recently, HR expression was associated with the development of M2 type macrophages which function as antigen presenting cells (APCs). Herein, we show that a subset of thymic resident dendritic cells (DCs) expressing high CD11b (CD11bhi) and intermediate CD11c (CD11cint) arise in HR-sufficient but not HR-deficient mice. These DCs, which originate from the bone marrow are able to take up Ag from the peritoneum, traffic through the spleen and the lymph nodes and carry it to the thymus. In addition, since the DCs are able to present Ag to T cells, express high levels of the costimulatory molecule CD24, and comprise a CD8α+ subset, it is likely that the cells contribute to T cell development and perhaps negative selection of self-reactive lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Barik
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Mindy Miller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Alexis Cattin-Roy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Tobechukwu Ukah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Habib Zaghouani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, MO, USA; Department of Child Heath, University of Missouri, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, MO, USA.
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20
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Thyagarajan HM, Lancaster JN, Lira SA, Ehrlich LIR. CCR8 is expressed by post-positive selection CD4-lineage thymocytes but is dispensable for central tolerance induction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200765. [PMID: 30024927 PMCID: PMC6053179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following positive selection, thymocytes migrate into the medulla where they encounter diverse self-antigens that induce central tolerance. Thymocytes expressing T cell receptors (TCRs) with high affinity for self-antigens displayed by medullary antigen presenting cells (APCs) undergo either negative selection or diversion to the regulatory T cell (Treg) lineage, thus ensuring maturation of non-autoreactive T cells. Because many self-antigens are expressed by only a small percentage of medullary thymic epithelial cells, thymocytes must enter the medulla and efficiently scan APCs therein to encounter the full array of self-antigens that induce central tolerance. Chemokine receptors play a critical role in promoting medullary entry and rapid motility of post-positive selection thymocytes. We found that the chemokine receptor CCR8 is expressed by post-positive selection CD4+ single positive (SP) thymocytes in mice, while the corresponding chemokine ligands are expressed by medullary APCs, and thus hypothesized that CCR8 would promote thymocyte medullary entry and/or rapid motility to induce negative selection. However, despite a subtle decline in thymocyte medullary accumulation and the presence of autoantibodies in aged CCR8-deficient mice, CCR8 was not required for thymocyte differentiation, rapid motility, or negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiran M. Thyagarajan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica N. Lancaster
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sergio A. Lira
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren I. R. Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Hu Z, Li Y, Van Nieuwenhuijze A, Selden HJ, Jarrett AM, Sorace AG, Yankeelov TE, Liston A, Ehrlich LIR. CCR7 Modulates the Generation of Thymic Regulatory T Cells by Altering the Composition of the Thymic Dendritic Cell Compartment. Cell Rep 2018; 21:168-180. [PMID: 28978470 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of auto-antigens, thymocytes are negatively selected or diverted to a regulatory T cell (Treg) fate. CCR7 is required for negative selection of auto-reactive thymocytes in the thymic medulla. Here, we describe an unanticipated contribution of CCR7 to intrathymic Treg generation. Ccr7-/- mice have increased Treg cellularity because of a hematopoietic but non-T cell autonomous CCR7 function. CCR7 expression by thymic dendritic cells (DCs) promotes survival of mature Sirpα- DCs. Thus, CCR7 deficiency results in apoptosis of Sirpα- DCs, which is counterbalanced by expansion of immature Sirpα+ DCs that efficiently induce Treg generation. CCR7 deficiency results in enhanced intrathymic generation of Tregs at the neonatal stage and in lymphopenic adults, when Treg differentiation is critical for establishing self-tolerance. Together, these results reveal a complex function for CCR7 in thymic tolerance induction, where CCR7 not only promotes negative selection but also governs intrathymic Treg generation via non-thymocyte intrinsic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Hu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Annemarie Van Nieuwenhuijze
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Hilary J Selden
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Angela M Jarrett
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Anna G Sorace
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Thomas E Yankeelov
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Adrian Liston
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lauren I R Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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22
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Cosway EJ, Ohigashi I, Schauble K, Parnell SM, Jenkinson WE, Luther S, Takahama Y, Anderson G. Formation of the Intrathymic Dendritic Cell Pool Requires CCL21-Mediated Recruitment of CCR7 + Progenitors to the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:516-523. [PMID: 29784760 PMCID: PMC6036229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During αβ T cell development in the thymus, migration of newly selected CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes into medullary areas enables tolerance mechanisms to purge the newly selected αβ TCR repertoire of autoreactive specificities. Thymic dendritic cells (DC) play key roles in this process and consist of three distinct subsets that differ in their developmental origins. Thus, plasmacytoid DC and Sirpα+ conventional DC type 2 are extrathymically derived and enter into the thymus via their respective expression of the chemokine receptors CCR9 and CCR2. In contrast, although Sirpα− conventional DC type 1 (cDC1) are known to arise intrathymically from immature progenitors, the precise nature of such thymus-colonizing progenitors and the mechanisms controlling their thymus entry are unclear. In this article, we report a selective reduction in thymic cDC1 in mice lacking the chemokine receptor CCR7. In addition, we show that the thymus contains a CD11c+MHC class II−Sirpα−Flt3+ cDC progenitor population that expresses CCR7, and that migration of these cells to the thymus is impaired in Ccr7−/− mice. Moreover, thymic cDC1 defects in Ccr7−/− mice are mirrored in plt/plt mice, with further analysis of mice individually lacking the CCR7 ligands CCL21Ser (Ccl21a−/−) or CCL19 (Ccl19−/−) demonstrating an essential role for CCR7-CCL21Ser during intrathymic cDC1 development. Collectively, our data support a mechanism in which CCR7-CCL21Ser interactions guide the migration of cDC progenitors to the thymus for correct formation of the intrathymic cDC1 pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie J Cosway
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Karin Schauble
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William E Jenkinson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiv Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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23
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Lopes N, Charaix J, Cédile O, Sergé A, Irla M. Lymphotoxin α fine-tunes T cell clonal deletion by regulating thymic entry of antigen-presenting cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1262. [PMID: 29593265 PMCID: PMC5872006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) purge the T cell repertoire of autoreactive thymocytes. Although dendritic cells (DC) reinforce this process by transporting innocuous peripheral self-antigens, the mechanisms that control their thymic entry remain unclear. Here we show that mTEC-CD4+ thymocyte crosstalk regulates the thymus homing of SHPS-1+ conventional DCs (cDC), plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) and macrophages. This homing process is controlled by lymphotoxin α (LTα), which negatively regulates CCL2, CCL8 and CCL12 chemokines in mTECs. Consequently, Ltα-deficient mice have increased expression of these chemokines that correlates with augmented classical NF-κB subunits and increased thymic recruitment of cDCs, pDCs and macrophages. This enhanced migration depends mainly on the chemokine receptor CCR2, and increases thymic clonal deletion. Altogether, this study identifies a fine-tuning mechanism of T cell repertoire selection and paves the way for therapeutic interventions to treat autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlla Lopes
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, 13288 cedex 09, France
| | - Jonathan Charaix
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, 13288 cedex 09, France
| | - Oriane Cédile
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Arnauld Sergé
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM105, 13273 cedex 09, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, 13288 cedex 09, France.
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24
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Abstract
After undergoing positive and negative selection in the thymus, surviving mature T cells egress from the thymic parenchyma and enter the bloodstream to participate in adaptive immunity. Thymic egress requires signals mediated by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid that serves as the ligand for a family of G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-5) expressed on many cell types, including T cells. In the final stage of their development, T cells upregulate S1P1 expression on the cell surface, which enables them to recognize and respond to a chemotactic S1P gradient that lures them into the bloodstream. The gradient is generated by an S1P source close to the site of egress combined with an S1P sink generated by the actions of S1P catabolic enzymes including S1P lyase (SPL), the only enzyme that irreversibly degrades S1P. The requisite contribution of SPL to thymic egress is demonstrated by the profound lymphopenia observed in SPL knockout (KO) mice and wild type mice treated with SPL inhibitors. SPL is robustly expressed in thymic epithelial cells (TECs), which make up the stromal reticular network of the thymus. However, TEC SPL was recently found to be dispensable for thymic egress. In contrast, deletion of SPL in dendritic cells (DCs) - which represent only a small percent of thymic stroma - disrupts the S1P gradient and blocks thymic egress. These recent observations identify DCs as homeostatic regulators of thymic export through the actions of SPL, thereby adding one more piece to the complex puzzle of how S1P signaling contributes to the regulation of T cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D Saba
- University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94611 USA
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25
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S1P Lyase Regulation of Thymic Egress and Oncogenic Inflammatory Signaling. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7685142. [PMID: 29333002 PMCID: PMC5733215 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7685142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent lipid signaling molecule that regulates pleiotropic biological functions including cell migration, survival, angiogenesis, immune cell trafficking, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. It acts as a ligand for a family of cell surface receptors. S1P concentrations are high in blood and lymph but low in tissues, especially the thymus and lymphoid organs. S1P chemotactic gradients are essential for lymphocyte egress and other aspects of physiological cell trafficking. S1P is irreversibly degraded by S1P lyase (SPL). SPL regulates lymphocyte trafficking, inflammation and other physiological and pathological processes. For example, SPL located in thymic dendritic cells acts as a metabolic gatekeeper that controls the normal egress of mature T lymphocytes from the thymus into the circulation, whereas SPL deficiency in gut epithelial cells promotes colitis and colitis-associated carcinogenesis (CAC). Recently, we identified a complex syndrome comprised of nephrosis, adrenal insufficiency, and immunological defects caused by inherited mutations in human SGPL1, the gene encoding SPL. In the present article, we review current evidence supporting the role of SPL in thymic egress, inflammation, and cancer. Lastly, we summarize recent progress in understanding other SPL functions, its role in inherited disease, and SPL targeting for therapeutic purposes.
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26
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Martín-Gayo E, González-García S, García-León MJ, Murcia-Ceballos A, Alcain J, García-Peydró M, Allende L, de Andrés B, Gaspar ML, Toribio ML. Spatially restricted JAG1-Notch signaling in human thymus provides suitable DC developmental niches. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3361-3379. [PMID: 28947612 PMCID: PMC5679173 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Martín-Gayo et al. report that human early thymic progenitors can undergo a GATA2-dependent myeloid developmental program leading to resident dendritic cells (DCs) upon JAG1-Notch activation. The identification of JAG1+ DC-permissive intrathymic niches validates the human thymus as a DC-poietic organ. A key unsolved question regarding the developmental origin of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (cDCs and pDCs, respectively) resident in the steady-state thymus is whether early thymic progenitors (ETPs) could escape T cell fate constraints imposed normally by a Notch-inductive microenvironment and undergo DC development. By modeling DC generation in bulk and clonal cultures, we show here that Jagged1 (JAG1)-mediated Notch signaling allows human ETPs to undertake a myeloid transcriptional program, resulting in GATA2-dependent generation of CD34+ CD123+ progenitors with restricted pDC, cDC, and monocyte potential, whereas Delta-like1 signaling down-regulates GATA2 and impairs myeloid development. Progressive commitment to the DC lineage also occurs intrathymically, as myeloid-primed CD123+ monocyte/DC and common DC progenitors, equivalent to those previously identified in the bone marrow, are resident in the normal human thymus. The identification of a discrete JAG1+ thymic medullary niche enriched for DC-lineage cells expressing Notch receptors further validates the human thymus as a DC-poietic organ, which provides selective microenvironments permissive for DC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara González-García
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J García-León
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Murcia-Ceballos
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Alcain
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina García-Peydró
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Allende
- Immunology Department, i+12 Research Institute, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén de Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María L Gaspar
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María L Toribio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Audiger C, Rahman MJ, Yun TJ, Tarbell KV, Lesage S. The Importance of Dendritic Cells in Maintaining Immune Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2223-2231. [PMID: 28264998 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune tolerance is necessary to prevent the immune system from reacting against self, and thus to avoid the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss key findings that position dendritic cells (DCs) as critical modulators of both thymic and peripheral immune tolerance. Although DCs are important for inducing both immunity and tolerance, increased autoimmunity associated with decreased DCs suggests their nonredundant role in tolerance induction. DC-mediated T cell immune tolerance is an active process that is influenced by genetic variants, environmental signals, as well as the nature of the specific DC subset presenting Ag to T cells. Answering the many open questions with regard to the role of DCs in immune tolerance could lead to the development of novel therapies for the prevention of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Audiger
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M Jubayer Rahman
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tae Jin Yun
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; and.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; .,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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28
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Sie C, Korn T. Dendritic cells in central nervous system autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:99-111. [PMID: 27888330 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) operate at the intersection of the innate and adaptive immune systems. DCs can promote or inhibit adaptive immune responses against neuroantigens. While DC intrinsic properties, i.e., their maturation state or the subset they belong to, are important determinants of the outcome of an autoimmune reaction, tissue-specific cues might also be relevant for the function of DCs. Thus, a better understanding of the performance of distinct DC subsets in specific anatomical niches, not only in lymphoid tissue but also in non-lymphoid tissues such as the meninges, the choroid plexus, and the inflamed CNS parenchyma, will be instrumental for the design of immune intervention strategies to chronic inflammatory diseases that do not put at risk basic surveillance functions of the immune system in the CNS. Here, we will review modern concepts of DC biology in steady state and during autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sie
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology and Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology and Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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29
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Zamora-Pineda J, Kumar A, Suh JH, Zhang M, Saba JD. Dendritic cell sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase regulates thymic egress. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2773-2791. [PMID: 27810923 PMCID: PMC5110016 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Saba and collaborators show that dendritic cells generate the thymic sphingosine-1-phosphate gradient and regulate T cell egress. T cell egress from the thymus is essential for adaptive immunity and involves chemotaxis along a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) gradient. Pericytes at the corticomedullary junction produce the S1P egress signal, whereas thymic parenchymal S1P levels are kept low through S1P lyase (SPL)–mediated metabolism. Although SPL is robustly expressed in thymic epithelial cells (TECs), in this study, we show that deleting SPL in CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), rather than TECs or other stromal cells, disrupts the S1P gradient, preventing egress. Adoptive transfer of peripheral wild-type DCs rescued the egress phenotype of DC-specific SPL knockout mice. These studies identify DCs as metabolic gatekeepers of thymic egress. Combined with their role as mediators of central tolerance, DCs are thus poised to provide homeostatic regulation of thymic export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Zamora-Pineda
- Center for Cancer Research, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Center for Cancer Research, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Jung H Suh
- Center for Cancer Research, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Meng Zhang
- Center for Cancer Research, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Julie D Saba
- Center for Cancer Research, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609
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30
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Kroger CJ, Wang B, Tisch R. Temporal increase in thymocyte negative selection parallels enhanced thymic SIRPα + DC function. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2352-2362. [PMID: 27501268 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of negative selection contributes to T-cell-mediated autoimmunity, such as type 1 diabetes. The events regulating thymic negative selection, however, are ill defined. Work by our group and others suggest that negative selection is inefficient early in ontogeny and increases with age. This study examines temporal changes in negative selection and the thymic DC compartment. Peptide-induced thymocyte deletion in vivo was reduced in newborn versus 4-week-old NOD mice, despite a similar sensitivity of the respective thymocytes to apoptosis induction. The temporal increase in negative selection corresponded with an elevated capacity of thymic antigen-presenting cells to stimulate T cells, along with altered subset composition and function of resident DC. The frequency of signal regulatory protein α+ (SIRPα+ ) and plasmacytoid DCs was increased concomitant with a decrease in CD8α+ DC in 4-week-old NOD thymi. Importantly, 4-week-old versus newborn thymic SIRPα+ DC exhibited increased antigen processing and presentation via the MHC class II but not class I pathway, coupled with an enhanced T-cell stimulatory capacity not seen in thymic plasmacytoid DC and CD8α+ DC. These findings indicate that the efficiency of thymic DC-mediated negative selection is limited early after birth, and increases with age paralleling expansion of functionally superior thymic SIRPα+ DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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31
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Perry JSA, Hsieh CS. Development of T-cell tolerance utilizes both cell-autonomous and cooperative presentation of self-antigen. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:141-55. [PMID: 27088912 PMCID: PMC4837647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of T-cell self-tolerance in the thymus is important for establishing immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Here, we review the components of T-cell tolerance, which includes T-cell receptor (TCR) self-reactivity, costimulation, cytokines, and antigen presentation by a variety of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) subsets. We discuss the current evidence on the process of regulatory T (Treg) cell and negative selection and the importance of TCR signaling. We then examine recent evidence showing unique roles for bone marrow (BM)-derived APCs and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) on the conventional and Treg TCR repertoire, as well as emerging data on the role of B cells in tolerance. Finally, we review the accumulating data that suggest that cooperative antigen presentation is a prominent component of T -ell tolerance. With the development of tools to interrogate the function of individual APC subsets in the medulla, we have gained greater understanding of the complex cellular and molecular events that determine T-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S A Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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32
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Nitta T, Suzuki H. Thymic stromal cell subsets for T cell development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1021-37. [PMID: 26825337 PMCID: PMC11108406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thymus provides a specialized microenvironment in which a variety of stromal cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin regulate development and repertoire selection of T cells. Recent studies have been unraveling the inter- and intracellular signals and transcriptional networks for spatiotemporal regulation of development of thymic stromal cells, mainly thymic epithelial cells (TECs), and the molecular mechanisms of how different TEC subsets control T cell development and selection. TECs are classified into two functionally different subsets: cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs). cTECs induce positive selection of diverse and functionally distinct T cells by virtue of unique antigen-processing systems, while mTECs are essential for establishing T cell tolerance via ectopic expression of peripheral tissue-restricted antigens and cooperation with dendritic cells. In addition to reviewing the role of the thymic stroma in conventional T cell development, we will discuss recently discovered novel functions of TECs in the development of unconventional T cells, such as natural killer T cells and γδT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nitta
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan.
| | - Harumi Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan.
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33
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Talaber G, Jondal M, Okret S. Local glucocorticoid production in the thymus. Steroids 2015; 103:58-63. [PMID: 26102271 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Besides generating immunocompetent T lymphocytes, the thymus is an established site of de novo extra-adrenal glucocorticoid (GC) production. Among the compartments of the thymus, both stromal thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and thymocytes secrete biologically active GCs. Locally produced GCs secreted by the various thymic cellular compartments have been suggested to have different impact on thymic homeostasis. TEC-derived GCs may regulate thymocyte differentiation whereas thymocyte-derived GCs might regulate age-dependent involution. However the full biological significance of thymic-derived GCs is still not fully understood. In this review, we summarize and describe recent advances in the understanding of local GC production in the thymus and immunoregulatory steroid production by peripheral T cells and highlight the possible role of local GCs for thymus function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Talaber
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Jondal
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sam Okret
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
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Hu Z, Lancaster JN, Ehrlich LIR. The Contribution of Chemokines and Migration to the Induction of Central Tolerance in the Thymus. Front Immunol 2015; 6:398. [PMID: 26300884 PMCID: PMC4528182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As T cells develop, they migrate throughout the thymus where they undergo essential bi-directional signaling with stromal cells in distinct thymic microenvironments. Immature thymocyte progenitors are located in the thymic cortex. Following T cell receptor expression and positive selection, thymocytes undergo a dramatic transition: they become rapidly motile and relocate to the thymic medulla. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the cortex and medulla display peptides derived from a wide array of self-proteins, which promote thymocyte self-tolerance. If a thymocyte is auto-reactive against such antigens, it undergoes either negative selection, via apoptosis, or differentiation into the regulatory T cell lineage. This induction of central tolerance is critical for prevention of autoimmunity. Chemokines and adhesion molecules play an essential role in tolerance induction, as they promote migration of developing thymocytes through the different thymic microenvironments and enhance interactions with APCs displaying self-antigens. Herein, we review the contribution of chemokines and other regulators of thymocyte localization and motility to T cell development, with a focus on their contribution to the induction of central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Hu
- Ehrlich Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX , USA
| | - Jessica Naomi Lancaster
- Ehrlich Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX , USA
| | - Lauren I R Ehrlich
- Ehrlich Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX , USA
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Martínez VG, Canseco NM, Hidalgo L, Valencia J, Entrena A, Fernández-Sevilla LM, Hernández-López C, Sacedón R, Vicente A, Varas A. A discrete population of IFN λ-expressing BDCA3hi dendritic cells is present in human thymus. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:673-8. [PMID: 25753268 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human thymus contains two major subpopulations of dendritic cells (DCs), conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), which are mainly involved in central tolerance and also in protecting the thymus against infections. In blood and peripheral organs cDCs include the subpopulation of BDCA3(hi) DCs, considered as equivalents to mouse CD8α(+) DCs. In this study we describe in human thymus the presence of a discrete population of BDCA3(hi) DCs that, like their peripheral counterparts, express CD13, low-intermediate levels of CD11c, CLEC9A, high levels of XCR1, IRF8 and TLR3, and mostly lack the expression of CD11b, CD14 and TLR7. Thymic BDCA3(hi) DCs display immature features with a low expression of costimulatory molecules and HLA-DR, and a low allostimulatory capacity. Also, BDCA3(hi) DCs exhibit a strong response to TLR3 stimulation, producing high levels of interferon (IFN)-λ1 and CXCL10, which indicates that, similarly to thymic pDCs, BDCA3(hi) DCs can have an important role in thymus protection against viral infections.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Apoptosis
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL10/analysis
- Child, Preschool
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/chemistry
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Interferons
- Interleukins/analysis
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/analysis
- Receptors, Mitogen/analysis
- Thrombomodulin
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor G Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia M Canseco
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaris Valencia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Entrena
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa Sacedón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Vicente
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Varas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Lopes N, Sergé A, Ferrier P, Irla M. Thymic Crosstalk Coordinates Medulla Organization and T-Cell Tolerance Induction. Front Immunol 2015; 6:365. [PMID: 26257733 PMCID: PMC4507079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus ensures the generation of a functional and highly diverse T-cell repertoire. The thymic medulla, which is mainly composed of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and dendritic cells (DCs), provides a specialized microenvironment dedicated to the establishment of T-cell tolerance. mTECs play a privileged role in this pivotal process by their unique capacity to express a broad range of peripheral self-antigens that are presented to developing T cells. Reciprocally, developing T cells control mTEC differentiation and organization. These bidirectional interactions are commonly referred to as thymic crosstalk. This review focuses on the relative contributions of mTEC and DC subsets to the deletion of autoreactive T cells and the generation of natural regulatory T cells. We also summarize current knowledge regarding how hematopoietic cells conversely control the composition and complex three-dimensional organization of the thymic medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlla Lopes
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2 , Marseille , France
| | - Arnauld Sergé
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM105 , Marseille , France
| | - Pierre Ferrier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2 , Marseille , France
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2 , Marseille , France
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Seki T, Yamamoto M, Taguchi Y, Miyauchi M, Akiyama N, Yamaguchi N, Gohda J, Akiyama T, Inoue JI. Visualization of RelB expression and activation at the single-cell level during dendritic cell maturation in Relb-Venus knock-in mice. J Biochem 2015; 158:485-95. [PMID: 26115685 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RelB is activated by the non-canonical NF-κB pathway, which is crucial for immunity by establishing lymphoid organogenesis and B-cell and dendritic cell (DC) maturation. To elucidate the mechanism of the RelB-mediated immune cell maturation, a precise understanding of the relationship between cell maturation and RelB expression and activation at the single-cell level is required. Therefore, we generated knock-in mice expressing a fusion protein between RelB and fluorescent protein (RelB-Venus) from the Relb locus. The Relb(Venus/Venus) mice developed without any abnormalities observed in the Relb(-/-) mice, allowing us to monitor RelB-Venus expression and nuclear localization as RelB expression and activation. Relb(Venus/Venus) DC analyses revealed that DCs consist of RelB(-), RelB(low) and RelB(high) populations. The RelB(high) population, which included mature DCs with projections, displayed RelB nuclear localization, whereas RelB in the RelB(low) population was in the cytoplasm. Although both the RelB(low) and RelB(-) populations barely showed projections, MHC II and co-stimulatory molecule expression were higher in the RelB(low) than in the RelB(-) splenic conventional DCs. Taken together, our results identify the RelB(low) population as a possible novel intermediate maturation stage of cDCs and the Relb(Venus/Venus) mice as a useful tool to analyse the dynamic regulation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Seki
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mami Yamamoto
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuu Taguchi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Maki Miyauchi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nobuko Akiyama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Noritaka Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; and
| | - Jin Gohda
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Inoue
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
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Oh J, Shin JS. The Role of Dendritic Cells in Central Tolerance. Immune Netw 2015; 15:111-20. [PMID: 26140042 PMCID: PMC4486773 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.3.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a significant role in establishing self-tolerance through their ability to present self-antigens to developing T cells in the thymus. DCs are predominantly localized in the medullary region of thymus and present a broad range of self-antigens, which include tissue-restricted antigens expressed and transferred from medullary thymic epithelial cells, circulating antigens directly captured by thymic DCs through coticomedullary junction blood vessels, and peripheral tissue antigens captured and transported by peripheral tissue DCs homing to the thymus. When antigen-presenting DCs make a high affinity interaction with antigen-specific thymocytes, this interaction drives the interacting thymocytes to death, a process often referred to as negative selection, which fundamentally blocks the self-reactive thymocytes from differentiating into mature T cells. Alternatively, the interacting thymocytes differentiate into the regulatory T (Treg) cells, a distinct T cell subset with potent immune suppressive activities. The specific mechanisms by which thymic DCs differentiate Treg cells have been proposed by several laboratories. Here, we review the literatures that elucidate the contribution of thymic DCs to negative selection and Treg cell differentiation, and discusses its potential mechanisms and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehak Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Yamano T, Nedjic J, Hinterberger M, Steinert M, Koser S, Pinto S, Gerdes N, Lutgens E, Ishimaru N, Busslinger M, Brors B, Kyewski B, Klein L. Thymic B Cells Are Licensed to Present Self Antigens for Central T Cell Tolerance Induction. Immunity 2015; 42:1048-61. [PMID: 26070482 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) use distinct strategies of self-antigen expression and presentation to mediate central tolerance. The thymus also harbors B cells; whether they also display unique tolerogenic features and how they genealogically relate to peripheral B cells is unclear. Here, we found that Aire is expressed in thymic but not peripheral B cells. Aire expression in thymic B cells coincided with major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) and CD80 upregulation and immunoglobulin class-switching. These features were recapitulated upon immigration of naive peripheral B cells into the thymus, whereby this intrathymic licensing required CD40 signaling in the context of cognate interactions with autoreactive CD4(+) thymocytes. Moreover, a licensing-dependent neo-antigen selectively upregulated in immigrating B cells mediated negative selection through direct presentation. Thus, autoreactivity within the nascent T cell repertoire fuels a feed forward loop that endows thymic B cells with tolerogenic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Yamano
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestrasse 31, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jelena Nedjic
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestrasse 31, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Hinterberger
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestrasse 31, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Madlen Steinert
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestrasse 31, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Koser
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sheena Pinto
- Division of Developmental Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Kyewski
- Division of Developmental Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestrasse 31, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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40
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Inhibins tune the thymocyte selection process by regulating thymic stromal cell differentiation. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:837859. [PMID: 25973437 PMCID: PMC4418002 DOI: 10.1155/2015/837859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibins and Activins are members of the TGF-β superfamily that regulate the differentiation of several cell types. These ligands were initially identified as hormones that regulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis; however, increasing evidence has demonstrated that they are key regulators in the immune system. We have previously demonstrated that Inhibins are the main Activin ligands expressed in the murine thymus and that they regulate thymocyte differentiation, promoting the DN3-DN4 transition and the selection of SP thymocytes. As Inhibins are mainly produced by thymic stromal cells, which also express Activin receptors and Smad proteins, we hypothesized that Inhibins might play a role in stromal cell differentiation and function. Here, we demonstrate that, in the absence of Inhibins, thymic conventional dendritic cells display reduced levels of MHC Class II (MHCII) and CD86. In addition, the ratio between cTECs and mTECs was affected, indicating that mTEC differentiation was favoured and cTEC diminished in the absence of Inhibins. These changes appeared to impact thymocyte selection leading to a decreased selection of CD4SP thymocytes and increased generation of natural regulatory T cells. These findings demonstrate that Inhibins tune the T cell selection process by regulating both thymocyte and stromal cell differentiation.
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41
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The development and function of thymic B cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2657-63. [PMID: 25837998 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thymic B cells are a unique population of B lymphocytes that reside at the cortico-medullary junction of the thymus, an organ that is specialized for the development and selection of T cells. These B cells are distinct from peripheral B cells both in terms of their origin and phenotype. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that they develop within the thymus from B lineage-committed progenitors and are not recirculating peripheral B cells. Furthermore, thymic B cells have a highly activated phenotype. Because of their location in the thymic medulla, they have been thought to play a role in T cell negative selection. Thymic B cells are capable of inducing negative selection in a number of model antigen systems, including viral super antigen, peptides from immunoglobulin, and cognate self antigen presented by B cell receptor-mediated uptake. These findings establish thymic B cells as a novel and important population to study; however, much work remains to be done to understand how all of these unique aspects of thymic B cell biology inform their function.
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Talaber G, Tuckermann JP, Okret S. ACTH controls thymocyte homeostasis independent of glucocorticoids. FASEB J 2015; 29:2526-34. [PMID: 25733567 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for decades that lowering the circulating glucocorticoid (GC) concentration as in Addison's disease or after removing the adrenals results in thymus enlargement, largely due to thymocyte expansion. This has been attributed to the loss of the proapoptotic effects on thymocytes by adrenal GCs. Here, we test this concept and report that ACTH directly controls thymic growth post-adrenalectomy (ADX) independent of the proapoptotic effect of GCs. This was supported by the finding that ADX caused thymus enlargement and a 1.7-fold (P < 0.001) increase in thymocyte number in GR(LckCre) mice resistant to GC-induced thymocyte apoptosis, similar to the increase seen in wild-type mice (2.2-fold; P < 0.01). We show by immunostaining that melanocortin receptor subtype 2, which selectively binds ACTH, is partly expressed on the thymic epithelium. Furthermore, ACTH in comparison to vehicle induced a 2.0-fold (P < 0.01) increase in fetal thymic organ culture thymocyte numbers in vitro and enhanced 2.2-fold (P < 0.05) the expression of delta-like ligand 4, a factor that supports T-cell development. Additionally, adrenalectomized GR(LckCre) mice treated with ACTH under conditions that repressed endogenous ACTH secretion showed increased thymocyte cellularity (1.9-fold; P < 0.01) and splenic naive T-cell numbers (2.5-fold; P < 0.001) compared to when treated with PBS. Altogether, our results show that ACTH directly controls thymocyte homeostasis independent of GCs. These results revise the old paradigm behind compensatory thymus growth following ADX, now demonstrating that ACTH has a central role in regulating thymocyte expansion when systemic GC concentration is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Talaber
- *Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden; and Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Peter Tuckermann
- *Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden; and Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sam Okret
- *Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden; and Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Hou MS, Huang ST, Tsai MH, Yen CC, Lai YG, Liou YH, Lin CK, Liao NS. The interleukin-15 system suppresses T cell-mediated autoimmunity by regulating negative selection and nT(H)17 cell homeostasis in the thymus. J Autoimmun 2014; 56:118-29. [PMID: 25500198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-15 (IL-15) system is important for regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, however, its role in autoimmune disease remained unclear. Here we found that Il15(-/-) and Il15ra(-/-) mice spontaneously developed late-onset autoimmune phenotypes. CD4(+) T cells of the knockout mice showed elevated autoreactivity as demonstrated by the induction of lymphocyte infiltration in the lacrimal and salivary glands when transferred into nude mice. The antigen-presenting cells in the thymic medullary regions expressed IL-15 and IL-15Rα, whose deficiency resulted in insufficient negative selection and elevated number of natural IL-17A-producing CD4(+) thymocytes. These findings reveal previously unknown functions of the IL-15 system in thymocyte development, and thus a new layer of regulation in T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mau-Sheng Hou
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Huang
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Cheng Yen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yein-Gei Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yae-Huei Liou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kung Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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44
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Limited niche availability suppresses murine intrathymic dendritic-cell development from noncommitted progenitors. Blood 2014; 125:457-64. [PMID: 25411428 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-592667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The origins of dendritic cells (DCs) and other myeloid cells in the thymus have remained controversial. In this study, we assessed developmental relationships between thymic dendritic cells and thymocytes, employing retrovirus-based cellular barcoding and reporter mice, as well as intrathymic transfers coupled with DC depletion. We demonstrated that a subset of early T-lineage progenitors expressed CX3CR1, a bona fide marker for DC progenitors. However, intrathymic transfers into nonmanipulated mice, as well as retroviral barcoding, indicated that thymic dendritic cells and thymocytes were largely of distinct developmental origin. In contrast, intrathymic transfers after in vivo depletion of DCs resulted in intrathymic development of non-T-lineage cells. In conclusion, our data support a model in which the adoption of T-lineage fate by noncommitted progenitors at steady state is enforced by signals from the thymic microenvironment unless niches promoting alternative lineage fates become available.
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45
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Sawanobori Y, Ueta H, Dijkstra CD, Park CG, Satou M, Kitazawa Y, Matsuno K. Three distinct subsets of thymic epithelial cells in rats and mice defined by novel antibodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109995. [PMID: 25334032 PMCID: PMC4204869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are thought to play an essential role in T cell development and have been detected mainly in mice using lectin binding and antibodies to keratins. Our aim in the present study was to create a precise map of rat TECs using antibodies to putative markers and novel monoclonal antibodies (i.e., ED 18/19/21 and anti-CD205 antibodies) and compare it with a map from mouse counterparts and that of rat thymic dendritic cells. RESULTS Rat TECs were subdivided on the basis of phenotype into three subsets; ED18+ED19+/-keratin 5 (K5)+K8+CD205+ class II MHC (MHCII)+ cortical TECs (cTECs), ED18+ED21-K5-K8+Ulex europaeus lectin 1 (UEA-1)+CD205- medullary TECs (mTEC1s), and ED18+ED21+K5+K8dullUEA-1-CD205- medullary TECs (mTEC2s). Thymic nurse cells were defined in cytosmears as an ED18+ED19+/-K5+K8+ subset of cTECs. mTEC1s preferentially expressed MHCII, claudin-3, claudin-4, and autoimmune regulator (AIRE). Use of ED18 and ED21 antibodies revealed three subsets of TECs in mice as well. We also detected two distinct TEC-free areas in the subcapsular cortex and in the medulla. Rat dendritic cells in the cortex were MHCII+CD103+ but negative for TEC markers, including CD205. Those in the medulla were MHCII+CD103+ and CD205+ cells were found only in the TEC-free area. CONCLUSION Both rats and mice have three TEC subsets with similar phenotypes that can be identified using known markers and new monoclonal antibodies. These findings will facilitate further analysis of TEC subsets and DCs and help to define their roles in thymic selection and in pathological states such as autoimmune disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Claudin-3/immunology
- Claudin-3/metabolism
- Claudin-4/immunology
- Claudin-4/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Keratin-5/immunology
- Keratin-5/metabolism
- Keratin-8/immunology
- Keratin-8/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Phenotype
- Plant Lectins/immunology
- Plant Lectins/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Sawanobori
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiashi Ueta
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Christine D. Dijkstra
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Motoyasu Satou
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kitazawa
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Matsuno
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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46
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Cédile O, Løbner M, Toft-Hansen H, Frank I, Wlodarczyk A, Irla M, Owens T. Thymic CCL2 influences induction of T-cell tolerance. J Autoimmun 2014; 55:73-85. [PMID: 25129504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) and dendritic cells (DC) play a role in T cell development by controlling the selection of the T cell receptor repertoire. DC have been described to take up antigens in the periphery and migrate into the thymus where they mediate tolerance via deletion of autoreactive T cells, or by induction of natural regulatory T cells. Migration of DC to thymus is driven by chemokine receptors. CCL2, a major ligand for the chemokine receptor CCR2, is an inflammation-associated chemokine that induces the recruitment of immune cells in tissues. CCL2 and CCR2 are implicated in promoting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. We here show that CCL2 is constitutively expressed by endothelial cells and TEC in the thymus. Transgenic mice overexpressing CCL2 in the thymus showed an increased number of thymic plasmacytoid DC and pronounced impairment of T cell development. Consequently, CCL2 transgenic mice were resistant to EAE. These findings demonstrate that expression of CCL2 in thymus regulates DC homeostasis and controls development of autoreactive T cells, thus preventing development of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cédile
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - M Løbner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - H Toft-Hansen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - I Frank
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - A Wlodarczyk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - M Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy - CIML, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7280 and Aix Marseille Université, UM2, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - T Owens
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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47
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Abstract
Classical dendritic cells (cDCs) form a critical interface between innate and adaptive immunity. As myeloid immune cell sentinels, cDCs are specialized in the sensing of pathogen challenges and cancer. They translate the latter for T cells into peptide form. Moreover, cDCs provide additional critical information on the original antigen context to trigger a diverse spectrum of appropriate protective responses. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of cDC subsets in mice. We will discuss cDC subset ontogeny and transcription factor dependencies, as well as emerging functional specializations within the cDC compartment in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mildner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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48
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Li H, Hsu HC, Wu Q, Yang P, Li J, Luo B, Oukka M, Steele CH, Cua DJ, Grizzle WE, Mountz JD. IL-23 promotes TCR-mediated negative selection of thymocytes through the upregulation of IL-23 receptor and RORγt. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4259. [PMID: 25001511 PMCID: PMC4136447 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient thymic involution is frequently found during inflammation, yet the mode of action of inflammatory cytokines is not well defined. Here we report that interleukin-23 (IL-23) production by the thymic dendritic cells (DCs) promotes apoptosis of the CD4hiCD8hi double positive (DP) thymocytes. A deficiency in IL-23 signaling interferes with negative selection in the male Db/H-Y T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice. IL-23 plus TCR signaling results in significant up-regulation of IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) expressed predominantly on CD4hiCD8hiCD3+αβTCR+ DP thymocytes, and leads to RORγt dependent apoptosis. These results extend the action of IL-23 beyond its peripheral effects to a unique role in TCR mediated negative selection including elimination of natural T regulatory cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- 1] Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA [2] Department Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - PingAr Yang
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Bao Luo
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Mohamed Oukka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Claude H Steele
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - William E Grizzle
- Clinical Pathology & Anatomic Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - John D Mountz
- 1] Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA [2] Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
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49
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Spidale NA, Wang B, Tisch R. Cutting edge: Antigen-specific thymocyte feedback regulates homeostatic thymic conventional dendritic cell maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:21-5. [PMID: 24890722 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thymic dendritic cells (DC) mediate self-tolerance by presenting self-peptides to and depleting autoreactive thymocytes. Despite a significant role in negative selection, the events regulating thymic DC maturation and function under steady-state conditions are poorly understood. We report that cross-talk with thymocytes regulates thymic conventional DC (cDC) numbers, phenotype, and function. In mice lacking TCR-expressing thymocytes, thymic cDC were reduced and exhibited a less mature phenotype. Furthermore, thymic cDC in TCR-transgenic mice lacking cognate Ag expression in the thymus were also immature; notably, however, thymic cDC maturation was re-established by an Ag-specific cognate interaction with CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive thymocytes (SP). Blockade of CD40L during Ag-specific interactions with CD4 SP, but not CD8 SP, limited the effect on cDC maturation. Together, these novel findings demonstrate that homeostatic maturation and function of thymic cDC are regulated by feedback delivered by CD4 SP and CD8 SP via distinct mechanisms during a cognate Ag-specific interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Spidale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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50
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Klein L, Kyewski B, Allen PM, Hogquist KA. Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don't see). Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:377-91. [PMID: 24830344 PMCID: PMC4757912 DOI: 10.1038/nri3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fate of developing T cells is specified by the interaction of their antigen receptors with self-peptide-MHC complexes that are displayed by thymic antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Various subsets of thymic APCs are strategically positioned in particular thymic microenvironments and they coordinate the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. In this Review, we discuss the different strategies that these APCs use to sample and process self antigens and to thereby generate partly unique, 'idiosyncratic' peptide-MHC ligandomes. We discuss how the particular composition of the peptide-MHC ligandomes that are presented by specific APC subsets not only shapes the T cell repertoire in the thymus but may also indelibly imprint the behaviour of mature T cells in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Klein
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Kyewski
- Division of Developmental Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
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