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Hong L, Xu H, Zheng J, Lin X, Wang L, Zhao C, Tu X, Zhang J, Zhao K, Zhang G. Latent Profiles and Transitions of Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese College Students: The Predictive Roles of Anxiety, Depression, Problematic Smartphone Use and Self-Control. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:801-811. [PMID: 38911318 PMCID: PMC11192292 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s462055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bedtime procrastination (BP) has become an important factor affecting individual well-being. This study aimed to assess the stability and changes in BP and examine risk and protective factors. Methods The study recruited 1423 respondents. Latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of BP and latent transition analysis to determine transition probabilities for each subgroup. Logistic regression examined associations between identified classes and related factors. Results Three subgroups of BP were identified. In terms of stability and changes, the moderate bedtime procrastination group showed the highest stability (66%), followed by the severe bedtime procrastination group (62.4%), and the mild bedtime procrastination group had a 52% probability of switching to moderate bedtime procrastination. In terms of influencing factors, more problematic phone use (PSU) (OR: 1.08; 95% CI = 1.05-1.12), more depression (OR: 1.17; 95% CI = 1.06-1.29) and anxiety (OR: 1.16; 95% CI = 1.05-1.28) are all factors that aggravate the transition from mild to moderate sleep procrastination. Similarly, PSU (OR: 1.15; 95% CI = 1.12-1.19), anxiety (OR: 1.10; 95% CI = 1.06-1.14), and depression (OR: 1.10; 95% CI = 1.06-1.14) increased the risk of severe bedtime procrastination. Self-control emerged as a protective factor against BP. Conclusion This study identified three subgroups of BP at two time points and the rule of transition for each subgroup. Our findings indicate that BP were relatively stable, with some changes over time. The results also highlight the important function that PSU, depression, anxiety, and self-control can play in preventing and intervening in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hong
- Lishui Second People’s Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Xu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiujian Lin
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengjia Zhao
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Tu
- School of Renji, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Lishui Second People’s Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
- Institute Of Aging, Key Laboratory Of Alzheimer’s Disease Of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
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Krishnan A, Chew PKH. Impact of Social Media Addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder on Sleep Quality: Serial Mediation Analyses. Psychiatr Q 2024; 95:185-202. [PMID: 38512552 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-024-10068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Poor sleep quality is a concerning and prevalent consequence of social media addiction (SMA) and internet gaming disorder (IGD). Due to the lack of research examining how SMA and IGD lead to poor sleep quality, the current study aimed to understand the relationship between SMA and sleep quality, as well as that between IGD and sleep quality, through impulse control and bedtime procrastination. The study tested the hypotheses that higher levels of SMA and IGD would predict lower levels of impulse control, which would then predict higher levels of bedtime procrastination, leading to poorer sleep quality. A serial mediation analysis was performed with a sample of 221 participants (63.3% females, 34.4% males, and 2.3% prefer not to say) aged 18 to 53 years (M = 23.64, SD = 5.72). Participants completed questionnaires that assessed for social media addiction, internet gaming disorder, impulse control factor, bedtime procrastination, and sleep quality. There was a full serial mediation of impulse control and bedtime procrastination in the relationship between SMA and sleep quality, as well as that between IGD and sleep quality, providing support for the hypotheses. The findings provide the knowledge needed to develop and implement strategies that target impulse control issues and reduce bedtime procrastination to improve sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Krishnan
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore, 387380, Singapore.
- Department of Psychology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Peter K H Chew
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore, 387380, Singapore
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3
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Schmidt LI, Baetzner AS, Dreisbusch MI, Mertens A, Sieverding M. Postponing sleep after a stressful day: Patterns of stress, bedtime procrastination, and sleep outcomes in a daily diary approach. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3330. [PMID: 37846558 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep problems and stress are common among students and are associated with negative effects on academic performance as well as mental and physical health risks, but studies exploring mediating factors between stress and sleep on a daily basis are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of daily stress, Bedtime procrastination (BP) (i.e., postponing bedtime without external reasons), and sleep outcomes controlling for trait factors such as self-control. N = 96 students at a German university (M = 22.2 years, SD = 4.0) wore a sleep-tracking wearable (Fitbit Charge HR) for two weeks to assess sleep duration and to calculate the gap between the intended time to go to sleep and the objectively measured time of falling asleep. Stress, intended time to go to sleep, and sleep quality were assessed via daily diaries. Established questionnaires were used to measure trait self-control, trait BP, and smartphone addiction. Multilevel analyses indicated that more stress experienced during the day was associated with more BP (b = 2.32, p = 0.008), shorter sleep duration (b = -3.46, p = 0.003), and lower sleep quality (b = 1.03, p = 0.005) after controlling for several trait factors. The association of daily stress with sleep outcomes (quality and duration) was partly mediated by BP. Our findings indicate that BP might be one factor that contributes to stress-linked decreases in sleep duration and quality. Potential reasons for stress-related later time to fall asleep-like higher physiological arousal or stress-related worries-should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anke S Baetzner
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina I Dreisbusch
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Alica Mertens
- School of Social Science, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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4
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Bauducco S, Pillion M, Bartel K, Reynolds C, Kahn M, Gradisar M. A bidirectional model of sleep and technology use: A theoretical review of How much, for whom, and which mechanisms. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 76:101933. [PMID: 38657359 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The link between technology and sleep is more complex than originally thought. In this updated theoretical review, we propose a new model informed by the growing body of evidence in the area over the past 10 years. The main theoretical change is the addition of bi-directional links between the use of technology and sleep problems. We begin by reviewing the evidence to date for the originally proposed mechanisms of bright light, arousal, nighttime sleep disruptions, and sleep displacement. Then, in support of the new direction of effect (sleep problems preceding technology use), we propose two new mechanisms: technology before sleep might be used as a time filler and/or as an emotional regulation strategy to facilitate the sleep-onset process. Finally, we present potential moderators of the association between technology and sleep, in recognition of protective and vulnerability factors that may mitigate or exacerbate the effects of technology on sleep and vice versa. The goal of this theoretical review is to update the field, guide future public health messages, and to prompt new research into how much technology and sleep affect each other, for whom it may be problematic, and which mechanisms may explain their association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bauducco
- Örebro University, School of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, Sweden; Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Australia.
| | - Meg Pillion
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Australia
| | - Kate Bartel
- WINK Sleep Pty Ltd, Adelaide, Australia; Riverland Academy of Clinical Excellence, Riverland Mallee Coorong Local Health Network, Australia; Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Australia
| | - Chelsea Reynolds
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Australia; WINK Sleep Pty Ltd, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michal Kahn
- Tel Aviv University, School of Psychological Sciences, Israel
| | - Michael Gradisar
- WINK Sleep Pty Ltd, Adelaide, Australia; Sleep Cycle AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Miyagawa S, Sato T, Maeda S. Demographic predictors of bedtime procrastination in the Japanese population. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2024; 22:199-206. [PMID: 38524171 PMCID: PMC10959875 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-023-00508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Bedtime procrastination (BP) is prevalent and problematic, with no previous study conducted in Japan. This study developed the Japanese version of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), assessed its validity, and investigated the relationship between BP, demographic features, and sleep outcomes. Participants were divided into two samples (N = 252 and N = 630). Sample 1 involved a longitudinal study to confirm test-retest reliability of the BPS. Sample 2 involved a cross-sectional study to assess confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity, construct validity, and determine the internal consistency of the BPS. The relationship between BP and demographic features (gender, age, and employment status) and sleep outcomes (Athens Insomnia Scale, sleep hours, sleep onset latency, and sleep efficiency) was investigated using Sample 2. The BPS showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficients = .90-91), test-retest reliability (ICC = .86), and one factor model was valid; CFI = .95, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .10, and SRMR = .04. The BPS had a moderate positive association with general procrastination, moderate negative associations with self-control, sleep quality, and sleep duration on weekdays, and those who answered "yes" to the item "Do you have trouble with bedtime procrastination?" had higher BPS scores. BPS scores were moderately higher for younger participants (≤ 40 years), slightly higher for females, and non-significantly different between employment statuses. The BPS showed a significant positive correlation with insomnia symptoms, weak positive association with sleep efficiency on weekdays and holidays, and no significant association with sleep onset latencies on holidays and weekdays. This study provides new data on demographic predictors of BP in Japan. No clear effects of gender and employment status were found, but age was a strong predictor of BP, where younger age groups had a higher BP risk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41105-023-00508-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shion Miyagawa
- Graduate School of Education, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sato
- Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shunta Maeda
- Graduate School of Education, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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6
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Zhao C, He J, Xu H, Zhang J, Zhang G, Yu G. Are "night owls" or "morning larks" more likely to delay sleep due to problematic smartphone use? a cross-lagged study among undergraduates. Addict Behav 2024; 150:107906. [PMID: 37984222 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is an important physiological process, but staying up late has become a worldwide problem, particularly among university students. Sleep procrastination has been found to associated with sleep biorhythms and problematic smartphone use ("PSU") in previous studies. This two-wave study examines the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between PSU and sleep procrastination, together with the moderating role of sleep biorhythms. Participants comprised 1,423 Chinese university students. The results revealed that PSU and sleep procrastination are reciprocally related. Additionally, sleep biorhythms moderated this relationship, as PSU at T1 significantly predicted sleep procrastination at T2 for the morning larks group but not the night owls group. Accordingly, both PSU and sleep biorhythms should be considered when developing interventions for sleep procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjia Zhao
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Jiankang He
- Department of Psychology, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Huihui Xu
- Department of Psychology, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guoliang Yu
- Institute of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
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7
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Hill VM, Ferguson SA, Vincent GE, Rebar AL. 'It's satisfying but destructive': A qualitative study on the experience of bedtime procrastination in new career starters. Br J Health Psychol 2024; 29:185-203. [PMID: 37787021 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bedtime procrastination, the volitional delay of going to bed without any external circumstances causing the delay, is linked to multiple indicators of inadequate sleep. Intervening to reduce bedtime procrastination may be an important avenue to improve sleep outcomes, yet the phenomenon remains poorly understood in populations at risk for bedtime procrastination. New career starters, those who have graduated from tertiary education and started a new full-time job within the past 12 months, may be susceptible to problematic bedtime procrastination and are at an opportune time for a 'fresh start' to change behaviour. AIMS The objectives of this study were to understand how bedtime procrastination is experienced and perceived by new career starters, to identify the enablers and barriers to behaviour change in new career starters and to explore themes for future interventions. MATERIALS & METHODS Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 28 participants. RESULTS Inductive thematic analysis was used to find seven themes: (1) negative feelings before and during bedtime procrastination; (2) wanting to versus knowing I shouldn't; (3) difficulty falling asleep; (4) influence of automatic processes; (5) consequences of bedtime procrastination; (6) lack of self-control and (7) technology captures late-night attention. Participants emphasised the need for me-time, self-negotiation to continue procrastinating and knowledge of the value of sleep. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Findings suggest that bedtime procrastination involves both reflective and automatic cognitive processes. Future interventions would benefit from a dual-process approach, using cognitive and behavioural techniques to reduce bedtime procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hill
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Grace E Vincent
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda L Rebar
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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8
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Hill VM, Ferguson SA, Vincent GE, Rebar AL. Beyond circadian timing: A new model of bedtime procrastination. Sleep Health 2024; 10:5-6. [PMID: 37989627 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hill
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Grace E Vincent
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda L Rebar
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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9
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Rapoport O, Ruppenthal L, Möcklinghoff S, Merz S, Neidhardt E. When the night is too short. Bedtime procrastination, self-compassion, and sleep in a daily diary study. Psychol Health 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38204380 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2297794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since sleep is an important part of life and too little sleep can lead to disastrous consequences, it is important to look at the factors that may disturb healthy sleep. While procrastination and in particular bedtime procrastination is such a disruptive factor, self-compassion on the other side might be a protective factor. METHODS For this reason, in this study, we took a closer look at the interplay between bedtime procrastination, self-compassion, as well as at the actual sleep outcomes in a longitudinal diary study over 1 week. Our assumption was that bedtime procrastination has a negative impact on sleep outcomes, yet self-compassion could be a protective factor buffering this influence. To enable comparability with a previous study, analyses of variance were carried out. RESULTS Utilizing frequentist and Bayesian analyses, we found a consistent negative influence of bedtime procrastination and a positive influence of self-compassion on almost all sleep outcomes. While self-compassion did not entirely mitigate the effect of bedtime procrastination on sleep, its positive impact on sleep outcomes was evident. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the significance of self-compassion and procrastination in relation to actual sleep behaviour, adding to the existing body of literature on sleep research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rapoport
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Lisa Ruppenthal
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Simon Merz
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Eva Neidhardt
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
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10
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Chen S, Liao J, Wang X, Wei M, Liu Y. Bidirectional relations between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination among Chinese university students: Self-control as a mediator. Sleep Med 2023; 112:53-62. [PMID: 37806036 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on theoretical and empirical evidence, this study examined the longitudinal relationship between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination and the potential mediating role of self-control. METHODS Between November 2021 and November 2022, a three waves longitudinal design was employed. Wave 1 included 622 Chinese college students (46.95% male, Mage = 18.16, SD = 0.73), with 6-month intervals between waves. The data was collected using self-report assessments. RESULTS The results of the cross-lagged panel models show that problematic smartphone use positively predicted later bedtime procrastination, and the bedtime procrastination also positively predicted later problematic smartphone use among college students. More importantly, self-control played a mediating role in their bidirectional predictive relationship. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the understanding of the causal relationship between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination and reveal the core psychological mechanisms underlying their vicious cycle, with important practical implications for the prevention and intervention of problematic smartphone use and sleep problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jinqian Liao
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mingchen Wei
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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11
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Carlson SE, Baron KG, Johnson KT, Williams PG. The thief of (bed)time: Examination of the daily associations between bedtime procrastination and multidimensional sleep health. Sleep Health 2023; 9:903-909. [PMID: 37704562 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sleep insufficiency is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Bedtime procrastination, or the needless and voluntary delay in sleep, is a sleep-related behavior which may interfere with sleep health. The objective of this study is to comprehensively examine the daily associations among bedtime procrastination and measures of sleep regularity, satisfaction, timing, efficiency, and duration. METHODS Two hundred and eighty young adult participants (79% female; Mage=24.4) completed daily sleep diaries and measures of bedtime procrastination and sleep restoration over 14days, in addition to measures of chronotype. Multilevel models were constructed to examine the associations between bedtime procrastination and sleep health. RESULTS Greater bedtime procrastination was associated with poorer sleep health, including poorer self-reported sleep restoration, later sleep timing, less efficient sleep, and shorter sleep duration. These associations were significant at both within- and between-person levels, and persisted after statistically adjusting for individuals' chronotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study offers bedtime procrastination as a putative mechanism for poor sleep health and finds that the associated risk of poor sleep from bedtime procrastination is independent of chronotype. Results presented here suggest that bedtime procrastination may be a relevant behavior in the development or maintenance of sleep and sleep-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Carlson
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | - Kelly Glazer Baron
- Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Paula G Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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12
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Rehman S, Rehman E, Liu B. Potential Correlation Between Self-Compassion and Bedtime Procrastination: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4709-4723. [PMID: 38024655 PMCID: PMC10679926 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s431922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present research aims to investigate the potential correlations between self-compassion and bedtime procrastination, a significant behavior related to sleep. In this research, we put forward the hypothesis that a reduction in negative affect and the implementation of adaptative emotion regulation strategies can elucidate the established connections between self-compassion and a decreased tendency for bedtime procrastination. Methods Two cross-sectional online surveys (Survey I: n=241 and Survey II: n=546) were carried out via a convenient sampling method. Prior to their inclusion, all participants underwent a thorough assessment to confirm no evidence of clinical insomnia. The study participants in both survey investigations were asked to complete various psychometric assessments, including self-compassion, positive and negative affect, and bedtime procrastination; however, the study participants in Survey II additionally underwent the administration of a cognitive reappraisal assessment. Results In Survey I, a multiple mediation analysis was conducted to examine the mediating effects of self-compassion on reducing bedtime procrastination through a reduction in negative affect. The results supported the hypothesized relationships, indicating that self-compassion had the expected mediated effects by mitigating negative affective states. However, contrary to expectations, higher positive affect did not mediate the relationship between self-compassion and reduced bedtime procrastination. The findings of Survey II were confirmed through the utilization of path analysis. Moreover, this analysis provided additional evidence to suggest that the mechanism of cognitive reappraisal could account for the observed decrease in negative affect associated with self-compassion. The present study found a notable and sustained impact of self-compassion on reducing instances of delaying bedtime activities. Conclusion The present research contributes novel empirical evidence suggesting a negative association between self-compassion and the propensity to engage in bedtime procrastination. This relationship can be attributed partly to the implementation of an adaptative emotion regulation mechanism that effectively alleviates negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rehman
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erum Rehman
- Department of Mathematics, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Bangshan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Tong X, Gao MM, Zhang L, Song JG, Feng Y, Tao Y, Zhu LJ, Wen LY, Jin YL, Chang WW. Chronotypes and their association with sleep quality among Chinese college students of Anhui Province: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e076782. [PMID: 37984950 PMCID: PMC10660650 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence of chronotype and sleep quality among Chinese college students and explore the relationship between chronotype and sleep quality. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING Four colleges and universities in Anhui, China, between November and December 2020. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4768 college students were recruited using a stratified, multistage, cluster sampling survey. OUTCOME MEASURES Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire 19 was used to determine the chronotype of the students and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to measure their sleep quality. The multiple logistic regression model was used to explore the potential association between chronotype and sleep quality. RESULTS The self-reported proportions of evening-type (E-type), neutral-type and morning-type among college students were 51.17%, 45.14% and 3.69%, respectively. The mean PSQI score was 4.97±2.82 and the prevalence of poor sleep quality was 18.2%. After adjusting the covariates by multiple logistic regression analysis, E-type was positively associated with subjective sleep quality (OR=1.671, 95% CI 1.414 to 1.975), sleep latency (OR=1.436, 95% CI 1.252 to 1.647), sleep duration (OR=2.149, 95% CI 1.506 to 3.067), habitual sleep efficiency (OR=1.702, 95% CI 1.329 to 2.180), daytime dysfunction (OR=1.602, 95% CI 1.412 to 1.818) and overall poor sleep quality (OR=1.866, 95% CI 1.586 to 2.196). CONCLUSIONS College students mainly exhibited E-type, and an elevated prevalence of poor sleep quality existed among these students. The E-type was positively associated with poor sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health statistics,School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Mei-Mei Gao
- Department of Ideological and Political Education, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Hospital Infection Management Office, Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, China
| | - Jian-Gen Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene,School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health statistics,School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yujing Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health statistics,School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health statistics,School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Ying Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health statistics,School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yue-Long Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health statistics,School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health statistics,School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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Hamvai C, Kiss H, Vörös H, Fitzpatrick KM, Vargha A, Pikó BF. Association between impulsivity and cognitive capacity decrease is mediated by smartphone addiction, academic procrastination, bedtime procrastination, sleep insufficiency and daytime fatigue among medical students: a path analysis. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:537. [PMID: 37501113 PMCID: PMC10375684 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical students are at high risk for sleep disturbance. One possible cause of their sleeping problem is impulsivity. We aim to investigate the possible mediators between medical students' impulsivity and sleep outcomes. Thus, we developed and investigated a model where the predictors were attentional, non-planning, and motor impulsivity subtraits. In the final model, subjective cognitive capacity decrease was the outcome variable. In light of previous findings, academic procrastination, smartphone addiction, and bedtime procrastination were considered important mediators as well as two variables of poor sleep, sleeping insufficiency, and daytime fatigue. METHODS Medical students (N = 211; ageM = 22.15 years; ageSD = 3.47 years; 71.6% women) were recruited to complete an online survey comprised of demographics (age, gender), self-administered scales (Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale, Bedtime Procrastination Scale, Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale, Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form) and questions on tiredness, daily fatigue and subjective cognitive capacity decrease. Correlation and path analyses were implemented to examine hypothesized relationships between the variables. RESULTS Both attentional impulsivity (β = 0.33, p < .001) and non-planning impulsivity (β = -0.19, p < .01) had a direct relationship with cognitive capacity decrease. Attentional impulsivity was also associated with decreased cognitive capacity with a serial mediation effect via smartphone addiction, academic procrastination, bedtime procrastination, sleep insufficiency and fatigue (estimate = 0.017, p < .01). The indirect link between non-planning impulsivity and cognitive capacity decrease was mediated by academic procrastination, bedtime procrastination, sleep insufficiency and fatigue (estimate = 0.011, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Inability to stay focused and plan tasks effectively (directly and indirectly) predicts poor sleep outcomes. This relationship is mediated by excessive smartphone use, academic procrastination, and bedtime procrastination. Our findings are relevant in light of self-regulatory learning, which is crucial in medical education. This is a recursive cycle of planning, emotion regulation, proper strategy selection and self-monitoring. Future interventions addressing attentional and non-planning impulsivity, problematic smartphone use, academic procrastination, and in turn, bedtime procrastination might make this routine more effective. In the conclusion section, practical implications of the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Hamvai
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Mars tér 20, 6722, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Hedvig Kiss
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Mars tér 20, 6722, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Vörös
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Mars tér 20, 6722, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kevin M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Sociology & Criminology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - András Vargha
- Institute of Psychology, Károli Gáspár Reformed Church University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránad University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bettina F Pikó
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Mars tér 20, 6722, Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Huang T, Liu Y, Tan TC, Wang D, Zheng K, Liu W. Mobile phone dependency and sleep quality in college students during COVID-19 outbreak: the mediating role of bedtime procrastination and fear of missing out. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1200. [PMID: 37344816 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between mobile phone dependency, bedtime procrastination, FoMO, and sleep quality among college students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Specifically, we examined whether bedtime procrastination and FoMO mediate the relationship between mobile phone dependency and sleep quality. METHODS A total of 881 college students completed an online survey in May 2022 in Shanghai, China. Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire, Bedtime Procrastination Scale, Fear of Missing Out Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to assess mobile phone dependency, bedtime procrastination, fear of missing out, and sleep quality, respectively. Multiple linear regression and mediation analysis were conducted. RESULTS The correlation analyses indicated mobile phone dependency was positively associated with fear of missing out, bedtime procrastination, and poor sleep quality among college students. The structural equation modeling analyses revealed that mobile phone dependency had significant indirect effects on sleep quality through bedtime procrastination (indirect effect: 0.030, 95%CI: 0.022-0.041) and fear of missing out (indirect effect: 0.013, 95%CI: 0.003-0.023). CONCLUSION The findings indicated that bedtime procrastination and fear of missing out are mediators mediating the relationship between mobile phone dependency with sleep quality. Bedtime procrastination and fear of missing out should be considered as potential intervention targets for reducing mobile phone dependency and improving sleep quality in college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teck Cheng Tan
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Kefeng Zheng
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxi Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Yan N. Taking a paradoxical perspective on bedtime procrastination. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1096617. [PMID: 36844293 PMCID: PMC9945871 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1096617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Yan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,Department of HRM and OB, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Nanxi Yan ✉
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Frayon S, Swami V, Wattelez G, Nedjar-Guerre A, Galy O. An examination of procrastination in a multi-ethnic population of adolescents from New Caledonia. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:1. [PMID: 36593477 PMCID: PMC9806450 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although procrastination has been widely studied in adults, comparatively little work has focused on adolescent procrastination, especially in the Pacific region. As a contribution to knowledge and diversification of population sampling, therefore, we examined procrastination in a multi-ethnic sample of adolescents from New Caledonia. Specifically, we examined gender and ethnic differences in procrastination, as well as sociodemographic and ethnic identity predictors of procrastination. METHODS 927 adolescents (474 boys, 453 girls; age M = 13.2 years) completed measures of procrastination and ethnic identity, and reported their ethnicity (Kanak vs. Polynesian vs. European). Sociodemographic data (sex, age, area of residence and socioeconomic status) were also collected. RESULTS An analysis of variance indicated significant ethnic (Kanak and Polynesian adolescents had higher procrastination than European adolescents) and sex differences (girls had higher procrastination than boys), but no significant interaction. Regression analysis showed that higher procrastination was significantly associated with sex, ethnicity, age, and the interaction between ethnicity and ethnic identity. Moderation analysis showed that ethnic identity moderated the relationship between ethnicity and procrastination, but only in Kanak adolescents. CONCLUSION Relatively high levels of procrastination were observed in Kanak and Polynesian adolescents, and in girls. These findings, while preliminary, may have important implications for academic attainment in the New Caledonian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Frayon
- grid.449988.00000 0004 0647 1452Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, BP R4, Avenue James Cook, 98851 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Viren Swami
- grid.5115.00000 0001 2299 5510School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK ,grid.261834.a0000 0004 1776 6926Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Guillaume Wattelez
- grid.449988.00000 0004 0647 1452Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, BP R4, Avenue James Cook, 98851 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Akila Nedjar-Guerre
- grid.449988.00000 0004 0647 1452Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, BP R4, Avenue James Cook, 98851 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Olivier Galy
- grid.449988.00000 0004 0647 1452Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, School of Education, University of New Caledonia, BP R4, Avenue James Cook, 98851 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
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Boredom Proneness on Chinese College Students' Phubbing during the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Mediating Effects of Self-Control and Bedtime Procrastination. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2023; 2023:4134283. [PMID: 36818383 PMCID: PMC9931466 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4134283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective To analyze the relationship between boredom proneness and phubbing among Chinese college students and examine how self-control and bedtime procrastination mediate this relationship during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods A total of 707 Chinese college students were voluntarily surveyed. They completed the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP), Short Boredom Proneness Scale (SBPS), Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), and Self-Control Scale (SCS). Results (1) The results revealed that men scored higher on boredom than women. (2) The analysis revealed significant associations between each of the variables. Boredom proneness was positively correlated with bedtime procrastination (r = 0.318; P < 0.001) and phubbing (r = 0.418; P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with self-control (r = -0.518; P < 0.001). (3) Mediation analysis suggested that self-control and bedtime procrastination mediate the relationship between boredom proneness and phubbing (effect of self-control = 0.094, P < 0.001, 95% CI [0.062∼0.128]; effect of bedtime procrastination = 0.025, P < 0.001, 95% CI [0.011∼0.042]; and effect of self-control and bedtime procrastination = 0.032, P < 0.001, 95% CI [0.020∼0.046]). Conclusion Self-control and bedtime procrastination mediate the association between boredom proneness and phubbing among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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