1
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Hou Y, Zhai X, Wang X, Wu Y, Wang H, Qin Y, Han J, Meng Y. Research progress on the relationship between bile acid metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:235. [PMID: 37978556 PMCID: PMC10656899 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, which are steroid molecules originating from cholesterol and synthesized in the liver, play a pivotal role in regulating glucose metabolism and maintaining energy balance. Upon release into the intestine alongside bile, they activate various nuclear and membrane receptors, influencing crucial processes. These bile acids have emerged as significant contributors to managing type 2 diabetes mellitus, a complex clinical syndrome primarily driven by insulin resistance. Bile acids substantially lower blood glucose levels through multiple pathways: BA-FXR-SHP, BA-FXR-FGFR15/19, BA-TGR5-GLP-1, and BA-TGR5-cAMP. They also impact blood glucose regulation by influencing intestinal flora, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and bitter taste receptors. Collectively, these regulatory mechanisms enhance insulin sensitivity, stimulate insulin secretion, and boost energy expenditure. This review aims to comprehensively explore the interplay between bile acid metabolism and T2DM, focusing on primary regulatory pathways. By examining the latest advancements in our understanding of these interactions, we aim to illuminate potential therapeutic strategies and identify areas for future research. Additionally, this review critically assesses current research limitations to contribute to the effective management of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisen Hou
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, 710018, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhe Zhai
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Heyue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Meng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, 710018, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Neurohormonal Changes in the Gut–Brain Axis and Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms following Bariatric Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063339. [PMID: 35328759 PMCID: PMC8954280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that is a major public health issue worldwide. Currently approved anti-obesity medications and lifestyle interventions lack the efficacy and durability needed to combat obesity, especially in individuals with more severe forms or coexisting metabolic disorders, such as poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery is considered an effective therapeutic modality with sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits. Numerous genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of obesity, while cumulative evidence has highlighted the gut–brain axis as a complex bidirectional communication axis that plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. This has led to increased research on the roles of neuroendocrine signaling pathways and various gastrointestinal peptides as key mediators of the beneficial effects following weight-loss surgery. The accumulate evidence suggests that the development of gut-peptide-based agents can mimic the effects of bariatric surgery and thus is a highly promising treatment strategy that could be explored in future research. This article aims to elucidate the potential underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms of the gut–brain axis and comprehensively review the observed changes of gut hormones associated with bariatric surgery. Moreover, the emerging role of post-bariatric gut microbiota modulation is briefly discussed.
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3
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Gutiérrez-Repiso C, Moreno-Indias I, Tinahones FJ. Shifts in gut microbiota and their metabolites induced by bariatric surgery. Impact of factors shaping gut microbiota on bariatric surgery outcomes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:1137-1156. [PMID: 34287758 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that bariatric surgery alters gut microbiota, although its impact at compositional and functional level is not well described. In this review, the most relevant findings, mainly described in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy, are outlined. Although the number of studies has increased in the last years, conclusive assertions cannot be elaborated. An issue to address is to know the influence of these alterations on host metabolism and the contribution of gut microbiota derived metabolites. New lines of research have been focusing on analysing gut microbiota functionality rather than evaluating changes at compositional level, and the functions of gut microbiota metabolites in host metabolism, what will bring more relevant information about the influence of gut microbiota in bariatric surgery outcomes. Personalized medicine, because of the predictive value of gut microbiota, is another promising field. The possibility of a specific gut microbiota pattern that could predict type 2 diabetes remission or weight loss failure after bariatric surgery is a matter of great interest. However, little is known about how gut microbiota manipulation could contribute to the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. Peri-operative antibiotics prophylaxis or probiotic supplementation early after surgery, are strategies barely studied so far, and could constitute a novel tool in the management of weight loss and metabolic profile improvement after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gutiérrez-Repiso
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología Y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de La Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA) Málaga. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y La Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología Y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de La Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA) Málaga. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y La Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología Y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de La Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA) Málaga. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y La Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Y Dermatología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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4
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Alizadeh S. Letter to the editor on "Targeting bile acid metabolism in obesity reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13071. [PMID: 32596963 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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So SSY, Yeung CHC, Schooling CM, El-Nezami H. Reply to Alizadeh's letter to the editor on "Targeting bile acid metabolism in obesity reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13075. [PMID: 32512651 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sik Yu So
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chris Ho Ching Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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6
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Ryan PM, Hayward NE, Sless RT, Garwood P, Rahmani J. Effect of bariatric surgery on circulating FGF-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13038. [PMID: 32329176 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19) is a gut hormone which interacts with metabolism and is depleted in obesity. There is some indication that the hormone undergoes a resurgence following bariatric surgery (BS), an effect which may contribute to the beneficial outcomes of such procedures. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesize the available literature on FGF-19 levels before and after BS. MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched, and the effect of different surgical procedures and degrees of body mass index (BMI) reduction on FGF-19 levels was assessed by DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model in meta-analysis and dose-response analyses. This meta-analysis, which included 474 patients from 25 arms undergoing one of five BS procedures, revealed a significant increase in the levels of circulating FGF-19 following all-type BS. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy, duodenal-jejunal bypass liner and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass all significantly increased circulating FGF-19 levels from baseline. However, gastric banding failed to achieve the same, and in fact, biliopancreatic diversion was associated with decreased circulating FGF-19. Finally, an inverse association between FGF-19 and the degree of BMI-reduction post-operatively was noted. FGF-19 is increased by BS and may represent a pharmaceutical target in efforts to reproduce the beneficial effects of BS in a medical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Ryan
- Brookfield School of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel E Hayward
- Brookfield School of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ryan T Sless
- Brookfield School of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Philip Garwood
- Brookfield School of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jamal Rahmani
- Department of Community Nutrition, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Surgery-Induced Weight Loss and Changes in Hormonally Active Fibroblast Growth Factors: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obes Surg 2020; 30:4046-4060. [PMID: 32621056 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to investigate the possible changes of FGF-19 and FGF-21 after bariatric surgery (BS). Electronic databases including PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched up to February 2020 to identify pertinent studies. A total of 25 different studies were included. The overall pooled analysis identified that BS caused a significant increase in FGF-19, but had no significant effect on FGF-21. For FGF-19, this finding was supported in the subgroup analyses. For FGF-21, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery significantly increased FGF-21 levels, whereas, in studies with follow-up duration ≥ 1 year, FGF-21 levels decreased significantly. BS reduces circulating concentration of FGF-19, but might increase FGF-21 after RYGB or decrease FGF-21 after ≥ 1 year.
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8
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So SSY, Yeung CHC, Schooling CM, El-Nezami H. Targeting bile acid metabolism in obesity reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13017. [PMID: 32187830 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of studies that address the association of bile acid (BA) with obesity and of studies on the effects of treatment in patients with obesity on BA metabolism, assessed from systemic BA, fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) level, and faecal BA. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to 1 August 2019 using the keywords obesity, obese, body mass index, and overweight with bile acid, FGF19, FXR, and TGR5. Two reviewers independently searched, selected, and assessed the quality of studies. Data were analysed using either fixed or random effect models with inverse variance weighting. Of 3771 articles, 33 papers were relevant for the association of BA with obesity of which 22 were included in the meta-analysis, and 50 papers were relevant for the effect of obesity interventions on BA of which 20 were included in the meta-analysis. Circulating fasting total BA was not associated with obesity. FGF19 was inversely and faecal BA excretion was positively associated with obesity. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) modulated BA metabolism, ie, increased BA and FGF19. Our results indicate that BA metabolism is altered in obesity. Certain bariatric surgeries including RYGB and SG modulate BA, whether these underlie the beneficial effect of the treatment should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sik Yu So
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chris Ho Ching Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, United States
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Eiken A, Fuglsang S, Eiken M, Svane MS, Kuhre RE, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Hansen SH, Trammell SAJ, Svenningsen JS, Rehfeld JF, Bojsen-Møller KN, Jørgensen NB, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Madsen JL, Dirksen C. Bilio-enteric flow and plasma concentrations of bile acids after gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1872-1883. [PMID: 32317753 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Bile acids in plasma are elevated after bariatric surgery and may contribute to metabolic improvements, but underlying changes in bile flow are poorly understood. We assessed bilio-enteric flow of bile and plasma bile concentrations in individuals with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) surgery compared with matched non-surgical controls (CON). SUBJECTS/METHODS Fifteen RYGB, 10 SG and 15 CON underwent 99Tc-mebrofenin cholescintigraphy combined with intake of a high-fat 111In-DTPA-labelled meal and frequent blood sampling. A 75Se-HCAT test was used to assess bile acid retention. RESULTS After RYGB, gallbladder filling was decreased (p = 0.045 versus CON), basal flow of bile into the small intestine increased (p = 0.005), bile acid retention augmented (p = 0.021) and basal bile acid plasma concentrations elevated (p = 0.009). During the meal, foods passed unimpeded through the gastric pouch resulting in almost instant postprandial mixing of bile and foods, but the postprandial rise in plasma bile acids was brief and associated with decreased overall release of fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19) compared with CON (p = 0.033). After SG, bile flow and retention were largely unaltered (p > 0.05 versus CON), but gastric emptying was accelerated (p < 0.001) causing earlier mixture of bile and foods also in this group. Neither basal nor postprandial bile acid concentrations differed between SG and CON. CONCLUSIONS Bilio-enteric bile flow is markedly altered after RYGB resulting in changes in plasma concentrations of bile acids and FGF-19, whereas bile flow and plasma concentrations are largely unaltered after SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Eiken
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Stefan Fuglsang
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Markus Eiken
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department. of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svend H Hansen
- Department. of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel A J Trammell
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens S Svenningsen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department. of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nils B Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jan L Madsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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10
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Talavera-Urquijo E, Beisani M, Balibrea JM, Alverdy JC. Is bariatric surgery resolving NAFLD via microbiota-mediated bile acid ratio reversal? A comprehensive review. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 16:1361-1369. [PMID: 32336663 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that there is still insufficient evidence to consider non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as an stand-alone indication for bariatric surgery, many clinical and histopathological beneficial effects on both NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been shown. Although weight loss seems to be the obvious mechanism, weight-loss independent factors are also believed to be involved. Among them, changes in gut microbiota and bile acids (BA) composition may be playing an unappreciated role in the improvement of NAFLD. In this review we examine the mechanisms and interdependence of the gut microbiota and BA, and their influence on NAFLD pathogenesis and its reversal following bariatric surgery. According to the currently available evidence, gut microbiota has a major influence on BA composition. In fact, both BA and microbiome disturbances (dysbiosis) play a role in the etiopathogenesis of NAFLD and might be potential therapeutic targets. In addition, bariatric surgery can modify the intraluminal ileal environment in a way that causes significant repopulation of the gut microbiota and a reversal of the plasma primary/secondary BA ratio, which, in turn, induces weigh-independent metabolic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Talavera-Urquijo
- Department of General & Digestive Surgery, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Beisani
- Department of Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Balibrea
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - John C Alverdy
- Department of Surgery University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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11
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Ahmad TR, Haeusler RA. Bile acids in glucose metabolism and insulin signalling - mechanisms and research needs. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:701-712. [PMID: 31616073 PMCID: PMC6918475 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Of all the novel glucoregulatory molecules discovered in the past 20 years, bile acids (BAs) are notable for the fact that they were hiding in plain sight. BAs were well known for their requirement in dietary lipid absorption and biliary cholesterol secretion, due to their micelle-forming properties. However, it was not until 1999 that BAs were discovered to be endogenous ligands for the nuclear receptor FXR. Since that time, BAs have been shown to act through multiple receptors (PXR, VDR, TGR5 and S1PR2), as well as to have receptor-independent mechanisms (membrane dynamics, allosteric modulation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D). We now also have an appreciation of the range of physiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic conditions in which endogenous BAs are altered, raising the possibility that BAs contribute to the effects of these conditions on glycaemia. In this Review, we highlight the mechanisms by which BAs regulate glucose homeostasis and the settings in which endogenous BAs are altered, and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara R Ahmad
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Cӑtoi AF, Pârvu AE, Mironiuc A, Silaghi H, Pop ID, Andreicuț AD. Ultra-Early and Early Changes in Bile Acids and Insulin After Sleeve Gastrectomy Among Obese Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E757. [PMID: 31766784 PMCID: PMC6955910 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55120757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In obese patients, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has shown mixed results on bile acid (BA) values. The aim of our study was to examine the potential ultra-early and early changes of the circulating total BA in relation with the changes of insulin resistance (IR) in obese patients submitted to laparoscopic SG. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four obese subjects were investigated for body mass index (BMI), total fasting BA, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and leptin before and at 7 and 30 d after SG. Results: After surgery, mean BMI decreased at the first (p < 0.001) and at the second time point (p < 0.001) relative to baseline. Total fasting BA values did not change significantly at 7 d (p = 0.938) and at 30 d (p = 0.289) after SG. No significant changes were found at 7 d (p = 0.194, p = 0.34) and 30 d (p = 0.329, p = 0.151) after surgery regarding fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, respectively. However, a trend of increased total fasting BA and decreased fasting insulin and HOMA- after laparoscopic SG has been found. Negative correlations between total fasting BA and insulin (r = -0.807, p = 0.009), HOMA-IR (r = -0.855, p = 0.014), and blood glucose (r = -0.761, p = 0.047), respectively, were observed at one month after SG. Conclusion: In conclusion, here, we found a lack of significant changes in total fasting BA, insulin, and HOMA-IR ultra-early and early after SG, which precluded us to consider a possible relation between the variations of BA and IR. However, the presence of the tendency for total fasting BA to increase and for insulin and HOMA-IR to decrease, as well as of the negative correlations one month after laparoscopic SG, suggest that this surgery brings about some changes that point towards the existence, and possibly towards the restoration, at least to some extent, of the link between BA and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Florinela Cӑtoi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.E.P.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Alina Elena Pârvu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.E.P.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Aurel Mironiuc
- 2nd Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Horațiu Silaghi
- 5th Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ioana Delia Pop
- Department of Exact Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andra Diana Andreicuț
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.E.P.); (A.D.A.)
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13
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Wang Y, Guo X, Lu X, Mattar S, Kassab G. Mechanisms of Weight Loss After Sleeve Gastrectomy and Adjustable Gastric Banding: Far More Than Just Restriction. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1776-1783. [PMID: 31545007 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions in recent decades. Bariatric surgery is currently accepted as most effective in alleviating morbid obesity and related disorders. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and adjustable gastric banding (AGB) have gained popularity since the beginning of this century because of their efficacy, safety, and simplicity. SG, in particular, has emerged as the most popular bariatric procedure because of its simpler concept and shorter operative time compared with gastric bypass. Caloric restriction, however, cannot account for the sustained weight loss and improved glucose metabolism seen following SG and AGB. Other mechanisms, including changes in gastrointestinal hormone secretion, rearrangement of hypothalamic and vagal control, alteration in energy expenditure, and re-regulation of bile acid metabolism and the intestinal flora environment, are thought to contribute to the postoperative benefits. This review focuses on clinical and experimental literature addressing the potential mechanisms for SG and AGB procedures in human and animal models. Understanding such mechanisms can provide important insight into how current gastric restrictive procedures work and how future treatments of obesity, both surgical and nonsurgical, can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Wang
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiaomei Guo
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiao Lu
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Samer Mattar
- Swedish Weight Loss Services, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ghassan Kassab
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, California, USA
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14
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Browning MG, Pessoa BM, Khoraki J, Campos GM. Changes in Bile Acid Metabolism, Transport, and Signaling as Central Drivers for Metabolic Improvements After Bariatric Surgery. Curr Obes Rep 2019; 8:175-184. [PMID: 30847736 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-019-00334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review current evidence regarding changes in bile acid (BA) metabolism, transport, and signaling after bariatric surgery and how these might bolster fat mass loss and energy expenditure to promote improvements in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RECENT FINDINGS The two most common bariatric techniques, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), increase the size and alter the composition of the circulating BA pool that may then impact energy metabolism through altered activities of BA targets in the many tissues perfused by systemic blood. Recent reports in human patients indicate that gene expression of the major BA target, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), is increased in the liver but decreased in the small intestine after RYGB. In contrast, intestinal expression of the transmembrane G protein-coupled BA receptor (TGR5) is upregulated after surgery. Despite these apparent conflicting changes in receptor transcription, changes in BAs after both RYGB and VSG are associated with elevated postprandial systemic levels of fibroblast growth factor 19 (from FXR activation) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (from TGR5 activation). These signaling activities are presumed to support fat mass loss and related metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery, and this supposition is in agreement with findings from rodent models of RYGB and VSG. However, inter-species differences in BA physiology limit direct translation and mechanistic understanding of how changes in individual BA species contribute to post-operative improvements of T2D and NAFLD in humans. Thus, details of all these changes and their influences on BAs' biological actions are still under scrutiny. Changes in BA physiology and receptor activities after RYGB and VSG likely support weight loss and promote sustained metabolic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Browning
- Division of Bariatric and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1200 East Broad Street, PO Box 980519, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Bernardo M Pessoa
- Division of Bariatric and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1200 East Broad Street, PO Box 980519, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jad Khoraki
- Division of Bariatric and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1200 East Broad Street, PO Box 980519, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Guilherme M Campos
- Division of Bariatric and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1200 East Broad Street, PO Box 980519, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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15
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Somm E, Jornayvaz FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19: From Basic Functions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:960-989. [PMID: 30124818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discovered 20 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, and its mouse ortholog FGF15, were the first members of a new subfamily of FGFs able to act as hormones. During fetal life, FGF15/19 is involved in organogenesis, affecting the development of the ear, eye, heart, and brain. At adulthood, FGF15/19 is mainly produced by the ileum, acting on the liver to repress hepatic bile acid synthesis and promote postprandial nutrient partitioning. In rodents, pharmacologic doses of FGF19 induce the same antiobesity and antidiabetic actions as FGF21, with these metabolic effects being partly mediated by the brain. However, activation of hepatocyte proliferation by FGF19 has long been a challenge to its therapeutic use. Recently, genetic reengineering of the molecule has resolved this issue. Despite a global overlap in expression pattern and function, murine FGF15 and human FGF19 exhibit several differences in terms of regulation, molecular structure, signaling, and biological properties. As most of the knowledge originates from the use of FGF19 in murine models, differences between mice and humans in the biology of FGF15/19 have to be considered for a successful translation from bench to bedside. This review summarizes the basic knowledge concerning FGF15/19 in mice and humans, with a special focus on regulation of production, morphogenic properties, hepatocyte growth, bile acid homeostasis, as well as actions on glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, implications and therapeutic perspectives concerning FGF19 in human diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, biliary disorders, and cancer) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Nemati R, Lu J, Dokpuang D, Booth M, Plank LD, Murphy R. Increased Bile Acids and FGF19 After Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Correlate with Improvement in Type 2 Diabetes in a Randomized Trial. Obes Surg 2018; 28:2672-2686. [PMID: 29987678 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are both effective bariatric procedures to treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. The contribution of changes in bile acids (BAs) and fibroblast growth factor19 (FGF19) to such metabolic improvements is unclear. METHODS We examined associations between changes in BAs, FGF19 (fasting and prandial), with changes in body weight, glycemia, and other metabolic variables in 61 obese patients with T2DM before and 1 year after randomization to SG or RYGB. RESULTS Weight loss and diabetes remission (defined by HbA1c < 39 mmol/mol [< 5.7%] in the absence of glucose-lowering therapy) after RYGB and SG was similar (mean weight loss - 29 vs - 31 kg, p = 0.50; diabetes remission proportion 37.5 vs 34%, p = 1.0). Greater increments in fasting and prandial levels of total, secondary, and unconjugated BAs were seen after RYGB than SG. Fasting and prandial increases in total (r = - 0.3, p = 0.01; r = - 0.2, p = 0.04), secondary (r = - 0.3, p = 0.01; r = - 0.4, p = 0.01) and unconjugated BA (r = - 0.3, p = 0.01; r = 0.4, p < 0.01) correlated with decreases in HbA1c, but not weight. Changes in 12α-OH/non 12α-OH were positively associated with prandial glucose increments (r = 0.2, p = 0.03), HbA1c (r = 0.3, p = 0.01), and negatively associated with changes in insulinogenc index (r = - 0.3, p = 0.01). Only changes in prandial FGF19 were negatively associated with HbA1c (r = - 0.4, p < 0.01) and visceral fat (r = - 0.3, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The association between increases in secondary, unconjugated BAs and improvements in HBA1c (but not weight) achieved after both RYGB and SG suggest manipulation of BA as a potential strategy for controlling T2DM through weight-independent means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nemati
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,College of Life and Marine Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. .,School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Institute of Biomedical Technology, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Dech Dokpuang
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Division of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Michael Booth
- Department of Surgery, North Shore Hospital, Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lindsay D Plank
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rinki Murphy
- Auckland Diabetes Centre, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Whitiora Diabetes Department, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
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17
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Haluzík M, Kratochvílová H, Haluzíková D, Mráz M. Gut as an emerging organ for the treatment of diabetes: focus on mechanism of action of bariatric and endoscopic interventions. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R1-R17. [PMID: 29378901 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its accompanying pathologies such as obesity, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia represents one of the most important challenges of current medicine. Despite intensive efforts, high percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes does not achieve treatment goals and struggle with increasing body weight and poor glucose control. While novel classes of antidiabetic medications such as incretin-based therapies and gliflozins have some favorable characteristics compared to older antidiabetics, the only therapeutic option shown to substantially modify the progression of diabetes or to achieve its remission is bariatric surgery. Its efficacy in the treatment of diabetes is well established, but the exact underlying modes of action are still only partially described. They include restriction of food amount, enhanced passage of chymus into distal part of small intestine with subsequent modification of gastrointestinal hormones and bile acids secretion, neural mechanisms, changes in gut microbiota and many other possible mechanisms underscoring the importance of the gut in the regulation of glucose metabolism. In addition to bariatric surgery, less-invasive endoscopic methods based on the principles of bariatric surgery were introduced and showed promising results. This review highlights the role of the intestine in the regulation of glucose homeostasis focusing on the mechanisms of action of bariatric and especially endoscopic methods of the treatment of diabetes. A better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to less invasive endoscopic treatments of diabetes and obesity that may complement and widen current therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Haluzík
- Centre for Experimental MedicineInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Diabetes CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kratochvílová
- Centre for Experimental MedicineInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Haluzíková
- Department of Sports MedicineGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Mráz
- Diabetes CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Garruti G, Di Ciaula A, Wang HH, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Cross-Talk Between Bile Acids and Gastro-Intestinal and Thermogenic Hormones: Clues from Bariatric Surgery. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:s68-s82. [PMID: 29080342 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is rapidly increasing and has reached epidemic features worldwide. It´s linked to insulin resistance, systemic low-grade inflammation and common pathogenic pathways with a number of comorbidities (including cancer), leading to high mortality rates. Besides change of lifestyles (diet and physical exercise) and pharmacological therapy, bariatric surgery is able to rapidly improve several metabolic and morphologic features associated with excessive fat storage, and currently represents an in vivo model to study the pathogenic mechanisms underlying obesity and obesity-related complications. Studies on obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery find that the effects of surgery are not simply secondary to gastric mechanical restriction and malabsorption which induce body weight loss. In fact, some surgical procedures positively modify key pathways involving the intestine, bile acids, receptor signaling, gut microbiota, hormones and thermogenesis, leading to systemic metabolic changes. Furthermore, bariatric surgery represents a suitable model to evaluate the gene-environment interaction and some epigenetic mechanisms linking obesity and insulin resistance to metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Garruti
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Helen H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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19
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Bile acid profiles over 5 years after gastric bypass and duodenal switch: results from a randomized clinical trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017; 13:1544-1553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Kindel TL, Krause C, Helm MC, McBride CL, Oleynikov D, Thakare R, Alamoudi J, Kothari V, Alnouti Y, Kohli R. Increased glycine-amidated hyocholic acid correlates to improved early weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc 2017; 32:805-812. [PMID: 28779240 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-5747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids (BAs) are post-prandial hormones that play an important role in glucose and lipid homeostasis as well as energy expenditure. Total and glycine-amidated BAs increase after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and correlate to improved metabolic disease. No specific bile acid subtype has been shown conclusively to mediate the weight loss effect. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate the comprehensive changes in meal-stimulated BAs after SG and determine if a specific change in the BA profile correlates to the early weight loss response. METHODS Patients were prospectively enrolled at the University of Nebraska Medical Center who were undergoing a SG for treatment of morbid obesity. Primary and secondary plasma bile acids and their amidated (glycine, G-, or taurine, T-) subtypes were measured at fasting, 30 and 60 min after a liquid meal performed pre-op, and at 6 and 12 weeks post-op. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for the hour meal test for each bile acid subtype. BAs that were significantly increased post-op were correlated to body mass index (BMI) loss. RESULTS Total BA AUC was significantly increased at 6 (p < 0.01) and 12 weeks post-op (p < 0.01) compared to pre-operative values. The increase in total BA AUC was due to a statistically significant increase in G-BAs. Nine different BA AUC subtypes were significantly increased at both 6 and 12 weeks post-op. Increased total and G-chenodeoxycholic acid AUC was significantly correlated to the 6 week BMI loss (p = 0.03). Increased G-hyocholic acid was significantly correlated to increased weight loss at both 6 (p = 0.05) and 12 weeks (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS SG induced an early and persistent post-prandial surge in multiple bile acid subtypes. Increased G-hyocholic consistently correlated with greater early BMI loss. This study provides evidence for a role of BAs in the surgical weight loss response after SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Kindel
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Crystal Krause
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Melissa C Helm
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Corrigan L McBride
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Dmitry Oleynikov
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rhishikesh Thakare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jawaher Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vishal Kothari
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Albaugh VL, Banan B, Ajouz H, Abumrad NN, Flynn CR. Bile acids and bariatric surgery. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:75-89. [PMID: 28390813 PMCID: PMC5603298 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery, specifically Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), are the most effective and durable treatments for morbid obesity and potentially a viable treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The resolution rate of T2D following these procedures is between 40 and 80% and far surpasses that achieved by medical management alone. The molecular basis for this improvement is not entirely understood, but has been attributed in part to the altered enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. In this review we highlight how bile acids potentially contribute to improved lipid and glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure after these procedures. The impact of altered bile acid levels in enterohepatic circulation is also associated with changes in gut microflora, which may further contribute to some of these beneficial effects. We highlight the beneficial effects of experimental surgical procedures in rodents that alter bile secretory flow without gastric restriction or altering nutrient flow. This information suggests a role for bile acids beyond dietary fat emulsification in altering whole body glucose and lipid metabolism strongly, and also suggests emerging roles for the activation of the bile acid receptors farnesoid x receptor (FXR) and G-protein coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) in these improvements. The limitations of rodent studies and the current state of our understanding is reviewed and the potential effects of bile acids mediating the short- and long-term metabolic improvements after bariatric surgery is critically examined.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery
- Enterohepatic Circulation
- Gastrectomy
- Gastric Bypass
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucose/metabolism
- Homeostasis/physiology
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance
- Obesity, Morbid/metabolism
- Obesity, Morbid/microbiology
- Obesity, Morbid/pathology
- Obesity, Morbid/surgery
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Rodentia
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance L Albaugh
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Babak Banan
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hana Ajouz
- American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Naji N Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles R Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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22
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Khan FH, Shaw L, Zhang W, Salazar Gonzalez RM, Mowery S, Oehrle M, Zhao X, Jenkins T, Setchell KDR, Inge TH, Kohli R. Fibroblast growth factor 21 correlates with weight loss after vertical sleeve gastrectomy in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:2377-2383. [PMID: 27615057 PMCID: PMC5846337 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) results in weight loss and increased bile acids (BA) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) levels. FGF21 shares essential cofactors with FGF19, but its physiology early post-VSG has not been assessed. METHODS Ten adolescents (17.4 ± 0.5 years and BMI 51.5 ± 2.5 kg/m2 ) were enrolled. Fasting and postmeal (100 mL Ensure™) samples (0-120 min) were collected (pre-VSG [V1], 1 [V2], and 3 months [V3] post-VSG) for analysis of BA, FGF19, and FGF21. RESULTS Post-VSG subjects lost weight (V2 11.8 ± 0.8 kg; V3 21.9 ± 1.7 kg). BA and FGF19 increased by V2, 143.6% at 30 min and 74.9% at 90 min post-meal, respectively. BA hydrophobicity index also improved by V3, 21.1% at 30 min post-meal. Interestingly, fasting and 120-min post-meal FGF21 levels at V2 were increased by 135.7% and 253.9%, respectively, but then returned to baseline at V3. BA levels correlated with FGF21 at V2 (P = 0.003, r = 0.89), and body weight lost post-VSG correlated with FGF21 levels (V2; P = 0.012, R = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS Expected changes were seen in BA and FGF19 biology after VSG in adolescents, but novel changes were seen in correlation between the early postsurgical increase in FGF21 and weight loss, suggesting that FGF21 may play a role in energy balance postoperatively, and further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq H Khan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lindsey Shaw
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Surgical Weight Loss Program for Teens, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rosa Maria Salazar Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah Mowery
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Melissa Oehrle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xueheng Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Todd Jenkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas H Inge
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Surgical Weight Loss Program for Teens, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California, USA.
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23
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Hutch CR, Sandoval DA. Physiological and molecular responses to bariatric surgery: markers or mechanisms underlying T2DM resolution? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1391:5-19. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R. Hutch
- Department of Surgery; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
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24
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Khan FH, Kohli R. Bariatric Surgery: The Rise and Fall of Bile Acids. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2015; 12:770-771. [PMID: 26965154 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farooq H Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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