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Härkönen J, Lindberg M, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Scheinin NM. Education is the strongest socio-economic predictor of smoking in pregnancy. Addiction 2018; 113:1117-1126. [PMID: 29333764 PMCID: PMC5969298 DOI: 10.1111/add.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate socio-economic disparities in smoking in pregnancy (SIP) by the mother's education, occupational class and current economic conditions. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis with linked survey and register data. SETTING South-western Finland. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2667 pregnant women [70% of the original sample (n = 3808)] from FinnBrain, a prospective pregnancy cohort study. MEASUREMENTS The outcome was smoking during the first pregnancy trimester, measured from the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Education and occupational class were linked from population registers. Income support recipiency and subjective economic wellbeing were questionnaire-based measures of current economic conditions. These were adjusted for age, partnership status, residential area type, parental separation, parity, childhood socio-economic background, childhood adversities (the Trauma and Distressing Events During Childhood scale) and antenatal stress (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). Logistic regressions and attributable fractions (AF) were estimated. FINDINGS Mother's education was the strongest socio-economic predictor of SIP. Compared with university education, adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of SIP were: 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-3.9; P = 0.011] for tertiary vocational education, 4.4 (95% CI = 2.1-9.0; P < 0.001) for combined general and vocational secondary education, 2.9 (95% CI = 1.4-6.1; P = 0.006) for general secondary education, 9.5 (95% CI 5.0-18.2; P < 0.001) for vocational secondary education and 14.4 (95% CI = 6.3-33.0; P < 0.001) for compulsory schooling. The total AF of education was 0.5. Adjusted for the other variables, occupational class and subjective economic wellbeing did not predict SIP. Income support recipiency was associated positively with SIP (aOR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.1-3.1; P = 0.022). Antenatal stress predicted SIP (aOR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4-2.8; P < 0.001), but did not attenuate its socio-economic disparities. CONCLUSIONS In Finland, socio-economic disparities in smoking in pregnancy are attributable primarily to differences in the mother's educational level (low versus high) and orientation (vocational versus general).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Härkönen
- Department of SociologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Political and Social SciencesEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di FiesoleFiesoleItaly
- Faculty of Social Sciences (Sociology Unit)University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Matti Lindberg
- Faculty of Social Sciences (Sociology Unit)University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort StudyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Child PsychiatryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Child PsychiatryTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort StudyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychiatryTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Noora M. Scheinin
- Faculty of Social Sciences (Sociology Unit)University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort StudyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychiatryTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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Blaga OM, Brînzaniuc A, Rus IA, Cherecheș RM, Wallis AB. Smoking and Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy. An Analysis of a Hospital Based Cohort of Women in Romania. J Community Health 2018; 42:333-343. [PMID: 27651165 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-016-0259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal smoking is associated with a wide range of negative reproductive and pregnancy outcomes. The aim of the current study was to examine the prevalence and characteristics of women who report smoking prenatally and quit during pregnancy in a large sample of Romanian women. Understanding which women are more likely to quit will contribute to public health knowledge that will help more women stop smoking prior to or during pregnancy and prevent relapse postpartum. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted based on cross-sectional data collected between May 2012 and April 2015 as part of a cohort study of pregnancy implemented in six clinical settings in central Romania (N = 2370). Approximately 28 % of the sample reported smoking in the 6 months prior to learning they were pregnant. Half of the women who reported smoking 6 months before learning of their pregnancy, also reported that they stopped smoking by the time of the interview. Overall, tobacco consumption decreased from a sample mode of 10 cigarettes/day (range: 1-30) before pregnancy, to a sample mode of 5 cigarettes/day (range: 1-25) at the time of the interview. Women who quit had a higher socioeconomic position, were more likely to live in urban areas, partnered, primigravid, nulliparous, and reported lower anxiety and more social support. The combination of a socioeconomic gradient, less anxiety, and more social support suggests that efforts should be increased to target lower income, less educated, multigravid, and multiparous women and to develop programs that heighten social support and alleviate anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana M Blaga
- Department of Public Health, College of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, 7 Pandurilor St, 400376, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, Romania
| | - Alexandra Brînzaniuc
- Department of Public Health, College of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, 7 Pandurilor St, 400376, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, Romania
| | - Ioana A Rus
- Department of Public Health, College of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, 7 Pandurilor St, 400376, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, Romania
| | - Răzvan M Cherecheș
- Department of Public Health, College of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, 7 Pandurilor St, 400376, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, Romania.
| | - Anne Baber Wallis
- Department of Public Health, College of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, 7 Pandurilor St, 400376, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, Romania.,Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, University of Louisville, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, 485 E Gray Street, Louisville, KY, USA
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Mollborn S, Woo J, Rogers RG. A longitudinal examination of US teen childbearing and smoking risk. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2018; 38:619-650. [PMID: 29618943 PMCID: PMC5880546 DOI: 10.4054/demres.2018.38.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teenage motherhood and smoking have important health implications for youth in the United States and globally, but the link between teen childbearing and subsequent smoking is inadequately understood. The selection of disadvantaged young women into early childbearing and smoking may explain higher smoking levels among teen mothers, but teen motherhood may also shape subsequent smoking through compromised maternal depression or socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity may condition these processes. OBJECTIVE This study examines the relationship between US teen childbearing and subsequent daily smoking, accounting for prior smoking and selection processes related to social disadvantage. Analyses investigate whether socioeconomic status and depression in young adulthood explained any relationship between teen childbearing and daily smoking, as well as examining racial/ethnic heterogeneity in these processes. METHODS Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses employ the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; N = 7,529). RESULTS The highest daily smoking prevalence occurred among non-Hispanic White teen mothers, with lower prevalence among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black teen mothers. Compared to other women, teenage mothers are 2.5 times as likely to smoke daily in young adulthood. Their greater likelihood of daily smoking is due in part to selection and is also mediated by socioeconomic status in ways that differ by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that preventing teen pregnancy or ameliorating its socioeconomic consequences may decrease daily smoking in this vulnerable population. Reducing teen smoking, especially during pregnancy, could improve teen, maternal, and infant health and thereby increase US health and longevity. CONTRIBUTION This study provides new, nationally representative information about selection, mediation, and heterogeneity processes in the relationship between teen childbearing and subsequent smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mollborn
- Department of Sociology and Health and Society Program, Institute of Behavioral Science (IBS), University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Juhee Woo
- Department of Sociology and Problem Behavior and Positive Youth Development Program, Institute of Behavioral Science (IBS), University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Richard G Rogers
- Department of Sociology and Population Program, Institute of Behavioral Science (IBS), University of Colorado Boulder, USA
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Stone J, Evandrou M, Falkingham J, Vlachantoni A. Women's economic activity trajectories over the life course: implications for the self-rated health of women aged 64+ in England. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:873-9. [PMID: 25888594 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has highlighted the importance of accumulated life-course labour market status and the balancing of multiple roles for understanding inequalities in health in later life. This may be particularly important for women, who are increasingly required to balance work and family life in liberal welfare contexts, such as in Britain. METHODS This study analyses retrospective life history data for 2160 women aged 64+ years (born 1909-1943) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, collected in 2006-2007 as part of an ongoing panel study. Optimal matching and cluster analyses are used to produce a taxonomy of women's life-course economic activity trajectories based on their experiences between ages 16 and 64 years. This classification is then used in logistic regression analysis to investigate associations with self-rated health in later life. RESULTS A set of five trajectories emerge as the dominant patterns of women's economic activity over the life course for those cohorts of English women born prior to 1943: (1) full-time workers; (2) family carers; (3) full-time returners; (4) part-time returners; (5) atypical/inactive. Regression analyses show that women who experience defined periods of full-time work both before and after focusing on family life appear to have the most favourable later life health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The findings are discussed with reference to the accumulation of social and economic resources over the life course and the balancing of multiple roles in work and family domains. In conclusion, the development of policies that facilitate women, if they wish, to successfully combine paid employment with family life could have a positive impact on their health in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Stone
- ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Maria Evandrou
- ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK Centre for Research on Ageing, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jane Falkingham
- ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Athina Vlachantoni
- ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK Centre for Research on Ageing, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Lawrence EM, Pampel FC, Mollborn S. Life course transitions and racial and ethnic differences in smoking prevalence. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2014; 22:27-40. [PMID: 26047689 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to: (1) describe trajectories in the likelihood of smoking by racial or ethnic group across the transition to adulthood, (2) identify the influence of achieved socioeconomic status (SES) and the nature and timing of adult role transitions, and (3) determine the extent to which achieved SES and adult roles mediate the effects of race and ethnicity on smoking. The analyses use U.S. longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), which follows a representative national sample over four waves and from ages 11-17 in 1994/95 to 26-34 in 2007/08. Growth curve models compare trajectories of smoking likelihood for white, black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native individuals. While whites have higher rates of smoking than blacks and Hispanics during their teen years and 20s, blacks and Hispanics lose their advantage relative to whites as they approach and enter their 30s. American Indian/Alaska Natives show high rates of smoking at earlier ages and an increasing likelihood to smoke. Although life course transitions are influential for smoking prevalence in the overall U.S. population, SES and the nature and timing of adult role transitions account for little of the gap between whites and black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaska Native individuals. Racial and ethnic disparities in adult smoking are independent of SES and life transitions, pointing to explanations such as culturally specific normative environments or experiences of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Lawrence
- Department of Sociology and Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
| | - Fred C Pampel
- Department of Sociology and Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Stefanie Mollborn
- Department of Sociology and Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Hemingway
- Senior Lecturer, Public Health HSC Bournemouth University
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Pfinder M, Liebig S, Feldmann R. Impact of Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Problem Behaviors in Preschool and School Children. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ENTWICKLUNGSPSYCHOLOGIE UND PADAGOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1026/0049-8637/a000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Data on the relation between moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and behavioral disorders are inconsistent, and this raises new questions. We examined (1) the association between moderate PAE and problem behaviors and (2) whether these associations differed by levels of socioeconomic status (SES), fetal smoke exposure, or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Data were taken from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) study. Parents evaluated children’s behaviors using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results showed a slight, but insignificant, increase of problem behaviors in children with moderate PAE. In 3- to 6-year-olds, PAE had a stronger effect on hyperactivity/inattention in combination with fetal smoke exposure (odds ratio = 2.82), than did PAE alone. Effects were not stronger in low-SES children, but they were stronger in children with ETS. We conclude that moderate PAE might have adverse effects on neurodevelopment, with stronger effects in disadvantaged populations. To confirm our preliminary findings, further research should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pfinder
- Bielefeld Graduate School of History and Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebig
- Bielefeld Graduate School of History and Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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Pawils S, Atabaki A, Metzner F, Nöcker G, Linden S, Plaumann M, Walter U. Behavioural and structural prevention to promote the health of socially disadvantaged children and adolescents: an overview of European and German health promotion strategies. J Public Health (Oxf) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-011-0487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Thrift AP, Nancarrow H, Bauman AE. Maternal smoking during pregnancy among Aboriginal women in New South Wales is linked to social gradient. Aust N Z J Public Health 2011; 35:337-42. [PMID: 21806728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social gradients in Aboriginal health are seldom explored. This study describes social gradients and trends in smoking during pregnancy among Aboriginal mothers in NSW. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of the NSW Midwives Data Collection (MDC) 1994-2007, covering all births in NSW. Analyses examined associations between socio-demographic characteristics and smoking during pregnancy. RESULTS Data from 1,214,206 pregnant women showed that 17.4% smoked during pregnancy. The rate of smoking during pregnancy among all NSW women declined from 22.3% in 1994 to 12.8% in 2007; the rate among Aboriginal women remained high, declining from 61.4% in 1994 to 50.2% in 2007. Smoking was substantially higher among Aboriginal mothers compared to non-Aboriginal mothers. Socio-economic analyses showed that the smoking rate among low SES Aboriginal mothers was approximately two and a half times that of high SES Aboriginal women, a similar gradient to non-Aboriginal women. CONCLUSIONS Indicators of socio-economic position are a consistent, independent correlate of smoking during pregnancy for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women. IMPLICATIONS There is a need for a social inequalities approach to smoking during pregnancy, specifically targeting more disadvantaged Aboriginal mothers and all teenage mothers for smoking prevention. Strategies to access more disadvantaged mothers should not be missed through broadly focused Aboriginal tobacco control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Thrift
- Centre for Epidemiology and Research, New South Wales Health Department, Australia
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Giles L, Davies M, Whitrow M, Rumbold A, Lynch J, Sawyer M, Moore V. Structured Regression Analyses of Life Course Processes: An Example Exploring How Maternal Depression in Early Childhood Affects Children’s Subsequent Internalizing Behavior. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21:654-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lifecourse influences on women's smoking before, during and after pregnancy. Soc Sci Med 2010; 70:582-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zammit S, Thomas K, Thompson A, Horwood J, Menezes P, Gunnell D, Hollis C, Wolke D, Lewis G, Harrison G. Maternal tobacco, cannabis and alcohol use during pregnancy and risk of adolescent psychotic symptoms in offspring. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 195:294-300. [PMID: 19794196 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.062471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse effects of maternal substance use during pregnancy on fetal development may increase risk of psychopathology. AIMS To examine whether maternal use of tobacco, cannabis or alcohol during pregnancy increases risk of offspring psychotic symptoms. METHOD A longitudinal study of 6356 adolescents, age 12, who completed a semi-structured interview for psychotic symptoms in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. RESULTS Frequency of maternal tobacco use during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of suspected or definite psychotic symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 1.20, 95% CI 1.05-1.37, P = 0.007). Maternal alcohol use showed a non-linear association with psychotic symptoms, with this effect almost exclusively in the offspring of women drinking >21 units weekly. Maternal cannabis use was not associated with psychotic symptoms. Results for paternal smoking during pregnancy and maternal smoking post-pregnancy lend some support for a causal effect of tobacco exposure in utero on development of psychotic experiences. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that risk factors for development of non-clinical psychotic experiences may operate during early development. Future studies of how in utero exposure to tobacco affects cerebral development and function may lead to increased understanding of the pathogenesis of psychotic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Zammit
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.
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Schneider S, Schütz J. Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2009; 13:138-47. [DOI: 10.1080/13625180802027993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zadkarami MR. Bootstrapping: A Nonparametric Approach to Identify the Effect of Sparsity of Data in the Binary Regression Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2008.2991.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy: Independent Associations with Religious Participation. South Med J 2008; 101:686-92. [DOI: 10.1097/smj.0b013e31817a76cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Castañeda H, Nichter M, Nichter M, Muramoto M. Enabling and sustaining the activities of lay health influencers: lessons from a community-based tobacco cessation intervention study. Health Promot Pract 2008; 11:483-92. [PMID: 18540006 DOI: 10.1177/1524839908318288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The authors present findings from a community-based tobacco cessation project that trained lay health influencers to conduct brief interventions. They outline four major lessons regarding sustainability. First, participants were concerned about the impact that promoting cessation might have on social relationships. "Social risk" must be addressed during training to ensure long-term sustainability. Second, formal training provided participants with an increased sense of self-efficacy, allowed them to embrace a health influencer identity, and aided in further reducing social risk. Third, material resources functioned to mediate social tensions during health intervention conversations. A variety of resources should be made available to health influencers to accommodate type of relationship, timing, and location of the interaction. Finally, project design must be attentive to the creation of a "community of practice" among health influencers as an integral part of project sustainability. These lessons have broad implications for successful health promotion beyond tobacco cessation.
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Ejtehadi H, Soltani R, Zahedi Pour H. Documenting and comparing plant species diversity by using numerical and parametric methods in Khaje Kalat, NE Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:3683-7. [PMID: 19093482 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.3683.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to examine and document several aspects of numerical diversity such as species richness, species diversity and evenness and to compare diversity in different slope aspects of the area by using numerical and parametric methods. About 193 quadrats of 4 m2 were located according to the nature of vegetation. Species composition and their abundance were recorded in a two-year period (2005 to 2006). The result of field investigation was collecting and identifying of the total 225 plant species belonging to 154 genera and 37 families. The abundance data were subjected to analyses by specific diversity packages to characterize and obtain numerical indices (Shannon, Simpson, Brillouin, McIntosh, etc.,) and parametric families of species diversity. Numerical indices were calculated and documented for monitoring purposes. The results of diversity in main slope aspects (N, S, E, W) showed higher species richness and species diversity indices in the north aspect than in the others but it was not true with evenness indices. About 30 species such as Acanthophyllum glandulosum, Acroptilon repens, Alcea tiliacea, Bromus sericeous, Astragalus turbinatus, Centaurea balsamita etc., were detected exclusively in the north aspect. This can be important in reducing the evenness. Diversity comparing by using rank-abundance plot as well as diversity ordering of Hill, Renyi and Patil and Taillie confirmed high species diversity in the north yet the result of ANOVA showed no significant differences in the four aspects. The result of diversity based on the models revealed that the whole area, the south and the west aspects follow lognormal distribution, north aspect follows logarithmic whereas the east follows both lognormal and logarithmic distribution. In other word, a shift from being lognormal to logarithmic model was observed in the east aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ejtehadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Villalbí JR, Salvador J, Cano-Serral G, Rodríguez-Sanz MC, Borrell C. Maternal smoking, social class and outcomes of pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2007; 21:441-7. [PMID: 17697074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco during pregnancy is an important risk factor for infant health. Recently the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy has declined in our area. The objective of this study was to analyse the association between several social variables and the fetal exposure to smoking, as well as the association between maternal smoking and some adverse gestational outcomes. Data collection was cross-sectional. The study population were women in the city of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) delivering a child without birth defects. The sample corresponded to the controls of the Birth Defects Registry of Barcelona, 2% of all pregnancy deliveries in the city from 1994 to 2003 (n = 2297). Information sources were hospital records and a personal interview of mothers. The analysis measured first the association between independent variables (instruction level, social class, occupation, nationality, planned pregnancy, parity, hospital funding and smoking status of the mother's partner) with two dependent variables: smoking at the initiation of pregnancy and quitting during pregnancy. Second, the persistence of smoking over pregnancy and all independent variables were studied with three variables indicating adverse outcomes of pregnancy: low gestation, low birthweight and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Finally, the joint association between the persistence of smoking over pregnancy and social class taken as independent variables was determined with the three variables indicating adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Logistic regression models were fitted, adjusting for maternal age. Results are presented as odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals. The prevalence of smoking at the onset of gestation was 41%, and 40% of these women quit during pregnancy, so that 25% delivered as active smokers. Fewer women with higher educational levels and from families with non-manual jobs smoked, as did immigrants, those planning pregnancy and women whose partner did not smoke. Smoking immigrants quit more frequently than nationals, as did those planning pregnancy, primiparae, and women whose partner did not smoke. Low gestation, low birthweight and IUGR were more frequent among smokers and women with a manual occupation, but manual occupation lost its significance when adjusting for smoking. The association between smoking and adverse results was higher for IUGR. In conclusion, the prevalence of smoking and quitting during pregnancy varied according to social factors. The influence of social factors on the outcome of pregnancy was mediated strongly by smoking in a country that provides access to health care free of cost. A priority in reducing inequalities in health is to help women from manual work backgrounds quit smoking.
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Gilman SE, Breslau J, Subramanian SV, Hitsman B, Koenen KC. Social factors, psychopathology, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Am J Public Health 2007; 98:448-53. [PMID: 17600245 PMCID: PMC2253564 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2006.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relative importance of sociodemographic factors and psychiatric disorders for smoking among 453 pregnant women in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Women with less than a high school education and those with current-year nicotine dependence had the highest risk of smoking (90.5%), compared with women with a college degree and without nicotine dependence (3.9%). More effective and accessible interventions for nicotine dependence among pregnant smokers are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Gilman
- Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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