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Vogel M, McCuddy T, Mathias B, Rezey ML, Kaser T. Assessing the acute effects of exposure to community violence among adolescents: A strategic comparison approach. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2024; 121:103026. [PMID: 38871432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This paper examines whether exposure to spatially proximate homicide affects norms, attitudes, and the adaptive strategies adolescents take to insulate themselves from violent victimization. Drawing on survey data from a large sample of urban youth (n = 3195), we assess the impact of homicides occurring within a one-mile radius of respondents' homes on a variety of psychosocial outcomes. We exploit random variation in the timing of survey administration to compare the survey responses of youths who were exposed to a homicide in the immediate vicinity of their homes in the one-month period leading up the administration of the survey with students who did not experience a homicide near their homes during that period but would the following month. This strategic comparison approach minimizes the confounding influence of endogenous processes that funnel children and families into places where homicides tend to concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Vogel
- School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, SUNY, USA.
| | - Tim McCuddy
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Memphis, USA
| | | | - Maribeth L Rezey
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Taylor Kaser
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
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2
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Kim S, Brennan PA, Slavich GM, Hertzberg V, Kelly U, Dunlop AL. Black-white differences in chronic stress exposures to predict preterm birth: interpretable, race/ethnicity-specific machine learning model. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:438. [PMID: 38909177 PMCID: PMC11193905 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differential exposure to chronic stressors by race/ethnicity may help explain Black-White inequalities in rates of preterm birth. However, researchers have not investigated the cumulative, interactive, and population-specific nature of chronic stressor exposures and their possible nonlinear associations with preterm birth. Models capable of computing such high-dimensional associations that could differ by race/ethnicity are needed. We developed machine learning models of chronic stressors to both predict preterm birth more accurately and identify chronic stressors and other risk factors driving preterm birth risk among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White pregnant women. METHODS Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) models were developed for preterm birth prediction for non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, and combined study samples derived from the CDC's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data (2012-2017). For each sample population, MARS models were trained and tested using 5-fold cross-validation. For each population, the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) was used to evaluate model performance, and variable importance for preterm birth prediction was computed. RESULTS Among 81,892 non-Hispanic Black and 277,963 non-Hispanic White live births (weighted sample), the best-performing MARS models showed high accuracy (AUC: 0.754-0.765) and similar-or-better performance for race/ethnicity-specific models compared to the combined model. The number of prenatal care visits, premature rupture of membrane, and medical conditions were more important than other variables in predicting preterm birth across the populations. Chronic stressors (e.g., low maternal education and intimate partner violence) and their correlates predicted preterm birth only for non-Hispanic Black women. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings reinforce that such mid or upstream determinants of health as chronic stressors should be targeted to reduce excess preterm birth risk among non-Hispanic Black women and ultimately narrow the persistent Black-White gap in preterm birth in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Kim
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - George M Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vicki Hertzberg
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ursula Kelly
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne L Dunlop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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3
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Crawford AD, McGlothen-Bell K, Testa A, McGrath JM, Cleveland L. Exploration of the effects of incarceration on the health of Latina women and their children using the life course theory. Public Health Nurs 2024; 41:264-273. [PMID: 38129292 PMCID: PMC11293011 DOI: 10.1111/phn.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use the Life Course Theory (LCT) to explore the effects of involvement with the justice system on the health of Latina women and their children. DESIGN A supplementary analysis was conducted using data collected from the original study to answer a new research question. SETTING South Central Texas. PARTICIPANTS A primary qualitative data set from 12 Latina women involved with the justice system. METHODS We applied LCT principles and used thematic content analysis as such we employed categoric distinction: lifespan development, time and place in individuals' lives, the timing of lives, human agency, and linked lives to analyze participants' narratives. RESULTS Five themes emerged that aligned with LCT principles: (1) It feels like I'm living in my own prison; (2) What do I have to live for now; (3) It is like double punishment; (4) They made my choices; and (5) People didn't really understand. Participants felt helpless with few options to overcome their prior adversities, which affected their ability to make positive future choices. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the potential, long-term, negative health consequences that may result from incarceration. Considering that justice system involvement can lead to more profound maternal and child health disparities, our findings suggest that greater advocacy from the nursing profession would increase accessibility to equitable and respectful maternity and women's health care services. Key points Involvement with the justice system can result in negative health consequences for women and their children. Maternal and child health disparities are often more profound after involvement with the justice system. Greater advocacy is needed from the nursing profession to ensure access to equitable and respectful maternity and women's health care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison D. Crawford
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly McGlothen-Bell
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Testa
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. McGrath
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lisa Cleveland
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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4
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Wright KA, Young JTN, Matekel CG, Infante AA, Gifford FE, Meyers TJ, Morse SJ. Solitary confinement and the well-being of people in prison. Soc Sci Med 2023; 335:116224. [PMID: 37703784 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solitary confinement and mental well-being has been researched extensively, with a significant increase in studies over the last ten years. These recent studies produce mixed evidence for whether placement in solitary confinement is associated with psychological distress. We advance our understanding of these relationships in two critical ways. First, we conduct both between- and within-person analyses within the same data to better understand the relationship of solitary confinement and mental well-being relative to the well-being of people in less restrictive prison settings. Second, we ask the men in our sample questions about their personality style, coping strategies, and interactions with staff, which allows us to explore how individual characteristics and prison experiences matter, alongside isolation, in understanding mental well-being. METHODS We gather data from interviews at three time points with 122 men in solitary confinement and 204 men in other conditions of confinement in Arizona from 2017 to 2019. We merge these interview data with administrative data on study sample and population sample to include critical measures such as mental health score, risk level, and visitation status. Our interviews contain a Global Severity Index (GSI), created from 90 self-reported psychopathological symptoms experienced, that we use to assess well-being. We estimate cross-classified multilevel models to assess between-person differences and within-person change in well-being over time. RESULTS There was a small relationship between solitary confinement and worsening well-bring (longitudinal, within-person) and a small relationship between solitary confinement and worse well-being (cross-sectional, between-person), with this between-person association reduced significantly upon inclusion of additional individual characteristics and prison experiences. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the incarceration experience, including conditions of confinement, is associated with mental well-being in different ways for different people. We believe that collective confinement and well-being could receive the same scholarly attention and public concern as solitary confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Wright
- Arizona State University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Jacob T N Young
- Arizona State University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Caitlin G Matekel
- Arizona State University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Arynn A Infante
- Portland State University, Criminology and Criminal Justice Department, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Faith E Gifford
- Center for Policing Excellence, Oregon Department of Public Safety Standards and Training, Salem, OR, USA
| | - Travis J Meyers
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie J Morse
- St. Anselm College, Criminal Justice Department, Manchester, NH, USA
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5
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Jackson DB, Testa A, Semenza DC, Kaufmann CN, Spira AP. Sleep duration among adults exposed to family member incarceration during childhood. Sleep Health 2023; 9:680-687. [PMID: 37640628 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study examines the association between family member incarceration during childhood and sleep duration among a national sample of adults (ages 18-80+). METHODS We employ data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N = 116,631). We use stepwise, multinomial logistic regression to examine associations between exposure to family member incarceration during childhood and sleep duration during adulthood. We also utilize the Karlson-Holm-Breen method to investigate whether indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage, and poor mental and physical health attenuate this relationship. Finally, to examine the robustness of associations between family member incarceration and sleep duration, we used a strategic comparison approach in which participants experiencing family member incarceration were compared to participants experiencing alternative adverse childhood experiences in the absence of family member incarceration. RESULTS Findings demonstrate a significant association between family member incarceration and sleep duration, with particularly strong associations with short and long sleep durations (relative to optimum sleep duration). However, poor mental and physical health during adulthood and socioeconomic disadvantage significantly attenuated these associations. Strategic comparison models also revealed that the association between family member incarceration during childhood and sleep duration is robust to the accumulation of other childhood adversities. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that strategies are needed among public health practitioners, physicians, and sleep professionals to mitigate the potential adverse effects of family member incarceration during childhood on sleep duration among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christopher N Kaufmann
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Adam P Spira
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Del Toro J, Fine A, Wang MT. The intergenerational effects of paternal incarceration on children's social and psychological well-being from early childhood to adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:558-569. [PMID: 35285432 PMCID: PMC9470779 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to unravel the psychological processes through which mass incarceration, specifically paternal incarceration, is negatively affecting the next generation of children. Data came from 4,327 families from 20 cities who participated in a 10-year longitudinal study. Parents and children reported on children's rule-breaking behaviors and depressive symptoms when they were on average ages 5 (2003-2006), 9 (2007-2010), and 15 (2014-2017). Parental surveys and disposition information were combined to assess paternal incarceration at each age. Results showed that children who experienced paternal incarceration at age 5 also demonstrated more rule-breaking behaviors at age 15. Children's age-9 depressive symptoms partially mediated our finding, such that children who experienced paternal incarceration at age 5 also showed greater depressive symptoms at age 9, which in turn predicted greater rule-breaking behaviors at age 15. Paternal incarceration predicted future rule-breaking behaviors more strongly than did other forms of father loss. Because we found paternal incarceration during childhood is associated with worsened adjustment into adolescence, we discussed the need for developmentally appropriate practices in the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Toro
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam Fine
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ming-Te Wang
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology and School of Education, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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Lee RD, D’Angelo DV, Dieke A, Burley K. Recent Incarceration Exposure Among Parents of Live-Born Infants and Maternal and Child Health. Public Health Rep 2023; 138:292-301. [PMID: 35301904 PMCID: PMC10031842 DOI: 10.1177/00333549221081808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women who have direct exposure to incarceration or indirect exposure through their partner are at high risk for poor health behaviors and outcomes, which may have lasting impacts on their children. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of recent incarceration exposure among women with a recent live birth and assess the relationship between incarceration exposure and maternal and child health. METHODS We used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (36 states and New York City, 2012-2015; N = 146 329) to estimate the prevalence of women reporting that they or their husband/partner spent time in jail during the 12 months before giving birth. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between incarceration exposure and maternal and infant health conditions. RESULTS The prevalence of incarceration exposure shortly before or during pregnancy was 3.7% (95% CI, 3.6%-3.9%). Women with incarceration exposure had increased odds of prepregnancy hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.26-1.81), prepregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms (aOR = 1.95 [95% CI, 1.73-2.19] and 1.49 [95% CI, 1.32-1.67], respectively), and having an infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (aOR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.33). CONCLUSION Because a parent's incarceration exposure is an adverse childhood experience with the potential to disrupt important developmental periods and have negative impacts on the socioemotional and health outcomes of children, it is critical for researchers and health care providers to better understand its impact on maternal and infant health. Prenatal and postnatal care may provide opportunities to address incarceration-related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn D. Lee
- Division of Violence Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Denise V. D’Angelo
- Division of Reproductive Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ada Dieke
- Division of Reproductive Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kim Burley
- Division of Reproductive Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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8
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Incarceration exposure and women's oral health experiences during pregnancy. Soc Sci Med 2022; 314:115467. [PMID: 36288649 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prior research has documented an association between incarceration and poor oral health outcomes. Likewise, recent scholarship has also detailed that women exposed to incarceration either directly or vicariously through a partner during pregnancy incur worse health outcomes. However, no previous research has assessed the connection between incarceration exposure and oral health during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE The current study assesses the link between maternal incarceration exposure and oral health during pregnancy. METHODS Data are from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from years 2016-2019 (N = 60,342). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between incarceration and oral health. RESULTS Women exposed to incarceration exhibited worse oral health outcomes in the form of being more likely to report not knowing the importance of oral care, not having an oral health discussion with a provider, not getting a teeth cleaning, as well as being likely to report needing to see a dental provider, having visited a dental provider for a problem during pregnancy, and having more unmet dental care needs. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to a burgeoning literature that demonstrates a woman's prenatal exposure to incarceration poses risk for overall health and wellbeing. Given the influence of both incarceration exposure and oral health during pregnancy for maternal and infant health, the findings suggest that coordination between criminal justice, public health, and oral health experts can develop programmatic efforts that expand access to oral health care and improve oral health literacy among incarceration-exposed pregnant women.
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9
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Lived experiences of pregnancy and prison through a reproductive justice lens: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Soc Sci Med 2022; 307:115179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Testa A, Fahmy C, Jackson DB, Ganson KT, Nagata JM. Incarceration exposure during pregnancy and maternal disability: findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:744. [PMID: 35418044 PMCID: PMC9009053 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extant research reveals that currently and formerly incarcerated individuals exhibit higher rates of disability. Moreover, recent research highlights that women exposed to incarceration during pregnancy -either personally or vicariously through a partner- face poorer health. However, prior research has not detailed the connection between incarceration exposure and risk for maternal disability. METHODS The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between a women's exposure to incarceration during pregnancy and disability including difficulty with: communication, hearing, remembering, seeing, self-care, or walking. Data are from Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2019 (N = 12,712). Logistic and negative binomial regression were used to assess the relationship between incarceration exposure and maternal disability. RESULTS Among the sample of women who delivered a recent live birth, approximately 3.3% of the sample indicated they were personally or vicariously exposed to incarceration in the 12 months before birth. Compared to those who did not have incarceration exposure, women with incarceration exposure have elevated odds of several disabilities, including difficulty remembering (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.971; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.429, 2.718), difficulty seeing (AOR = 1.642, 95% CI = 1.179, 2.288), difficulty walking (AOR = 1.896, 95% CI = 1.413, 2.544), and a greater number of cumulative disabilities (Incidence Risk Ratio [IRR] = 1.483; 95% CI = 1.271, 1.731). CONCLUSIONS Women personally or vicariously exposed to incarceration during pregnancy endure greater odds of having a disability. Considering both incarceration and disability are important public health issues with implications for maternal and child well-being, these findings highlight the need for further research that can better understand the connection between incarceration and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, US
| | - Chantal Fahmy
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, US
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, US
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, US.
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Shlafer RJ, Gerrity E, Norris C, Freeman-Cook R, B Sufrin C. Justice for Incarcerated Moms Act of 2021: Reflections and recommendations. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2022; 18:17455057221093037. [PMID: 35438013 PMCID: PMC9021469 DOI: 10.1177/17455057221093037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last five decades, the number of women behind bars in the United States has risen exponentially. It is now estimated that there are nearly 58,000 admissions of pregnant people—disproportionately women of color—to jails and prisons each year. Recognizing the urgency and consequences of mass incarceration on pregnant people, their families, and communities, House Resolution 948: Justice for Incarcerated Moms Act of 2021 was introduced to Congress as a part of the Black Maternal Health Momnibus. The Justice for Incarcerated Moms Act aims to improve health care and promote dignity for incarcerated pregnant and parenting people through an array of policies and oversight. In this article, we review and reflect on the components of this bill within their broader public health and reproductive justice contexts. We close with recommendations for policymakers and professionals committed to promoting equity and justice for pregnant and postpartum incarcerated people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Gerrity
- Minnesota Prison Doula Project, Ostara Initiative, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chauntel Norris
- Alabama Prison Birth Project, Ostara Initiative, Auburn, AL, USA
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12
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Testa A, Ganson KT, Jackson DB, Bojorquez-Ramirez P, Nagata JM. Adverse childhood experiences and maternal disability: Findings from the North Dakota and South Dakota PRAMS, 2019. Soc Sci Med 2021; 292:114616. [PMID: 34864603 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prior research has found adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to be a risk factor for disability in adulthood. Moreover, accumulating evidence highlights that both ACEs and disability during pregnancy are a risk factor for both maternal and infant wellbeing. Yet, no previous work has assessed whether ACEs increase the risk of maternal disability. OBJECTIVE The current study assesses the link between maternal ACE exposure and disability. METHODS Data are from the North Dakota and South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2019 (N = 1775). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between accumulating ACEs and maternal disability. RESULTS Mothers with exposure to a greater number of ACE-notably, 4 or more ACEs- had elevated rates of several disabilities including difficulty communicating, difficulty remembering, difficulty seeing, and difficulty walking. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the long-term health repercussions of ACEs for pregnant women and mothers is important to help inform the design and implementation of health care interventions. This study can be used to better understand the prevalence of disabilities among mothers and corroborate early life experiences as an important risk factor for disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- College for Health, Community and Policy, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA.
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | | | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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13
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The Process of Becoming a Mother in French Prison Nurseries: A Qualitative Study. Matern Child Health J 2021; 26:367-380. [PMID: 34618310 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many variables can influence the process of motherhood, including environmental precarity and personal adversity. One about which little is known is the impact of incarceration on women during or after pregnancy. In France, pregnant women or those with children up to 18 months old can be incarcerated with their child in specific units called nurseries. We sought to explore incarcerated women's experience of motherhood in prison environments and its potential consequences on the construction of their identity as mothers. METHOD We conducted semi-structured interviews to collect the experience of the process of motherhood among 25 mothers and 5 pregnant women in 13 different prison nurseries in France and used interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore the data. RESULTS Four different themes emerged: prison conflates their status as inmates and as mothers; it limits their freedom as mothers; it disrupts their family structure; and motherhood may help distinguish them from other inmates. CONCLUSION Incarceration of pregnant women or young mothers in prison nurseries might disrupt the process involved in becoming mothers, causing their identities as prisoners to englobe their identities as mothers and resulting in inappropriate parenting support by prison staff. A professional specialized in peripartum issues should help each woman disentangle her identity as inmate and mother and enable her placement at the facility best adapted to her individual needs as a mother. In any case, if prison must continue to be possible, it must always be a last alternative for women with young children.
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Vitt N, Vecchi M, James J, Belot M. Maternal stress during pregnancy and children's diet: Evidence from a population of low socioeconomic status. Nutrition 2021; 93:111423. [PMID: 34479046 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the relationship between maternal exposure to stress during pregnancy and children's food preferences and diet in a population of low socioeconomic status. METHODS Indices of exposure to stress were constructed based on retrospective self-reported experience of stressful events during pregnancy (e.g., death of close family member, relationship difficulties, legal issues, health issues, financial issues, or other potentially stressful event[s]). Data were collected for >200 mothers of a low socioeconomic status with a child age 2 to 12 y. Data on mothers' body mass index, current exposure to stress, current diet, and diet during pregnancy were collected at the same time, as well as data on children's food preferences and current diet as reported by the mothers. Indices of the healthiness of food preferences and diet were constructed and used as outcome variables. RESULTS Maternal exposure to stress during pregnancy significantly predicts children's food and taste preferences, as well as their diet, in regression models controlling for maternal diet, current maternal stress, and demographic characteristics of both the child and mother. Higher average stress during pregnancy is linked with significantly less healthy food preferences and diet, as well as with weaker preferences for sour and bitter foods. This relationship is observed across different age groups. CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to stress during pregnancy could have long-term detrimental effects on dietary outcomes and thereby on health conditions related to diet. Prenatal care and preconception counseling could be critical to develop preventive strategies to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Vecchi
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
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Testa A, Jackson DB. Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences, Paternal Involvement, and Infant Health. J Pediatr 2021; 236:157-163.e1. [PMID: 33895207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the interplay between maternal exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and father's acknowledgment of paternity (AOP; a proxy for paternal involvement) in the risk of low birth weight (<2500 grams) and preterm birth (<37 weeks) among offspring. STUDY DESIGN Data come from the 2018 North Dakota and South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n = 1896). Logistic regression models were used to assess low birth weight and preterm birth outcomes. Moderation analyses are conducted to assess the interaction between maternal ACEs and father's AOP. RESULTS Moderation analyses demonstrated a positive interaction between an accumulating number of maternal ACEs and being unmarried without AOP for low birth weight and preterm birth. Upon comparing newborns of unmarried women without AOP, those whose mothers were exposed to 4 or more ACEs had a 3.74 times greater probability of low birth weight (0.050 vs 0.187) and a 1.74 times greater probability of preterm birth (0.085 vs 0.148) than those whose mothers reported no ACE exposure. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to accumulating ACEs substantially increases the risk of deleterious infant health outcomes, but only for newborns of unmarried women without AOP. Future research should assess the efficacy of interventions that can mitigate the impact of maternal ACEs in the absence of father's AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- The Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX.
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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16
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Yi Y, Kennedy J, Chazotte C, Huynh M, Jiang Y, Wildeman C. Paternal Jail Incarceration and Birth Outcomes: Evidence from New York City, 2010-2016. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:1221-1241. [PMID: 33914227 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine population-level associations between paternal jail incarceration during pregnancy and infant birth outcomes using objective measures of health and incarceration. METHODS We use multivariate logistic regression models and linked records on all births and jail incarcerations in New York City between 2010 and 2016. RESULTS 0.8% of live births were exposed to paternal incarceration during pregnancy or at the time of birth. After accounting for parental sociodemographic characteristics, maternal health behaviors, and maternal health care access, paternal incarceration during pregnancy remains associated with late preterm birth (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.21, 1.48), low birthweight (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.27, 1.53), small size for gestational age (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.17, 1.57), and NICU admission (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.24). CONCLUSIONS We found strong positive baseline associations (p < 0.001) between paternal jail incarceration during pregnancy with probabilities of all adverse outcomes examined. These associations did not appear to be driven purely by duration or frequency of paternal incarceration. These associations were partially explained by parental characteristics, maternal health behavior, and health care. These results indicate the need to consider paternal incarceration as a potential stressor and source of trauma for pregnant women and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Yi
- Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Joseph Kennedy
- Bureau of Vital Statistics, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cynthia Chazotte
- Bureau of Maternal, Infant, and Reproductive Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary Huynh
- Bureau of Vital Statistics, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yang Jiang
- Bureau of Maternal, Infant, and Reproductive Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States. .,ROCKWOOL Foundation Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Poehlmann-Tynan J, Muentner L, Pritzl K, Cuthrell H, Hindt LA, Davis L, Shlafer R. The Health and Development of Young Children Who Witnessed Their Parent's Arrest Prior to Parental Jail Incarceration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4512. [PMID: 33922846 PMCID: PMC8123032 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most U.S. incarceration occurs in jails, with more than 10 million annual admissions, and most individuals in jail are parents of minor children. In this short-term longitudinal study, we examined the health and development of young children who did or did not witness their parent's arrest prior to parental jail incarceration. 228 individuals in 76 triads (incarcerated parents, children, at-home caregivers) were enrolled from four jails in two states. Jailed parents and caregivers reported on whether the child witnessed the parent's arrest or crime. Children's caregivers completed questionnaires about children's emotional symptoms during the prior 6 months and demographics, as well as children's emotional reactions to separation from the parent and child health at the initial assessment and 2 weeks later. Trained researchers conducted a developmental assessment with children while waiting to visit parents. Results of regression-based moderated mediation analyses indicated that when their emotional symptoms were high, children who witnessed parental arrest were more likely to have poorer health initially and more intense negative reactions to the parent leaving for jail. In addition, when children's general emotional symptoms were low, children who witnessed their parent's arrest were more likely to exhibit developmental delays, especially in their early academic skills, compared to children who did not witness the arrest. Witnessing the parent's crime related to missed milestones in social and adaptive development. Findings have implications for policies regarding safeguarding children during parental arrest and referrals for health- and development-promotion services following parental criminal justice system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Poehlmann-Tynan
- School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (L.M.); (K.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Luke Muentner
- School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (L.M.); (K.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Kaitlyn Pritzl
- School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (L.M.); (K.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Hilary Cuthrell
- School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (L.M.); (K.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Lauren A. Hindt
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA;
| | - Laurel Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Rebecca Shlafer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.D.); (R.S.)
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18
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Roettger M, Houle B. Assessing the relationship between parental imprisonment in childhood and risk of sexually transmitted infections: a cohort study of US adults in early adulthood. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e038445. [PMID: 33795290 PMCID: PMC8021740 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One in six young adults in the USA experiences parental imprisonment in childhood. Prior studies have associated parental imprisonment with risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI); however, potential data and methodological issues may have limited the reliability and accuracy of prior findings. Examining cumulative and longitudinal risk, we address several methodological limitations of prior studies and also examine comparative risk by respondent sex and ethnicity. We assess these associations using a range of control variables. DESIGN A national cohort study from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health using (1) a cross-sectional sample of adults at ages 24-32 years and (2) a longitudinal sample between ages 18 and 32 years. Both analyses estimate ORs for STI associated with parental imprisonment and examine variation by parent/child gender and respondent ethnicity. SETTING In-home interviews in the USA at wave 1 (1994-1995), wave 3 (2001-2003) and wave 4 (2007-2009). PARTICIPANTS 15 684 respondents completing interviews at wave 1 (ages 12-18 years) and wave 4 (ages 26-32 years), including 8556 women, 3437 black and 2397 respondents reporting parental imprisonment. RESULTS Father-only imprisonment is associated with 1.22 higher odds (95% CI: 1.09 to 1.37) of lifetime STI and 1.19 higher odds (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.41) of STI in the past 12 months between ages 18 and 32 years, adjusting for familial, neighbourhood, individual and sexual risk factors. Maternal imprisonment is not associated with higher risk of lifetime STI after adjusting for confounders (95% CI: 0.90 to 1.61). Examining predicted probabilities of STI, our findings show additive risks for women, black people and parental imprisonment. CONCLUSION Adjusting for confounders, only paternal imprisonment is associated with slightly elevated risk of annual and lifetime risk of STI. Additive effects show that parental imprisonment modestly increases ethnic and female risk for STI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roettger
- School of Demography, Australian National University College of Arts and Social Sciences, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Brian Houle
- School of Demography, Australian National University College of Arts and Social Sciences, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Jackson DB, Testa A, Semenza DC, Vaughn MG. Parental Incarceration, Child Adversity, and Child Health: A Strategic Comparison Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073384. [PMID: 33805850 PMCID: PMC8036687 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Research points to parental incarceration as an important social determinant of child health. Even so, studies examining the health impact of parental incarceration in the context of diverse childhood stressors and adversities are lacking. Methods: The present study uses a large, nationally representative sample to compare U.S. children who were exposed to parental incarceration to a strategic comparison group of U.S. children who were not exposed to parental incarceration, but were nonetheless exposed to alternative family stressors and adversities. Results: The initial findings generally reveal worse health among children exposed to parental incarceration compared to those who are not exposed. Even so, these differences were partially or completely attenuated when comparing the incarceration-exposed group to more comparable groups of children exposed to a varying degree of alternative stressors/adversities. Conclusions: Programmatic efforts targeting parental incarceration as a means of promoting child health may be enhanced by adequately addressing co-occurring family stressors and child adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA;
| | - Daniel C. Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology & Criminal Justice, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ 08102, USA;
| | - Michael G. Vaughn
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA;
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20
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Testa A, Jackson DB, Boccio C. Incarceration exposure and electronic cigarette use during pregnancy: Findings from the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system, 2016-2018. Prev Med 2021; 143:106375. [PMID: 33321122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is a serious public health concern that poses risks for maternal and infant health. Considering the rise of electronic cigarette use in recent years, there is also growing concern about electronic cigarette use during pregnancy. Recent research has begun to explore correlates of electronic cigarette use among pregnant women. While research has revealed a strong connection between incarceration and smoking, scholars have yet to examine the connection between a woman's exposure to incarceration in the year prior to birth - either personally or vicariously through her husband or partner - and prenatal electronic cigarette use. The current study uses data from 74,554 recent mothers from the 2016-2018 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the association between incarceration exposure and electronic cigarette use. The findings indicate a robust association between incarceration exposure and electronic cigarette use during pregnancy. Specifically, analyses demonstrate that incarceration-exposed women were approximately 2.7 times (AOR = 2.699, 95% CI = 1.939, 3.755) as likely to use electronic cigarettes after adjusting for a host of demographic, economic, health, and pregnancy related characteristics. Additional analyses reveal this association remains after accounting for conventional cigarette use during pregnancy. Considering the potential harmful health ramifications for electronic cigarette use during pregnancy, these findings suggest a need for interventions targeting electronic cigarette use among incarceration-exposed populations and point to electronic cigarette use among pregnant women in particular as an important area of focus for both criminal justice and public health practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- University of Texas at San Antonio, United States of America.
| | | | - Cashen Boccio
- University of Texas at San Antonio, United States of America
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21
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Testa A, Jackson DB. Incarceration Exposure During Pregnancy and Infant Health: Moderation by Public Assistance. J Pediatr 2020; 226:251-257.e1. [PMID: 32590000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between exposure to incarceration during pregnancy and adverse infant health outcomes: low birth weight (<2500 g), very low birth weight (<1500 g), preterm birth (<37 weeks), and very preterm birth (≤33 weeks), and to evaluate the moderating role of receiving public assistance benefits (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children and Medicaid) during pregnancy in this process. STUDY DESIGN The current study employs data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2009-2017. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between incarceration of a woman or her partner in the year before birth, the receipt of public assistance during pregnancy, and postpartum infant health. Moderation analyses were conducted by interacting forms of public assistance and incarceration exposure. RESULTS Exposure to incarceration either personally or vicariously through a partner increased all 4 adverse infant health outcomes. However, moderation analyses demonstrated that public assistance benefits and incarceration have a negative interaction, indicating that public assistance might buffer against the harmful effects of incarceration exposure during pregnancy on infant health. CONCLUSIONS Incarceration exposure during pregnancy poses a significant risk for adverse infant health outcomes. However, the receipt of public assistance benefits including Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children and Medicaid may mitigate this risk. Expanded access to public assistance for women exposed to incarceration during pregnancy holds promise to improve infant health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX.
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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22
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Testa A, Jackson DB. Incarceration Exposure and Barriers to Prenatal Care in the United States: Findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7331. [PMID: 33049968 PMCID: PMC7578954 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrates that exposure to incarceration during pregnancy - either personally or vicariously through a partner - worsens parental care. However, little is known about the specific barriers to parental care that are associated with incarceration exposure. Using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (years 2009-2016), the current study examines the relationship between exposure to incarceration during pregnancy and barriers to prenatal care in the United States. Negative binomial and logistic regression models were used to assess the association between the recent incarceration of a woman or her partner (i.e., incarceration that occurred in the 12 months prior to the focal birth) and several barriers to prenatal care. Findings indicate that exposure to incarceration, either personally or vicariously through a partner, increases the overall number of barriers to prenatal care and this association operates through several specific barriers including a lack of transportation to doctor's appointments, having difficulty finding someone to take care of her children, being too busy, keeping pregnancy a secret, and a woman not knowing she was pregnant. Policies designed to help incarceration exposed women overcome these barriers can potentially yield benefits for enhancing access to parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA
| | - Dylan B. Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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23
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Testa A, Rennó Santos M, Weiss DB. Incarceration rates and hospital beds per capita: A cross-national study of 36 countries, 1971-2015. Soc Sci Med 2020; 263:113262. [PMID: 32784099 PMCID: PMC7398037 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Incarceration carries several negative ramifications for population health, while diverting scarce resources from other public goods. At a time when health care systems around the world are strained, the current study investigates the long-term relationship between incarceration and health care infrastructure. OBJECTIVE We investigated the longitudinal association between incarceration rates and hospital beds per capita for 36 countries between 1971 and 2015. METHOD Fixed effects regression analyses were employed to examine the effect of within-country changes in incarceration rates on hospital beds per capita. RESULTS Findings demonstrated that increases in national incarceration rates over time were associated with declines in hospital beds per capita, net of controls for socio-demographic and economic factors. CONCLUSIONS Increased incarceration negatively impacts hospital bed availability at the cross-national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | | | - Douglas B Weiss
- Department of Criminal Justice, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
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