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Musters SCW, Kreca SM, van Dieren S, van der Wal-Huisman H, Romijn JA, Chaboyer W, Nieveen van Dijkum EJM, Eskes AM. Family caregiver outcomes after participating in a hospital-based family involvement program after major gastrointestinal surgery: a subgroup analysis of a patient preferred cohort study. Int J Surg 2024; 110:4746-4753. [PMID: 38626415 PMCID: PMC11325895 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engaging families in postsurgical care is potentially beneficial for improving cancer patient outcomes and quality of care. The authors developed a family involvement program (FIP) and in this study, the authors aim to evaluate the impact of the FIP on family caregiver burden and well-being. Moreover, the authors aim to assess the fidelity of the program. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a preplanned subgroup analysis of a patient-preferred prospective cohort study that included family caregivers of patients who underwent major oncological surgery for gastrointestinal tumors. Only patient-nominated family caregivers could participate in the FIP. Caregivers received structured training in fundamental caregiving tasks from healthcare professionals and then actively participated in these tasks. Caregiver burden and well-being were measured four times (at hospital admission, at hospital discharge, and at 1 and 3 months posthospital discharge) using the Caregiver Strain Index+ (CSI+) and the Care-related Quality of Life instrument (CarerQoL-7D). The fidelity of the FIP was assessed by recording completion of care activities. In addition, family caregivers were asked whether they would participate in the FIP again. RESULTS Most of the 152 family caregivers were female (77.6%), and their mean age was 61.3 years (SD=11.6). Median CSI+ scores ranged between -1 and 0 and remained below the cutoff point of experiencing burden. CarerQoL-7D results indicated no significant differences in family caregivers' well-being over time. Upon discharge, over 75% of the family caregivers stated that they would recommend the FIP to others. The highest compliance with all fundamental care activities was observed during postoperative days 2-4. CONCLUSION The family caregivers of oncological surgical patients who participated in the FIP exhibited acceptable levels of caregiver burden and well-being. These findings suggest that the FIP is a valuable intervention to equip family caregivers with the skills to navigate the uncertain period following a patient's hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma C W Musters
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sani M Kreca
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan van Dieren
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes A Romijn
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy Chaboyer
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Els J M Nieveen van Dijkum
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne M Eskes
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
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Gomes MC, Castro R, Silva Serra W, Sagica de Vasconcelos J, Parente A, Botelho EP, Ferreira G, Sousa F. Demographic Profile, Health, and Associated Factors of Family Caregivers and Functionality of Hospitalized Older Adults: Cross-Sectional, Exploratory, and Descriptive Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e54074. [PMID: 38905627 PMCID: PMC11226922 DOI: 10.2196/54074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The longevity of the world population can contribute to an increase in hospitalizations and, consequently, to the emergence of functional limitations, resulting in the need for family caregivers. Hospitalized older adults may become dependent and require more care, increasing the burden on family caregivers. Thus, the nursing team in the hospital environment faces a new situation: an increase in the number of older adults occupying hospital beds and the presence of their family caregivers. OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze the association between the demographic variables of interest and the self-rated health of family caregivers and to describe the functionality of older adults hospitalized in a university hospital in the Amazonian context. METHODS This cross-sectional, quantitative, exploratory, and descriptive study was carried out through individual interviews with 98 interviewees, divided into 49 family caregivers and 49 older adults hospitalized in the surgical clinic sector of a university hospital in Brazil between February and March 2023. Demographic data and health conditions were collected from family caregivers, and to describe the functionality of hospitalized older adults, the Barthel Index was applied. Descriptive (frequency and percentage) and inferential analyses were used, and the student t test was applied. The significance level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS Among the 49 family caregivers, the majority were women (n=40, 81.6%) with an average age of 46.9 (SD 13.3) years. Most were single (n=28, 57.1%) and had completed an average level of education (n=26, 53.1%). Additionally, 25 (51%) caregivers were caring for their parents. Regarding health conditions, respondents self-assessed their health as good (25/49, 51%; P=.01), and they considered that their health status was not affected by the provision of care (36/49, 73.5%; P=.01). There was a significant association between demographic variables (ie, gender, age, and education) and self-assessment of family caregivers (P=.01, P=.01, and P=.04, respectively). Of the 49 older adults hospitalized, the majority (n=31, 63.2%) were men, with a mean age of 69.2 (SD 7.12) years. Regarding the assessment of functionality, most older adults were classified as having mild dependence on care (n=23, 46.9%), specifically in the age group between 60 and 69 years (21/49, 67.8%). CONCLUSIONS The data revealed that female gender, age, and education of family caregivers contributed favorably to the provision of care to hospitalized older adults with a lower degree of functional dependence. It is important to emphasize that during the older adult's hospitalization, the family caregiver should not be seen as a delegation of responsibilities or as a complement of human resources to assist in their recovery. Health professionals need to implement assertive interventions so that the family caregiver functions as a therapeutic resource.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Castro
- Nursing School, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabianne Sousa
- Nursing School, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil
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La IS, Johantgen M, Storr CL, Zhu S, Cagle JG, Ross A. Spirituality moderates the relationship between cancer caregiver burden and depression. Palliat Support Care 2024; 22:470-481. [PMID: 38131143 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951523001785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cancer has become a chronic disease that requires a considerable amount of informal caregiving, often quite burdensome to family caregivers. However, the influence of spirituality on the caregivers' burden and mental health outcomes has been understudied. This study was to examine how caregiver burden, spirituality, and depression change during cancer treatment and investigate the moderating role of spirituality in the relationship between caregiver burden and depression for a sample of caregivers of persons with cancer. METHODS This secondary analysis used a longitudinal design employing 3 waves of data collection (at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months). Family caregivers completed the Caregiver Reaction Assessment, Spiritual Perspective Scale, and the PROMIS® depression measure. Linear mixed model analyses were used, controlling for pertinent covariates. RESULTS Spirituality, total caregiver burden, and depression remained stable over 6 months. More than 30% of the caregivers had mild to severe depressive symptoms at 3 time points. There was evidence of overall burden influencing depression. Of note was a protective effect of caregivers' spirituality on the relationship between depression and caregiver burden over time (b = -1.35, p = .015). The lower the spirituality, the stronger the relationship between depression and burden, especially regarding subscales of schedule burden, financial burden, and lack of family support. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS Spirituality was a significant resource for coping with caregiving challenges. This study suggests that comprehensive screening and spiritual care for cancer caregivers may improve their cancer caregiving experience and possibly influence the care recipients' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Seo La
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Meg Johantgen
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carla L Storr
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shijun Zhu
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John G Cagle
- University of Maryland School of Social Work, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alyson Ross
- Wisdom of the Whole Coaching Academy, Asheville, NC, USA
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Mooney KH, Coombs LA, Whisenant MS, Wilson CM, Moraitis AM, Steinbach MN, Sloss EA, Lloyd JLE, Alekhina N, Berry PH, Kang Y, Iacob E, Donaldson GW. Impact of an automated, remote monitoring and coaching intervention in reducing hospice cancer family caregiving burden: A multisite randomized controlled trial. Cancer 2024; 130:1171-1182. [PMID: 38009953 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Care for those with life-limiting cancer heavily involves family caregivers who may experience significant physical and emotional burden. The purpose of this study was to test the impact of Symptom Care at Home (SCH), an automated digital family caregiver coaching intervention, during home hospice, when compared to usual hospice care (UC) on the primary outcome of overall caregiver burden. Secondary outcomes included Caregiver Burden at weeks 1 and 8, Mood and Vitality subscales, overall moderate-to-severe caregiving symptoms, and sixth month spouse/partner bereavement outcomes. METHODS Using a randomized, multisite, nonblinded controlled trial, 332 cancer family caregivers were enrolled and analyzed (159 SCH vs. 173 UC). Caregivers were primarily White (92%), female (69%), and spouse caregivers (53%). Caregivers provided daily reports on severity levels (0-10 scale) for their anxiety, depressed mood, fatigue, disturbed sleep, and caregiving interference with normal activities. These scores combined constituted the Caregiver Burden primary outcome. Based on reported symptoms, SCH caregivers received automated, tailored coaching about improving their well-being. Reports of moderate-to-severe caregiving symptoms also triggered hospice nurse notification. Secondary outcomes of Mood and Vitality were subcomponents of the Caregiver Burden score. A combined bereavement adjustment tool captured sixth month bereavement. RESULTS The SCH intervention reduced overall Caregiver Burden compared to UC (p < .001), with a 38% reduction at 8 weeks and a medium-to-large effect size (d = .61). SCH caregivers experienced less (p < .001) disruption in both Mood and Vitality. There were higher levels of moderate-to-severe caregiving symptoms overtime in UC (OR, 2.722). All SCH caregivers benefited regardless of caregiver: sex, caregiver relationship, age, patient diagnosis and family income. SCH spouse/partner caregivers achieved better sixth month bereavement adjustment than UC (p < .007). CONCLUSIONS The SCH intervention significantly decreased caregiving burden over UC and supports the maintenance of family caregiver mood and vitality throughout caregiving with extended benefit into bereavement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi H Mooney
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lorinda A Coombs
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mary N Steinbach
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L E Lloyd
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eli Iacob
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Gary W Donaldson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Applebaum AJ, Schofield E, Kastrinos A, Gebert R, Behrens M, Loschiavo M, Shaffer KM, Levine M, Dannaoui A, Bellantoni C, Miller MF, Zaleta AK. A randomized controlled trial of a distress screening, consultation, and targeted referral system for family caregivers in oncologic care. Psychooncology 2024; 33:e6301. [PMID: 38363002 PMCID: PMC11250988 DOI: 10.1002/pon.6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Distress screening is standard practice among oncology patients, yet few routine distress screening programs exist for cancer caregivers. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of Cancer Support Source-CaregiverTM (CSS-CG, 33-item), an electronic distress screening and automated referral program with a consultation (S + C) to improve caregiver unmet needs, quality of life, anxiety, depression, and distress relative to Enhanced Usual Care (EUC; access to educational materials). METHOD 150 caregivers of patients with varying sites/stages of cancer were randomized to S + C or EUC and completed assessments at baseline, 3-months post-baseline, and 6-months post-baseline. A subset of participants (n = 10) completed in-depth qualitative interviews. RESULTS S + C was feasible: among 75 caregivers randomized to S + C, 66 (88%) completed CSS-CG and consultation. Top concerns reported were: (1) patient's pain and/or physical discomfort; (2) patient's cancer progressing/recurring; and (3) feeling nervous or afraid. Differences between groups in improvements on outcomes by T2 and T3 were modest (ds < 0.53) in favor of S + C. Qualitative data underscored the helpfulness of S + C in connecting caregivers to support and helping them feel cared for and integrated into cancer care. CONCLUSIONS S + C is feasible, acceptable, and yields more positive impact on emotional well-being than usual care. Future studies will examine programmatic impact among caregivers experiencing higher acuity of needs, and benefits of earlier integration of S + C on caregiver, patient, and healthcare system outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Applebaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Elizabeth Schofield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Amanda Kastrinos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Rebecca Gebert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Mia Behrens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Morgan Loschiavo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Kelly M. Shaffer
- Center for Behavioral Health and Technology, University of Virginia
| | - Marcia Levine
- Department of Nursing, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Aimee Dannaoui
- Department of Nursing, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | | | - Melissa F. Miller
- Research and Training Institute, Cancer Support Community, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexandra K. Zaleta
- Research and Training Institute, Cancer Support Community, Philadelphia, PA
- Current affiliation: CancerCare, New York, NY
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Thompson T, Coats J, Croston M, Motley RO, Thompson VS, James AS, Johnson LP. "We need a little strength as well": Examining the social context of informal caregivers for Black women with breast cancer. Soc Sci Med 2024; 342:116528. [PMID: 38215642 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informal caregivers (e.g., partners, other family members, friends) often provide social support to Black women with breast cancer, and caregivers find both benefits and challenges in their caregiving role. METHODS In this qualitative study, twenty-four caregivers for Black women with breast cancer participated in focus groups and interviews. Participants responded to a brief close-ended questionnaire as well as semi-structured questions about their experiences as cancer caregivers. Demographic information was collected, and relationship satisfaction was measured by the Relationship Assessment Scale-General scale (RAS-G). Focus groups and interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded by two independent coders. Using an iterative, discussion-based process, the study team developed and refined themes. RESULTS All caregivers described themselves as Black/African American, and the majority identified as female (79%). The mean RAS-G score was 4.5 (SD = 0.5), indicating high levels of relationship satisfaction. Qualitative themes included using a range of strategies to provide emotional support; shifting between roles; needing time and space; and trying to stay strong. Several female caregivers described how the cumulative experiences of providing care for multiple family members and friends could be draining, as could their own experiences in the patient role. CONCLUSIONS These findings show a complex, multilayered social context that affects both the patient-caregiver relationship and the health and wellbeing of caregivers. Clinicians providing treatment and support for Black women with breast cancer should be mindful of how the health context of the family may affect patient and caregiver outcomes.
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7
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Okado I, Liu M, Elhajj C, Wilkens L, Holcombe RF. Patient reports of cancer care coordination in rural Hawaii. J Rural Health 2024. [PMID: 38225683 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rural residents experience disproportionate burdens of cancer, and poorer cancer health outcomes in rural populations are partly attributed to care delivery challenges. Cancer patients in rural areas often experience unique challenges with care coordination. In this study, we explored patient reports of care coordination among rural Hawaii patients with cancer and compared rural and urban patients' perceptions of cancer care coordination. METHODS 80 patients receiving active treatment for cancer from rural Hawaii participated in a care coordination study in 2020-2021. Participants completed the Care Coordination Instrument, a validated oncology patient questionnaire. FINDINGS Mean age of rural cancer patients was 63.0 (SD = 12.1), and 57.7% were female. The most common cancer types were breast and GI. Overall, rural and urban patients' perceptions of care coordination were comparable (p > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between rural and urban patients' perceptions in communication and navigation aspects of care coordination (p = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively). Specific differences included a second opinion consultation, clinical trial considerations, and after-hours care. 43% of rural patients reported traveling by air for part or all of their cancer treatment. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that while overall perceptions of care coordination were similar between rural and urban patients, differential perceptions of specific care coordination areas between rural and urban patients may reflect limited access to care for rural patients. Improving access to cancer care may be a potential strategy to enhance care coordination for rural patients and ultimately address rural-urban cancer health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Okado
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Michelle Liu
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Carry Elhajj
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Lynne Wilkens
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Randall F Holcombe
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Lin D, Ying W, Zhang H, Xiu Y, Li E, Zheng R, Wu Y. Comprehensive Need as a Mediator Between Psychological Stress and Quality of Life Among Caregivers of Patients With Cancer. Cancer Nurs 2023:00002820-990000000-00191. [PMID: 37976150 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caregivers of patients with cancer are susceptible to profound psychological distress and low quality of life owing to the substantial demands of caregiving. The comprehensive needs of caregivers are closely linked to their quality of life. However, little is known about the relationship between these factors. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether comprehensive needs mediate the relationships between psychological stress and quality of life in caregivers of patients with cancer. METHODS A cross-sectional design was used to recruit 382 participants through convenience sampling. Psychological stress, comprehensive needs, and quality of life were measured using a questionnaire. RESULTS Psychological stress was associated with higher comprehensive needs (r = 0.30, P < .01) and lower quality of life (r = -0.20, P < .01). Comprehensive needs were negatively associated with quality of life (r = -0.28, P < .01). Mediation analysis findings revealed that both the indirect effect of psychological stress on quality of life via comprehensive needs (β = -0.10; P < .001) and its direct effect on quality of life (β = -0.16; P < .01) were statistically significant, suggesting a partial mediatory effect of comprehensive needs between psychological stress and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that reducing psychological stress can improve quality of life by promoting satisfaction with comprehensive needs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Interventions that help reduce psychological stress and meet the comprehensive needs of caregivers of patients with cancer can improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna Lin
- Author Affiliations: School of Nursing, Shantou University Medical College (Mss Lin and Xiu); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (Drs Ying and Wu and Mss Zhang and Li); and Longhu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (Ms Zheng), Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Nwakasi CC, Esiaka D, Nweke C, de Medeiros K, Villamar W, Chidebe R. "We Don't Do Any of These Things Because We are a Death-Denying Culture": Sociocultural Perspectives of Black and Latinx Cancer Caregivers. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3470325. [PMID: 37961616 PMCID: PMC10635356 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3470325/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study explored the unique challenges and experiences faced by Black and Latinx cancer survivors through the lens of their caregivers, including the specific cultural, social, and systemic factors that influence cancer survivorship experience within these communities in the United States. We conducted six focus group discussions (three Latinx and three Black groups) with a total of 33 caregivers of cancer survivors, (Mean age = 63 years). Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis; The sociocultural stress and coping model was used as a framework to interpret the findings. We identified three main themes: 1) families as (un)stressors in survivorship such as the vitality of social connections and families as unintended burden; 2) responses after diagnosis specifically whether to conceal or accept a diagnosis, and 3) experiencing health care barriers including communication gaps, biased prioritizing of care, and issues of power, trust, and need for stewardship. This study's findings align with previous research, highlighting the complex interplay between cultural, familial, and healthcare factors in cancer survivorship experiences within underserved communities. The study reiterates the need for culturally tailored emotional, physical, financial, and informational support for survivors and their caregivers. Also, the study highlights a need to strengthen mental health and coping strategies, to help address psychological distress and improve resilience among survivors and their caregivers.
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Nesser W, Snyder S, Driscoll KA, Modi AC. Factors associated with quality of life for cystic fibrosis family caregivers. DISCOVER MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 3:20. [PMID: 37982907 PMCID: PMC10579194 DOI: 10.1007/s44192-023-00046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic and chronic disease affecting 32,100 people in the United States as of 2021, with a life expectancy of 56 years for people with CF (PwCF) born between 2018 and 2022. While there is extensive literature about cystic fibrosis, there are few studies examining the complexity and challenges experienced by family caregivers for PwCF. The aim of this study was to examine the Caregiver Quality of Life Cystic Fibrosis (CQOLCF) scale using data (N = 217) from two separate studies that used the scale to determine if its items represent multiple factors relevant to CF family caregiver QoL. Factor analysis was conducted on the Seven distinct factors were found with analysis of the CQOLCF. Factors were Existential Dread (12%), Burden (11%), Strain (7%), Support (7%), Positivity (6%), Finance (5%) and Guilt (3%). Study findings indicated it is important for healthcare providers and researchers who use the CQOLCF to be knowledgeable and aware of the multiple factors associated with quality of life in this population in addition to an overall quality of life score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Nesser
- Department of Applied Clinical and Educational Sciences, Indiana State University, 401 N. 7th Street, Room 302B, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA.
| | - Scott Snyder
- School of Education, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kimberly A Driscoll
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Avani C Modi
- Center for Adherence and Self-Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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11
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Tay DL, Reblin M, Iacob E, Cloyes KG, Hebdon MCT, Reynaga M, Mooney K, Ellington L. Cancer Hospice Caregivers' Self-care Behaviors: The Role of Caregiving Tasks, Burden, and Mental Health. J Hosp Palliat Nurs 2023; 25:286-295. [PMID: 37347956 PMCID: PMC10524198 DOI: 10.1097/njh.0000000000000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer hospice family caregivers provide intensive support for patients at the end of life, sometimes at the expense of self-care. This secondary analysis examined the role of caregiving burden, activities of daily living, and mental health on self-care behaviors among cancer hospice family caregivers. Logistic regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic and caregiver characteristics, and model fit was evaluated with Hosmer-Lemeshow tests. Participants (N = 86) were mostly women (n = 62, 72.09%), White (n = 76, 88.37%), and spousal caregivers (n = 44, 51.16%). Almost half reported not getting enough rest (47.67%), time to exercise (47.67%), or time to slow down and rest when feeling ill (46.51%). Caregivers with better mental health reported being more likely to have enough time to exercise (adjusted odds ratio [OR adj ], 1.15, [1.05, 1.26]; P = .004), rest (OR adj , 1.11, [1.01, 1.22]; P = .031), and slow down when ill (OR adj , 1.16, [1.04, 1.30]; P = .010). Controlling for sociodemographic and caregiver characteristics, men caregivers had 88% lower odds of being able to rest when ill (OR adj , 0.12, [0.03, 0.52]; P = .005) compared with women. Number of care tasks, not caregiving burden, was associated with self-care behaviors. Findings provide a preliminary understanding of factors related to caregiver self-care and have implications for increased assessment of caregiver mental health and self-care needs to better support family-oriented hospice care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djin L. Tay
- University of Utah, College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Maija Reblin
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Cancer Control and Population Health Sciences, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Eli Iacob
- University of Utah, College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kristin G. Cloyes
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Miranda Reynaga
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathi Mooney
- University of Utah; Co-Leader Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lee Ellington
- University of Utah, College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Warner EL, Hebdon M, Tay DL, Smith K, Welling A, Xu J. Young Adult Cancer Care Partners: A Theoretical Description of an Emerging Population with Unique Needs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6646. [PMID: 37681786 PMCID: PMC10487801 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
As the U.S. population's demographics shift, young U.S. adults are increasingly engaged in informal caregiving for aging generations. Yet, there is little research on the unique experiences and needs of young adults who take on caregiving roles for adult cancer patients. Herein we demonstrate through a theoretical description that young adult cancer care partners deserve distinct recognition in the cancer control continuum given the psychological, physical, financial, and social features unique to their cancer experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Echo L. Warner
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Megan Hebdon
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Djin L. Tay
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Keely Smith
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721, USA
| | - Anna Welling
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiayun Xu
- Purdue Center for Families, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- College of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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13
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Fisher CL, Campbell-Salome G, Bagautdinova D, Wright KB, Forthun LF, Bacharz KC, Mullis MD, Wolf B, Pereira DB, Spiguel L, Bylund CL. Young Adult Caregiving Daughters and Diagnosed Mothers Navigating Breast Cancer Together: Open and Avoidant Communication and Psychosocial Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3864. [PMID: 37568680 PMCID: PMC10417340 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/01/1970] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
For many diagnosed mothers and their daughters, breast cancer is a shared experience. However, they struggle to talk about cancer. This is particularly true when the daughter is in adolescence or young adulthood, as they tend to be more avoidant, which is associated with poorer biopsychosocial outcomes. When daughters are their mother's caregivers, daughters' burden and distress are heightened. Young adult caregiving daughters (YACDs) are the second most common family caregiver and encounter more distress and burden than other caregiver types. Yet, YACDs and their diagnosed mothers receive no guidance on how to talk about cancer. Thirty-nine mother/YACD pairs participated in an online survey to identify challenging topics and strategies for talking about cancer, and to explore associations between openness/avoidance and psychosocial outcomes. YACDs and mothers reported the same challenging topics (death, treatment-related issues, negative emotions, relational challenges, YACDs' disease risk) but differed on why they avoided the topic. YACDs and mothers identified the same helpful approaches to navigate conversations (openness, staying positive, third-party involvement, avoidance). Avoidance was correlated with more distress whereas openness was correlated with better psychosocial outcomes. These results provide a psychosocial map for a mother-YACD communication skills intervention, which is key to promoting healthy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L. Fisher
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.D.M.); (C.L.B.)
| | | | - Diliara Bagautdinova
- Department of Advertising, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Kevin B. Wright
- Department of Communication, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
| | - Larry F. Forthun
- Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Kelsey C. Bacharz
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (K.C.B.); (D.B.P.)
| | - M. Devyn Mullis
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.D.M.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Bianca Wolf
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA;
| | - Deidre B. Pereira
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (K.C.B.); (D.B.P.)
| | - Lisa Spiguel
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Carma L. Bylund
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.D.M.); (C.L.B.)
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Mooney K, Whisenant MS, Wilson CM, Coombs LA, Lloyd J, Alekhina N, Sloss EA, Steinbach M, Moraitis AM, Berry P, Iacob E, Donaldson G. Technology-Assisted mHealth Caregiver Support to Manage Cancer Patient Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2023; 66:33-43. [PMID: 36889453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.02.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Caregivers managing symptoms of family members with cancer during home hospice care, often feel ill-prepared and need patient care coaching. OBJECTIVES This study tested the efficacy of an automated mHealth platform that included caregiver coaching on patient symptom care and nurse notifications of poorly controlled symptoms. The primary outcome was caregiver perception of patients' overall symptom severity throughout hospice care and at weeks one, two, four, and eight. Secondary outcomes compared individual symptom severity. METHODS Caregivers (n = 298) were randomly assigned to the Symptom Care at Home (SCH) intervention (n = 144) or usual hospice care (UC) (n = 154). All caregivers placed daily calls to the automated system that assessed the presence and severity of 11 end-of-life patient physical and psychosocial symptoms. SCH caregivers received automated coaching on symptom care based on reported patient symptoms and their severity. Moderate-to-severe symptoms were also relayed to the hospice nurse. RESULTS The SCH intervention produced a mean overall symptom reduction benefit, over UC, of 4.89 severity points (95% CI 2.86-6.92) (P < 0.001), with a moderate effect size (d = 0.55). The SCH benefit also occurred at each timepoint (P < 0.001- 0.020). There was a 38% reduction in days reporting moderate-to-severe patient symptoms compared to UC (P < 0.001) with 10/11 symptoms significantly reduced in SCH compared to UC. CONCLUSION Automated mHealth symptom reporting by caregivers, paired with tailored caregiver coaching on symptom management and nurse notifications, reduces cancer patients' physical and psychosocial symptoms during home hospice, providing a novel and efficient approach to improving end-of-life care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi Mooney
- College of Nursing and Huntsman Cancer Institute (KM, JL, MS) University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | - Meagan S Whisenant
- Cizik School of Nursing (M.S.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christina M Wilson
- School of Nursing (C.M.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lorinda A Coombs
- School of Nursing (L.A.C.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Lloyd
- College of Nursing and Huntsman Cancer Institute (KM, JL, MS) University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Natalya Alekhina
- College of Nursing (N.A., E.A.S., A.M.M., P.B., E.I.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Sloss
- College of Nursing (N.A., E.A.S., A.M.M., P.B., E.I.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mary Steinbach
- College of Nursing and Huntsman Cancer Institute (KM, JL, MS) University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ann Marie Moraitis
- College of Nursing (N.A., E.A.S., A.M.M., P.B., E.I.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Patricia Berry
- College of Nursing (N.A., E.A.S., A.M.M., P.B., E.I.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Eli Iacob
- College of Nursing (N.A., E.A.S., A.M.M., P.B., E.I.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Gary Donaldson
- School of Medicine (G.D.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Wright KB, Bylund CL, Vasquez TS, Mullis MD, Sae-Hau M, Weiss ES, Bagautdinova D, Fisher CL. Adult-Child Caregivers' Family Communication Experiences after an Older Parent's Blood Cancer Diagnosis: A Survey Exploring Their Openness, Avoidance, and Social Support. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3177. [PMID: 37370787 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult-child caregivers of an aging parent living with a blood cancer describe struggling to communicate with one another and within the family system. They may avoid critical care conversations, which may impede care and their ability to receive social support. We examined what approaches adult-child caregivers of a parent diagnosed with a blood cancer use to enhance their family communication, the topics they find most challenging to discuss, and the roles of openness and support. We used qualitative and quantitative approaches to analyze data from a larger online survey study. In partnership with the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, we recruited 121 adult-child caregivers. Responses to one open-ended item were analyzed to capture strategies used to enhance communication with their parent and family. They reported utilizing digital communication modalities, prioritizing frequent communication, engaging in openness, establishing boundaries, kinkeeping, and enacting support. Within the quantitative data, we further explored two of these themes (openness and support) and their relationships to other variables using t-tests and regression analysis. Adult-child caregivers and diagnosed parents avoid talking about mortality and negative feelings. Openness in the family about cancer was linked to caregivers' perceptions of receiving social support. Findings demonstrate that cultivating openness between midlife adult children and diagnosed parents may enhance opportunities to receive support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Wright
- Department of Communication, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Carma L Bylund
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Taylor S Vasquez
- Department of Advertising, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - M Devyn Mullis
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maria Sae-Hau
- The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Rye Brook, NY 10573, USA
| | - Elisa S Weiss
- The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Rye Brook, NY 10573, USA
| | - Diliara Bagautdinova
- Department of Advertising, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Carla L Fisher
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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16
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Nesser W, Grace Yi EH, Wotring AJ, Hutchins MD, Snyder S. A Partial Picture, Without a Frame: Measuring Quality of Life in Cystic Fibrosis Caregivers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2023.2186984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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17
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Reblin M, Tay DL, Iacob E, Cloyes KG, Hebdon MCT, Ellington L. Hospice Caregivers' Perception of Family and Non-Family Social Support and Stress over Time: Associations with Reports of General Support. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5009. [PMID: 36981917 PMCID: PMC10049686 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Social support has been identified as a key factor to protect wellbeing for home hospice cancer caregivers. However, few studies have assessed social support over time in this context, and measures of support are often limited to general assessments of perceived support. Our goal was to (1) describe change in cancer home hospice caregivers' social support over time during care and into bereavement and (2) explore the impact of perceived stress and support from family and non-family members on caregivers' perceived general social support. We conducted a secondary analysis of longitudinal prospective questionnaire data. Forty caregivers completed measures of general perceived support, family and non-family support and stress during hospice enrollment and 2 and 6 months post the patient's death. Linear mixed models were used to determine change in support over time and the contribution of specific support/stress ratings to general support assessments. Caregivers overall had moderate and stable levels of social support over time, though there was significant variation between and within individuals. Family and non-family support and stress from family predicted general perceptions of social support, while no effects were found for non-family stress. This work suggests a need for more specific measures of support and stress, and the need for research to focus on improving baseline levels of caregiver perceived support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Reblin
- Department of Family Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Djin L. Tay
- College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Eli Iacob
- College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kristin G. Cloyes
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Lee Ellington
- College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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18
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Zaleta AK, Miller MF, Fortune EE, Olson JS, Rogers KP, Hendershot K, Ash-Lee S. CancerSupportSource TM -Caregiver: Development of a distress screening measure for cancer caregivers. Psychooncology 2023; 32:418-428. [PMID: 36604371 DOI: 10.1002/pon.6092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the substantial demands of cancer caregiving, practical and psychometrically sound tools to evaluate distress among cancer caregivers are needed. CancerSupportSourceTM -Caregiver is a distress screening, referral, and support program designed to identify the unmet needs of cancer caregivers and link caregivers to desired resources and support. This study refined and finalized the CancerSupportSource-Caregiver screening measure and examined its psychometric properties. METHODS Using an analytic sample of 400 caregivers to people with cancer, we first performed item reduction by assessing exploratory factor analysis, external/internal item quality, and judging theoretical and practical implications of items. Confirmatory factor analysis along with reliability and validity analyses were then conducted to corroborate dimensionality and psychometric properties of the final measure. Nonparametric receiver operating characteristic curve analyses determined scoring thresholds for depression and anxiety risk subscales. RESULTS Scale refinement resulted in an 18-item measure plus one screening item assessing tobacco and substance use. Items represented five domains of caregiver concerns: emotional well-being, patient well-being, caregiving tasks, finances, and healthy lifestyle. Our analyses showed strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability, a replicable factor structure, and adequate convergent, discriminant, and known groups validity. Sensitivity of 2-item depression and 2-item anxiety risk subscales were 0.95 and 0.87, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CancerSupportSource-Caregiver is a reliable and valid multidimensional measure of caregiver distress that also screens for risk for clinically significant depression and anxiety. It can be implemented within a distress screening, referral, and follow-up program to rapidly assess caregivers' unmet needs and enhance caregiver well-being across the care continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Zaleta
- Cancer Support Community, Research and Training Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melissa F Miller
- Cancer Support Community, Research and Training Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erica E Fortune
- Cancer Support Community, Research and Training Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie S Olson
- Cancer Support Community, Research and Training Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimberly Papay Rogers
- Cancer Support Community, Research and Training Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Susan Ash-Lee
- Cancer Support Community, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Paidipati CP, Foxwell AM, Mooney-Doyle K, Tiller D, Pinto-Martin J, Ulrich CM. Caregiver Perspectives on the Benefits, Burdens, and Moral Distress of Participation in Cancer Clinical Trials. JOURNAL OF FAMILY NURSING 2023; 29:89-98. [PMID: 35611586 DOI: 10.1177/10748407221098187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Caregivers often face critical decisions, burdens, and perceived benefits related to a loved one participating in cancer clinical trial (CCTs). The purpose of this analysis was to better understand caregivers' perceptions on the benefits and burdens of participation in cancer clinical trials. Using a qualitative descriptive design, interviews with 20 caregivers of patient-participants from a larger parent study were conducted. Three major themes emerged. The benefits of research participation focused on enhancing the potential for saving a loved one's life, improving quality of life, and holding altruistic intentions. The burden of research participation emphasized a loved one's suffering as well as physical, emotional, logistical, and financial burden to caregivers. Caregiver moral distress highlighted distressing ethical encounters, such as making decisions on research participation and navigating suboptimal care. Understanding caregiver perceptions is an important step in designing future CCTs that minimize burdens and maximize patient and caregiver health and family-centered care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anessa M Foxwell
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Deborah Tiller
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jennifer Pinto-Martin
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Connie M Ulrich
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, USA
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20
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Bisht J, Rawat P, Sehar U, Reddy PH. Caregivers with Cancer Patients: Focus on Hispanics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:626. [PMID: 36765585 PMCID: PMC9913516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a public health concern and causes more than 8 million deaths annually. Cancer triggers include population growth, aging, and variations in the prevalence and distribution of the critical risk factors for cancer. Multiple hallmarks are involved in cancer, including cell proliferation, evading growth suppressors, activating invasion and metastasis, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, reprogramming energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction. Both cancer and dementia are age-related and potentially lethal, impacting survival. With increasing aging populations, cancer and dementia cause a burden on patients, family members, the health care system, and informal/formal caregivers. In the current article, we highlight cancer prevalence with a focus on different ethnic groups, ages, and genders. Our article covers risk factors and genetic causes associated with cancer and types of cancers and comorbidities. We extensively cover the impact of cancer in Hispanics in comparison to that in other ethnic groups. We also discuss the status of caregivers with cancer patients and urgent needs from the state and federal support for caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasbir Bisht
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Priyanka Rawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Ujala Sehar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Public Health, School of Population and Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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21
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Sharp R, Xu Q, Corsini N, Turner L, Altschwager J, Marker J, Ullman A, Esterman A. Community-based Intravenous Treatment and Central Venous Access Devices: A Scoping Review of the Consumer and Caregiver Experience, Information Preferences, and Supportive Care Needs. J Community Health Nurs 2023; 40:28-51. [PMID: 36602775 DOI: 10.1080/07370016.2022.2081506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Map existing research and describe the consumer/caregiver experience of community-based intravenous treatment, central venous access devices (CVADs), supportive care needs, and information preferences. DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS Five databases (Joanna Briggs Institute, Cochrane library, Emcare, Embase, and Medline) were searched. Screening and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. FINDINGS Forty-eight studies were included. CONCLUSIONS Although community-based intravenous treatment and CVADs have a significant impact on consumers and caregivers, there is scant research on their supportive care needs and information preferences. CLINICAL EVIDENCE Some consumers and caregivers may require additional support while undergoing community-based intravenous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sharp
- Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Qunyan Xu
- Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nadia Corsini
- Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa Turner
- Clinical Operations, Silver Chain Group, Australia
| | | | - Julie Marker
- Cancer Voices South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amanda Ullman
- Children's Health Queensland and Health Service/ School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Adrian Esterman
- Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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22
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Van Hof KS, Hoesseini A, Dorr MC, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Jansen F, Leemans CR, Takes RP, Terhaard CHJ, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Sewnaik A, Offerman MPJ. Caregiver Burden, Psychological Distress and Quality of Life among Informal Caregivers of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16304. [PMID: 36498377 PMCID: PMC9738705 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this study was to investigate caregiver burden among informal caregivers of head and neck cancer patients, in relation to distress and quality of life (QoL), and the relationship between informal caregivers and patients. (2) Methods: Data of 234 dyads from the multicenter prospective cohort study Netherlands Quality of life and Biomedical Cohort studies in cancer was used. Caregiver burden, psychological distress, global QoL, physical and social functioning were measured from baseline until 24 months after treatment. (4) Conclusions: This prospective cohort study shows the high burden of caring for HNC patients, the impact of this burden and the interaction between caregiver and patient. We suggest that healthcare professionals include caregivers in counseling and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira S. Van Hof
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arta Hoesseini
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten C. Dorr
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irma M. Verdonck-de Leeuw
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Jansen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. René Leemans
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P. Takes
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H. J. Terhaard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Baatenburg de Jong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniel Sewnaik
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinella P. J. Offerman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cormican O, Dowling M. Providing Care to People Living with a Chronic Hematological Malignancy: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis of Informal Carers' Experiences. Semin Oncol Nurs 2022; 38:151338. [PMID: 36270864 DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2022.151338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), indolent B-cell lymphomas, and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have seen significant advances in treatment. Treatment developments have resulted in patients living for many years, often between periods of being acutely unwell, relapses, and remission. Informal carers play a major role in supporting patients through the uncertain and long illness trajectory. This qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) aims to synthesize qualitative research evidence on the experiences of informal carers caring for a patient with a chronic hematological malignancy (CHM). DATA SOURCES This qualitative evidence synthesis followed the Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research (ENTREQ) guidelines and adopted a "best fit" framework synthesis approach using a "redefining normal" conceptual framework. A systematic search of seven databases was undertaken. CONCLUSION Sixteen qualitative studies were synthesized in this review. Eight review findings illuminated carers' unmet information needs, challenges with caring responsibilities, end-of-life care, and changes in the dyad carer-patient relationship. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE This best-fit framework synthesis illuminates the wide-ranging challenges experienced by informal caregivers of people living with a chronic hematological malignancy. Carers' fear for the future highlights the need for interventions to support them with their fears. Carers' priority on their loved one's quality of life is impaired by late end-of-life discussions often not occurring until a sudden deterioration in the patient's condition. Early supportive relationships between carers and health care providers can promote conversations on poor prognosis and end-of-life care. Future research should focus on qualitative longitudinal studies with caregiver-patient dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlaith Cormican
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland H91 TK33.
| | - Maura Dowling
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland H91 TK33
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Alnajar M, Mosleh S, Almalik M, Darawad M. Psychological predictors of quality of life among Jordanian cancer patients' caregivers. Psychooncology 2022; 31:1886-1894. [PMID: 36250593 DOI: 10.1002/pon.6054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The caregivers who provide care for patients with cancer often experience emotional and psychological stressors and burdens that could be influenced by several factors, including the cultural context. This study examines the level of emotional distress and burden and their effect on the quality of life (QOL) of Jordanian cancer patients' caregivers. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 257 family caregivers of patients at various stages of cancer. RESULTS The average age of caregivers was 37.5 years (SD = 12.2). Most caregivers (145; 59.2%) were female and married (168; 68.6%). About a quarter were partners (32.2%) and lived with their patients (137; 55.9%). Caregivers with a reduced overall Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer (CQOLC) score were more likely to be older, the parents of the patients, and living with patients in the same house. A significant negative relationship was found between caregivers' CQOLC and Zarit Burden Interview (r = -0.7, p = 0.001), anxiety (r = -0.69, p = 0.001), and depression (r = -0.42, p = 0.03) scores. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that burden, anxiety, and depression scores were independent predictors and explained 63% of the variance in the total CQOLC score of caregivers. CONCLUSION Cancer caregivers are at elevated risk of poor QOL. Despite participants' low perception of the burden level, this study provides preliminary results for policymakers and medical practitioners to foster a comprehensive platform supporting cancer caregivers. Moreover, identifying the caregivers' readiness to provide the needed care and the availability of supportive resources, as a clinical routine, is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Alnajar
- College of Nursing, The University of Utah, Salt Lake, Utah, USA
| | - Sultan Mosleh
- Faculty of Nursing, Mutah University, Mu'tah, Jordan.,Higher Collages of Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mona Almalik
- Faculty of Nursing, Mutah University, Mu'tah, Jordan
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Kent EE, Lee S, Asad S, Dobbins EE, Aimone EV, Park EM. "If I wasn't in a rural area, I would definitely have more support": social needs identified by rural cancer caregivers and hospital staff. J Psychosoc Oncol 2022; 41:393-410. [PMID: 36214743 PMCID: PMC10083183 DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2022.2129547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The social needs of rural families facing cancer warrant investigation to inform psychosocial care planning and policy development. METHODS Using purposive sampling, we interviewed 24 rural caregivers and 17 hospital staff from an academic cancer center in the U.S. South. Social needs were defined as the support needed to effectively provide informal caregiving across economic, physical, interpersonal, and service domains. We used the framework method to code and synthesize findings. FINDINGS Caregiver economic and physical needs were interconnected and most pressing, including common examples of distance to care and transportation barriers. Caregivers desired additional support from the health system, insurance providers, and community resources. Staff identified similar need patterns and gaps in health system capacity. CONCLUSIONS Rural cancer caregivers experience multiple unmet social needs. Supportive interventions for this population will benefit from flexible implementation and multilevel, multisector approaches. In particular, interventions that address financial hardship and limited internet access are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Kent
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sejin Lee
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Asad
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin E Dobbins
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth V Aimone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eliza M Park
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Applebaum AJ, Gebert R, Behrens M, Loschiavo M, Parker PA, Shaffer KM, Carver A, Diamond EL. Development and feasibility of a communication training to assist caregivers with advanced care planning. Palliat Support Care 2022; 21:1-8. [PMID: 36102339 PMCID: PMC10011009 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951522001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Caregivers are critical in advanced care planning (ACP) discussions, which are difficult but necessary to carry out patients' goals of care. We developed and evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of a communication training to equip caregivers of patients with malignant brain tumors with skills to navigate ACP conversations. METHOD Caregivers completed a 2-h virtual training addressing ACP Discussions with Your Loved One and ACP Discussions with the Medical Team. A pre-training assessment was completed at baseline and a training evaluation was completed one day post-training. A subset of participants completed semi-structured interviews 2 months post-training. RESULTS Of 15 caregivers recruited, 9 attended the training and 4 completed qualitative interviews. Post-training, 40% felt confident in discussing ACP with loved ones and 67% felt confident doing so with healthcare professionals; 100% reported feeling confident in using skills learned in the training to facilitate these conversations. Data from qualitative interviews highlighted additional benefits of the training in empathic communication skills and fostering social support. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS Our communication skills training shows promise in supporting caregivers' skills and confidence in engaging in ACP discussions with patients and healthcare providers. A future randomized controlled trial with a larger and more diverse caregiving sample is needed to determine training efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Applebaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Rebecca Gebert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Mia Behrens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Morgan Loschiavo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Patricia A Parker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kelly M Shaffer
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Alan Carver
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Eli L Diamond
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Xiang E, Guzman P, Mims M, Badr H. Balancing Work and Cancer Care: Challenges Faced by Employed Informal Caregivers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174146. [PMID: 36077682 PMCID: PMC9454561 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Caregiving for a family member or close friend with cancer can be particularly demanding for employed individuals who are juggling work responsibilities while providing care. With an eye toward stimulating research to develop programs and resources to support this vulnerable subgroup of caregivers, this narrative review first describes the financial, work, and mental health impacts of cancer on employed caregivers. Next, critical knowledge gaps are identified and directions for future research are described. The article concludes by formulating an agenda for practice that includes a multipronged effort on behalf of employers, healthcare, and community-based organizations to support and empower employed cancer caregivers. Abstract Individuals with cancer commonly rely on their informal caregivers (e.g., spouse/partner, family member, close friend) to help them manage the demands of the disease and its treatment. Caregiving, including helping with patient care, performing household chores, and providing emotional and practical support, can be particularly demanding for employed caregivers, who must juggle their work responsibilities while providing care. Although a burgeoning literature describes the toll that balancing these oft-competing demands can exact, few resources exist to support employed cancer caregivers. To address this gap, we conducted a narrative review of the impacts of cancer on employed caregivers. We found that employed caregivers experience significant financial impacts in terms of lost time and income. They also experience a variety of work-related (e.g., reduced productivity, absenteeism) and mental health (e.g., stress, burden) impacts. Going forward, prospective studies are needed to characterize changes in caregiver support needs and preferences at different time points along the cancer care continuum (e.g., at diagnosis, during treatment, end-of-life) so that appropriate workplace accommodations can be provided. More population-based studies are also needed to develop models for identifying caregivers who are at increased risk for poor employment or mental health outcomes so that more targeted support programs can be developed. Ultimately, a multipronged effort on behalf of employers, healthcare, and community-based organizations may be needed to support and empower this vulnerable subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Xiang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patricia Guzman
- McGovern Medical School, Health Science Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | - Martha Mims
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hoda Badr
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-1588
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Applebaum AJ, Baser RE, Roberts KE, Lynch K, Gebert R, Breitbart WS, Diamond EL. Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers: A pilot trial among caregivers of patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Transl Behav Med 2022; 12:841-852. [PMID: 35852487 PMCID: PMC9385123 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Caregivers of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are at significant risk for existential distress. Such distress negatively impacts caregivers' quality of life and capacity to serve in their role as healthcare proxies, and ultimately, contributes to poor bereavement outcomes. Our team developed Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers (MCP-C), the first targeted psychosocial intervention that directly addresses existential distress in caregivers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of MCP-C among caregivers of patients with GBM via a mixed-method pilot trial. Caregivers were randomized to seven sessions of MCP-C or Enhanced Usual Care (EUC), which included distress screening and the provision of targeted referrals and completed quantitative assessments at baseline (T1), after completion of MCP-C (T2), and at 2-month follow-up (T3). A subset of participants engaged in semistructured interviews at T2. Of 60 caregivers randomized, 55 were evaluable for preliminary efficacy analysis. Constrained linear mixed models indicated the MCP-C arm had statistically significant improvement relative to the EUC arm in the primary outcome of personal meaning and multiple secondary outcomes, including benefit finding, depressive symptomatology, and spiritual wellbeing. MCP-C demonstrated preliminary efficacy in facilitating caregivers' capacity to experience a sense of meaning and purpose despite the challenges and suffering associated with providing care to patients with GBM. Future studies are needed among more diverse samples of caregivers and should include the opportunity for concurrent patient enrollment to allow for a reciprocal and augmented experience of meaning among patient-caregiver dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond E Baser
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kailey E Roberts
- Clinical Psychology PsyD Program, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Gebert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William S Breitbart
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli L Diamond
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Thiessen M, Soriano A, Park J, Decker K. Fit theory: A cancer experience grounded theory emerging from semi-structured interviews with cancer patients and informal caregivers in Manitoba Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269285. [PMID: 35867713 PMCID: PMC9307189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear how changes to healthcare delivery related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including virtual care and social distancing restrictions, have impacted the experience of living with cancer. This study aimed to discover a theory capable of describing the cancer experience, how the pandemic impacted it, and for guiding predictions about how to improve it. METHODS Between October 2020 and July 2021 digitally recorded semi-structured one-on-one interviews were conducted virtually with adult cancer patients and informal caregivers in Manitoba, Canada. Transcriptions and field notes from the interviews were analyzed using classic grounded theory. RESULTS Interviews with 33 patients and 6 informal caregivers were conducted. Fit emerged as the core concept of the theory and describes the relationship between the healthcare system and the unique combination of characteristics each patient has. Good fit results in a positive experience and poor fit in a negative experience. Virtual care improves fit in clinical situations where non-verbal communication and physical examination are not important. Support from informal caregivers improves fit. Social distancing restrictions reduce the ability of informal caregivers to provide support. CONCLUSIONS The impact of fit on the cancer experience suggests that care delivery should be tailored to both the individual needs of the patient and the intention of the clinical interaction. Developing evidence-based strategies to inform the integration of virtual care into oncology practice, with aim of promoting good fit between patients and healthcare services, is an important future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maclean Thiessen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Haematology/Oncology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrea Soriano
- Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jason Park
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kathleen Decker
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Caregiver burden in the advanced stage cancer Patient's caregiver: A concept analysis. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2022; 60:102152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2022.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cancer survivors' financial hardship and their caregivers' employment: results from a statewide survey. J Cancer Surviv 2022; 17:738-747. [PMID: 35414027 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-022-01203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many caregivers take paid and/or unpaid time off work, change from full-time to part-time, or leave the workforce. We hypothesized that cancer survivor-reported material hardship (e.g., loans, bankruptcy), behavioral hardship (e.g., skipping care/medication due to cost), and job lock (i.e., staying at a job for fear of losing insurance) would be associated with caregiver employment changes. METHODS Adult cancer survivors (N = 627) were surveyed through the Utah Cancer Registry in 2018-2019, and reported whether their caregiver had changed employment because of their cancer (yes, no). Material hardship was measured by 9 items which we categorized by the number of instances reported (0, 1-2, and ≥ 3). Two items represented both behavioral hardship (not seeing doctor/did not take medication because of cost) and survivor/spouse job lock. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using survey-weighted logistic regression to examine the association of caregiver employment changes with material and behavioral hardship and job lock, adjusting for cancer and sociodemographic factors. RESULTS There were 183 (29.2%) survivors reporting their caregiver had an employment change. Survivors with ≥ 3 material hardships (OR = 3.13, 95%CI 1.68-5.83), who skipped doctor appointments (OR = 2.88, 95%CI 1.42-5.83), and reported job lock (OR = 2.05, 95%CI 1.24-3.39) and spousal job lock (OR = 2.19, 95%CI 1.17-4.11) had higher odds of caregiver employment changes than those without these hardships. CONCLUSIONS Caregiver employment changes that occur because of a cancer diagnosis are indicative of financial hardship. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Engaging community and hospital support for maintenance of stable caregiver employment and insurance coverage during cancer may lessen survivors' financial hardship.
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The presence of a secondary caregiver differentiates primary cancer caregiver well-being. Support Care Cancer 2022; 30:1597-1605. [PMID: 34546455 PMCID: PMC8732324 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informal caregivers play a fundamental role in the care of hematological cancer patients, but less is known about how secondary caregivers are involved. We assessed the presence or absence of a secondary caregiver, the types of caregiving activities performed by primary and secondary caregivers, and examined whether the presence of a secondary caregiver was associated with primary caregiver characteristics and well-being over time. METHODS A case series of hematological cancer patient-caregiver dyads (n = 171) were recruited from oncology clinics in Virginia and Pennsylvania and followed for 2 years. Multilevel models were developed to examine the associations between the presence of a secondary caregiver and the primary caregivers' well-being. RESULTS Most (64.9%) primary caregivers reported having secondary caregivers. Multilevel models showed primary caregivers without help had higher baseline mental and physical health, but experienced deteriorating physical health over time, compared to supported primary caregivers. Supported primary caregivers reported improvements in mental health over time that was associated with improvements in physical health. CONCLUSIONS Primary caregivers in good physical and mental health at the beginning of their caregiving journey but who have the least assistance from others may be at greatest risk for detrimental physical health effects long term. Attention to the arrangement of caregiving roles (i.e., who provides what care) over time is needed to ensure that caregivers remain healthy and well supported.
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A qualitative exploration of the feasibility and acceptability of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers. Palliat Support Care 2022; 20:623-629. [PMID: 35078552 PMCID: PMC9314455 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951521002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Caregivers of patients with cancer are at significant risk for existential distress. Such distress negatively impacts caregivers' quality of life and capacity to serve in their role as healthcare proxies, and ultimately, contributes to poor bereavement outcomes. Our team developed Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers (MCP-C), the first targeted psychosocial intervention that directly addresses existential distress in caregivers. METHOD Nine caregivers of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) enrolled in a pilot randomized controlled trial evaluating the feasibility, acceptability, and effects of MCP-C, and completed in-depth interviews about their experience in the therapy. One focus group with three MCP-C interventionists was also completed. RESULTS Four key themes emerged from interviews: (1) MCP-C validated caregivers' experience of caregiving; (2) MCP-C helped participants reframe their "caregiving identity" as a facet of their larger self-identity, by placing caregiving in the context of their life's journey; (3) MCP-C enabled caregivers to find ways to assert their agency through caregiving; and (4) the structure and sequence of sessions made MCP-C accessible and feasible. Feedback from interventionists highlighted several potential manual changes and overall ways in which MCP-C can help facilitate caregivers' openness to discussing death and engaging in advanced care planning discussions with the patient. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS The overarching goal of MCP-C is to allow caregivers to concurrently experience meaning and suffering; the intervention does not seek to deny the reality of challenges endured by caregivers, but instead to foster a connection to meaning and purpose alongside their suffering. Through in-depth interviews with caregivers and a focus group with MCP interventionists, we have refined and improved our MCP-C manual so that it can most effectively assist caregivers in experiencing meaning and purpose, despite inevitable suffering.
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The Relationship between Cancer Caregiver Burden and Psychological Outcomes: The Moderating Role of Social Connectedness. Curr Oncol 2021; 29:14-26. [PMID: 35049676 PMCID: PMC8775135 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study: (a) examined the extent of caregiver burden and psychological wellbeing and (b) tested whether social connectedness moderated the association between caregiver burden and psychological symptoms in caregivers of people with cancer. The cross-sectional survey study included 189 cancer caregivers (mean age = 36.19 years, standard deviation = 11.78; 80.4% female). Data were collected on caregiver burden, social connectedness, and depression and anxiety. Moderation analysis was conducted to examine the effect of social connectedness on the relationship between caregiver burden and depression and anxiety. Caregiver burden was positively associated with depression and anxiety symptoms. Controlling for significant demographic and caregiver characteristics, the moderation model showed as perceived social connectedness increased, the relationship between caregiver burden and depression decreased (β = −0.007, se = 0.004, 95% CI: −0.014, 0.000, p = 0.05). By contrast, social connectedness did not moderate the association between caregiver burden and anxiety. Findings have implications for the management of depression in cancer caregivers. Social connectedness appears to provide a protective buffer from the negative impacts of caregiving, providing increased psychological resources to manage the burden associated with caregiving, resulting in lower depression. Research on strategies to improve caregiver wellbeing through enhancing engagement with social networks in ways that improve perceived sense of connectedness with others is warranted.
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Cheng Q, Xu B, Ng MS, Duan Y, So WK. Effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions among caregivers of patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud 2021; 127:104162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Coughlin SS, Datta B. Predictors of unhealthy physical and mental days among informal cancer caregivers: results from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Support Care Cancer 2021; 30:2163-2171. [PMID: 34693491 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cancer and cancer survivors commonly rely upon family members and friends to act as caregivers to help manage cancer treatment and the late effects of that treatment. Informal caregivers provide a variety of supportive functions for cancer patients, including emotional, informational, and functional support, and practical assistance with skilled care activities. OBJECTIVE We examined predictors of unhealthy physical and mental days among informal cancer caregivers. Unhealthy days are an estimate of the overall number of days during the previous 30 days when the respondent felt that either his or her physical or mental health was not good. METHODS Data were used from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a cross-sectional, population-based study. The participants were adults aged ≥ 18 years who provided regular care or assistance to a friend or family member who had cancer in the past 30 days. RESULTS On average, caregivers who had a household income of less than $25,000 per year reported more (p < 0.05) unhealthy physical and mental days (during the last 30 days). Average reported number of mental unhealthy days was the highest for those who provided care for 2 or more years and 40 or more hours per week. Caregivers of Hispanic ethnicity had a greater risk of reporting unhealthy physical and mental days among those who provided care for 2 or more years. Among those who were providing care for 40 + h a week, caregivers from less wealthy households (income less than $50,000) were at greater risk of experiencing a larger number of unhealthy mental days. CONCLUSIONS Informal cancer caregiving can be a stressful experience with potentially negative consequences for both psychological and physical health. Of particular concern are caregivers who are low-income or have limited financial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Coughlin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, 1120 15thStreet, AE-1042, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Biplab Datta
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, 1120 15thStreet, AE-1042, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Cancer Survivorship Practices: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194847. [PMID: 34638332 PMCID: PMC8508173 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, more than 1.2 million adolescents and young adults (AYAs; those aged 15-39 years) are diagnosed with cancer each year. Although considerable variability exists according to cancer site and stage of disease, the 5-year relative survival at the time of diagnosis has been estimated at >80% for all AYA patients with cancer combined. Extensive survivorship research in recent decades has focused on patients diagnosed with cancer as children (<15 years) and older adults (>39 years), yet few studies to date have reported outcomes specifically for patients diagnosed as AYAs. With increasing incidence and improving survival for many tumor types, leading to the majority of AYA patients with cancer becoming long-term survivors, there is a critical need for research efforts to inform the survivorship care of this growing population. This article describes the population of AYA cancer survivors according to their epidemiology and late and long-term effects, the challenges and models of AYA survivorship care, as well as future opportunities for research and healthcare.
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Thompson T, Ketcher D, Gray TF, Kent EE. The Dyadic Cancer Outcomes Framework: A general framework of the effects of cancer on patients and informal caregivers. Soc Sci Med 2021; 287:114357. [PMID: 34500320 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that cancer affects not only patients but also their friends and family members who provide informal, and typically unpaid, care. Given the dual impact that cancer often has on patients and their informal caregivers (i.e., family members, partners, or friends), an expanded dyadic framework that encompasses a range of health and psychosocial outcomes and includes primary caregivers with a range of relationships to the patients is critically needed. Moreover, an emphasis on the role of social and contextual factors may help the framework resonate with a broader range of patient-caregiver relationships and allow for the development of more effective dyadic interventions. This article describes the development of the Dyadic Cancer Outcomes Framework, which was created to guide future research and intervention development. Using an iterative process, we conducted a conceptual review of currently used dyadic and/or caregiving models and frameworks and developed our own novel dyadic framework. Our novel Dyadic Cancer Outcomes Framework highlights individual- and dyad-level predictors and outcomes, as well as incorporating the disease trajectory and the social context. This framework can be used in conjunction with statistical approaches including the Actor Partner Interdependence Model to evaluate outcomes for different kinds of partner-caregiver dyads. This flexible framework can be used to guide intervention development and evaluation for cancer patients and their primary caregivers, with the ultimate goal of improving health, psychosocial, and relationship outcomes for both patients and caregivers. Future research will provide valuable information about the framework's effectiveness for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Thompson
- Washington University in St. Louis, Brown School of Social Work, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Dana Ketcher
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tamryn F Gray
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Phyllis F. Cantor Center for Research in Nursing & Patient Care Services, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin E Kent
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Yeager KA, Lee H, Bai J, Paul S, Johnson KB, Waldrop D. Congruence of pain perceptions between Black cancer patients and their family caregivers. Support Care Cancer 2021; 30:543-553. [PMID: 34338855 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This cross-sectional study evaluated congruence in pain assessment among Black cancer patients taking opioids for pain and their family caregivers and the effects of patient-reported depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints on the congruence. METHODS Patient-reported pain scores (current, average, and worst pain severity and pain interference) and caregiver proxy scores were independently assessed (Brief Pain Inventory). Patient-reported depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-8) and cognitive complaints (Cognitive Difficulties Scale) were also assessed. Paired t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland-Altman (BA) plots were used to evaluate group and dyad level congruence in pain assessment. The influence of patient depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints on congruence was examined using bivariate analyses and BA plots. RESULTS Among 50 dyads, 62% of patients and 56% of caregivers were female. Patients were older than caregivers (57 vs. 50 years, p = .008). Neither statistically significant (t-test) nor clinically relevant mean differences in pain severity and interference were found at a group level. At the dyad level, congruence was poor in pain now (ICC = 0.343) and average pain severity (ICC = 0.435), but moderate in worst pain severity (ICC = 0.694) and pain interference (ICC = 0.603). Results indicated better congruence in pain severity between patients with depressive symptoms and their caregivers, compared to patients without depressive symptoms. Patient CDS scores had no significant correlations with score differences between patients and caregivers in any pain variables. CONCLUSION Congruence varied depending on how the analysis was done. More information is needed to understand pain assessment between patients and caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Yeager
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Room 228, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322-4207, USA.
| | - Haerim Lee
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Room 228, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jinbing Bai
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Room 228, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322-4207, USA
| | - Sudeshna Paul
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Room 228, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kalisha Bonds Johnson
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Room 228, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Drenna Waldrop
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Room 228, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Mollica MA, Kent EE. Caregiver Education and Training: Learning Preferences of Informal Caregivers of Adult Care Recipients. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2021; 25:483-487. [PMID: 34269341 DOI: 10.1188/21.cjon.483-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncology nurses play a key role in supporting caregivers through education and training in both inpatient and outpatient settings. This article describes the learning preferences of informal caregivers of adult care recipients. Caregiver respondents preferred multiple training methods, with most endorsing in-person instruction, online video instruction, and reading materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin E Kent
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Moss KO, Douglas SL, Lipson AR, Blackstone E, Williams D, Aaron S, Wills CE. Understanding of Health-related Decision-making Terminology Among Cancer Caregivers. West J Nurs Res 2021; 43:649-659. [PMID: 33063642 PMCID: PMC8050115 DOI: 10.1177/0193945920965238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Research on understanding health-related decision-making terminology among family caregivers of adults living with advanced cancer is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine interpretations of the meaning of health-related decision-making terminology such as quality-of-life and end-of-life among caregivers of adults living with advanced cancer as a basis for improved understanding of caregiver decision support needs. Interviews were conducted with a purposive sub-sample of 10 caregivers of adults diagnosed with advanced cancer who completed a longitudinal, descriptive study (NRO14856) of factors influencing cancer care decisions. Audio transcripts were analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. Caregivers described interpretations of the meaning and process of decision-making and decision-related distress. Caregivers were uncertain about the meaning of end-of-life-related terminology, and a placed high value on quality-of-life and faith/spirituality in the decision-making process. Improvements in information and decision support interventions are needed to better support caregivers and subsequently patients towards informed cancer care decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O Moss
- Center for Healthy Aging, Self-Management and Complex Care, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sara L Douglas
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amy R Lipson
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eric Blackstone
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dionne Williams
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Siobhan Aaron
- Interdisciplinary Training in Cancer, Caregiving, and End-of-Life Care, College of Nursing, University of Utah, USA
| | - Celia E Wills
- Center for Healthy Aging, Self-Management and Complex Care, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Applebaum AJ, Kent EE, Lichtenthal WG. Documentation of Caregivers as a Standard of Care. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:1955-1958. [PMID: 33945287 PMCID: PMC8260920 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Applebaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Psychology in Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Erin E. Kent
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Wendy G. Lichtenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Psychology in Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Borsky AE, Zuvekas SH, Kent EE, de Moor JS, Ngo-Metzger Q, Soni A. Understanding the characteristics of US cancer survivors with informal caregivers. Cancer 2021; 127:2752-2761. [PMID: 33945632 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although informal caregivers such as family and friends provide people with cancer needed physical care and emotional support, little is known about which individuals have access to such caregivers. The purpose of this article is to provide a nationally representative description of the sociodemographic characteristics of cancer survivors who have or had an informal caregiver in the United States. METHODS Cross-sectional data were taken from the Experiences With Cancer Survivorship Supplement of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey in 2011, 2016, and 2017. People were cancer survivors from diagnosis until the end of life. The study population consisted of adult survivors of cancer other than nonmelanoma skin cancer who were treated for cancer less than 3 years before the survey and were living in the community (n = 720). The main outcome measure was whether or not the cancer survivor reported having an informal caregiver. RESULTS In the United States, 55.2% of cancer survivors reported having an informal caregiver during or after their cancer treatment. The relationship of the caregiver to the survivor varied by sex: males were more likely to have a spouse as their caregiver, and females were more likely to have a child as their caregiver. In multivariate analyses, cancer survivors who were female, were married, were of a race/ethnicity other than White, or were in poor health were more likely to have an informal caregiver. CONCLUSIONS Future research can examine whether those without informal caregivers might need more formal support as they undergo cancer treatment and transition into cancer survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Borsky
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Erin E Kent
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Quyen Ngo-Metzger
- Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California
| | - Anita Soni
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Maryland
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La IS, Johantgen M, Storr CL, Zhu S, Cagle JG, Ross A. Caregiver burden and related factors during active cancer treatment: A latent growth curve analysis. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2021; 52:101962. [PMID: 33962232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2021.101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Caregiver burden is frequently studied cross-sectionally, but longitudinal studies on family caregiver burden during active cancer treatment are lacking. The goals of this study were to characterize trajectories of caregivers' burden during a 6-month active treatment period, and to examine which predictors are associated with their burden. METHOD This study was a secondary analysis of data from a prospective study. A sample of 112 family caregivers of patients receiving cancer treatment were assessed at three time points (the initiation of new treatment regimen, 3-, and 6-month follow-up). Caregivers completed measures: Caregiver Reaction Assessment and Mutuality Scale of the Family Care Inventory. Data were analyzed using latent growth curve modeling. RESULTS The two highest burdens were subdomains related to disrupted schedule and financial problems. Models showed a decline in schedule burden over time, yet total burden and other subscales (financial problems, health problems, and lack of family support and self-esteem) remained relatively stable. In multivariate analysis, mutuality, the relationship quality between patients and caregivers was inversely related to burden at baseline. Being a spouse, a sole caregiver and lower income were related to higher burden over time. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirmed significant determinants of caregiver burden over the course of active treatment. It is important for health care providers to be attentive to vulnerable caregivers who are at higher risk of elevated burden over time. Considering the multidimensional nature of caregiver burden, early assessment and tailored support programs may be effective by focusing on patient-caregiver relationships, caregiving roles, and income.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Seo La
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Meg Johantgen
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carla L Storr
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shijun Zhu
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John G Cagle
- University of Maryland School of Social Work, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alyson Ross
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Jung A, Song L, Snyder E, Louwers RK, Sachse K, Chisolm S, Gore JL, Smith AB. Well-being and Perceptions of Supportive Resources among Caregivers of Patients with Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer 2021; 7:43-52. [PMID: 38993209 PMCID: PMC11181774 DOI: 10.3233/blc-200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unique burden of treatment and survivorship of patients with bladder cancer can negatively impact caregiver experience and their use of supportive care resources. OBJECTIVE To assess caregivers' well-being and their perception of potential supportive resources. METHODS In this cross-sectional survey, caregivers of patients with bladder cancer (N = 630) were recruited through the nationwide Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network Patient Survey Network. We used stakeholder-developed questionnaires to examine caregiver well-being (i.e., physical well-being, tiredness, fear, worry, sadness), the perceived helpfulness of potential resources (i.e., web-based and print-based information, specialized support, personal stories of other caregivers, phone-call and online chat with other caregivers), and influencing factors. RESULTS Caregivers more frequently reported emotional well-being as a moderate to serious problem (67% for fear, 78% for worry, 66% for sadness) compared with physical well-being (30%) and tiredness (47%). Decreased well-being was associated with female gender of the caregiver, higher than high school education, or caring for a patient with advanced (versus non-invasive) bladder cancer. Of six potential resources, "web-based information" was perceived as "very helpful" among 79% of respondents, followed by "personal stories from other caregivers" (62%). Caregiver preferences for "web-based information" was not associated with any specific demographic or clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS Caregivers reported moderate to serious problems with emotional and physical well-being. Web-based platforms were perceived as beneficial supportive resources for bladder cancer caregivers. Future intervention research should target the influencing factors identified in this study to optimize the health outcomes of caregivers and enhance the supportive care resources for improving their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahrang Jung
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lixin Song
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Snyder
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Renata K. Louwers
- Research Patient Advocate, Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen Sachse
- Research Patient Advocate, Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Chisolm
- Director of Education & Research, Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John L. Gore
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angela B. Smith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Decadt I, Laenen A, Celus J, Geyskens S, Vansteenlandt H, Coolbrandt A. Caregiver distress and quality of life in primary caregivers of oncology patients in active treatment and follow-up. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2021; 30:e13399. [PMID: 33393137 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the number of informal caregivers and their caregiving responsibilities increase, this study aims at evaluating caregiver distress, quality of life (QoL) and their predictors in informal caregivers of cancer patients during active treatment and follow-up. METHODS This cross-sectional descriptive study targeted primary caregivers of patients with different cancer diagnoses. Caregiver-reported outcomes were measured by the Caregiver Risk Screen (CRS), Distress Thermometer (DT) and Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer (CQOLC). RESULTS Caregivers (n = 1580) experienced a low-to-moderate risk of caregiver distress and a moderate QoL during both treatment and follow-up. About 13% reported a high caregiver risk and 20% reported severe distress. There was a strong and significant correlation between caregiver distress and caregivers' QoL (0.793). Predictive factors for higher distress and poorer QoL were: fewer emotional and practical resources, being female, non-spousal relationship or not living together (p < 0.05). Caregivers of patients with head-and-neck, skin, lung and brain cancers reported the highest distress and lowest QoL. CONCLUSION Caregiver distress is highly variable, but a minority of caregivers is at high risk for caregiver distress. Professional caregivers play an important role at supporting caregivers and detecting high-risk caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Decadt
- Department of Oncology Nursing, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annouschka Laenen
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janne Celus
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shelly Geyskens
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannah Vansteenlandt
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemarie Coolbrandt
- Department of Oncology Nursing, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Understanding the support needs of family members of people undergoing chemotherapy: A longitudinal qualitative study. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2020; 50:101861. [PMID: 33242701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Capture change in family members' experiences as they look after patients during chemotherapy, and understand variability in their needs for support. METHOD Longitudinal digitally-recorded qualitative semi-structured interviews with family carers at the beginning, mid-point, and end of treatment. Twenty-five family members (17 women, 8 men), mean age 53, were interviewed. Fifteen participants were supporting a relative having chemotherapy with curative intent, and 10 a patient receiving palliative chemotherapy. They were recruited from two UK locations: a regional cancer centre in Southampton and a comprehensive cancer centre in London. Sixty-three interviews were conducted in total, and the data were analysed using Framework Analysis. RESULTS Three themes were generated from the data: Changing lives, Changing roles; Confidence in caring, and Managing uncertainty. These captured family carers' evolving needs and sense of confidence in caregiving during chemotherapy. Carers reported considerable anxiety at the outset of treatment which persisted throughout. Anxiety was underpinned by fears of disease recurrence or progression and concerns about treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study presents original fine-grained work that captures the changes over time in family carers' experiences of chemotherapy and their adaptation to caregiving. It provides fundamental evidence of the challenges that cancer carers face during patients' treatment; evidence that can be used as a basis for carer assessment and to build much-needed carer interventions. Oncology nurses should assess carers': ability to care; needs for information and support to prepare them for this; wellbeing over time; and, any support they may require to prevent them from becoming overburdened.
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Perceptions of care coordination in cancer patient-family caregiver dyads. Support Care Cancer 2020; 29:2645-2652. [PMID: 32970231 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-020-05764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine cancer patients and their family caregivers' perspectives of care coordination (CC) using a dyadic research design. METHODS In this pilot cross-sectional study, 54 patient-family caregiver dyads completed a validated care coordination instrument (CCI) and its parallel family caregiver instrument (CCICG) from June to September 2019. The sample available for analysis included data from 32 dyads, which included patients receiving active therapy for any cancer type and their primary family caregivers aged 18 years or older. Mixed regression models were used to examine dyadic differences. RESULTS The overall family caregiver scores demonstrated a bimodal pattern; thus, we conducted analyses using aggregate data as well as by highCG and lowCG subgroups. Among dyads in the lowCG subgroup, family caregivers reported significantly lower scores than patients on the total CCI and the three CC domains: Communication, Navigation, and Operational. Caregiver gender, the absence of a patient navigator, and practice setting (hospital-based ambulatory) significantly predicted dyadic differences in the lowCG subgroup. In item-level analyses, family caregivers in the lowCG subgroup reported lower scores than patients on the items related to patient-physician communication. CONCLUSION A subgroup of family caregivers reported poorer perception of CC than patients, suggesting that those family caregivers and providers may benefit from intervention. Further understanding of patient-family caregiver dyads' perspectives of CC can inform development of strategies to integrate family caregivers into the cancer care team, develop effective CC interventions for family caregivers, and contribute to improved quality and value of cancer care.
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Crotty BH, Asan O, Holt J, Tyszka J, Erickson J, Stolley M, Pezzin LE, Nattinger AB. Qualitative Assessment of Unmet Information Management Needs of Informal Cancer Caregivers: Four Themes to Inform Oncology Practice. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020; 4:521-528. [PMID: 32530708 DOI: 10.1200/cci.19.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Family and friends often provide informal care for patients with cancer, coordinating care and supporting patients at home. Stress, depression, and burnout are increasingly recognized among these informal caregivers. Although past research has described a range of needs, including the need for information, details about unmet informational needs for caregivers have not been fully described. We sought to assess unmet information management needs for informal caregivers in the digital era. METHODS This was a qualitative research study with semistructured interviews and focus groups of nonprofessional caregivers for patients with cancer, facilitated using a discussion guide. Eligible caregivers supported patients in the community who were in treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy) or completed treatment within 3 years. Participants were recruited using informational flyers at an academic cancer center and in the local community of metropolitan Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Sessions were transcribed verbatim and analyzed inductively to identify themes. RESULTS Thirteen caregivers participated, the majority between 41 and 60 years of age: seven of 13, 53.8%, were predominantly women; 10 of 13 (76.9%) were educated, 10 of 13 (76.9%) had graduated from college; and of modest means, six of 13 (46.2%) had household incomes < $35,000. Four themes emerged: (1) the information overload paradox, where caregivers felt overloaded by information yet had unmet informational needs; (2) navigating volatility as a caregiver, with changing or unknown expectations; (3) caregivers as information brokers, which placed new burdens on caregivers to seek, share, and protect information; and (4) care for the caregiver, including unmet information needs related to self-care. CONCLUSION This study identified several informational challenges affecting caregivers. Caregivers have dynamic and evolving informational needs, and strategies that support caregivers through just-in-time information availability or dedicated caregiver check-ins may provide relief within the stress of caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Asan
- Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ
| | - Jeana Holt
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Jabłoński MJ, García-Torres F, Zielińska P, Bułat A, Brandys P. Emotional Burden and Perceived Social Support in Male Partners of Women with Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124188. [PMID: 32545445 PMCID: PMC7344620 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to describe the correlations between the psychosocial burden on male caregivers and their perception of social support, as well as distress, anxiety, and depression among their partners in the first six months after a cancer diagnosis. Methods: A cross-sectional, longitudinal and observational study was conducted on a group of 61 couples, with the use of Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS), Berlín Social Support Scales (BSSS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Distress Thermometer (DT). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica v.13. Results: A strong positive correlation between the ZBI and CBS, as well as between support-seeking and the emotional involvement of male partners, was documented. The negative correlation between the lack of instrumental support and a much greater burden on caregivers, in emotional, social, and family life was documented. The level of distress, anxiety, and depression, as well as family problems reported by female patients, were positively correlated with the male caregiver′s burden. A demographic analysis showed significant relationships between the number of offspring and the negative health indicators of patients and their partners. Implications: The obtained results encourage deeper reflection on the need to improve the availability of instrumental support for male caregivers and support for families with an oncological ill parent in caring for minor children, and to maintain the social activity of the caregiver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin J. Jabłoński
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow, 31-501 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Francisco García-Torres
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- IMIBIC Health Research Institute, Reina Sofía University Hospital of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-957-218-847; +34-646-545-104
| | - Paulina Zielińska
- The Maria Skłodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology (MCMCC) branch in Krakow, 31-115 Kraków, Poland; (P.Z.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Alicja Bułat
- The Maria Skłodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology (MCMCC) branch in Krakow, 31-115 Kraków, Poland; (P.Z.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Piotr Brandys
- The Maria Skłodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology (MCMCC) branch in Krakow, 31-115 Kraków, Poland; (P.Z.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
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