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Gonzalez-Guarda RM. Commentary on "Racial and ethnic diversity in academic nursing leadership: A cross-sectional analysis" by Travers and colleagues (2024). Nurs Outlook 2024; 72:102270. [PMID: 39197336 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2024.102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this commentary is to highlight key points made by Travers and colleagues (2024) in their study entitled, "Racial and ethnic diversity in academic nursing leadership: A cross-sectional analysis" and provide additional recommendations for future research and policy related to diversity in academic nursing leadership. While there is a significant underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minoritized populations in academic leadership in nursing, the level of underrepresentation and contributors to underrepresentation are not the same across racial and ethnic minoritized populations. As we design strategies to promote diversity in academic nursing it is important to benchmark efforts to ensure representation from groups who experience the most significant health inequities, create tailored strategies that consider the unique historical and contemporary barriers to leadership in academic nursing across and within minoritized groups, and build upon evidence-based strategies, especially the important role that minority serving institutions have played.
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Wilkie RZ, Ho JY. Life expectancy and geographic variation in mortality: an observational comparison study of six high-income Anglophone countries. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079365. [PMID: 39138004 PMCID: PMC11407213 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare life expectancy levels and within-country geographic variation in life expectancy across six high-income Anglophone countries between 1990 and 2018. DESIGN Demographic analysis using aggregated mortality data. SETTING Six high-income Anglophone countries (USA, UK, Canada, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand), by sex, including an analysis of subnational geographic inequality in mortality within each country. POPULATION Data come from the Human Mortality Database, the WHO Mortality Database and the vital statistics agencies of six high-income Anglophone countries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Life expectancy at birth and age 65; age and cause of death contributions to life expectancy differences between countries; index of dissimilarity for within-country geographic variation in mortality. RESULTS Among six high-income Anglophone countries, Australia is the clear best performer in life expectancy at birth, leading its peer countries by 1.26-3.95 years for women and by 0.97-4.88 years for men in 2018. While Australians experience lower mortality across the age range, most of their life expectancy advantage accrues between ages 45 and 84. Australia performs particularly well in terms of mortality from external causes (including drug- and alcohol-related deaths), screenable/treatable cancers, cardiovascular disease and influenza/pneumonia and other respiratory diseases compared with other countries. Considering life expectancy differences across geographic regions within each country, Australia tends to experience the lowest levels of inequality, while Ireland, New Zealand and the USA tend to experience the highest levels. CONCLUSIONS Australia has achieved the highest life expectancy among Anglophone countries and tends to rank well in international comparisons of life expectancy overall. It serves as a potential model for lower-performing countries to follow to reduce premature mortality and inequalities in life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Z Wilkie
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Y Ho
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Dai B, Amarteifio ENA, Kyere F, Kwasi Sampene A. Examining the dynamics between economic development, tourism, renewable energy and life expectancy in the Nordic economies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118900. [PMID: 38642635 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
As the world struggles with pressing issues like climate change and sustainable development, affecting health outcomes and environmental quality, the Nordic regionsare at the forefront of major global challenges. This paper investigates the role of human capital, renewable energy use, tourism, natural resources, and economic growth in shaping life in the Nordic region i.e., Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland).Utilizing panel data spanning from 1990 to 2020, the Driscoll and Kraay standard error (DSK) technique is employed to analyze this intricate interplay. The study reveals that in the Nordic context, sustainable economic growth, bolstered by investments in human capital and the widespread acceptance of renewable energy sources, has been positively associated with increased life expectancies. Furthermore, prudent management of natural resources has helped mitigate adverse health effects related to depletion, maintaining environmental and public health standards. The thriving tourism industry has also been shown to influence lifespan in this region positively. On the contrary, the empirical finding contended that an adverse correlation exists between carbon emissions and LEX. This research underscores the importance of a comprehensive and balanced approach that considers economic development, sustainable development, and public health in pursuing longer and healthier lives, providing valuable insights for policymakers and regions seeking to replicate these positive outcomes.The findings of this study are both conceptually reliable and empirically robust, providing important insights for the formulation of environmental and health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Dai
- Department of Labor and Social Security, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210009, China.
| | - Edwina Naa Amerley Amarteifio
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Jiangsu University, School of Management, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Francis Kyere
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Agyemang Kwasi Sampene
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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Paglino E, Elo IT. Immigrant mortality advantage in the United States during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2024; 50:185-204. [PMID: 38348402 PMCID: PMC10861242 DOI: 10.4054/demres.2024.50.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the mortality impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on US-born and foreign-born populations by race and Hispanic origin in the United States in 2020. METHODS Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics and population data from CDC WONDER were used to estimate (1) age-standardized all-cause and cause-specific mortality at ages 25+, 25-64, and 65+ in 2017-2019 and 2020 by nativity, race, Hispanic origin, and sex; (2) changes in mortality between these two periods; and (3) the cause-specific contributions to these changes. RESULTS Mortality increased in 2020 relative to 2017-2019 for all racial and Hispanic-origin groups. Adjusting for age, mortality increases were larger at ages 25+ among foreign-born males (390 deaths for 100,000 residents) and females (189) than among US-born males (223) and females (144). The large mortality rise among foreign-born Hispanic men (593) contributed to the narrowing of their mortality advantage relative to White men, from 426 to 134. An increase in mortality among both foreign-born and US-born Black males and females increased the Black-White mortality disparities by 318 for males and by 180 for females. Although COVID-19 mortality was the main driver of the increase among foreign-born residents, circulatory diseases and malignant neoplasms also contributed. CONTRIBUTION We show that the COVID-19 pandemic had a greater impact on foreign-born populations than on their US-born counterparts. These findings highlight the need to address the underlying inequalities and unique challenges faced by foreign-born populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irma T Elo
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Wallace M, Hiam L, Aldridge R. Elevated mortality among the second-generation (children of migrants) in Europe: what is going wrong? A review. Br Med Bull 2023; 148:5-21. [PMID: 37933157 PMCID: PMC10724460 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 'second-generation' (i.e. the children of migrants) represent one of the fastest growing subpopulations of the child and young adult populations in Europe today. The research so far appears to indicate that their mortality risk is elevated relative to people with non-migrant backgrounds. SOURCES OF DATA Peer-reviewed publications. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Second-generation status is a clear marker of elevated mortality risk in Europe in early life (including stillbirth, perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality) and adulthood, particularly if the parent(s) were born outside of Europe. Socioeconomic inequality plays an important, albeit rarely defining, role in these elevated risks. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY It remains unclear what causes-of-death are driving these elevated mortality risks. The exact influence of (non-socioeconomic) explanatory factors (e.g. health care, racism & discrimination, and factors related to integration) on the elevated mortality risks of the second-generation also remains unclear. GROWING POINTS The second-generation will continue to grow and diversify in Europe; we must intervene to address these inequalities now. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Place more emphasis on the complexity of migration background, specific causes-of-death, and understanding the roles of explanatory factors beyond socioeconomic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wallace
- Sociology Department, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
| | - Lucinda Hiam
- School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Robert Aldridge
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road London, NW1 2DA, UK
- The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Hans Rosling Center for Population Health, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle WA 98195, United States
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Guillot M, Khlat M, Gansey R, Solignac M, Elo I. Return Migration Selection and Its Impact on the Migrant Mortality Advantage: New Evidence Using French Pension Data. Demography 2023; 60:1335-1357. [PMID: 37650652 PMCID: PMC10587819 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10938784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The migrant mortality advantage (MMA) has been observed in many immigrant-receiving countries, but its underlying factors remain poorly understood. This article examines the role of return migration selection effects in explaining the MMA among males aged 65+ using a rich, unique dataset from France. This dataset contains information on native-born and foreign-born pensioners who are tracked worldwide until they die, providing a rare opportunity to assess return migration selection effects and their impact on the MMA. Results provide evidence of substantial and systematic negative return migration selection among foreign-born males in France. Old-age returns, in particular, appear particularly affected by such selection; however, they are not frequent enough to explain the MMA at ages 65+. By contrast, returns at younger ages are much more frequent, and the MMA at ages 65+ essentially disappears once these earlier returns are considered. This study extends the literature on negative selection at return and its impact on the MMA by providing evidence that such negative selection may operate not only at older ages but throughout the life course, with impacts on the MMA that are larger than previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Guillot
- Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- French Institute for Demographic Studies, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Myriam Khlat
- French Institute for Demographic Studies, Aubervilliers, France
| | | | - Matthieu Solignac
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- French Institute for Demographic Studies, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Irma Elo
- Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Hiam L, Dorling D, McKee M. When experts disagree: interviews with public health experts on health outcomes in the UK 2010-2020. Public Health 2023; 214:96-105. [PMID: 36528937 PMCID: PMC9754903 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To ascertain the views of public health experts on adverse trends in life expectancy across England and Wales over the past decade, causal factors, possible solutions, and their opinions about how the prepandemic situation influenced the UK's COVID-19 response. STUDY DESIGN Semistructured, in-depth interviews. METHODS Nineteen public health experts were identified by purposeful sampling and invited to take part via e-mail. Sixty-three percent responded and participated (n = 12), six females and six males. Interviews took place via Microsoft Teams between November 2021 and January 2022. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS There was no consensus on the significance of the stalling and, at some ages, reversal of previous improvements in life expectancy between 2010 and 2020. Explanations offered included data misinterpretation, widening health inequalities, and disinvestment in public services, as well as some disease-specific causes. Those accepting that the decline was concerning linked it to social factors and suggested solutions based on increased investment and implementing existing evidence on how to reduce health inequalities. These interviewees also pointed to the same factors playing a role in the UK's poor COVID-19 response, highlighting the need to understand and address these underlying issues as part of pandemic preparedness. CONCLUSIONS There was no consensus among a group of influential public health experts in the UK on the scale, nature, and explanations of recent trends in life expectancy. A majority called for implementation of existing evidence on reducing inequalities, especially in the wake of COVID-19. However, without agreement on what the problem is, action is likely to remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Hiam
- School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | - Danny Dorling
- School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
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Baluran DA. Life expectancy, life disparity, and differential racialization among Chinese, Asian Indians, and Filipinos in the United States. SSM Popul Health 2022; 21:101306. [PMID: 36567799 PMCID: PMC9772563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article advances differential racialization as a lens to frame health disparity trends within the Asian racial category. Using formal demographic methods, I analyzed data from the Multiple Cause of Death File and the American Community Survey to examine the trends in life expectancy and life disparity among Chinese, Asian Indians, and Filipinos in the United States between 2005 and 2019. While Chinese, Asian Indian, and Filipino life expectancy oscillated between each period under study, those oscillations contributed to an overall widening advantage for Chinese over their Asian Indian and Filipino counterparts. I posit that widening inequalities between the three groups are suggestive of their increasingly disparate racial statuses. These findings underscore the importance of contextualizing disaggregated health data within the social conditions that produce inequalities, namely race/racialization/racism.
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Wallace M, Thomas MJ, Aburto JM, Jørring Pallesen AV, Mortensen LH, Syse A, Drefahl S. Immigration, mortality, and national life expectancy in the Nordic region, 1990–2019. SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101177. [PMID: 36046066 PMCID: PMC9421394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immigrants have higher life expectancy at age 1 than the native-born in Denmark, Finland and Norway do from 1990 to 2019. Immigrants in Denmark, Finland and Norway increasingly enhance national life expectancy at age 1 over time. Immigrants in Sweden have lower life expectancy at age 1 than native-born in Sweden do in 1990, but similar levels by 2019. The effect of immigrants on national life expectancy at age 1 in Sweden transforms from negative to positive over time. The unique mortality of immigrants affects rankings of life expectancy at age 1 in the Nordic region in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wallace
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author. Sociology Department, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - José Manuel Aburto
- University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- University of Copenhagen, Copehagen, Denmark
- Statistics Denmark, Copehagen, Denmark
| | - Astri Syse
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Hiam L, Zhang CX, Burns R, Darlington-Pollock F, Wallace M, McKee M. What can the UK learn from the impact of migrant populations on national life expectancy? J Public Health (Oxf) 2022; 44:e499-e505. [PMID: 35313344 PMCID: PMC9383602 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvements in life expectancy at birth in the UK had stalled prior to 2020 and have fallen during the COVID-19 pandemic. The stagnation took place at a time of relatively high net migration, yet we know that migrants to Australia, the USA and some Nordic countries have positively impacted national life expectancy trends, outperforming native-born populations in terms of life expectancy. It is important to ascertain whether migrants have contributed positively to life expectancy in the UK, concealing worsening trends in the UK-born population, or whether relying on national life expectancy calculations alone may have masked excess mortality in migrant populations. We need a better understanding of the role and contribution of migrant populations to national life expectancy trends in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire X Zhang
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Rachel Burns
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Matthew Wallace
- Demography Unit, Sociology Department, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, UK
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1H 9SH, UK
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Mullachery PH, Lankenau S, Diez Roux AV, Li R, Henson RM, Bilal U. Urban scaling of opioid overdose deaths in the USA: a cross-sectional study in three periods between 2005 and 2017. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e048831. [PMID: 35241464 PMCID: PMC8896002 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the association between population size, population growth and opioid overdose deaths-overall and by type of opioid-in US commuting zones (CZs) in three periods between 2005 and 2017. SETTINGS 741 CZs covering the entirety of the US CZs are aggregations of counties based on commuting patterns that reflect local economies. PARTICIPANTS We used mortality data at the county level from 2005 to 2017 from the National Center for Health Statistics. OUTCOME Opioid overdose deaths were defined using underlying and contributory causes of death codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). We used the underlying cause of death to identify all drug poisoning deaths. Contributory cause of death was used to classify opioid overdose deaths according to the three major types of opioid, that is, prescription opioids, heroin and synthetic opioids other than methadone. RESULTS Opioid overdose deaths were disproportionally higher in largely populated CZs. A CZ with 1.0% larger population had 1.10%, 1.10%, and 1.16% higher opioid death count in 2005-2009, 2010-2014, and 2015-2017, respectively. This pattern was largely driven by a high number of deaths involving heroin and synthetic opioids, particularly in 2015-2017. Population growth over time was associated with lower age-adjusted opioid overdose mortality rate: a 1.0% increase in population over time was associated with 1.4% (95% CI: -2.8% to 0.1%), 4.5% (95% CI: -5.8% to -3.2%), and 1.2% (95% CI: -4.2% to 1.8%) lower opioid overdose mortality in 2005-2009, 2010-2014, and 2015-2017, respectively. The association between positive population growth and lower opioid mortality rates was stronger in larger CZs. CONCLUSIONS Opioid overdose mortality in the USA was disproportionately higher in mid-sized and large CZs, particularly those affected by declines in population over time, regardless of the region where they are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pricila H Mullachery
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen Lankenau
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Prevention, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rosie Mae Henson
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Usama Bilal
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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