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Hayman J, Fortune DW. Sexual Orientation in Twins: Evidence That Human Sexual Identity May Be Determined Five Days Following Fertilization. Cureus 2023; 15:e51346. [PMID: 38161549 PMCID: PMC10757681 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human same-sex sexual attraction has been recorded from the beginning of written history. It remains a controversial topic, but recent theories favor prenatal influences. A paradox is the occurrence of same-sex orientation in twins in that there is a higher level of concordance in monozygous twins compared to that in dizygous twins or non-twin siblings. If sexual orientation was entirely genetically determined monozygous twins would be expected to have identical sexual inclinations. Monozygous twins have twice the incidence of sexual concordance in comparison to dizygous twins but a third of these pairs have different sexual identities. An explanation for this disparity may lie in the time an embryo splits to form two separate fetuses. If splitting occurs early in twin development each twin may develop his or her own sexual identity; splitting occurring later results in twins that have the same sexual dispositions. A possible process for such determination may be in the mitochondria, with universal maternal inheritance of a proportion of normal functioning but alternate mitochondria. Variation in the distribution of these mitochondria in neural precursor cells becomes a mechanism for the development of intrinsic sexual orientation and for the spectrum of human sexual inclinations. The timing of embryonic splitting may be determined from the examination of fetal membranes, and the concept of early fetal sexual orientation is open to support or disproval.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hayman
- Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, AUS
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2
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Schumm WR, Crawford DW. Difficulties With Methodology in Social Science Research With Controversial Issues Regarding Human Sexuality. LINACRE QUARTERLY 2023; 90:194-216. [PMID: 37325432 PMCID: PMC10265389 DOI: 10.1177/00243639221082213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Social science is commonly used in debates about controversial issues, especially for those concerning human sexuality. However, caution must be exercised in interpreting such social science literature, because of a variety of methodological and theoretical weaknesses that are not uncommon. Families are complex structurally and over time; such data are not easily analyzed. Merely determining the number of, for example, sexual minority families has been a difficult task. While some new theories are popular with social scientists, for example, sexual minority theory, they are often used to the exclusion of other, equally valid theories and often are not well tested empirically. Some types of families remain relatively unexamined. Social scientists can be biased by their own values, which are reflected in weak use of theory and in a variety of methodological problems. Eight studies are presented as examples of probable confirmation bias, in which methods and theory were modified in unusual ways that may have affected the outcomes and conclusions. Suggestions for improving social science include greater attention to effect sizes rather than statistical significance per se, deliberately minimizing the politicization of science, developing a culture of humility with respect to social science, deliberately reducing common biases, and maintaining a deeper curiosity about social science than is often seen. Scientists must be open to seeing their best "sacred cow" ideas or theories disproven or modified with increases in research on such issues. Summary In controversial areas of social science, there can be numerous threats to the validity of science. Here, some of the more common risks for social science research and theory are examined, with several specific illustrations of how bias appears to have crept into social science, often as confirmation bias. Recommendations are made for reducing bias in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R. Schumm
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, Kansas State University College of Health and Human Sciences, Manhattan, KS, USA
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3
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Zhang Y, Huang H, Wang M, Zhu J, Tan S, Tian W, Mo J, Jiang L, Mo J, Pan W, Ning C. Family outcome disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual families: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e010556. [PMID: 36878725 PMCID: PMC10016267 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of children in sexual minority parent families has increased. This systematic review aims to synthesise the evidence of disparities in family outcomes between sexual minority and heterosexual families and to identify specific social risk factors of poor family outcomes. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, the Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library and APA PsycNet for original studies that compared family outcomes between sexual minority and heterosexual families. Two reviewers independently selected studies and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Narrative synthesis and meta-analysis were conducted to synthesise evidence. RESULTS Thirty-four articles were included. The narrative synthesis results revealed several significant findings for children's gender role behaviour and gender identity/sexual orientation outcomes. Overall, 16 of 34 studies were included in the meta-analyses. The quantitative synthesis results suggested that sexual minority families may perform better in children's psychological adjustment and parent-child relationship than heterosexual families (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.13, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.05; SMD 0.13, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.20), but not couple relationship satisfaction (SMD 0.26, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.64), parental mental health (SMD 0.00, 95% CI -0.16 to 0.16), parenting stress (SMD 0.01, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.22) or family functioning (SMD 0.18, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.46). CONCLUSION Most of the family outcomes are similar between sexual minority and heterosexual families, and sexual minority families have even better outcomes in some domains. Relevant social risk factors of poor family outcomes included stigma and discrimination, poor social support and marital status, etc. The next step is to integrate multiple aspects of support and multilevel interventions to reduce the adverse effects on family outcomes with a long-term goal of influencing policy and law making for better services to individuals, families, communities and schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- School of Nursing, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Haimei Huang
- School of Nursing, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Nursing, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- School of Nursing, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sumin Tan
- School of Nursing, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Weiyi Tian
- School of Nursing, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinli Mo
- School of Nursing, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Jiang
- School of Nursing, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jieling Mo
- School of Nursing, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chuanyi Ning
- School of Nursing, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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4
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Wendołowska A, Czyżowska N, Czyżowska D. The Role of Attachment and Dyadic Coping in Shaping Relational Intimacy: Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16211. [PMID: 36498285 PMCID: PMC9738089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
People's attachment styles play a fundamental role in shaping their intimate relationships. Anxiously attached individuals have a strong need for closeness but a poor ability to obtain the closeness they seek. In contrast, people high in avoidance tend to avoid intimacy in close relationships. Dyadic coping can strengthen the bond between partners, and develop empathy, commitment, sensitivity, and responsiveness to the partner's needs, which may be the basis of shaping intimacy and closeness. The effects of attachment on relational intimacy were examined, using the actor-partner interdependence model and data from 144 heterosexual couples, aged 26 to 60. Both partners completed measures of attachment, intimacy as a relationship satisfaction dimension, and dyadic coping. The results showed that men's attachment-related avoidance is related to their own intimacy; also, the avoidant attachment of both spouses is related to each other's intimacy. The effect of having children on intimacy was significant for men; the effect of financial situation on intimacy was significant for women. Moreover, problem-focused common dyadic coping appeared to have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between attachment-related avoidance and intimacy. Adult attachment and dyadic coping significantly contributed to partners' relational intimacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wendołowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Czyżowska
- Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Kraków, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Czyżowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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Siler K. L’Affaire Strumia reveals troubling gatekeeping values and outcomes at Quantitative Science Studies. QUANTITATIVE SCIENCE STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1162/qss_c_00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Siler
- École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec (Canada)
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6
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Williams WV, Brind J, Haynes L, Manhart MD, Klaus H, Lanfranchi A, Migeon G, Gaskins M, Šeman EI, Ruppersberger L, Raviele KM. Hormonally Active Contraceptives, Part II: Sociological, Environmental, and Economic Impact. LINACRE QUARTERLY 2021; 88:291-316. [PMID: 34565905 PMCID: PMC8375383 DOI: 10.1177/00243639211005121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the sociological, environmental, and economic impact of hormonally active contraceptives, a series of comprehensive literature surveys were employed. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage, and an increase in divorce with deleterious effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality, and incarceration, among others. The environmental impact is discussed briefly and includes the feminization and trans-gendering of male fish downstream from the effluent of city wastewater treatment plants with declining fish populations. The potential economic impact of most of these side effects is estimated based on epidemiologic data and published estimates of costs of caring for the diseases which are linked to the use of hormonally active contraceptives. Hormonally active contraceptives appear to have a deleterious impact on multiple aspects of women's health as well as negative economic and environmental impacts. These risks can be avoided through the use of nonhormonal methods and need to be more clearly conveyed to the public. SUMMARY Hormonal contraceptives have wide-ranging effects. The potential economic impact of the medical side effects is estimated. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage and an increase in divorce with negative effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality and incarceration among others. The environmental impact includes hormonal effects on fish with declining fish populations. Women seeking birth control have a right to know about how to avoid these risks by using effective hormone-free methods like Fertility Awareness Methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- William V. Williams
- BriaCell Therapeutics Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Catholic Medical Association, Fort Washington, PA, USA
| | - Joel Brind
- The Breast Cancer Prevention Institute, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - Laura Haynes
- International Federation for Therapeutic and Counseling Choice, General Board Member and USA Country Representative,Tustin, California, USA
| | | | - Hanna Klaus
- Catholic Medical Association, Fort Washington, PA, USA
- Teen STAR, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Angela Lanfranchi
- Catholic Medical Association, Fort Washington, PA, USA
- The Breast Cancer Prevention Institute, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Elvis I. Šeman
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- MaterCare, St. John’s, Canada
- The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Closeness to Parents and Experiencing Threats with COVID-19 Mediates the Link between Personality and Stress among Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126358. [PMID: 34208256 PMCID: PMC8296161 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: many researchers have already established that the 2019 COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat to adolescent psychological health. Studies on the COVID-19 pandemic mainly focus on individual psychological consequences, such as anxiety, depression or stress. The presented study added a family context to psychological analyses of the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescence. We examined the mediational effects of closeness to parents and perceived pandemic-related threats to relationships between personality (emotional stability and agreeableness) and stress in adolescents. Methods: in total, 413 students from secondary schools in southern Poland completed questionnaires measuring stress, personality, closeness to parents and experiencing threats with COVID-19. Results: the results demonstrated that closeness with parents in conjunction with experiencing family-related threats and threats related to lifestyle changes were mediators between adolescent personality traits and the intensity of the stress experienced. Conclusions: closeness with parents and threats experienced with COVID-19 mediate relationships between personality traits (emotional stability and agreeableness) and the intensification of stress in adolescents.
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8
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Access to fertility treatment irrespective of marital status, sexual orientation, or gender identity: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2021; 116:326-330. [PMID: 33906744 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This statement explores the implications of reproduction by single individuals and unmarried couples and pertains to diverse sexuality and gender (DSG) or cisgender heterosexual persons. The statement concludes that individuals and couples should have access to fertility services irrespective of marital status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. This document replaces the previous version of this document entitled "Access to fertility treatment by gays, lesbians, and unmarried persons: a committee opinion", published in December 2013 (Fertil Steril 2013;100:1524-7).
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Affiliation(s)
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- American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
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9
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Kabátek J, Perales F. Academic Achievement of Children in Same- and Different-Sex-Parented Families: A Population-Level Analysis of Linked Administrative Data From the Netherlands. Demography 2021; 58:393-418. [PMID: 33834221 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-8994569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have examined how children raised in same-sex-parented families fare relative to children in different-sex-parented families, this body of work suffers from major methodological shortcomings. By leveraging linked administrative data from several population registers from the Netherlands covering the 2006-2018 period (n = 1,454,577), we overcome most methodological limitations affecting earlier research. The unique features of the data include complete population coverage, reliable identification of same-sex-parented families, a large number of children in same-sex-parented families (n = 3,006), multiple objective and verifiable educational outcomes, and detailed measures of family dynamics over children's entire life courses. The results indicate that children in same-sex-parented families outperform children in different-sex-parented families on multiple indicators of academic performance, including standardized tests scores, high school graduation rates, and college enrollment. Such advantages extend to both male and female children, and are more pronounced among children in female than male same-sex-parented families. These findings challenge deficit models of same-sex parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kabátek
- Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn, Germany.,CentER, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Perales
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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Brummett A. When conscientious objection runs amok: A physician refusing HIV preventative to a bisexual patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1477750920946686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports of a case where a physician conscientiously objected to prescribing PrEP to a bisexual patient so as not to “enable immoral sexual behavior.” The case represents an instance of conscience creep, a phenomenon whereby clinicians invoke conscientious objection in sometimes objectionable ways that extend beyond the traditional contexts of abortion, sterilization, or physician aid in dying. This essay uses a reasonability view of conscientious objection to argue that the above case represents a discriminatory instance of conscience creep that should not be permitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abram Brummett
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
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11
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Reczek C. Sexual- and Gender-Minority Families: A 2010 to 2020 Decade in Review. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2020; 82:300-325. [PMID: 33273747 PMCID: PMC7710266 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review research on sexual and gender minority (SGM) families-including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, asexual, and intersex (LGBTQAI+) families- from 2010-2020. BACKGROUND Research on the SGM population has increased and diversified in the past decade. RESULTS This paper reviews three subareas that make up the majority of research on SGM families today: (1) SGM family of origin relationships, (2) SGM intimate relationships, and (3) SGM-parent families. This review also highlights three main gaps in the existing literature: (1) a focus on same-sex and gay and lesbian families (and to a lesser extent bisexual and transgender families) and a lack of attention to the families of single SGM people as well as intersex, asexual, queer, polyamorous, and other SGM families; (2) an emphasis on white, socioeconomically advantaged SGM people and a failure to account for the significant racial-ethnic and socioeconomic diversity in the SGM population; and (3) a lack of integration of SGM experiences across the life course, from childhood to old age. CONCLUSION The next decade should aim to examine the full range of SGM family ties, include more vigorous examinations of race-ethnicity and socioeconomic status, and develop more robust accounts of family across the life course with novel theory and data sources across the methodological spectrum.
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12
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Boertien D, Bernardi F. Same-Sex Parents and Children's School Progress: An Association That Disappeared Over Time. Demography 2020; 56:477-501. [PMID: 30673957 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-018-0759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research is divided as to whether children living in same-sex parent families achieve different outcomes compared with their peers. In this article, we improve on earlier estimates of such differences and subsequently study whether and why the association between parental union sex composition and children's school progress changed over time. Data from the American Community Survey waves 2008-2015 (N = 1,952,490 including 7,792 children living with a same-sex couple) indicate that children living with same-sex couples were historically more likely to be behind in school but that this association disappeared over time. Changes in socioeconomic characteristics of same-sex couples played a minor role. In 2008, it was only in areas with unfavorable laws and attitudes toward same-sex couples that children living with same-sex couples were more likely to be behind in school. This was especially the case for adopted children. In more recent periods, no effect of parental union sex composition on school progress is observed within any area or among any group studied. Based on where and when these changes took place, it is suggested that changing attitudes toward same-sex couples might have played an important role in equalizing school progress across groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik Boertien
- Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics, Carrer de Ca n'Altayó, Edifici E2, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
| | - Fabrizio Bernardi
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute, Via Roccettini 9, San Domenico, I-50014, Italy
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13
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Intimate relationship and its significance for eudaimonic well-being in young adults. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2020. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2020.93768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Mackenzie SC, Wickins-Drazilova D, Wickins J. The ethics of fertility treatment for same-sex male couples: Considerations for a modern fertility clinic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 244:71-75. [PMID: 31760265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Social and legal equality for same-sex male couples continues to grow in many countries. Consequently, increasing numbers of same-sex male couples are seeking assisted reproductive technology to achieve parenthood. Fertility treatment for same-sex male couples is an undoubtedly complex issue and raises a variety of ethical concerns. Relevant considerations include ethical issues relating to the surrogate and a possible egg donor, the commissioning same-sex couple, the welfare of the child and the fertility clinic itself. This work analyses these arguments in the context of modern fertility services, providing reflection on the evidence present and what it means for clinicians today. Herein, we argue that fertility treatment for same-sex male couples via surrogacy agreements are acceptable, subject to considerations of each individual case, as in all assisted reproductive treatment. It is in the interest of open and equal access to health services that barriers to assisted reproductive technology for same-sex male couples should be minimised where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Mackenzie
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Dita Wickins-Drazilova
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Jeremy Wickins
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Czyżowska D, Gurba E, Czyżowska N, Kalus A, Sitnik-Warchulska K, Izydorczyk B. Selected Predictors of the Sense of Intimacy in Relationships of Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224447. [PMID: 31766110 PMCID: PMC6888334 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main research objective of this study was seeking the predictive role of closeness to parents, attachment, identity style, identity commitment, type of relationship, and having children in intimacy among young women and men. Many studies indicate differences in the level of engagement, communication, and satisfaction in relationships. The study group comprised 227 people, including 114 women (M = 29.99; SD = 4.36), and 113 men (M = 30.00; SD = 4.33). A total of 40% of the subjects were married, and the remaining 60% subjects were in informal relationships; 101 people had children and the other individuals were childless. The following instruments were used: The Miller Social Intimacy Scale, questionnaires to assess closeness and attachment, and the Identity Style Inventory. The significance of the differences and the stepwise regression analysis were performed. The results of the study demonstrated a higher level of intimacy in a relationship with a partner among women than men. The nature of a relationship does not matter to the sense of intimacy. However, closeness to parents during childhood and adolescence, the model of interpersonal relations, and the identity style are predictors of intimacy in a relationship. The study results can be used in creating preventive and educational programs focused on family life and satisfied relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Czyżowska
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-060 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Gurba
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-060 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Natalia Czyżowska
- Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University in Krakow, 30-084 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Alicja Kalus
- Institute of Psychology, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.-W.); (B.I.)
| | - Bernadetta Izydorczyk
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.-W.); (B.I.)
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16
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Montanari Vergallo G. A child of two mothers: what about the father? Italian overview. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2019; 90:319-325. [PMID: 31580321 PMCID: PMC7233734 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i3.7970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Surrogacy techniques allow for the birth of children who are then raised by parents who may have no genetic or biological connection with them at all. Italian legislation on medically assisted procreation bans such practices, under national criminal codes, and yet the intended parents' ability to legally register children born abroad via surrogacy has not been affected by such legislation. Italian jurisprudence has acknowledged the parental status of same-sex couples, following the same path outlined by the European Court of Human Rights. The paper's author elaborates on court decision n. 145/2018, from the Naples Court of Appeals, which has stated that surrogacy children may be connected to their intended parents merely by virtue of "mental" elements, based on affection, harmony and listening enjoyed by the child within the family setting. The author is critical of that view, in light of conflicting research findings on children growing up in same-sex families. In that regard, the author argues that even though homosexual couples may well turn out to be good parents, families made up of fathers and mothers still constitute the best scenario for the children, from a social perspective. It is however necessary for lawmakers to step in and better regulate an utterly sensitive area of law, one that might engender adverse repercussions on the children's well-being, in terms of growth and psychological development, following their becoming part of homosexual families.
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17
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Talbert E. Beyond Data Collection: Ethical Issues in Minority Research. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2018.1531005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Talbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
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18
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Knight KW, Stephenson SE, West S, Delatycki MB, Jones CA, Little MH, Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Skinner SR, Telfer MM, Wake M, North KN, Oberklaid F. The kids are OK: it is discrimination not same-sex parents that harms children. Med J Aust 2018; 207:374-375. [PMID: 29092695 DOI: 10.5694/mja17.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken W Knight
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
| | | | - Sue West
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Melissa Wake
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
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Stacey M. Adapting Minority Group Threat to Examine the Social Control of Sexual Orientation Bias. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:3079-3101. [PMID: 26917567 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516633687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Blalock proposed that the threat of a minority group toward a majority in sheer size, economic competition, or power will result in an increase in discrimination toward that group. His original formulation of this theory of minority group threat, and its subsequent extensions, has focused almost exclusively on racial minority-majority relationships; however, Blalock asserted that his theory would apply to any minority-majority group relationship. Extensions to religious groups have shown this is likely the case. The current analysis assesses a further extension of minority group threat by reframing the arguments of the theory and adding two additional sources of threat to examine sexual orientation bias. Data from the Uniform Crime Reports Hate Crime Statistics program are used to assess whether the minority group threat hypotheses explain the reporting of sexual orientation bias crimes. The findings indicate that the original formulation of Blalock's theory does not suffice to explain the reporting of anti-Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual bias crime, but the proposed extensions may explain some of this variation.
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Same-Sex and Different-Sex Parent Families in Italy: Is Parents' Sexual Orientation Associated with Child Health Outcomes and Parental Dimensions? J Dev Behav Pediatr 2018; 39:555-563. [PMID: 29781831 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Seventy gay fathers through surrogacy, 125 lesbian mothers through donor insemination, and 195 heterosexual parents through spontaneous conception, all with children aged 3 to 11 years and living in Italy, were compared on children's psychological adjustment and prosocial behavior, as well as parental self-efficacy, dyadic adjustment, family cohesion, and flexibility. Associations among family structures, family processes, and child health outcomes were also tested. METHODS Participants were matched for child characteristics. Self-report questionnaires were administered through an online survey to the parent who identified as most involved with the child on a day-to-day basis. Multivariate analyses of variance and multiple linear regressions were conducted. RESULTS Children of gay fathers and lesbian mothers were reported as showing fewer psychological problems than children of heterosexual parents. Irrespective of the family type, girls were reported as more prosocial than boys. With respect to parental dimensions, gay fathers described themselves as more competent and satisfied with their couple relationship than did heterosexual parents; they also reported higher levels of family cohesion and flexibility than did lesbian mothers and heterosexual parents. The effect of the family type was not predictive of child health outcomes once family process variables were taken into account. CONCLUSION Findings suggested that children with same-sex parents fare well both in terms of psychological adjustment and prosocial behavior. The present study warns policy makers against making assumptions on the basis of sexual orientation about people who are more suited than others to be parents or about people who should or should not be denied access to fertility treatments.
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Araújo FPD, Ferreira AP, Vianna MB, Oliveira MHBD. Heteronomia no âmbito da saúde do adolescente: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2018; 23:2979-2989. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018239.16962018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Resumo Os direitos dos adolescentes no âmbito da saúde não se restringem à compreensão de suas demandas, mas ao respeito de si como sujeito autônomo e protagonista do seu cuidado. Entretanto, em face dos direitos dos adolescentes no cotidiano da assistência à saúde sob a ótica da autonomia, a heteronomia, sujeição do indivíduo à vontade de terceiros, apresenta-se em situação precária. Foram buscados artigos nas bases de dados Scopus, PubMed e BVS utilizando o cruzamento com os descritores: “saúde do adolescente”, “responsabilidade civil”, e “responsabilidade parental”. Após a adoção dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram analisados 32 estudos. Em geral, foi sinalizado que os adolescentes não são considerados diante da decisão dos pais/responsáveis acerca da assistência de saúde a ser realizada, como também a relação familiar é estabelecida por regras mantidas por punição, cobrança e controle, deixando-os à margem o diálogo. Face a isso, considera-se a necessidade de medidas de proteção e de promoção da autonomia, os debates acadêmicos acerca da relação saúde do adolescente e heteronomia, considerando o campo dos Direitos Humanos e Saúde, requer maiores avaliações com vistas a orientar no âmbito legal o cotidiano da atuação parental na assistência à saúde do adolescente.
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22
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Matthews AK, Rak K, Anderson E, Bostwick W, Ramirez-Valles J, Ruiz RA, Macapagal K, Watson KS, Jeremiah RD, Castillo A, Choure W. White Paper from a CTSA Workshop Series on Special and Underserved Populations: Enhancing Investigator Readiness to Conduct Research Involving LGBT Populations. J Clin Transl Sci 2018; 2:193-200. [PMID: 30559982 PMCID: PMC6294459 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2018.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant health disparities experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) populations, few investigators affiliated with NIH-funded Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) programs are conducting research related to this underserved population. We provide recommendations shared during a half-day workshop aimed at increasing researcher readiness to conduct LGBT research. This workshop was presented as part of a series on conducting research with underserved populations offered by the Recruitment, Retention, and Community Engagement Program of the Center for Clinical and Translational Science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Six LGBT health research experts provided focused presentations. The workshop presentations included a summary of significant health inequality issues, theoretical models relevant to research on LGBT health, best practices in measuring sexual orientation and gender identity, recommendations for recruitment and retention, a discussion of community engagement, and ethical considerations in conducting LGBT research. We provide a summary of recommendations to guide future research, training, and public policy related to LGBT health. The information can increase capacity among CTSA affiliated researchers in conducting research in this special population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Rak
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Anderson
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Wendy Bostwick
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Raymond A. Ruiz
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn Macapagal
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Rohan D. Jeremiah
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amparo Castillo
- Jane Adams College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wendy Choure
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
This study uses logit regressions on a pooled sample of children from the 2012, 2013, and 2014 American Community Survey to perform a nationally representative analysis of school progress for a large sample of 4,430 children who reside with same-sex couples. Odds ratios from regressions that compare children between different-sex married couples and same-sex couples fail to show significant differences in normal school progress between households across a variety of sample compositions. Likewise, marginal effects from regressions that compare children with similar family dynamics between different-sex married couples and same-sex couples fail to predict significantly higher probabilities of grade retention for children of same-sex couples. Significantly lower grade retention rates are sometimes predicted for children of same-sex couples than for different-sex married couples, but these differences are sensitive to sample exclusions and do not indicate causal benefits to same-sex parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb S Watkins
- Department of Finance and Economics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA.
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24
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Abstract
The children of different-sex married couples appear to be advantaged on a range of outcomes relative to the children of different-sex cohabiting couples. Despite the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States, whether and how this general pattern extends to the children of same-sex married and cohabiting couples is unknown. This study examines this question with nationally representative data from the 2004-2013 pooled National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Results reveal that children in cohabiting households have poorer health outcomes than children in married households regardless of the sex composition of their parents. Children in same-sex and different-sex married households are relatively similar to each other on health outcomes, as are children in same-sex and different-sex cohabiting households. These patterns are not fully explained by socioeconomic differences among the four different types of families. This evidence can inform general debates about family structure and child health as well as policy interventions aiming to reduce child health disparities.
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25
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Gibson MF. Predator, Pet Lesbian, or Just The Nanny? LGBTQ Parents of Children With Disabilities Describe Categorization. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2017; 65:860-883. [PMID: 28800283 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2017.1364565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
How are lesbian/gay/bisexual/trans/queer (LGBTQ) parents of children with disabilities categorized by service providers, and how do parents anticipate, interpret, and respond to such categorizations? This intersectional study investigated the experiences of LGBTQ parents of children with disabilities with service providers in Toronto, Canada. Parents described pressures to "fit" into providers' limited understanding of family. Some parents described facing overt discrimination, including one parent who was seen as a possible sexual predator. Some described being perceived as representatives of "diversity" for organizations, or "pet lesbians" in the words of one couple. Others described being misread as a non-parent, as in "just the nanny," particularly in conjunction with their racial minority status. Parents described how their experiences of being "outside the mainstream" helped them challenge systems and normative beliefs. Findings suggest that a context of scarce disability resources shapes parents' experiences of how LGBTQ identity comes to matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret F Gibson
- a School of Social Work , York University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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26
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Gaman A, McAfee S, Homel P, Jacob T. Understanding Patterns of Intimate Partner Abuse in Male-Male, Male-Female, and Female-Female Couples. Psychiatr Q 2017; 88:335-347. [PMID: 27344164 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-016-9450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA), a major social problem, can lead to mental health conditions and is implicated in 30 % of female and 5 % of male homicide deaths. We hypothesized that due to distinct relationship structures and power dynamics which are immersed in varying sociocultural contexts, victims of male-male, female-female and female-male dyads experience different patterns of IPA. Our objectives were: (1) To examine the demographic and clinical characteristics of victims of male victim-male abuser (M-M), female victim-male abuser (F-M), male victim-female abuser (M-F), and female victim-female abuser (F-F) dyads. (2) To compare patterns of IPA reported by the victims in these groups. Out of 397 subjects in the general population that attempted this Internet-based study, 214 English-speaking subjects were older than 18 years, had experienced IPA, and provided complete information for the analysis. Victims of IPA were screened and specific methods of abuse were evaluated. M-Ms were significantly more educated (70 %) than other groups. F-Fs experienced more abuse before age 18 by a parent or relative. F-Fs experienced the most physical abuse while M-Ms the least (p = 0.004). Physical abuse or threats of abuse in front of children was reported more in F-Fs (p < 0.01) and least in M-Ms. IPA patterns differ significantly with F-Fs presenting the most physical profile and M-Ms presenting the least.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Gaman
- Department of Psychiatry, Maimonides Medical Center, 4802 Tenth Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11219, USA.,Fondation Fondamental, Pôle de Psychiatrie Hôpital "Albert Chenevier", Pavilion Hartmann, 1er étage, 94000, Créteil, Ile de France, France
| | - Scot McAfee
- Department of Psychiatry, Maimonides Medical Center, 4802 Tenth Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11219, USA.,New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Peter Homel
- Department of Psychiatry, Maimonides Medical Center, 4802 Tenth Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11219, USA.,Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Theresa Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, Maimonides Medical Center, 4802 Tenth Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11219, USA.
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Perrin EC, Pinderhughes EE, Mattern K, Hurley SM, Newman RA. Experiences of Children With Gay Fathers. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2016; 55:1305-1317. [PMID: 26965032 DOI: 10.1177/0009922816632346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An online survey was distributed via snowball sampling and resulted in responses from 61 gay fathers raising children in 2 states. Fathers reported on the barriers they experienced and the pathways they took to becoming parents. They reported also on experiences of stigma directed at them and their children, especially from family members, friends, and people in religious institutions. Despite these difficulties they reported that they engaged actively in parenting activities and that their child(ren)'s well-being was consistent with national samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Perrin
- 1 Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,2 Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Kathryn Mattern
- 1 Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Abstract
Are the outcomes for children of gay, lesbian, or bisexual parents in general the same as those for heterosexual parents? That controversial question is discussed here in a detailed review of the social science literature in three parts: (1) stability of same-sex parental relationships, (2) child outcomes, and (3) child outcomes in same-sex adoption. Relationship instability appears to be higher among gay and lesbian parent couples and may be a key mediating factor influencing outcomes for children. With respect to part 2, while parental self-reports usually present few significant differences, social desirability or self-presentation bias may be a confounding factor. While some researchers have tended to conclude that there are no differences whatsoever in terms of child outcomes as a function of parental sexual orientation, such conclusions appear premature in the light of more recent data in which some different outcomes have been observed in a few studies. Studies conducted within the past 10 years that compared child outcomes for children of same-sex and heterosexual adoptive parents were reviewed. Numerous methodological limitations were identified that make it very difficult to make an accurate assessment of the effect of parental sexual orientation across adoptive families. Because of sampling limitations, we still know very little about family functioning among same-sex adoptive families with low or moderate incomes, those with several children, or those with older children, including adolescents or how family functioning may change over time. There remains a need for high-quality research on same-sex families, especially families with gay fathers and with lower income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R. Schumm
- School of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Ferrara P, Corsello G, Sbordone A, Cutrona C, Ehrich J, Pettoello-Mantovani M. The Role of Pediatricians in Caring for the Well-Being of Children Living in New Types of Families. J Pediatr 2016; 176:226-228.e1. [PMID: 27449364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ferrara
- Italian Society of Pediatrics, Rome, Italy; Institute of Pediatrics, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy; Campus Bio-Medico University Medical School, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Italian Society of Pediatrics, Rome, Italy; European Paediatric Association-Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pediatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Jochen Ehrich
- European Paediatric Association-Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations, Berlin, Germany; Children's Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Massimo Pettoello-Mantovani
- Italian Society of Pediatrics, Rome, Italy; European Paediatric Association-Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pediatrics, University of Foggia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico "Casa Sollievo", Foggia, Italy
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Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2016; 17:45-101. [DOI: 10.1177/1529100616637616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Summary Ongoing political controversies around the world exemplify a long-standing and widespread preoccupation with the acceptability of homosexuality. Nonheterosexual people have seen dramatic surges both in their rights and in positive public opinion in many Western countries. In contrast, in much of Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Oceania, and parts of Asia, homosexual behavior remains illegal and severely punishable, with some countries retaining the death penalty for it. Political controversies about sexual orientation have often overlapped with scientific controversies. That is, participants on both sides of the sociopolitical debates have tended to believe that scientific findings—and scientific truths—about sexual orientation matter a great deal in making political decisions. The most contentious scientific issues have concerned the causes of sexual orientation—that is, why are some people heterosexual, others bisexual, and others homosexual? The actual relevance of these issues to social, political, and ethical decisions is often poorly justified, however.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eric Vilain
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Joint International Unit on Epigenetics, Data, and Politics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Marc Epprecht
- Department of History, Queen’s University
- Department of Global Development Studies, Queen’s University
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32
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Moving Beyond Anti-LGBT Politics: Commentary on "Same-Sex and Different-Sex Parent Households and Child Health Outcomes: Findings from the National Survey of Children's Health". J Dev Behav Pediatr 2016; 37:245-7. [PMID: 27035695 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Van Parys H, Wyverkens E, Provoost V, De Sutter P, Pennings G, Buysse A. Family Communication about Donor Conception: A Qualitative Study with Lesbian Parents. FAMILY PROCESS 2016; 55:139-154. [PMID: 25393909 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this qualitative study of 10 lesbian couples who built their families through anonymous donor conception, we explore how lesbian parents experience communication about the donor conception within the family. While for these families "disclosure" of donor conception is often seen as evident, the way parents and children discuss this subject and how this is experienced by the parents themselves has not received much research attention. To meet this gap in the literature, in-depth interviews with lesbian couples were conducted. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis showed that this family communication process can be understood within the broader relational context of parent-child relationships. Even though parents handled this family communication in many different ways, these were all inspired by the same motives: acting in the child's best interest and-on a more implicit level-maintaining good relations within the family. Furthermore, parents left the initiative for talking about the DC mostly to the child. Overall, parents aimed at constructing a donor conception narrative that they considered acceptable for both the children and themselves. They used different strategies, such as gradual disclosure, limiting the meaning of the donor, and justifying the donor conception. Building an acceptable donor conception narrative was sometimes challenged by influences from the social environment. In the discussion, we relate this qualitative systemic study to the broader issues of selective disclosure and bidirectionality within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Van Parys
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elia Wyverkens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Petra De Sutter
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guido Pennings
- Bioethics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Buysse
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Invisible Victims: Delayed Onset Depression among Adults with Same-Sex Parents. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 2016:2410392. [PMID: 27313882 PMCID: PMC4903140 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2410392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of elevated depression risk recently discovered among adult persons raised by same-sex parents with possible precipitating conditions in childhood has not previously been acknowledged. This study tests whether such inattention is supportable. Logistic regression based risk ratios were estimated from longitudinal measures of mental health outcomes observed in three waves (at ages 15, 22, and 28) of the US National Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 15,701). At age 28, the adults raised by same-sex parents were at over twice the risk of depression (CES-D: risk ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.6) as persons raised by man-woman parents. These findings should be interpreted with caution. Elevated risk was associated with imbalanced parental closeness and parental child abuse in family of origin; depression, suicidality, and anxiety at age 15; and stigma and obesity. More research and policy attention to potentially problematic conditions for children with same-sex parents appears warranted.
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Response to: Comment on "Invisible Victims: Delayed Onset Depression among Adults with Same-Sex Parents". DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 2016:6834618. [PMID: 28084473 PMCID: PMC5204099 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6834618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gross M, Bureau MF. L’homoparentalité et la transparentalité au prisme des sciences sociales : révolution ou pluralisation des formes de parenté ? ENFANCES, FAMILLES, GÉNÉRATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.7202/1034196ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compte tenu des développements rapides tant des progrès scientifiques en matière de procréation que des pratiques sociales, l’homoparentalité et la transparentalité ont cristallisé de nombreuses interrogations portant sur la parenté ainsi que sur les définitions de la paternité et de la maternité dans plusieurs disciplines. L’homoparentalité et la transparentalité remettent en question le modèle biologique et biparental (une mère et un père) dans lequel les parents ont procréé leurs enfants ou peuvent passer pour l’avoir fait, et sont au plus au nombre de deux. Au-delà des inquiétudes concernant le développement psychologique des enfants nés dans ces types de famille, auxquelles de nombreuses études en psychologie ont tenté d’apporter une réponse, les familles homoparentales et transparentales offrent de nouvelles possibilités de questionnements et réflexions – que ce soit en sociologie, anthropologie, en droit de la famille et de la filiation. En effet, ces familles rassemblent dans leur diversité des situations de désintrication de la conjugalité, la procréation, la filiation et la parenté. Cette désintrication, qui met à mal le modèle dans lequel les dimensions procréative (être né de), légale (être fils/fille de) et affective (être élevé par) sont confondues, est aujourd’hui présente également dans plusieurs autres configurations familiales, notamment les recompositions familiales, le recours à la procréation assistée avec tiers donneur ou l’adoption.Cet article introductif sera l’occasion de rappeler ce qu’on entend par homoparentalité et transparentalité, et fera dialoguer autour des enjeux soulevés par ces thématiques des travaux issus de disciplines différentes. Une revue de la littérature rassemblera ensuite les travaux menés sur l’homoparentalité depuis les années 1990, selon trois approches principales : psychologique, socio-anthropologique et socio-juridique. Enfin, les travaux sur la transparentalité, moins nombreux et plus récents, seront regroupés dans une partie distincte. Cet article s’achèvera par une présentation des articles constituant ce numéro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Gross
- Ingénieure de recherche en sciences sociales, Centre national de la recherche scientifique
- Centre d’études en sciences sociales des religions (France)
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Fitzgibbons RP. Growing up with Gay Parents: What is the Big Deal? Linacre Q 2015; 82:332-6. [DOI: 10.1179/0024363915z.000000000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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38
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adams J, Light R. Scientific consensus, the law, and same sex parenting outcomes. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2015; 53:300-310. [PMID: 26188455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
While the US Supreme Court was considering two related cases involving the constitutionality of same-sex marriage, one major question informing that decision was whether scientific research had achieved consensus regarding how children of same-sex couples fare. Determining the extent of consensus has become a key aspect of how social science evidence and testimony is accepted by the courts. Here, we show how a method of analyzing temporal patterns in citation networks can be used to assess the state of social scientific literature as a means to inform just such a question. Patterns of clustering within these citation networks reveal whether and when consensus arises within a scientific field. We find that the literature on outcomes for children of same-sex parents is marked by scientific consensus that they experience "no differences" compared to children from other parental configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi adams
- Department of Health & Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 188, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364, United States.
| | - Ryan Light
- Department of Sociology, University of Oregon, 1291 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States.
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Cheng S, Powell B. Measurement, methods, and divergent patterns: Reassessing the effects of same-sex parents. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2015; 52:615-26. [PMID: 26004484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Scholars have noted that survey analysis of small subsamples-for example, same-sex parent families-is sensitive to researchers' analytical decisions, and even small differences in coding can profoundly shape empirical patterns. As an illustration, we reassess the findings of a recent article by Regnerus regarding the implications of being raised by gay and lesbian parents. Taking a close look at the New Family Structures Study (NFSS), we demonstrate the potential for misclassifying a non-negligible number of respondents as having been raised by parents who had a same-sex romantic relationship. We assess the implications of these possible misclassifications, along with other methodological considerations, by reanalyzing the NFSS in seven steps. The reanalysis offers evidence that the empirical patterns showcased in the original Regnerus article are fragile-so fragile that they appear largely a function of these possible misclassifications and other methodological choices. Our replication and reanalysis of Regnerus's study offer a cautionary illustration of the importance of double checking and critically assessing the implications of measurement and other methodological decisions in our and others' research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cheng
- 344 Mansfield Rd., Department of Sociology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | - Brian Powell
- 744 Ballantine Hall, 1020 E. Kirkwood Ave., Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7103, United States.
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Xavier PA, Alberto IM, Mendes FE. HOMOPARENTALIDADE: DA ABORDAGEM CIENTÍFICA AOS NORMATIVOS LEGAIS EM PORTUGAL. PSICOLOGIA & SOCIEDADE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-03102015v27n1p179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A homoparentalidade é uma temática que ativa opiniões e tomadas de posição nos vários setores da sociedade que, por sua vez, podem influenciar a postura de cada profissional que trabalha na área das responsabilidades parentais. Neste artigo pretende-se analisar as convergências e dissonâncias entre as disposições da Ordem Jurídica portuguesa e os princípios emergentes da investigação científica adotados por associações como a American Psychological Association (APA) e a American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) na área da homoparentalidade. Pretende-se, ainda, fazer uma análise crítica dos estudos reportados pela literatura, ponderando possíveis implicações para a investigação e para as práticas profissionais.
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Playing with science: Sexual citizenship and the Roman Catholic Church counter-narratives in Slovenia and Croatia. WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wsif.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Umberson D, Thomeer MB, Kroeger RA, Lodge AC, Xu M. Challenges and Opportunities for Research on Same-Sex Relationships. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2015; 77:96-111. [PMID: 25598552 PMCID: PMC4294225 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on same-sex relationships has informed policy debates and legal decisions that greatly affect American families, yet the data and methods available to scholars studying same-sex relationships have been limited. In this article the authors review current approaches to studying same-sex relationships and significant challenges for this research. After exploring how researchers have dealt with these challenges in prior studies, the authors discuss promising strategies and methods to advance future research on same-sex relationships, with particular attention given to gendered contexts and dyadic research designs, quasi-experimental designs, and a relationship biography approach. Innovation and advances in the study of same-sex relationships will further theoretical and empirical knowledge in family studies more broadly and increase understanding of different-sex as well as same-sex relationships.
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Schumm WR. Sarantakos's Research on Same-Sex Parenting in Australia and New Zealand: Importance, Substance, and Corroboration with Research from the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2466/17.cp.4.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sarantakos (1996a) compared teacher ratings and other outcomes for the children of heterosexual married, heterosexual cohabiting, and homosexual parents and reported numerous significant, substantial differences. Few scholars have taken the effect sizes of his results into account or have considered his larger program of research. Sarantakos's research yielded many interesting findings with respect to children's academic performance, sexual orientation, use of alcohol and drugs, sexual deviance, and gender identity with respect to parents' parenting values, relationship stability, conflict, monogamy, and religiosity or moral values, many of which have been corroborated by U.S. or British research. In addition, the methodological quality of his research appears to be at least above average, especially for research done 20 or more years ago. He appears to have been unbiased with respect to same-sex families. His results disseminated via multiple publications should be taken into account in literature reviews concerning same-sex parenting.
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Schumm WR. Navigating Treacherous Waters—One Researcher's 40 Years of Experience with Controversial Scientific Research,. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2466/17.cp.4.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Science often must deal with issues that are politically controversial. However, there are dangers in dealing with controversial research and serious risks to the process of doing science and to the credibility of science, particularly social science. Here, I discuss lessons learned from engaging in and criticizing controversial research for nearly four decades. Social science research as a process is being damaged by questionable research practices, several of which are discussed. Social science results are being misrepresented through a variety of weak or incorrect methodologies, each of which is discussed. Discourse about social science results often shifts from academic discussion into attempts to discredit those with whom one may disagree. Science and the public are not being well served by these problems, so new researchers and policymakers need to be aware of them. For teaching purposes, examples are also presented of controversial research in which new analyses offer different results than previously reported.
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Lebow JL. Editorial: overselling our findings. FAMILY PROCESS 2014; 53:175-178. [PMID: 24893672 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Manning WD, Fettro MN, Lamidi E. Child Well-Being in Same-Sex Parent Families: Review of Research Prepared for American Sociological Association Amicus Brief. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2014; 33:485-502. [PMID: 25018575 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-014-9329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent legal cases before the Supreme Court of the United States were challenging federal definitions of marriage created by the Defense of Marriage Act and California's voter approved Proposition 8 which limited marriage to different-sex couples only. Social science literature regarding child well-being was being used within these cases, and the American Sociological Association sought to provide a concise evaluation of the literature through an amicus curiae brief. The authors were tasked in the assistance of this legal brief by reviewing literature regarding the well-being of children raised within same-sex parent families. This article includes our assessment of the literature, focusing on those studies, reviews and books published within the past decade. We conclude that there is a clear consensus in the social science literature indicating that American children living within same-sex parent households fare just, as well as those children residing within different-sex parent households over a wide array of well-being measures: academic performance, cognitive development, social development, psychological health, early sexual activity, and substance abuse. Our assessment of the literature is based on credible and methodologically sound studies that compare well-being outcomes of children residing within same-sex and different-sex parent families. Differences that exist in child well-being are largely due to socioeconomic circumstances and family stability. We discuss challenges and opportunities for new research on the well-being of children in same-sex parent families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D Manning
- Department of Sociology and Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Williams Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Marshal Neal Fettro
- Department of Sociology and Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Williams Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Esther Lamidi
- Department of Sociology and Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Williams Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
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Berger M. Développement affectif des enfants élevés par un couple homosexuel : que disent les études sérieuses ? Arch Pediatr 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(14)71532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schumm WR. Challenges in predicting child outcomes from different family structures1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2466/03.17.49.cp.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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