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Li M, Qiu Y, Xia Y, Li D, Ma G, Ma S, Zhang J, Wang X. Parental Migration Trajectories From Childhood Through Adolescence: Longitudinal Impact on Emotional and Behavioral Problems Among Chinese Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:1383-1395. [PMID: 38564098 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-01976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
It is estimated that there are about 23% of all children in China experiencing parental migration and being left behind at hometown. Existing research indicated a significant association between parental migration and children development but overlooked the dynamic changes in family structure caused by parental migration. In this study, data was derived from a nationally representative longitudinal survey-the China Family Panel Studies. The main analyses employed four waves of data (2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018) and included 1401 adolescents aged 10-15 years (Mean:12.35, SD:1.67; 54.2% female). Six typical trajectories of parental migration capturing both migration status at each timepoint and changes in the status across six years were created. Children's depression and internalizing problems and externalizing problems were concerned outcomes. The mediating roles of the caregiver-child interaction and caregiver's depression were examined. Adolescents in the trajectory group described as experiencing transitions between being left behind by both parents and non had a higher risk of depression and internalizing and externalizing problems. Caregivers' depression was a significant mediator between parental migration and adolescent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yunfei Qiu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yuwen Xia
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Dantong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Gege Ma
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Shang Ma
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jingxu Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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Zhu Z, Wang Y, Pan X. Health problems faced by left-behind children in low/middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e013502. [PMID: 37597874 PMCID: PMC10441040 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Zhu
- School of Nursing, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Yanpei Wang
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- School of Nursing, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Michaelides O, Luciano M. Bioenvironmental Predictors of Childhood Reading and Speech Difficulties. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:1740-1754. [PMID: 37059050 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reading and speech difficulties are common in childhood, yet it is not fully understood how much of their etiology is shared. This partly derives from methodological issues related to overlooking the potential co-occurrence between the two sets of difficulties. This study investigated the effects of five bioenvironmental predictors in a sample assessed for such co-occurrence. METHOD A combination of exploratory and confirmatory analyses was performed on longitudinal data from the National Child Development Study. Exploratory latent class analysis was performed on children's reading, speech, and language outcomes at ages 7 and 11 years. Membership in the obtained classes was modeled using a regression with sex and four early-life predictors: gestation period, socioeconomic status, maternal education, and the home reading environment. RESULTS The model yielded four latent classes that broadly reflected (1) average reading and speech, (2) excellent reading, (3) reading difficulties, and (4) speech difficulties. Early-life factors significantly predicted class membership. Male sex and preterm birth emerged as risk factors for both reading and speech difficulties. Protective effects against reading difficulties were identified for maternal education, and lower (but not higher) levels of socioeconomic status and the home reading environment. CONCLUSIONS Co-occurrence of reading and speech difficulties in the sample was low, and differential patterns of effect of the social environment were supported. Reading outcomes were under stronger malleable influence than speech outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Shen W, Hannum E. Context-relevant risk and protective factors for children in rural communities: Long-term implications for adulthood educational and mental health outcomes. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 51:724-744. [PMID: 36734961 PMCID: PMC9898632 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Globally, rural children are more likely than others to experience barriers to opportunity. We propose context-relevant family risk and protective factors for children in rural villages in one of China's poorest provinces and analyze long-term implications for educational and mental health outcomes in early adulthood. Four proposed risk factors-low parental education, insufficient income, parental migration, and parental ill-health-show statistically significant detrimental implications for educational attainment. Low parental education stands out, with negative estimated effects on all outcomes. Insufficient income predicts higher scores for depression but not self-esteem. Parental migration and parental ill health have no significant relationships with mental health outcomes. Proposed protective factors- parental warmth, doing things together, and household credit limit-have positive estimated effects on educational attainment, but not on most mental health outcomes. Few interactions between protective and risk factors exist, and patterns are generally similar for girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensong Shen
- Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Hannum
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lan X. “Parents are gone”: Understanding the unique and interactive impacts of affective and cognitive empathy on left-behind youth’s academic engagement. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough several studies have shown that left-behind adolescents are vulnerable regarding emotional and behavioral functions, much less research has focused on this group’s academic engagement. The relationship between distinct empathy subcomponents and academic engagement in left-behind youth (versus non-left-behind youth) is therefore largely unknown. To fill these knowledge gaps, the current study compared the academic engagement between left-behind and non-left-behind youth. This study subsequently examined the unique and interactive relationships among affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and left-behind status with academic engagement in a combined sample of left-behind and non-left-behind youth. In total, 323 left-behind youth and 737 non-left-behind youth (Mage = 13.05; 49.5% females) participated in this study. Findings, after adjusting for participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, revealed that left-behind youth did not differ significantly in academic engagement compared to non-left-behind youth. A four-step hierarchical regression analysis showed that both empathy components were positively related to academic engagement. Interaction analyses further exhibited a cross-over effect of affective and cognitive empathy for left-behind youth. Specifically, left-behind youth with high cognitive empathy seemed more susceptible to the influence of affective empathy on academic engagement, for better and for worse. In the presence of high affective empathy, left-behind youth with higher cognitive empathy reported the highest academic engagement, whereas the youth with higher cognitive empathy, in the presence of low affective empathy, reported the lowest. The current study highlights the unique and interactive roles of affective and cognitive empathy in left-behind youth’s academic engagement, including important conceptual and practical implications.
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Bollen KA, Fisher Z, Lilly A, Brehm C, Luo L, Martinez A, Ye A. Fifty years of structural equation modeling: A history of generalization, unification, and diffusion. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2022; 107:102769. [PMID: 36058611 PMCID: PMC10029695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Bollen
- Carolina Population Center, Department of Sociology, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | | | - Adam Lilly
- Carolina Population Center, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Christopher Brehm
- Carolina Population Center, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Alejandro Martinez
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Ai Ye
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Shen K, Yang X. Caring for grandchildren and life satisfaction of grandparents in China. AGING AND HEALTH RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ahr.2022.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Akezhuoli H, Lu J, Zhao G, Xu J, Wang M, Wang F, Li L, Zhou X. Mother's and Father's Migrating in China: Differing Relations to Mental Health and Risk Behaviors Among Left-Behind Children. Front Public Health 2022; 10:894741. [PMID: 35719620 PMCID: PMC9203828 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.894741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIn China, the figure for left-behind children (LBC) of migrants stood at 68. 77 million in 2015. Despite being seen as a whole in the last few decades, LBC today differ broadly in parental migrating status. This study focused on LBC with both parents migrating (BLBC), LBC with only mothers migrating (MLBC), LBC with only fathers migrating (FLBC), and previous LBC with one or both parents migrating (PLBC), separately. We aimed at exploring the extent to which LBC were being affected by each migrant parent on both mental health and risk behaviors.MethodsData from 4,832 children were collected by a school-based survey in both rural and urban areas of China's Anhui province. Each participant anonymously completed a self-administered questionnaire containing the sociodemographics, the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the items from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), and Young's Internet Addiction Test for Chinese (YIAT-C). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Chi-squared test. Associations were estimated by multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses adjusted for several confounders.ResultsThe results suggested that BLBC (p < 0.001), MLBC (p < 0.05), FLBC (p < 0.01), and PLBC (p < 0.001) significantly scored higher for total difficulties along with emotional symptoms and conduct problems than never left-behind children (NLBC). Besides, BLBC, FLBC, and PLBC further reported a significantly higher rate of smoking (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively) and drinking (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively) than did NLBC. Also, MLBC appeared higher risks of smoking problems [OR = 2.31, 95% CI (1.45–3.69), p < 0.001] and the internet addiction [OR = 2.15, 95% CI (1.24–3.72), p < 0.01], when compared to NLBC.ConclusionsThe findings provided insight into LBC within the different contexts of parental migrations and contributed to a better understanding of their specific and potentially persistent health risks. Correspondingly, the study highlighted the implications for differentiating LBC to capture the more vulnerable group and tailored interventions to prioritize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailati Akezhuoli
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanlan Zhao
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayao Xu
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menmen Wang
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Wang ;
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- Lu Li ;
| | - Xudong Zhou
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Dou K, Wang LX, Cheng DL, Li YY, Zhang MC. Longitudinal association between poor parental supervision and risk-taking behavior: The role of self-control and school climate. J Adolesc 2022; 94:525-537. [PMID: 35355292 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although poor parental supervision has been associated with an increased adolescents' propensity for risk-taking behavior, few researchers have investigated nuanced mechanisms of how and for whom from the perspective of "family × school." Inspired by ecological system theory and self-control theory, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-control and the moderating role of school climate between the link between poor parental supervision and risk-taking behavior. METHODS Four hundred and ninety-one Chinese adolescents (231 females, Mage = 15.39 ± 1.36) were recruited to participate in a three-wave longitudinal study (3 months apart) and complete questionnaires regarding poor parental supervision (W1), school climate (W1), self-control (W2), and risk-taking behavior (W1/W3). RESULTS After controlling for W1 risk-taking behavior, our moderated mediation model indicated that W1 poor parental supervision was positively related to W3 risk-taking behavior by restraining the development of W2 self-control. Additionally, a high level of school climate as a protective factor buffered the negative impact of poor parental supervision on adolescents' self-control, further reducing risk-taking behavior. CONCLUSION Our findings shed light on the processing mechanisms between poor parental supervision and risk-taking behavior among Chinese adolescents and underscore the importance of effective preventions and interventions to facilitate adolescents' healthy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dou
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Xin Wang
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Li Cheng
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yu Li
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Chen Zhang
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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Pan W, Gao B, Long Y, Teng Y, Yue T. Effect of Caregivers' Parenting Styles on the Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Left-Behind Children: The Parallel Mediating Role of Self-Control. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312714. [PMID: 34886442 PMCID: PMC8657231 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Childhood is an important period of individual psychological development, and parents' company and parenting styles are highly significant to children's personality cultivation and mental health. With the advancement of China's modernization and urbanization, left-behind children without their parents' company have become a growing concern. Compared with children raised by their parents, left-behind children are more likely to show social maladaptation and mental health problems. This study explored the mediating effects of left-behind children's dual mode of self-control between caregivers' parenting styles and emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs). In this study, 469 left-behind children in senior classes of primary schools were investigated by adopting the caregivers' parenting styles questionnaire of left-behind children, the dual-mode of self-control scale and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. This study found that (1) the protective and risk factors for caregivers' parenting styles not only directly affected EBP, but also affected it through the mediating effect of the dual-mode of self-control, and (2) the mediating effect of the impulsive system was significantly greater than that of the control system. This study confirmed that caregivers' parenting styles had an important impact on left-behind children's psychological growth: positive parenting styles not only directly reduced the risk of EBP, but also indirectly improved left-behind children's mental health by promoting their level of self-control; negative parenting styles directly increased the risk of EBP and indirectly affected left-behind children's mental problems by enhancing their level of impulsiveness. These findings provide an important basis for reducing the risk of mental health problems and cultivating good personality qualities of left-behind children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Pan
- Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China; (W.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Baixue Gao
- Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China; (W.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Yihong Long
- College of National Culture and Cognitive Science, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Yue Teng
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China;
| | - Tong Yue
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-023-6825-3629
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Shen W. Cumulative Childhood Adversity and Its Associations With Mental Health in Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood in Rural China. Front Psychol 2021; 12:768315. [PMID: 34803852 PMCID: PMC8595832 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.768315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Capitalizing on a 15-year longitudinal dataset of 9-12 years old children in rural China, this study adopts a life course perspective and analyzes cumulative childhood adversity and its associations with mental health problems from childhood to adulthood. Four domains of childhood life are selected to construct cumulative childhood adversity: socioeconomic hardship, family disruption, physical issue, and academic setback. Overall, cumulative childhood adversity significantly associates with children's internalizing and externalizing problems as well as adults' depression and self-esteem. However, cumulative childhood adversity has no significant relationship with internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence. Furthermore, different domains of childhood adversity matter differently for mental health problems in different life stages. Physical issue and academic setback have the strongest association with internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood, while only socioeconomic hardship has a significant relationship with depression and self-esteem in adulthood. The relationship between cumulative childhood adversity and adult mental health problems is fully mediated by educational attainment. Finally, there is no gender difference in either the occurrence of cumulative childhood adversity or the association between cumulative childhood adversity and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensong Shen
- Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhao M, Hannum E. Stark Choices: Work-family Trade-offs among Migrant Women and Men in Urban China. CHINESE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW 2019; 51:365-396. [PMID: 34188970 PMCID: PMC8238465 DOI: 10.1080/21620555.2019.1635879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
China's so-called "floating population" of rural-urban labor migrants includes rising numbers of couples and families migrating together. Labor market outcomes may differ for migrant men and women, in part due to family obligations, but few recent studies have investigated this possibility. This paper focuses on the relationship of labor outcomes with family obligations among migrant men and women and considers whether this relationship differs among those with higher and lower earnings potential. We perform nested logit models of employment status and OLS regression analyses of income, using a nationally-representative survey collected in 2013. For migrant women, childcare responsibilities are negatively associated with employment and income. In contrast, for migrant men, being co-resident with children has no bearing on probability of being employed full-time and is sometimes positively associated with income. Further, the "motherhood penalty" in income is most pronounced among migrant women with the least education. Results illustrate the embeddedness of individual migration decisions and outcomes within families. Findings also highlight a stark choice facing many migrant women: between earning for their children and living with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Zhao
- Demography Department and Center for Population and Development Studies, Renmin University of China
| | - Emily Hannum
- Sociology Department and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania
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