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Hennegan J, Bryant AH, Griffiths L, Trigano M, Bartley OJ, Bartlett JJ, Minahan C, Abreu de Oliveira WA, Yutuc E, Ntikas S, Bartsocas CS, Markouri M, Antoniadou E, Laina I, Howell OW, Li M, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ, Lane EL, Lelos MJ, Theofilopoulos S. Inhibition of 7α,26-dihydroxycholesterol biosynthesis promotes midbrain dopaminergic neuron development. iScience 2024; 27:108670. [PMID: 38155767 PMCID: PMC10753067 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism has been linked to neurodegeneration. We previously found that free, non-esterified, 7α,(25R)26-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,26-diHC), was significantly elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study we investigated the role of 7α,26-diHC in midbrain dopamine (mDA) neuron development and survival. We report that 7α,26-diHC induces apoptosis and reduces the number of mDA neurons in hESC-derived cultures and in mouse progenitor cultures. Voriconazole, an oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) inhibitor, increases the number of mDA neurons and prevents the loss of mDA neurons induced by 7α,26-diHC. These effects are specific since neither 7α,26-diHC nor voriconazole alter the number of Islet1+ oculomotor neurons. Furthermore, our results suggest that elevated 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol, which has been shown to promote mDA neurogenesis, may be partially responsible for the effect of voriconazole on mDA neurons. These findings suggest that voriconazole, and/or other azole CYP7B1 inhibitors may have implications in PD therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hennegan
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Aled H. Bryant
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Oxysterol Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Matthieu Trigano
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Oliver J.M. Bartley
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Joanna J. Bartlett
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Carys Minahan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Willy Antoni Abreu de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Oxysterol Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Sotirios Ntikas
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Owain W. Howell
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Meng Li
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Oxysterol Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Oxysterol Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Emma L. Lane
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Mariah J. Lelos
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Kømurcu KS, Wilhelmsen I, Thorne JL, Krauss S, Wilson SR, Aizenshtadt A, Røberg-Larsen H. Mass spectrometry reveals that oxysterols are secreted from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced organoids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 232:106355. [PMID: 37380087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are potential biomarkers for liver metabolism that are altered under disease conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We here apply sterolomics to organoids used for disease modeling of NAFLD. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with on-line sample clean-up and enrichment, we establish that liver organoids produce and secrete oxysterols. We find elevated levels of 26-hydroxycholesterol, an LXR agonist and the first oxysterol in the acidic bile acid synthesis, in medium from steatotic liver organoids compared to untreated organoids. Other upregulated sterols in medium from steatotic liver organoids are dihydroxycholesterols, such as 7α,26-dihydroxycholesterol, and 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol. Through 26-hydroxycholesterol exposure to human stem cell-derived hepatic stellate cells, we observe a trend of expressional downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine CCL2, suggesting a protective role of 26-hydroxycholesterol during early-phased NAFLD disease development. Our findings support the possibility of oxysterols serving as NAFLD indicators, demonstrating the usefulness of combining organoids and mass spectrometry for disease modeling and biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sæterdal Kømurcu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Wilhelmsen
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O. box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - James L Thorne
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O. box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Røberg-Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Zhu F, Zheng S, Zhao M, Shi F, Zheng L, Wang H. The regulatory role of bile acid microbiota in the progression of liver cirrhosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1214685. [PMID: 37416060 PMCID: PMC10320161 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1214685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are synthesized in liver tissue from cholesterol and are an important endocrine regulator and signaling molecule in the liver and intestine. It maintains BAs homeostasis, and the integrity of intestinal barrier function, and regulates enterohepatic circulation in vivo by modulating farnesoid X receptors (FXR) and membrane receptors. Cirrhosis and its associated complications can lead to changes in the composition of intestinal micro-ecosystem, resulting in dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. These changes may be related to the altered composition of BAs. The BAs transported to the intestinal cavity through the enterohepatic circulation are hydrolyzed and oxidized by intestinal microorganisms, resulting in changes in their physicochemical properties, which can also lead to dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, induction of inflammation, and damage to the intestinal barrier, thus aggravating the progression of cirrhosis. In this paper, we review the discussion of BAs synthesis pathway and signal transduction, the bidirectional regulation of bile acids and intestinal microbiota, and further explore the role of reduced total bile acid concentration and dysregulated intestinal microbiota ratio in the development of cirrhosis, in order to provide a new theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of cirrhosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shudan Zheng
- First Clinical School of Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- First Clinical School of Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Fan Shi
- First Clinical School of Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Haiqiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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4
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Kakiyama G, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial Cholesterol Metabolites in a Bile Acid Synthetic Pathway Drive Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Revised "Two-Hit" Hypothesis. Cells 2023; 12:1434. [PMID: 37408268 PMCID: PMC10217489 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related cirrhosis highlights the need for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for driving the transition of hepatic steatosis (fatty liver; NAFL) to steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Obesity-related insulin resistance (IR) is a well-known hallmark of early NAFLD progression, yet the mechanism linking aberrant insulin signaling to hepatocyte inflammation has remained unclear. Recently, as a function of more distinctly defining the regulation of mechanistic pathways, hepatocyte toxicity as mediated by hepatic free cholesterol and its metabolites has emerged as fundamental to the subsequent necroinflammation/fibrosis characteristics of NASH. More specifically, aberrant hepatocyte insulin signaling, as found with IR, leads to dysregulation in bile acid biosynthetic pathways with the subsequent intracellular accumulation of mitochondrial CYP27A1-derived cholesterol metabolites, (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol and 3β-Hydroxy-5-cholesten-(25R)26-oic acid, which appear to be responsible for driving hepatocyte toxicity. These findings bring forth a "two-hit" interpretation as to how NAFL progresses to NAFLD: abnormal hepatocyte insulin signaling, as occurs with IR, develops as a "first hit" that sequentially drives the accumulation of toxic CYP27A1-driven cholesterol metabolites as the "second hit". In the following review, we examine the mechanistic pathway by which mitochondria-derived cholesterol metabolites drive the development of NASH. Insights into mechanistic approaches for effective NASH intervention are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.R.-A.); (W.M.P.)
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.R.-A.); (W.M.P.)
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.R.-A.); (W.M.P.)
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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5
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Civra A, Costantino M, Ronchi G, Pontini L, Poli G, Marinozzi M, Lembo D. Identification of oxysterol synthetic analogs as a novel class of late-stage inhibitors of herpes simplex virus 2 replication. Antiviral Res 2023; 215:105634. [PMID: 37164189 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Genital herpes, most frequently caused by herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection, is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. The current rationale for the treatment of HSV-2 infection involves nucleoside analogs (e.g. acyclovir) to suppress reactivation. Enzymatic oxysterols are endogenous 27-carbon atoms molecules produced by enzymatic cholesterol oxidation, and recently emerged as a broad-spectrum host targeting antivirals. In this study, we screened selected members of an in-house synthesized library of oxysterol analogues for their activity against HSV-2, identifying three compounds, named PFM064, PFM067, and PFM069, endowed with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) in the micromolar range, without exerting any apparent cytotoxicity. Moreover, the results obtained showed the ability of the novel derivatives to inhibit both cell-to-cell fusion induced by HSV-2, and the production of an intracellular viral progeny. Further experiments performed with PFM067 (which was selected for more-in-depth studies as the most effective synthetic analog) showed that these molecules act in a late stage of HSV-2 replicative cycle, by sequestering viral glycoproteins in the Golgi compartment, and likely inhibiting the nuclear egress of neo-synthetized viral capsids. Taken together, these results point to PFM067 as a promising chemical scaffold for the development of novel herpetic antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Matteo Costantino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Pontini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Maura Marinozzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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6
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Minowa K, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Suzuki M, Muto Y, Hirai S, Wang Y, Su L, Zhou H, Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Takei H, Nittono H, Fuchs M, Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. Insulin dysregulation drives mitochondrial cholesterol metabolite accumulation: initiating hepatic toxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100363. [PMID: 36966904 PMCID: PMC10182330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP7B1 catalyzes mitochondria-derived cholesterol metabolites such as (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) and 3β-hydroxy-5-cholesten-(25R)26-oic acid (3βHCA) and facilitates their conversion to bile acids. Disruption of 26HC/3βHCA metabolism in the absence of CYP7B1 leads to neonatal liver failure. Disrupted 26HC/3βHCA metabolism with reduced hepatic CYP7B1 expression is also found in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The current study aimed to understand the regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial cholesterol metabolites and their contribution to onset of NASH. We used Cyp7b1-/- mice fed a normal diet (ND), Western diet (WD), or high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Serum and liver cholesterol metabolites as well as hepatic gene expressions were comprehensively analyzed. Interestingly, 26HC/3βHCA levels were maintained at basal levels in ND-fed Cyp7b1-/- mice livers by the reduced cholesterol transport to mitochondria, and the upregulated glucuronidation and sulfation. However, WD-fed Cyp7b1-/- mice developed insulin resistance (IR) with subsequent 26HC/3βHCA accumulation due to overwhelmed glucuronidation/sulfation with facilitated mitochondrial cholesterol transport. Meanwhile, Cyp7b1-/- mice fed an HCD did not develop IR or subsequent evidence of liver toxicity. HCD-fed mice livers revealed marked cholesterol accumulation but no 26HC/3βHCA accumulation. The results suggest 26HC/3βHCA-induced cytotoxicity occurs when increased cholesterol transport into mitochondria is coupled to decreased 26HC/3βHCA metabolism driven with IR. Supportive evidence for cholesterol metabolite-driven hepatotoxicity is provided in a diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver mouse model and by human specimen analyses. This study uncovers an insulin-mediated regulatory pathway that drives the formation and accumulation of toxic cholesterol metabolites within the hepatocyte mitochondria, mechanistically connecting IR to cholesterol metabolite-induced hepatocyte toxicity which drives nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Minowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yamato Muto
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Hirai
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lianyong Su
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kuniko Mitamura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ikegawa
- Division of Research and Development, Genmaikoso Co. Ltd., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, USA.
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7
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Molostvov G, Gachechiladze M, Shaaban AM, Hayward S, Dean I, Dias IHK, Badr N, Danial I, Mohammed F, Novitskaya V, Paniushkina L, Speirs V, Hanby A, Nazarenko I, Withers DR, van Laere S, Long HM, Berditchevski F. Tspan6 stimulates the chemoattractive potential of breast cancer cells for B cells in an EV- and LXR-dependent manner. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112207. [PMID: 36867531 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune microenvironment in breast cancer (BCa) is controlled by a complex network of communication between various cell types. Here, we find that recruitment of B lymphocytes to BCa tissues is controlled via mechanisms associated with cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (CCD-EVs). Gene expression profiling identifies the Liver X receptor (LXR)-dependent transcriptional network as a key pathway that controls both CCD-EVs-induced migration of B cells and accumulation of B cells in BCa tissues. The increased accumulation oxysterol ligands for LXR (i.e., 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol) in CCD-EVs is regulated by the tetraspanin 6 (Tspan6). Tspan6 stimulates the chemoattractive potential of BCa cells for B cells in an EV- and LXR-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that tetraspanins control intercellular trafficking of oxysterols via CCD-EVs. Furthermore, tetraspanin-dependent changes in the oxysterol composition of CCD-EVs and the LXR signaling axis play a key role in specific changes in the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guerman Molostvov
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mariam Gachechiladze
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Palacky Univerzity, 7779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Steven Hayward
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Isaac Dean
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Irundika H K Dias
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Nahla Badr
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Irini Danial
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vera Novitskaya
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Liliia Paniushkina
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Andrew Hanby
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Steven van Laere
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Center for Oncological Research, University Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Heather M Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Fedor Berditchevski
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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8
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Ren ZL, Li CX, Ma CY, Chen D, Chen JH, Xu WX, Chen CA, Cheng FF, Wang XQ. Linking Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Brain Disease: Focusing on Bile Acid Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13045. [PMID: 36361829 PMCID: PMC9654021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A metabolic illness known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), affects more than one-quarter of the world's population. Bile acids (BAs), as detergents involved in lipid digestion, show an abnormal metabolism in patients with NAFLD. However, BAs can affect other organs as well, such as the brain, where it has a neuroprotective effect. According to a series of studies, brain disorders may be extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD, such as depression, changes to the cerebrovascular system, and worsening cognitive ability. Consequently, we propose that NAFLD affects the development of brain disease, through the bile acid signaling pathway. Through direct or indirect channels, BAs can send messages to the brain. Some BAs may operate directly on the central Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein bile acid-activated receptor 1 (GPBAR1) by overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 are released from the intestine FXR and GPBAR1 receptors, upon activation, both of which send signals to the brain. Inflammatory, systemic metabolic disorders in the liver and brain are regulated by the bile acid-activated receptors FXR and GPBAR1, which are potential therapeutic targets. From a bile acid viewpoint, we examine the bile acid signaling changes in NAFLD and brain disease. We also recommend the development of dual GPBAR1/FXR ligands to reduce side effects and manage NAFLD and brain disease efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Lin Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chang-Xiang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chong-Yang Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dan Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jia-Hui Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cong-Ai Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fa-Feng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xue-Qian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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9
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Dansey MV, Palavecino Ruiz MD, Ogara MF, Pecci A, Burton G, Alvarez LD. Insights into estrogen receptor alpha modulation by cholestenoic acids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 217:106046. [PMID: 34920079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are a family of over 25 cholesterol metabolites naturally produced by enzymatic or radical oxidation. They are involved in many physiological and pathological pathways. Although their activity has been mainly attributed to the modulation of the Liver X Receptors (LXR), it is currently accepted that oxysterols are quite promiscuous compounds, acting at several targets at the same time. The promiscuity of the oxysterols with the Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) is crucial in several pathologies such as ER+ breast cancer, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Regarding this matter, we have previously reported the synthesis, LXR activity and binding mode of a family of cholestenoic acid analogs with a modified side chain. Here we report the transcriptional activity on the ERα triggered by these compounds and details on the molecular determinants involved in their activities in order to establish structure-activity relationships to shed light over the molecular basis of the promiscuity of these compounds on ER/LXR responses. Our results show that 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid can interact with the ERα receptor in a way similar to 26-hydroxycholesterol and is an agonist of the receptor. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we were able to predict the ERα activity of a set of cholestenoic acid analogs with changes in the flexibility and/or steric requirements of the side chain, some of which exhibited selective activation of ERα or LXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Dansey
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, UMYMFOR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María F Ogara
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIBYNE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adalí Pecci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIBYNE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Burton
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, UMYMFOR, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Lautaro D Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, UMYMFOR, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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10
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Cholesterol metabolism: from lipidomics to immunology. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100165. [PMID: 34953867 PMCID: PMC8953665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, the oxidized forms of cholesterol or of its precursors, are formed in the first steps of cholesterol metabolism. Oxysterols have interested chemists, biologists, and physicians for many decades, but their exact biological relevance in vivo, other than as intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis, has long been debated. However, in the first quarter of this century, a role for side-chain oxysterols and their C-7 oxidized metabolites has been convincingly established in the immune system. 25-Hydroxycholesterol has been shown to be synthesized by macrophages in response to the activation of Toll-like receptors and to offer protection against microbial pathogens, whereas 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol has been shown to act as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes expressing the G protein-coupled receptor Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 and to be important in coordinating the action of B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. There is a growing body of evidence that not only these two oxysterols but also many of their isomers are of importance to the proper function of the immune system. Here, we review recent findings related to the roles of oxysterols in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom.
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11
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Kiriyama Y, Nochi H. Physiological Role of Bile Acids Modified by the Gut Microbiome. Microorganisms 2021; 10:68. [PMID: 35056517 PMCID: PMC8777643 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are produced from cholesterol in the liver and are termed primary BAs. Primary BAs are conjugated with glycine and taurine in the liver and then released into the intestine via the gallbladder. After the deconjugation of glycine or taurine by the gut microbiome, primary BAs are converted into secondary BAs by the gut microbiome through modifications such as dehydroxylation, oxidation, and epimerization. Most BAs in the intestine are reabsorbed and transported to the liver, where both primary and secondary BAs are conjugated with glycine or taurine and rereleased into the intestine. Thus, unconjugated primary Bas, as well as conjugated and unconjugated secondary BAs, have been modified by the gut microbiome. Some of the BAs reabsorbed from the intestine spill into the systemic circulation, where they bind to a variety of nuclear and cell-surface receptors in tissues, whereas some of the BAs are not reabsorbed and bind to receptors in the terminal ileum. BAs play crucial roles in the physiological regulation of various tissues. Furthermore, various factors, such as diet, age, and antibiotics influence BA composition. Here, we review recent findings regarding the physiological roles of BAs modified by the gut microbiome in the metabolic, immune, and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Kiriyama
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan;
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nochi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan;
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12
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Sterols, Oxysterols, and Accessible Cholesterol: Signalling for Homeostasis, in Immunity and During Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723224. [PMID: 34690800 PMCID: PMC8531217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we discuss the concept of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol and its involvement as a signalling molecule. Changes in plasma membrane accessible cholesterol, although only being minor in the context of total cholesterol plasma membrane cholesterol and total cell cholesterol, are a key regulator of overall cellular cholesterol homeostasis by the SREBP pathway. Accessible cholesterol also provides the second messenger between patched 1 and smoothened in the hedgehog signalling pathway important during development, and its depletion may provide a mechanism of resistance to microbial pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. We revise the hypothesis that oxysterols are a signalling form of cholesterol, in this instance as a rapidly acting and paracrine version of accessible cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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13
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Moore SF, Wijeyekoon RS, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Farrell K, Breen DP, Williams-Gray CH, Theofilopoulos S, Arenas E, Trupp M, Barker RA, Wang Y. The Cerebrospinal Fluid Profile of Cholesterol Metabolites in Parkinson's Disease and Their Association With Disease State and Clinical Features. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:685594. [PMID: 34526889 PMCID: PMC8435905 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.685594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered cholesterol metabolism is linked to neurodegeneration. In this study we investigated the profile of cholesterol metabolites found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. When adjustments were made for confounding variables of age and sex, 7α,(25R)26-dihydroxycholesterol and a second oxysterol 7α,x,y-trihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (7α,x,y-triHCO), whose exact structure is unknown, were found to be significantly elevated in PD CSF. The likely location of the additional hydroxy groups on the second oxysterol are on the sterol side-chain. We found that CSF 7α-hydroxycholesterol levels correlated positively with depression in PD patients, while two presumptively identified cholestenoic acids correlated negatively with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah F Moore
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruwani S Wijeyekoon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Farrell
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David P Breen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ernest Arenas
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miles Trupp
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Swansea, United Kingdom
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14
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Lütjohann D, Stellaard F, Bölükbasi B, Kerksiek A, Parhofer KG, Laufs U. Anti-PCSK 9 antibodies increase the ratios of the brain-specific oxysterol 24S-hydroxycholesterol to cholesterol and to 27-hydroxycholesterol in the serum. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:4252-4261. [PMID: 33792095 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The serum ratios of the brain-specific oxysterol 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) to cholesterol and to 27-OHC reflect brain cholesterol turnover. We studied the effect of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies (PCSK9ab) that enhance low-density lipoprotein receptor activity on serum cholesterol and oxysterol concentrations. METHODS Twenty-eight hypercholesterolaemic patients (15 males and 13 females) responding insufficiently to maximally tolerated statin and/or ezetimibe therapy were additionally subcutanously treated biweekly with either the PCSK9ab alirocumab (150 mg, n = 13) or evolocumab (140 mg, n = 15). Fasting serum cholesterol was measured by gas chromatography and the oxysterols 24S-OHC and 27-OHC using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry before, after 1-month (n = 28) and after 3-month (n = 13) treatment. RESULTS As expected, PCSK9ab treatment lowered serum cholesterol and oxysterol levels after 1 month. The serum ratio of 24S-OHC to cholesterol increased after 1 month by 17 ± 28% (mean ± standard deviation; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.8 to 28%; P < .01) and 24S-OHC to 27-OHC by 15 ± 39% (95% CI: 0.2 to 30%; P < .01). Within 3 months, 24S-OHC to cholesterol increased by 2.8 μg g-1 mo-1 (95% CI: 2.1 to 3.6; P < .01) and 24S-OHC to 27-OHC by 0.019 mo-1 (95% CI: 0.007 to 0.032; P < .01). CONCLUSION The serum ratios of 24S-OHC to cholesterol and to 27-OHC increased after treatment with PCSK9ab. We hypothesize that this is caused by a reduced entrance of 27-OHC into the brain, increased synthesis of brain cholesterol, increased production of 24S-OHC and its secretion across the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lütjohann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bediha Bölükbasi
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus G Parhofer
- Medizinische Klinik IV-Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Parrado-Fernandez C, Leoni V, Saeed A, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Sandebring-Matton A, Córdoba-Beldad CM, Bueno P, Gali CC, Panzenboeck U, Cedazo-Minguez A, Björkhem I. Sex difference in flux of 27-hydroxycholesterol into the brain. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3194-3204. [PMID: 33345295 PMCID: PMC8359195 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/plasma albumin ratio (QAlb) is believed to reflect the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Recently, we reported that QAlb is lower in females. This may be important for uptake of neurotoxic 27‐hydroxycholesterol (27OH) by the brain in particular because plasma levels of 27OH are higher in males. We studied sex differences in the relation between CSF and plasma levels of 27OH and its major metabolite 7α‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐4‐cholestenoic acid (7HOCA) with QAlb. We tested the possibility of sex differences in the brain metabolism of 27OH and if its flux into the brain disrupted integrity of the BBB. Experimental Approach We have examined our earlier studies looking for sex differences in CSF levels of oxysterols and their relation to QAlb. We utilized an in vitro model for the BBB with primary cultured brain endothelial cells to test if 27OH has a disruptive effect on this barrier. We measured mRNA and protein levels of CYP7B1 in autopsy brain samples. Key Results The correlation between CSF levels of 27OH and QAlb was higher in males whereas, with 7HOCA, the correlation was higher in females. No significant sex difference in the expression of CYP7B1 mRNA in brain autopsy samples. A correlation was found between plasma levels of 27OH and QAlb. No support was obtained for the hypothesis that plasma levels of 27OH have a disruptive effect on the BBB. Conclusions and Implications The sex differences are discussed in relation to negative effects of 27OH on different brain functions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.,Discovery and Research, AlzeCure Pharma AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Desio, ASST-Monza and School of Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Sandebring-Matton
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Paula Bueno
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Chaitanya Chakravarthi Gali
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ute Panzenboeck
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.,Rare & Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Research, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Paris, France
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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16
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Abdel-Khalik J, Hearn T, Dickson AL, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Austin-Muttitt K, Bigger BW, Morris AA, Shackleton CH, Clayton PT, Iida T, Sircar R, Rohatgi R, Marschall HU, Sjövall J, Björkhem I, Mullins JGL, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Bile acid biosynthesis in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome bypassing cholesterol: Potential importance of pathway intermediates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105794. [PMID: 33246156 PMCID: PMC7816163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol metabolism secreted into bile. They are essential for the absorption of lipids and lipid soluble compounds from the intestine. Here we have identified a series of unusual Δ5-unsaturated bile acids in plasma and urine of patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis resulting in elevated levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), an immediate precursor of cholesterol. Using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) we have uncovered a pathway of bile acid biosynthesis in SLOS avoiding cholesterol starting with 7-DHC and proceeding through 7-oxo and 7β-hydroxy intermediates. This pathway also occurs to a minor extent in healthy humans, but elevated levels of pathway intermediates could be responsible for some of the features SLOS. The pathway is also active in SLOS affected pregnancies as revealed by analysis of amniotic fluid. Importantly, intermediates in the pathway, 25-hydroxy-7-oxocholesterol, (25R)26-hydroxy-7-oxocholesterol, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxocholest-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid and the analogous 7β-hydroxysterols are modulators of the activity of Smoothened (Smo), an oncoprotein that mediates Hedgehog (Hh) signalling across membranes during embryogenesis and in the regeneration of postembryonic tissue. Computational docking of the 7-oxo and 7β-hydroxy compounds to the extracellular cysteine rich domain of Smo reveals that they bind in the same groove as both 20S-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol, known activators of the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Alison L Dickson
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Karl Austin-Muttitt
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Unit, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Cedric H Shackleton
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan
| | - Ria Sircar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Jan Sjövall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan G L Mullins
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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17
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Interactions of Oxysterols with Atherosclerosis Biomarkers in Subjects with Moderate Hypercholesterolemia and Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination ( Bifidobacterium longum BB536, Red Yeast Rice Extract) (Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020427. [PMID: 33525601 PMCID: PMC7911956 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxysterol relationship with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors is poorly explored, especially in moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Moreover, the impact of nutraceuticals controlling hypercholesterolaemia on plasma levels of 24-, 25- and 27-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC, 25-OHC, 27-OHC) is unknown. Methods: Subjects (n = 33; 18–70 years) with moderate hypercholesterolaemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C:): 130–200 mg/dL), in primary CV prevention as well as low CV risk were studied cross-sectionally. Moreover, they were evaluated after treatment with a nutraceutical combination (Bifidobacterium longum BB536, red yeast rice extract (10 mg/dose monacolin K)), following a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. We evaluated 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC levels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Results: 24-OHC and 25-OHC were significantly correlated, 24-OHC was correlated with apoB. 27-OHC and 27-OHC/total cholesterol (TC) were higher in men (median 209 ng/mL and 77 ng/mg, respectively) vs. women (median 168 ng/mL and 56 ng/mg, respectively); 27-OHC/TC was significantly correlated with abdominal circumference, visceral fat and, negatively, with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Triglycerides were significantly correlated with 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC and with 24-OHC/TC and 25-OHC/TC. After intervention, 27-OHC levels were significantly reduced by 10.4% in the nutraceutical group Levels of 24-OHC, 24-OHC/TC, 25-OHC, 25-OHC/TC and 27-OHC/TC were unchanged. Conclusions: In this study, conducted in moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects, we observed novel relationships between 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC and CV risk biomarkers. In addition, no adverse changes of OHC levels upon nutraceutical treatment were found.
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18
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Borah K, Rickman OJ, Voutsina N, Ampong I, Gao D, Baple EL, Dias IH, Crosby AH, Griffiths HR. A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for analysis of mitochondrial -specific oxysterol metabolism. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101595. [PMID: 32574926 PMCID: PMC7317222 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are critical regulators of inflammation and cholesterol metabolism in cells. They are oxidation products of cholesterol and may be differentially metabolised in subcellular compartments and in biological fluids. New analytical methods are needed to improve our understanding of oxysterol trafficking and the molecular interplay between the cellular compartments required to maintain cholesterol/oxysterol homeostasis. Here we describe a method for isolation of oxysterols using solid phase extraction and quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, applied to tissue, cells and mitochondria. We analysed five monohydroxysterols; 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7 ketocholesterol and three dihydroxysterols 7α-24(S)dihydroxycholesterol, 7α-25dihydroxycholesterol, 7α-27dihydroxycholesterol by LC-MS/MS following reverse phase chromatography. Our new method, using Triton and DMSO extraction, shows improved extraction efficiency and recovery of oxysterols from cellular matrix. We validated our method by reproducibly measuring oxysterols in mouse brain tissue and showed that mice fed a high fat diet had significantly lower levels of 24S/25diOHC, 27diOHC and 7ketoOHC. We measured oxysterols in mitochondria from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and highlight the importance of rapid cell isolation to minimise effects of handling and storage conditions on oxysterol composition in clinical samples. In addition, in vitro cell culture systems, of THP-1 monocytes and neuronal-like SH-SH5Y cells, showed mitochondrial-specific oxysterol metabolism and profiles were lineage specific. In summary, we describe a robust and reproducible method validated for improved recovery, quantitative linearity and detection, reproducibility and selectivity for cellular oxysterol analysis. This method enables subcellular oxysterol metabolism to be monitored and is versatile in its application to various biological and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Borah
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Olivia J Rickman
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital Wonford, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nikol Voutsina
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital Wonford, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Isaac Ampong
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Human Anatomy,Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Emma L Baple
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital Wonford, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Andrew H Crosby
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital Wonford, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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19
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ER-Negative Breast Cancer Is Highly Responsive to Cholesterol Metabolite Signalling. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112618. [PMID: 31683867 PMCID: PMC6893441 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions that alter cholesterol have differential impacts on hormone receptor positive- and negative-breast cancer risk and prognosis. This implies differential regulation or response to cholesterol within different breast cancer subtypes. We evaluated differences in side-chain hydroxycholesterol and liver X nuclear receptor signalling between Oestrogen Receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancers and cell lines. Cell line models of ER-positive and ER-negative disease were treated with Liver X Receptor (LXR) ligands and transcriptional activity assessed using luciferase reporters, qPCR and MTT. Publicly available datasets were mined to identify differences between ER-negative and ER-positive tumours and siRNA was used to suppress candidate regulators. Compared to ER-positive breast cancer, ER-negative breast cancer cells were highly responsive to LXR agonists. In primary disease and cell lines LXRA expression was strongly correlated with its target genes in ER-negative but not ER-positive disease. Expression of LXR’s corepressors (NCOR1, NCOR2 and LCOR) was significantly higher in ER-positive disease relative to ER-negative, and their knock-down equalized sensitivity to ligand between subtypes in reporter, gene expression and viability assays. Our data support further evaluation of dietary and pharmacological targeting of cholesterol metabolism as an adjunct to existing therapies for ER-negative and ER-positive breast cancer patients.
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20
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Liver X Receptors and Male (In)fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215379. [PMID: 31671745 PMCID: PMC6862486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors acting as ‘cholesterol sensors’ to regulate lipid homeostasis in cells. The two isoforms, LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2), are differentially expressed, with the former expressed predominantly in metabolically active tissues and the latter more ubiquitously. Both are activated by oxidised cholesterol metabolites, endogenously produced oxysterols. LXRs have important roles in lipid metabolism and inflammation, plus a number of newly emerging roles. They are implicated in regulating lipid balance in normal male reproductive function and may provide a link between male infertility and lipid disorders and/or obesity. Studies from Lxr knockout mouse models provide compelling evidence to support this. More recently published data suggest distinct and overlapping roles of the LXR isoforms in the testis and recent evidence of a role for LXRs in human male fertility. This review summarises the current literature and explores the likely link between LXR, lipid metabolism and male fertility as part of a special issue on Liver X receptors in International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
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21
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Dias IH, Borah K, Amin B, Griffiths HR, Sassi K, Lizard G, Iriondo A, Martinez-Lage P. Localisation of oxysterols at the sub-cellular level and in biological fluids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105426. [PMID: 31301352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that are formed enzymatically or via reactive oxygen species or both. Cholesterol or oxysterols ingested as food are absorbed and packed into lipoproteins that are taken up by hepatic cells. Within hepatic cells, excess cholesterol is metabolised to form bile acids. The endoplasmic reticulum acts as the main organelle in the bile acid synthesis pathway. Metabolised sterols originating from this pathway are distributed within other organelles and in the cell membrane. The alterations to membrane oxysterol:sterol ratio affects the integrity of the cell membrane. The presence of oxysterols changes membrane fluidity and receptor orientation. It is well documented that hydroxylase enzymes located in mitochondria facilitate oxysterol production via an acidic pathway. More recently, the presence of oxysterols was also reported in lysosomes. Peroxisomal deficiencies favour intracellular oxysterols accumulation. Despite the low abundance of oxysterols compared to cholesterol, the biological actions of oxysterols are numerous and important. Oxysterol levels are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases ranging from chronic inflammatory diseases (atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and bowel disease), cancer and numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we review the distribution of oxysterols in sub-cellular organelles and in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irundika Hk Dias
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Khushboo Borah
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Berivan Amin
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Khouloud Sassi
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism (EA7270)/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; Univ. Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Onco-Hematology (LR05ES05), Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism (EA7270)/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ane Iriondo
- Department of Neurology, Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- Department of Neurology, Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
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22
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Duc D, Vigne S, Pot C. Oxysterols in Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184522. [PMID: 31547302 PMCID: PMC6770630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a member of the sterol family that plays essential roles in biological processes, including cell membrane stability and myelin formation. Cholesterol can be metabolized into several molecules including bile acids, hormones, and oxysterols. Studies from the last few decades have demonstrated that oxysterols are not only active metabolites but are further involved in the modulation of immune responses. Liver X Receptors (LXRs), nuclear receptors for oxysterols, are important for cholesterol homeostasis and regulation of inflammatory response but are still poorly characterized during autoimmune diseases. Here we review the current knowledge about the role of oxysterols during autoimmune conditions and focus on the implication of LXR-dependent and LXR-independent pathways. We further highlight the importance of these pathways in particular during central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in both experimental models and human studies. Finally, we discuss our vision about future applications and research on oxysterols related to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Duc
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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23
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Mouzat K, Chudinova A, Polge A, Kantar J, Camu W, Raoul C, Lumbroso S. Regulation of Brain Cholesterol: What Role Do Liver X Receptors Play in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3858. [PMID: 31398791 PMCID: PMC6720493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXR) alpha and beta are two members of nuclear receptor superfamily documented as endogenous cholesterol sensors. Following conversion of cholesterol in oxysterol, both LXR isoforms detect intracellular concentrations and act as transcription factors to promote expression of target genes. Among their numerous physiological roles, they act as central cholesterol-lowering factors. In the central nervous system (CNS), cholesterol has been shown to be an essential determinant of brain function, particularly as a major constituent of myelin and membranes. In the brain, LXRs act as cholesterol central regulators, and, beyond this metabolic function, LXRs have additional roles such as providing neuroprotective effects and lowering neuroinflammation. In many neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), dysregulations of cholesterol and oxysterol have been reported. In this paper, we propose to focus on recent advances in the knowledge of the LXRs roles on brain cholesterol and oxysterol homeostasis, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and their putative involvement in neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss their potential use as candidates for both molecular diagnosis and as promising pharmacological targets in the treatment of ALS, AD, or MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France.
| | - Aleksandra Chudinova
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Anne Polge
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Jovana Kantar
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - William Camu
- ALS Reference Center, Montpellier University Hospital and University of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Raoul
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Lumbroso
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
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24
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The Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Neurological Functions of Bile Acids. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060232. [PMID: 31208099 PMCID: PMC6628048 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphipathic steroid acids synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. They act as detergents to expedite the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids and lipophilic vitamins. BA are also considered to be signaling molecules, being ligands of nuclear and cell-surface receptors, including farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G-protein receptor 5. Moreover, BA also activate ion channels, including the bile acid-sensitive ion channel and epithelial Na+ channel. BA regulate glucose and lipid metabolism by activating these receptors in peripheral tissues, such as the liver and brown and white adipose tissue. Recently, 20 different BA have been identified in the central nervous system. Furthermore, BA affect the function of neurotransmitter receptors, such as the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and γ-aminobutyric acid receptor. BA are also known to be protective against neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent findings regarding the biosynthesis, signaling, and neurological functions of BA.
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25
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Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:88-98. [PMID: 32015930 PMCID: PMC6996149 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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26
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Takei H, Nittono H, Erickson S, Fuchs M, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Gil G, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Bajaj JS, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial oxysterol biosynthetic pathway gives evidence for CYP7B1 as controller of regulatory oxysterols. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:36-47. [PMID: 30710743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to more completely study the mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated acidic pathway of cholesterol metabolism. The mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated pathway of cholesterol metabolism (acidic pathway) is known to synthesize two well-described vital regulators of cholesterol/lipid homeostasis, (25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Both 26HC and 25HC have been shown to be subsequently 7α-hydroxylated by Cyp7b1; reducing their regulatory abilities and furthering their metabolism to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Cholesterol delivery into the inner mitochondria membrane, where CYP27A1 is located, is considered the pathway's only rate-limiting step. To further explore the pathway, we increased cholesterol transport into mitochondrial CYP27A1 by selectively increased expression of the gene encoding the steroidogenic acute transport protein (StarD1). StarD1 overexpression led to an unanticipated marked down-regulation of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7b1), a marked increase in 26HC, and the formation of a third vital regulatory oxysterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24HC), in B6/129 mice livers. To explore the further metabolism of 24HC, as well as, 25HC and 26HC, characterizations of oxysterols and bile acids using three murine models (StarD1 overexpression, Cyp7b1-/-, Cyp27a1-/-) and human Hep G2 cells were conducted. This report describes the discovery of a new mitochondrial-initiated pathway of oxysterol/bile acid biosynthesis. Just as importantly, it provides evidence for CYP7B1 as a key regulator of three vital intracellular regulatory oxysterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
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27
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Oxysterol research: a brief review. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:517-526. [PMID: 30936243 PMCID: PMC6490702 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we discuss the recent developments in oxysterol research. Exciting results have been reported relating to the involvement of oxysterols in the fields of neurodegenerative disease, especially in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease; in signalling and development, in particular, in relation to Hedgehog signalling; and in cancer, with a special focus on (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol. Methods for the measurement of oxysterols, essential for understanding their mechanism of action in vivo, and valuable for diagnosing rare diseases of cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism are briefly considered.
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28
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Theofilopoulos S, Abreu de Oliveira WA, Yang S, Yutuc E, Saeed A, Abdel-Khalik J, Ullgren A, Cedazo-Minguez A, Björkhem I, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ, Arenas E. 24( S),25-Epoxycholesterol and cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase ( CYP46A1) overexpression promote midbrain dopaminergic neurogenesis in vivo. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4169-4176. [PMID: 30655290 PMCID: PMC6422085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptors Lxrα/NR1H3 and Lxrβ/NR1H2 are ligand-dependent nuclear receptors critical for midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development. We found previously that 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol (24,25-EC), the most potent and abundant Lxr ligand in the developing mouse midbrain, promotes mDA neurogenesis in vitro In this study, we demonstrate that 24,25-EC promotes mDA neurogenesis in an Lxr-dependent manner in the developing mouse midbrain in vivo and also prevents toxicity induced by the Lxr inhibitor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Furthermore, using MS, we show that overexpression of human cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) increases the levels of both 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24-HC) and 24,25-EC in the developing midbrain, resulting in a specific increase in mDA neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo, but has no effect on oculomotor or red nucleus neurogenesis. 24-HC, unlike 24,25-EC, did not affect in vitro neurogenesis, indicating that the neurogenic effect of 24,25-EC on mDA neurons is specific. Combined, our results indicate that increased levels of 24,25-EC in vivo, by intracerebroventricular delivery in WT mice or by overexpression of its biosynthetic enzyme CYP46A1, specifically promote mDA neurogenesis. We propose that increasing the levels of 24,25-EC in vivo may be a useful strategy to combat the loss of mDA neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden, .,the Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Antoni Abreu de Oliveira
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Shanzheng Yang
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- the Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm 14157, Sweden, and
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- the Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Abbe Ullgren
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,the Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- the Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm 14157, Sweden, and
| | - Yuqin Wang
- the Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - William J Griffiths
- the Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Arenas
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden,
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29
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Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Meljon A, Theofilopoulos S, Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Parker JE, Kelly DE, Kelly SL, Arenas E, Wang Y. Additional pathways of sterol metabolism: Evidence from analysis of Cyp27a1-/- mouse brain and plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:191-211. [PMID: 30471425 PMCID: PMC6327153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 27A1 is a key enzyme in both the acidic and neutral pathways of bile acid biosynthesis accepting cholesterol and ring-hydroxylated sterols as substrates introducing a (25R)26-hydroxy and ultimately a (25R)26-acid group to the sterol side-chain. In human, mutations in the CYP27A1 gene are the cause of the autosomal recessive disease cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). Surprisingly, Cyp27a1 knockout mice (Cyp27a1−/−) do not present a CTX phenotype despite generating a similar global pattern of sterols. Using liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry and exploiting a charge-tagging approach for oxysterol analysis we identified over 50 cholesterol metabolites and precursors in the brain and circulation of Cyp27a1−/− mice. Notably, we identified (25R)26,7α- and (25S)26,7α-dihydroxy epimers of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids, indicating the presence of an additional sterol 26-hydroxylase in mouse. Importantly, our analysis also revealed elevated levels of 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, which we found increased the number of oculomotor neurons in primary mouse brain cultures. 7α-Hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one is a ligand for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), activation of which is known to up-regulate the expression of CYP3A11, which we confirm has sterol 26-hydroxylase activity. This can explain the formation of (25R)26,7α- and (25S)26,7α-dihydroxy epimers of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids; the acid with the former stereochemistry is a liver X receptor (LXR) ligand that increases the number of oculomotor neurons in primary brain cultures. We hereby suggest that a lack of a motor neuron phenotype in some CTX patients and Cyp27a1−/− mice may involve increased levels of 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and activation PXR, as well as increased levels of sterol 26-hydroxylase and the production of neuroprotective sterols capable of activating LXR. Besides CYP27A1 an additional sterol 26-hydroxylase is present in mouse. Sterol-acids are observed as 7α-hydroxy-(25R/S)26-acid epimers. The (25S)26-acid is found in mouse brain of the CYP27A1−/− mouse. The (25R)26-acid is found in brain of the wild type animal. Both epimers are found in plasma of both genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna Meljon
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Josie E Parker
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Diane E Kelly
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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30
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Jiao H, Olin M, Hansson M, Eggertsen G, Eriksson M, Angelin B, Björkhem I. Unique case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis revisited: All the mutations responsible for this disease are present in the CYP27A1 gene. J Intern Med 2018; 283:604-606. [PMID: 29095540 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Jiao
- Clinical Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M Olin
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M Hansson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - G Eggertsen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M Eriksson
- Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B Angelin
- Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - I Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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31
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Ogundare M, Shackleton CH, Tuschl K, Kwok MK, Bigger BW, Morris AA, Honda A, Xu L, Porter NA, Björkhem I, Clayton PT, Wang Y. Sterols and oxysterols in plasma from Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patients. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:77-87. [PMID: 26976653 PMCID: PMC5018427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder resulting from defects in the cholesterol synthesising enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Δ7-sterol reductase, DHCR7, EC 1.3.1.21) leading to a build-up of the cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in tissues and blood plasma. Although the underling enzyme deficiency associated with SLOS is clear there are likely to be multiple mechanisms responsible for SLOS pathology. In an effort to learn more of the aetiology of SLOS we have analysed plasma from SLOS patients to search for metabolites derived from 7-DHC which may be responsible for some of the pathology. We have identified a novel hydroxy-8-dehydrocholesterol, which is either 24- or 25-hydroxy-8-dehydrocholesterol and also the known metabolites 26-hydroxy-8-dehydrocholesterol, 4-hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one and 7α,8α-epoxycholesterol. None of these metabolites are detected in control plasma at quantifiable levels (0.5ng/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Michael Ogundare
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | - Karin Tuschl
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mei Kwun Kwok
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 1PT, UK
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Akira Honda
- Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1Chuoh, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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32
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Heverin M, Ali Z, Olin M, Tillander V, Joibari MM, Makoveichuk E, Leitersdorf E, Warner M, Olivercrona G, Gustafsson JÅ, Björkhem I. On the regulatory importance of 27-hydroxycholesterol in mouse liver. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:10-21. [PMID: 26851362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
27-Hydroxycholesterol (27OH) is a strong suppressor of cholesterol synthesis and a weak activator of LXR in vitro. The regulatory importance of 27OH in vivo is controversial. Here we utilized male mice with increased levels of 27OH either due to increased production (CYP27A1 transgenic mice) or reduced metabolism (Cyp7b1-/- mice). We also used mice lacking 27OH due to a knockout of Cyp27a1. The latter mice were treated with cholic acid to compensate for reduced bile acid synthesis. The effects of the different levels of 27OH on Srebp- and other LXR-regulated genes in the liver were investigated. In the liver of CYP27tg mice we found a modest increase of the mRNA levels corresponding to the LXR target genes Cyp7b1 and Abca1. A number of other LXR-regulated genes were not affected. The effect on Abca1 mRNA was not seen in the liver of Cyp7b1-/- mice. There were little or no effects on cholesterol synthesis. In the liver of the Cyp27-/- mice treated with 0.025% cholic acid there was no significant effect of the knockout on the LXR target genes. In a previous work triple-knockout mice deficient in the biosynthesis of 24S-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27OH were shown to have impaired response to dietary cholesterol, suggesting side-chain oxidized oxysterols to be mediators in cholesterol-induced effects on LXR target genes at a transcriptional level (Chen W. et al., Cell Metab. 5 (2007) 73-79). The hydroxylated oxysterol responsible for the effect was not defined. We show here that treatment of wildtype mice with dietary cholesterol under the same conditions as in the above study induced the LXR target genes Lpl, Abcg8 and Srebp1c in wild type mice but failed to activate the same genes in mice lacking 27-hydroxycholesterol due to a knockout of Cyp27. We failed to demonstrate the above effects at the protein level (Abcg8) or at the activity level (Lpl). The results suggest that 27OH is not an important regulator of Srebp- or LXR regulated genes under basal conditions in mouse liver. On the other hand 27OH appears to mediate cholesterol-induced effects on some LXR target genes at a transcriptional level under some in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Heverin
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Zeina Ali
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Olin
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Veronika Tillander
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Elena Makoveichuk
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eran Leitersdorf
- Department of Medicine B, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Israel
| | - Margret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gunilla Olivercrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Roberg-Larsen H, Lund K, Seterdal KE, Solheim S, Vehus T, Solberg N, Krauss S, Lundanes E, Wilson SR. Mass spectrometric detection of 27-hydroxycholesterol in breast cancer exosomes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:22-28. [PMID: 26877254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes from cancer cells are rich sources of biomarkers and may contain elevated levels of lipids of diagnostic value. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is associated with proliferation and metastasis in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the levels of 27-OHC, and other sidechain-hydroxylated oxysterols in exosomes. To study both cytoplasmic and exosomal oxysterol samples of limited size, we have developed a capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform that outperforms our previously published systems regarding chromatographic resolution, analysis time and sensitivity. In the analyzed samples, the quantified level of cytoplasmic 27-OHC using this platform fitted with mRNA levels of 27-OHC's corresponding enzyme, CYP27A1. We find clearly increased levels of 27-OHC in exosomes (i.e., enrichment) from an ER+ breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) compared to exosomes derived from an estrogen receptor (ER-) breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and other control exosomes (non-cancerous cell line (HEK293) and human pooled serum). The exosomal oxysterol profile did not reflect cytoplasmic oxysterol profiles in the cells of origin; cytoplasmic 27-OHC was low in ER+ MCF-7 cells while high in MDA-MB-231 cells. Other control cancer cells showed varied cytoplasmic oxysterol levels. Hence, exosome profiling in cancer cells might provide complementary information with the possibility of diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Roberg-Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kaja Lund
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stian Solheim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Vehus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Solberg
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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34
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Vaz FM, Ferdinandusse S. Bile acid analysis in human disorders of bile acid biosynthesis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:10-24. [PMID: 28322867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids facilitate the absorption of lipids in the gut, but are also needed to maintain cholesterol homeostasis, induce bile flow, excrete toxic substances and regulate energy metabolism by acting as signaling molecules. Bile acid biosynthesis is a complex process distributed across many cellular organelles and requires at least 17 enzymes in addition to different metabolite transport proteins to synthesize the two primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Disorders of bile acid synthesis can present from the neonatal period to adulthood and have very diverse clinical symptoms ranging from cholestatic liver disease to neuropsychiatric symptoms and spastic paraplegias. This review describes the different bile acid synthesis pathways followed by a summary of the current knowledge on hereditary disorders of human bile acid biosynthesis with a special focus on diagnostic bile acid profiling using mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Morgan AH, Gilmore I, Hearn T, Wang Y. Cholesterolomics: An update. Anal Biochem 2017; 524:56-67. [PMID: 28087213 PMCID: PMC5378159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterolomics can be regarded as the identification and quantification of cholesterol, its precursors post squalene, and metabolites of cholesterol and of its precursors, in a biological sample. These molecules include 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, steroid hormones and bile acids and intermediates in their respective biosynthetic pathways. In this short article we will concentrate our attention on intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis pathways, in particular oxysterols and cholestenoic acids. These molecular classes are implicated in the aetiology of a diverse array of diseases including autoimmune disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, breast cancer, the lysosomal storage disease Niemann-Pick type C and the autosomal recessive disorder Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the dominant technology for sterol analysis including both gas-chromatography (GC)-MS and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS and more recently matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI)-MS for tissue imaging studies. Here we will discuss exciting biological findings and recent analytical improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alwena H Morgan
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ian Gilmore
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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36
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Abstract
In this short review we provide a synopsis of recent developments in oxysterol research highlighting topics of current interest to the community. These include the involvement of oxysterols in neuronal development and survival, their participation in the immune system, particularly with respect to bacterial and viral infection and to Th17-cell development, and the role of oxysterols in breast cancer. We also discuss the value of oxysterol analysis in the diagnosis of disease.
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37
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Saeed AA, Edström E, Pikuleva I, Eggertsen G, Björkhem I. On the importance of albumin binding for the flux of 7α-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid in the brain. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:455-459. [PMID: 27956474 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p073403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We confirmed previous findings by a Japanese group that there is an accumulation of 7α-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid (7-Hoca) in human subdural hematomas. The accumulation correlated with the time from the bleeding to the sample collection. We present evidence that these accumulations are likely to be caused by the strong affinity of 7-Hoca to albumin and the marked difference between plasma and brain with respect to levels of albumin. In the circulation, 80-90% of 7-Hoca is bound to albumin with a ratio between the steroid acid and albumin of ∼1.4 ng/mg. In cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the ratio between 7-Hoca and albumin is ∼30 ng/mg. When albumin or hemolyzed blood in a dialysis bag was exposed to CSF, there was a flux of 7-Hoca from CSF to the albumin. We suggest that the major explanation for accumulation of 7-Hoca in subdural hematoma is a flux from the brain into the hematoma due to the high affinity to albumin and the high capacity of 7-Hoca to pass biomembranes. We discuss the possibility that the markedly different ratios between 7-Hoca and albumin in circulation and brain can explain the flux of 7-Hoca from the brain into circulation against a concentration gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Saeed
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Erik Edström
- Neurocentrum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Irina Pikuleva
- Neurocentrum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gösta Eggertsen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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38
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Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Crick PJ, Gustafsson JÅ, Warner M, Roman G, Talbot K, Gray E, Griffiths WJ, Turner MR, Wang Y. Defective cholesterol metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:267-278. [PMID: 27811233 PMCID: PMC5234729 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As neurons die, cholesterol is released in the central nervous system (CNS); hence, this sterol and its metabolites may represent a biomarker of neurodegeneration, including in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in which altered cholesterol levels have been linked to prognosis. More than 40 different sterols were quantified in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from ALS patients and healthy controls. In CSF, the concentration of cholesterol was found to be elevated in ALS samples. When CSF metabolite levels were normalized to cholesterol, the cholesterol metabolite 3β,7α-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid, along with its precursor 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid and product 7α-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid, were reduced in concentration, whereas metabolites known to be imported from the circulation into the CNS were not found to differ in concentration between groups. Analysis of serum revealed that (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol, the immediate precursor of 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid, was reduced in concentration in ALS patients compared with controls. We conclude that the acidic branch of bile acid biosynthesis, known to be operative in-part in the brain, is defective in ALS, leading to a failure of the CNS to remove excess cholesterol, which may be toxic to neuronal cells, compounded by a reduction in neuroprotective 3β,7α-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Margaret Warner
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Gustavo Roman
- Methodist Neurological Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Gray
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Wang Y. New methods for analysis of oxysterols and related compounds by LC-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:4-26. [PMID: 26639636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated forms of cholesterol or its precursors. They are formed enzymatically and via reactive oxygen species. Oxysterols are intermediates in bile acid and steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways and are also bioactive molecules in their own right, being ligands to nuclear receptors and also regulators of the processing of steroid regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) to their active forms as transcription factors regulating cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. Oxysterols are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple disease states ranging from atherosclerosis and cancer to multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Analysis of oxysterols is challenging on account of their low abundance in biological systems in comparison to cholesterol, and due to the propensity of cholesterol to undergo oxidation in air to generate oxysterols with the same structures as those present endogenously. In this article we review the mass spectrometry-based methods for oxysterol analysis paying particular attention to analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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40
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Kulig W, Cwiklik L, Jurkiewicz P, Rog T, Vattulainen I. Cholesterol oxidation products and their biological importance. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 199:144-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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41
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Ehrhardt M, Gerber A, Zapp J, Hannemann F, Bernhardt R. Human CYP27A1 catalyzes hydroxylation of β-sitosterol and ergosterol. Biol Chem 2016; 397:513-8. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
β-Sitosterol and ergosterol are the equivalents of cholesterol in plants and fungi, respectively, and common sterols in the human diet. In the current work, both were identified as novel CYP27A1 substrates by in vitro experiments applying purified human CYP27A1 and its redox partners adrenodoxin (Adx) and adrenodoxin reductase (AdR). A Bacillus megaterium based biocatalyst recombinantly expressing the same proteins was utilized for the conversion of the substrates to obtain sufficient amounts of the novel products for a structural NMR analysis. β-Sitosterol was found to be converted into 26-hydroxy-β-sitosterol and 29-hydroxy-β-sitosterol, whereas ergosterol was converted into 24-hydroxyergosterol, 26-hydroxyergosterol and 28-hydroxyergosterol.
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42
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Mignarri A, Magni A, Del Puppo M, Gallus GN, Björkhem I, Federico A, Dotti MT. Evaluation of cholesterol metabolism in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:75-83. [PMID: 26153518 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a treatable bile acid disorder caused by mutations of CYP27A1. The pathogenesis of neurological damage has not been completely explained. Oral chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) can lead to clinical stabilization, but in a subgroup of patients the disease progresses despite treatment. In the present study, we aimed at clarifying cholesterol metabolism abnormalities and their response to CDCA treatment, in order to identify reliable diagnostic and prognostic markers and understand if differences exist between stable patients and those with neurological progression. METHODS We enrolled 19 untreated CTX patients and assessed serum profile of bile acids intermediates, oxysterols, cholesterol, lathosterol, and plant sterols. Then we performed a long-term follow up during CDCA therapy, and compared biochemical data with neurological outcome. RESULTS We observed increase of cholestanol, 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7αC4), lathosterol, and plant sterols, whereas 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) was extremely low or absent. CDCA treatment at a daily dose of 750 mg normalized all biochemical parameters except for 7αC4 which persisted slightly higher than normal in most patients, and 27-OHC which was not modified by therapy. Biochemical evaluation did not reveal significant differences between stable and worsening patients. DISCUSSION Cholestanol and 7αC4 represent important markers for CTX diagnosis and monitoring of therapy. Treatment with CDCA should aim at normalizing serum 7αC4 as well as cholestanol, since 7αC4 better mirrors 7α-hydroxylation rate and is thought to be correlated with cholestanol accumulation in the brain. Assessment of serum 27-OHC is a very good tool for biochemical diagnosis at any stage of disease. Lathosterol and plant sterols should be considered as additional markers for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy. Further studies including long-term assessment of bile acid intermediates in cerebrospinal fluid are needed in patients who show clinical progression despite treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mignarri
- Unit of Neurology and Neurometabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Magni
- Department of Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Del Puppo
- Department of Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Gian Nicola Gallus
- Unit of Neurology and Neurometabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Antonio Federico
- Unit of Neurology and Neurometabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dotti
- Unit of Neurology and Neurometabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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43
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Abstract
(25R)-26-Hydroxycholesterol (27-hydroxycholesterol) has been found to accumulate in breast tissue and to stimulate tumor growth via the estrogen receptor. Although most tissues express CYP27A1, the highest levels are in macrophages and most attention had been given to the production of 27-hydroxycholesterol in sub-endothelial macrophages as part of reverse cholesterol transport. In view of the newly identified biologic activity, it is important to consider the determinants of the levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol in macrophages that infiltrate breast tissue. Among these determinants are the oxysterol binding proteins expressed in macrophages, the level of expression of CYP7B1, the oxysterol 7 alpha hydroxylase that generates an inactive triol, and further oxidation of 27-hydroxycholestrol to the C27 acid by multifunctional CYP27A1. Transport of 27-hydroxycholesterol from macrophages to plasma is HDL-associated. In many tissues the ratio of 27-hydroxycholesterol to cholesterol (ng/μg) is higher than that in plasma. Tamoxifen, an effective estrogen receptor antagonist that prevents breast cancer, also has the biologic property of blocking several steps in the lanosterol to cholesterol metabolic pathway. In genetically disposed women, tamoxifen may increase the amount of 27-hydroxycholesterol in breast tissue.
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44
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Crick PJ, Beckers L, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. The oxysterol and cholestenoic acid profile of mouse cerebrospinal fluid. Steroids 2015; 99:172-7. [PMID: 25759118 PMCID: PMC4503871 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols and cholestenoic acids are oxidised forms of cholesterol with a host of biological functions. The possible roles of oxysterols in various neurological diseases makes the analysis of these metabolites in the central nervous system of particular interest. Here, we report the identification and quantification of a panel of twelve sterols in mouse cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry exploiting enzyme assisted derivatisation for sterol analysis technology. We found low levels of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in CSF in the range of 5pg/mL-2.6ng/mL. As found in man, these concentrations are one to two orders of magnitude lower than in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lien Beckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, LIPIT, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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45
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Crick PJ, Bentley TW, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Revised sample preparation for the analysis of oxysterols by enzyme-assisted derivatisation for sterol analysis (EADSA). Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5235-9. [PMID: 25796527 PMCID: PMC4471317 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Sterols, and specifically oxysterols, play important roles in the biosynthesis of bile acids and steroid hormones as well as possessing biological activities in their own right. Analysis of oxysterols is complicated due to their low abundance in biological systems and poor ionisation characteristics in mass spectrometry. Over the past decade, we have developed a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method termed enzyme-assisted derivatisation for sterol analysis (EADSA). Our derivatisation procedure relies on two solid-phase extraction steps to (i) separate cholesterol from oxysterols and (ii) remove excess derivatisation reagents. Recent inter-batch variation in C18 reversed-phase cartridges has led us to experiment with alternative columns. Here, we present our findings and report an improved sample preparation procedure using polymeric hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced reversed-phase cartridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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46
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Crick PJ, William Bentley T, Abdel-Khalik J, Matthews I, Clayton PT, Morris AA, Bigger BW, Zerbinati C, Tritapepe L, Iuliano L, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Quantitative Charge-Tags for Sterol and Oxysterol Analysis. Clin Chem 2015; 61:400-11. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.231332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Global sterol analysis is challenging owing to the extreme diversity of sterol natural products, the tendency of cholesterol to dominate in abundance over all other sterols, and the structural lack of a strong chromophore or readily ionized functional group. We developed a method to overcome these challenges by using different isotope-labeled versions of the Girard P reagent (GP) as quantitative charge-tags for the LC-MS analysis of sterols including oxysterols.
METHODS
Sterols/oxysterols in plasma were extracted in ethanol containing deuterated internal standards, separated by C18 solid-phase extraction, and derivatized with GP, with or without prior oxidation of 3β-hydroxy to 3-oxo groups.
RESULTS
By use of different isotope-labeled GPs, it was possible to analyze in a single LC-MS analysis both sterols/oxysterols that naturally possess a 3-oxo group and those with a 3β-hydroxy group. Intra- and interassay CVs were <15%, and recoveries for representative oxysterols and cholestenoic acids were 85%–108%. By adopting a multiplex approach to isotope labeling, we analyzed up to 4 different samples in a single run. Using plasma samples, we could demonstrate the diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism and also the export of oxysterols from brain via the jugular vein.
CONCLUSIONS
This method allows the profiling of the widest range of sterols/oxysterols in a single analytical run and can be used to identify inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian Matthews
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Centre for Translational Omics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, U.K
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Chiara Zerbinati
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Tritapepe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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47
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Sánchez-Guijo A, Oji V, Hartmann MF, Schuppe HC, Traupe H, Wudy SA. High levels of oxysterol sulfates in serum of patients with steroid sulfatase deficiency. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:403-12. [PMID: 25502769 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency is the underlying cause of the skin condition known as recessive X-linked ichthyosis (RXLI). RXLI patients show scales on their skin caused by high concentrations of cholesterol sulfate (CS), as they are not capable of releasing the sulfate group from its structure to obtain free cholesterol. CS has been reported, so far, as the sole sulfated steroid with increased concentrations in the blood of RXLI patients. A non-targeted LC-MS approach in negative mode detection (LC-MS precursor ion scan mode) was applied to serum samples of 12 RXLI patients and 19 healthy males. We found that CS was not the only sulfated compound consistently elevated in RXLI patients, because a group of compounds with a m/z of 481 was found in high concentrations too. Further LC-MS/MS demonstrated that the main contributor to the m/z 481 signal in RXLI serum is 27-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate (27OHC3S). Accordingly, a new method for 27OHC3S quantification in the context of RXLI has been developed and validated. Other hydroxycholesterol sulfate compounds were elevated as well in RXLI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Oji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Schuppe
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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48
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Saeed A, Floris F, Andersson U, Pikuleva I, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Bjerke M, Paucar M, Wallin A, Svenningsson P, Björkhem I. 7α-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid in cerebrospinal fluid reflects the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:313-8. [PMID: 24319290 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p044982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a continuous flux of the oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) from the circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the brain. The major metabolite of 27-OHC in the brain is 7α-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid (7-HOCA). We confirm a recent report describing the presence of this metabolite in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at a relatively high concentration. A simple and accurate method was developed for assay of 7-HOCA in CSF based on isotope dilution-mass spectrometry and use of (2)H4-labeled internal standard. The concentration of this metabolite was found to be markedly increased in CSF from patients with a dysfunctional BBB. There was a high correlation between the levels of 7-HOCA in CSF and the CSF/serum albumin ratio. The concentration of 7-HOCA in CSF was not significantly affected by neurodegeneration. Our findings suggest that 7-HOCA could be used as a diagnostic marker for conditions with a dysfunctional BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Saeed
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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49
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Acimovic J, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Olin M, Ali Z, Heverin M, Schüle R, Schöls L, Fischler B, Fickert P, Trauner M, Björkhem I. Sulphatation does not appear to be a protective mechanism to prevent oxysterol accumulation in humans and mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68031. [PMID: 23844150 PMCID: PMC3700920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
24S- and 27-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC and 27OHC) are potent regulators of different biochemical systems in vitro and are the major circulating oxysterols. A small fraction of these oxysterols has been reported to be sulphated but there are no detailed studies. We considered the possibility that sulphatation is a protective mechanism preventing accumulation of free oxysterols. Using an accurate assay we found the sulphated fraction of 24OHC and 27OHC in circulation of adults to be less than 15% of total. In two patients with a mutation in CYP7B1 and markedly increased levels of 27OHC the sulphated fraction was 8% and 10% respectively. Infants with severe neonatal cholestasis had however markedly increased sulphate fraction of the above oxysterols. In untreated mice the degree of sulphatation of 24OHC and 27OHC in serum varied between 0 and 16%. Similar degree of sulphatation was found in two mouse models with markedly increased levels of 27OHC and 24OHC respectively. Bile duct ligated mice had higher levels of oxysterols than sham-operated controls but the sulphate fraction was not increased. We conclude that a primary increase in the levels of the oxysterols due to increased synthesis or reduced metabolism in adults and mice does not induce increased sulphatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Acimovic
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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50
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Anuka E, Gal M, Stocco DM, Orly J. Expression and roles of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in 'non-classical', extra-adrenal and extra-gonadal cells and tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 371:47-61. [PMID: 23415713 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is indispensable and rate limiting for high output synthesis of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex and the gonads, known as the 'classical' steroidogenic organs (StAR is not expressed in the human placenta). In addition, studies of recent years have shown that StAR is also expressed in many tissues that produce steroid hormones for local use, potentially conferring some functional advantage by acting via intracrine, autocrine or paracrine fashion. Others hypothesized that StAR might also function in non-steroidogenic roles in specific tissues. This review highlights the evidence for the presence of StAR in 17 extra-adrenal and extra-gonadal organs, cell types and malignancies. Provided is the physiological context and the rationale for searching for the presence of StAR in such cells. Since in many of the tissues the overall level of StAR is relatively low, we also reviewed the methods used for StAR detection. The gathered information suggests that a comprehensive understanding of StAR activity in 'non-classical' tissues will require the use of experimental approaches that are able to analyze StAR presence at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Anuka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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