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Zheleznyak A, Tang R, Duncan K, Manion B, Liang K, Xu B, Vanover A, Ghai A, Prior J, Lees S, Achilefu S, Kelly K, Shokeen M. Development of New CD38 Targeted Peptides for Cancer Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:738-752. [PMID: 38480650 PMCID: PMC11282151 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-024-01901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple myeloma (MM) affects over 35,000 patients each year in the US. There remains a need for versatile Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracers for the detection, accurate staging, and monitoring of treatment response of MM that have optimal specificity and translational attributes. CD38 is uniformly overexpressed in MM and thus represents an ideal target to develop CD38-targeted small molecule PET radiopharmaceuticals to address these challenges. PROCEDURES Using phage display peptide libraries and pioneering algorithms, we identified novel CD38 specific peptides. Imaging bioconjugates were synthesized using solid phase peptide chemistry, and systematically analyzed in vitro and in vivo in relevant MM systems. RESULTS The CD38-targeted bioconjugates were radiolabeled with copper-64 (64Cu) with100% radiochemical purity and an average specific activity of 3.3 - 6.6 MBq/nmol. The analog NODAGA-PEG4-SL022-GGS (SL022: Thr-His-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Val-Ile) had a Kd of 7.55 ± 0.291 nM and was chosen as the lead candidate. 64Cu-NODAGA-PEG4-SL022-GGS demonstrated high binding affinity to CD38 expressing human myeloma MM.1S-CBR-GFP-WT cells, which was blocked by the non-radiolabeled version of the peptide analog and anti-CD38 clinical antibodies, daratumumab and isatuximab, by 58%, 73%, and 78%, respectively. The CD38 positive MM.1S-CBR-GFP-WT cells had > 68% enhanced cellular binding when compared to MM.1S-CBR-GFP-KO cells devoid of CD38. Furthermore, our new CD38-targeted radiopharmaceutical allowed visualization of tumors located in marrow rich bones, remaining there for up to 4 h. Clearance from non-target organs occurred within 60 min. Quantitative PET data from a murine disseminated tumor model showed significantly higher accumulation in the bones of tumor-bearing animals compared to tumor-naïve animals (SUVmax 2.06 ± 0.4 versus 1.24 ± 0.4, P = 0.02). Independently, tumor uptake of the target compound was significantly higher (P = 0.003) compared to the scrambled peptide, 64Cu-NODAGA-PEG4-SL041-GGS (SL041: Thr-Tyr-His-Ile-Pro-Ile-Val). The subcutaneous MM model demonstrated significantly higher accumulation in tumors compared to muscle at 1 and 4 h after tracer administration (SUVmax 0.8 ± 0.2 and 0.14 ± 0.04, P = 0.04 at 1 h; SUVmax 0.89 ± 0.01 and 0.09 ± 0.01, P = 0.0002 at 4 h). CONCLUSIONS The novel CD38-targeted, radiolabeled bioconjugates were specific and allowed visualization of MM, providing a starting point for the clinical translation of such tracers for the detection of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zheleznyak
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kathleen Duncan
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brad Manion
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kexian Liang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Baogang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alexander Vanover
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Anchal Ghai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Julie Prior
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Stephen Lees
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Kimberly Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Tomoyasu T, Matsumoto A, Takao A, Tabata A, Nagamune H. A simple method to differentiate three classes of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 207:106696. [PMID: 36898586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are proteinaceous toxins widely distributed in gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. CDCs can be classified into three groups (I-III) based on the mode of receptor recognition. Group I CDCs recognize cholesterol as their receptor. Group II CDC specifically recognizes human CD59 as the primary receptor on the cell membrane. Only intermedilysin from Streptococcus intermedius has been reported as a group II CDC. Group III CDCs recognize both human CD59 and cholesterol as receptors. CD59 contains five disulfide bridges in its tertiary structure. Therefore, we treated human erythrocytes with dithiothreitol (DTT) to inactivate CD59 on membranes. Our data showed that DTT treatment caused a complete loss of recognition of intermedilysin and an anti-human CD59 monoclonal antibody. In contrast, this treatment did not affect the recognition of group I CDCs, judging from the fact that DTT-treated erythrocytes were lysed with the same efficiency as mock-treated human erythrocytes. The recognition of group III CDCs toward DTT-treated erythrocytes was partially reduced, and these results are likely due to the loss of human CD59 recognition. Therefore, the degree of human CD59 and cholesterol requirements of uncharacterized group III CDCs frequently found in Mitis group streptococci can be easily estimated by comparing the amounts of hemolysis between DTT-treated and mock-treated erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Tomoyasu
- Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Airi Matsumoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ayuko Takao
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tabata
- Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagamune
- Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
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3
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Abstract
Acute leukemia (AL) is a hematological malignancy, and the prognosis of most AL patients hasn’t improved significantly, particularly for relapsed or refractory (R/R) AL. Therefore, new treatments for R/R adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are urgently necessary. Novel developments have been made in AL treatment, including target and immune therapies. CD38 is one of the targets due to its high expression in many hematological malignancies, including multiple myeloma, ALL and a subset of AML. Consequently, targeting CD38 therapies, including CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bispecific antibodies, and CAR-T cell therapy, exhibit promising efficacy in treating multiple myeloma without significant toxicity and are being explored in other hematological malignancies and nonhematological diseases. Herein, this review focuses on targeting CD38 therapies in ALL and AML, which demonstrate sound antileukemic effects in acute leukemia and are expected to become effective treatment methods.
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Leleu X, Martin T, Weisel K, Schjesvold F, Iida S, Malavasi F, Manier S, Chang-Ki Min, Ocio EM, Pawlyn C, Perrot A, Quach H, Richter J, Spicka I, Yong K, Richardson PG. Anti-CD38 antibody therapy for patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: differential mechanisms of action and recent clinical trial outcomes. Ann Hematol 2022; 101:2123-2137. [PMID: 35943588 PMCID: PMC9463192 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that functions both as a receptor and an ectoenzyme, playing key roles in the regulation of calcium signaling and migration of immune cells to tumor microenvironments. High expression on multiple myeloma (MM) cells and limited expression on normal cells makes CD38 an ideal target for the treatment of MM patients. Two monoclonal antibodies directed at CD38, isatuximab and daratumumab, are available for use in patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM (RRMM); daratumumab is also approved in newly diagnosed MM and light-chain amyloidosis. Clinical experience has shown that anti-CD38 antibody therapy is transforming treatment of MM owing to its anti-myeloma efficacy and manageable safety profile. Isatuximab and daratumumab possess similarities and differences in their mechanisms of action, likely imparted by their binding to distinct, non-overlapping epitopes on the CD38 molecule. In this review, we present the mechanistic properties of these two antibodies and outline available evidence on their abilities to induce adaptive immune responses and modulate the bone marrow niche in MM. Further, we discuss differences in regulatory labeling between these two agents and analyze recent key clinical trial results, including evidence in patients with underlying renal impairment and other poor prognostic factors. Finally, we describe the limited existing evidence for the use of isatuximab or daratumumab after disease progression on prior anti-CD38 mono- or combination therapy, highlighting the need for additional clinical evaluations to define optimal anti-CD38 antibody therapy selection and sequencing in RRMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Leleu
- Service d'Hématologie Et Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU and CIC Inserm 1402, Poitiers Cedex, France.
| | - Thomas Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katja Weisel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fredrik Schjesvold
- Oslo Myeloma Center, Department of Hematology, KG Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino Medical School, Fondazione Ricerca Molinette, Turin, Italy
| | - Salomon Manier
- Department of Hematology, CHU, Universite de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Chang-Ki Min
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Enrique M Ocio
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Charlotte Pawlyn
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Aurore Perrot
- Department of Hematology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hang Quach
- Clinical Haematology Service, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joshua Richter
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivan Spicka
- Department of Medicine, Department of Hematology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kwee Yong
- Department of Haematology, University College, Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Paulus A, Malavasi F, Chanan-Khan A. CD38 as a multifaceted immunotherapeutic target in CLL. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:2265-2275. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneel Paulus
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Fondazione Ricerca Molinette ONLUS, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Asher Chanan-Khan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Martucci LL, Cancela JM. Neurophysiological functions and pharmacological tools of acidic and non-acidic Ca2+ stores. Cell Calcium 2022; 104:102582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Identification of Novel Molecular Targets of Four Microcystin Variants by High-Throughput Virtual Screening. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Highly toxic microcystins (MCs) perform complex interactions with many proteins that induce cellular dysregulation, leading to the development of several diseases including cancer. There is significant diversity and chemical complexity among MC congeners, which makes it difficult to identify structure-dependent toxicity outcomes and their long-term effects. The aim of this study was to exploratory identify likely molecular targets of the main MC variants (MC-LA, MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-LY) by conducting a computational binding affinity analysis using AutoDock Vina to evaluate the interaction of the toxins with 1000 proteins related to different biological functions. All four variants showed strong in silico interactions with proteins that regulate metabolism/immune system, CD38 (top scoring hit, −11.5 kcal/mol); inflammation, TLR4 (−11.4 kcal/mol) and TLR8 (−11.5 kcal/mol); neuronal conduction, BChE; renin–angiotensin signaling, (ACE); thyroid hormone homeostasis (TTR); and cancer-promoting processes, among other biochemical activities. The results show MCs have the potential to bind onto distinct molecular targets which could generate biochemical alterations through a number of signal transduction pathways. In short, this study broadens our knowledge about the mechanisms of action of different variants of microcystins and provides information for future direct experimentation.
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Angeletti C, Amici A, Gilley J, Loreto A, Trapanotto AG, Antoniou C, Merlini E, Coleman MP, Orsomando G. SARM1 is a multi-functional NAD(P)ase with prominent base exchange activity, all regulated bymultiple physiologically relevant NAD metabolites. iScience 2022; 25:103812. [PMID: 35198877 PMCID: PMC8844822 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARM1 is an NAD(P) glycohydrolase and TLR adapter with an essential, prodegenerative role in programmed axon death (Wallerian degeneration). Like other NAD(P)ases, it catalyzes multiple reactions that need to be fully investigated. Here, we compare these multiple activities for recombinant human SARM1, human CD38, and Aplysia californica ADP ribosyl cyclase. SARM1 has the highest transglycosidation (base exchange) activity at neutral pH and with some bases this dominates NAD(P) hydrolysis and cyclization. All SARM1 activities, including base exchange at neutral pH, are activated by an increased NMN:NAD ratio, at physiological levels of both metabolites. SARM1 base exchange occurs also in DRG neurons and is thus a very likely physiological source of calcium-mobilizing agent NaADP. Finally, we identify regulation by free pyridines, NADP, and nicotinic acid riboside (NaR) on SARM1, all of therapeutic interest. Understanding which specific SARM1 function(s) is responsible for axon degeneration is essential for its targeting in disease. Base exchange is a prominent, and sometimes completely dominant, SARM1 activity Physiologically relevant NMN:NAD ratios may regulate all of SARM1's multiple activities Physiological NADP may inhibit SARM1 more potently than NAD and via a distinct site NaR and VR both selectively inhibit SARM1 and are thus possible effectors or drug leads
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Ugamraj HS, Dang K, Ouisse LH, Buelow B, Chini EN, Castello G, Allison J, Clarke SC, Davison LM, Buelow R, Deng R, Iyer S, Schellenberger U, Manika SN, Bijpuria S, Musnier A, Poupon A, Cuturi MC, van Schooten W, Dalvi P. TNB-738, a biparatopic antibody, boosts intracellular NAD+ by inhibiting CD38 ecto-enzyme activity. MAbs 2022; 14:2095949. [PMID: 35867844 PMCID: PMC9311320 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2095949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) is an ecto-enzyme expressed primarily on immune cells that metabolize nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to adenosine diphosphate ribose or cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. Other substrates of CD38 include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and nicotinamide mononucleotide, a critical NAD+ precursor in the salvage pathway. NAD+ is an important coenzyme involved in several metabolic pathways and is a required cofactor for the function of sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases. Declines in NAD+ levels are associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders. To inhibit CD38 enzyme activity and boost NAD+ levels, we developed TNB-738, an anti-CD38 biparatopic antibody that pairs two non-competing heavy chain-only antibodies in a bispecific format. By simultaneously binding two distinct epitopes on CD38, TNB-738 potently inhibited its enzymatic activity, which in turn boosted intracellular NAD+ levels and SIRT activities. Due to its silenced IgG4 Fc, TNB-738 did not deplete CD38-expressing cells, in contrast to the clinically available anti-CD38 antibodies, daratumumab, and isatuximab. TNB-738 offers numerous advantages compared to other NAD-boosting therapeutics, including small molecules, and supplements, due to its long half-life, specificity, safety profile, and activity. Overall, TNB-738 represents a novel treatment with broad therapeutic potential for metabolic and inflammatory diseases associated with NAD+ deficiencies.Abbreviations: 7-AAD: 7-aminoactinomycin D; ADCC: antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; ADCP: antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis; ADPR: adenosine diphosphate ribose; APC: allophycocyanin; cADPR: cyclic ADP-ribose; cDNA: complementary DNA; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CD38: cluster of differentiation 38; CDC: complement dependent cytotoxicity; CFA: Freund's complete adjuvant; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary; CCP4: collaborative computational project, number 4; COOT: crystallographic object-oriented toolkit; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; DSC: differential scanning calorimetry; 3D: three dimensional; εNAD+: nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide; ECD: extracellular domain; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FACS: fluorescence activated cell sorting; FcγR: Fc gamma receptors; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; HEK: human embryonic kidney; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; IgG: immunoglobulin; IFA: incomplete Freund's adjuvant; IFNγ: Interferon gamma; KB: kinetic buffer; kDa: kilodalton; KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; M: molar; mM: millimolar; MFI: mean fluorescent intensity; NA: nicotinic acid; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NAM: nicotinamide; NGS: next-generation sequencing; NHS/EDC: N-Hydroxysuccinimide/ ethyl (dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide; Ni-NTA: nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid; nL: nanoliter; NK: natural killer; NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; OD: optical density; PARP: poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PDB: protein data bank; PE: phycoerythrin; PISA: protein interfaces, surfaces, and assemblies: PK: pharmacokinetics; mol: picomolar; RNA: ribonucleic acid; RLU: relative luminescence units; rpm: rotations per minute; RU: resonance unit; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; SEM: standard error of the mean; SIRT: sirtuins; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; µg: microgram; µM: micromolar; µL: microliter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Université, Nantes, France
| | | | - Eduardo N Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Kogod Center on Aging, Mitochondrial Care Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rong Deng
- R&D Q-Pharm consulting LLC, Pleasanton, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Cristina Cuturi
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Université, Nantes, France
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López-Cortés GI, Díaz-Alvarez L, Ortega E. Leukocyte Membrane Enzymes Play the Cell Adhesion Game. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742292. [PMID: 34887854 PMCID: PMC8650063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, proteins with enzymatic activity have not been usually considered to carry out other functions different from catalyzing chemical reactions within or outside the cell. Nevertheless, in the last few years several reports have uncovered the participation of numerous enzymes in other processes, placing them in the category of moonlighting proteins. Some moonlighting enzymes have been shown to participate in complex processes such as cell adhesion. Cell adhesion plays a physiological role in multiple processes: it enables cells to establish close contact with one another, allowing communication; it is a key step during cell migration; it is also involved in tightly binding neighboring cells in tissues, etc. Importantly, cell adhesion is also of great importance in pathophysiological scenarios like migration and metastasis establishment of cancer cells. Cell adhesion is strictly regulated through numerous switches: proteins, glycoproteins and other components of the cell membrane. Recently, several cell membrane enzymes have been reported to participate in distinct steps of the cell adhesion process. Here, we review a variety of examples of membrane bound enzymes participating in adhesion of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina I López-Cortés
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Díaz-Alvarez
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Watt JM, Graeff R, Potter BVL. Small Molecule CD38 Inhibitors: Synthesis of 8-Amino- N1-inosine 5'-monophosphate, Analogues and Early Structure-Activity Relationship. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237165. [PMID: 34885748 PMCID: PMC8658804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a monoclonal antibody targeting the multifunctional ectoenzyme CD38 is an FDA-approved drug, few small molecule inhibitors exist for this enzyme that catalyzes inter alia the formation and metabolism of the N1-ribosylated, Ca2+-mobilizing, second messenger cyclic adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose (cADPR). N1-Inosine 5′-monophosphate (N1-IMP) is a fragment directly related to cADPR. 8-Substituted-N1-IMP derivatives, prepared by degradation of cyclic parent compounds, inhibit CD38-mediated cADPR hydrolysis more efficiently than related cyclic analogues, making them attractive for inhibitor development. We report a total synthesis of the N1-IMP scaffold from adenine and a small initial compound series that facilitated early delineation of structure-activity parameters, with analogues evaluated for inhibition of CD38-mediated hydrolysis of cADPR. The 5′-phosphate group proved essential for useful activity, but substitution of this group by a sulfonamide bioisostere was not fruitful. 8-NH2-N1-IMP is the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 7.6 μM) and importantly HPLC studies showed this ligand to be cleaved at high CD38 concentrations, confirming its access to the CD38 catalytic machinery and demonstrating the potential of our fragment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Watt
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Richard Graeff
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1865-271945
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12
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Benton TZ, Mills CM, Turner JM, Francis MJ, Solomon DJ, Burger PB, Peterson YK, Dolloff NG, Bachmann AS, Woster PM. Selective targeting of CD38 hydrolase and cyclase activity as an approach to immunostimulation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33260-33270. [PMID: 35497564 PMCID: PMC9042253 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06266b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectoenzyme CD38 is highly expressed on the surface of mature immune cells, where they are a marker for cell activation, and also on the surface of multiple tumor cells such as multiple myeloma (MM). CD38-targeted monoclonal antibodies (MABs) such as daratumumab and isatuximab bind to CD38 and promote cancer cell death by stimulating the antitumor immune response. Although MABs are achieving unprecedented success in a percentage of cases, high rates of resistance limit their efficacy. Formation of the immunosuppressive intermediate adenosine is a major route by which this resistance is mediated. Thus there is an urgent need for small molecule agents that boost the immune response in T-cells. Importantly, CD38 is a dual-function enzyme, serving as a hydrolase and a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cyclase, and both of these activities promote immunosuppression. We have employed virtual and physical screening to identify novel compounds that are selective for either the hydrolase or the cyclase activity of CD38, and have demonstrated that these compounds activate T cells in vitro. We are currently optimizing these inhibitors for use in immunotherapy. These small molecule inhibitors of the CD38-hydrolase or cyclase activity can serve as chemical probes to determine the mechanism by which CD38 promotes resistance to MAB therapy, and could become novel and effective therapeutic agents that produce immunostimulatory effects. Our studies have identified the first small molecule inhibitors of CD38 specifically for use as immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Z Benton
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Catherine M Mills
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Jonathan M Turner
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Megan J Francis
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Dalan J Solomon
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Pieter B Burger
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Yuri K Peterson
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Nathan G Dolloff
- Dept of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina 173 Ashley Ave. Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - André S Bachmann
- Dept of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University 400 Monroe Ave. NW Grand Rapids MI 49503 USA
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
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13
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Panaampon J, Kariya R, Okada S. Efficacy and mechanism of the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody Daratumumab against primary effusion lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1017-1031. [PMID: 34545416 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare, aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the body cavities with malignant effusions. The prognosis is poor, and no optimal treatment has been established. CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein known to overexpress in multiple myeloma (MM). Daratumumab (DARA), a human CD38-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb), is approved for MM treatment. In this study, we found expression of CD38 on PEL cells and assessed the anti-PEL activity of DARA. We found that both KHYG-1 and N6 (CD16-transfected KHYG-1) NK cell lines showed direct killing activity against PEL cells with induction of CD107a, and NK-mediated cytotoxicity by N6NK (CD16+) cells increased with DARA treatment. We confirmed direct NK activity and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) by expanded NK cells, indicating that DARA has high ADCC activity. We elucidated the antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis (ADCP) by using human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and mouse peritoneal macrophages. DARA also showed potent complement-dependent cytolysis (CDC) toward PEL. DARA also induced PEL cell death in the presence of a cross-linking antibody. Moreover, treatment with DARA inhibited tumor growth in a PEL xenograft mouse model. These results provide preclinical evidence that Ab targeting of CD38 could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutatip Panaampon
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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14
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Gasparrini M, Sorci L, Raffaelli N. Enzymology of extracellular NAD metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3317-3331. [PMID: 33755743 PMCID: PMC8038981 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular NAD represents a key signaling molecule in different physiological and pathological conditions. It exerts such function both directly, through the activation of specific purinergic receptors, or indirectly, serving as substrate of ectoenzymes, such as CD73, nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1, CD38 and its paralog CD157, and ecto ADP ribosyltransferases. By hydrolyzing NAD, these enzymes dictate extracellular NAD availability, thus regulating its direct signaling role. In addition, they can generate from NAD smaller signaling molecules, like the immunomodulator adenosine, or they can use NAD to ADP-ribosylate various extracellular proteins and membrane receptors, with significant impact on the control of immunity, inflammatory response, tumorigenesis, and other diseases. Besides, they release from NAD several pyridine metabolites that can be taken up by the cell for the intracellular regeneration of NAD itself. The extracellular environment also hosts nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, which inside the cell catalyze key reactions in NAD salvaging pathways. The extracellular forms of these enzymes behave as cytokines, with pro-inflammatory functions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the extracellular NAD metabolome and describes the major biochemical properties of the enzymes involved in extracellular NAD metabolism, focusing on the contribution of their catalytic activities to the biological function. By uncovering the controversies and gaps in their characterization, further research directions are suggested, also to better exploit the great potential of these enzymes as therapeutic targets in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Gasparrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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15
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Ma P, Ren P, Zhang C, Tang J, Yu Z, Zhu X, Fan K, Li G, Zhu W, Sang W, Min C, Chen W, Huang X, Yang G, Lerner RA. Avidity-Based Selection of Tissue-Specific CAR-T Cells from a Combinatorial Cellular Library of CARs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003091. [PMID: 33747727 PMCID: PMC7967050 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Using T-cell chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T) to activate and redirect T cells to tumors expressing the cognate antigen represents a powerful approach in cancer therapy. However, normal tissues with low expression of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) can be mistargeted, resulting in severe side effects. An approach using a collection of T cells expressing a diverse, 106-member combinatorial cellular library of CARs, in which members can be specifically enriched based on avidity for cell membrane antigens, is reported. Using CD38 as the target antigen, an efficient and effective selection of CARs specifically recognizing CD38+ tumor cells is demonstrated. These selected CAR-T's produce cytokines known to be associated with T cell activation in a CD38 expression-dependent manner. This avidity-based selection endows the engineered T cells with minimal off-tumor effects, while retaining robust antitumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. The described method may facilitate the application of CAR-T therapy to TAAs previously considered undruggable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixiang Ma
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Ping Ren
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Chuyue Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jiaxing Tang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Xuekai Zhu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Kun Fan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Guanglei Li
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Wei Sang
- Department of HematologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityInstitute of HematologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou221000China
| | - Chenyu Min
- Velox PharmaceuticalsChangzhou213000China
| | - Wenzhang Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Guang Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
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Baum N, Fliegert R, Bauche A, Hambach J, Menzel S, Haag F, Bannas P, Koch-Nolte F. Daratumumab and Nanobody-Based Heavy Chain Antibodies Inhibit the ADPR Cyclase but not the NAD + Hydrolase Activity of CD38-Expressing Multiple Myeloma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010076. [PMID: 33396591 PMCID: PMC7795599 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy of antibody-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow. Nucleotides released from cells in the tumor microenvironment act as inflammatory danger signals. CD38 and other enzymes on the surface of cancer cells hydrolyze these nucleotides to immunosuppressive mediators, thereby hampering anti-tumor immune responses. Daratumumab and other CD38-specific antibodies mediate killing of tumor cells by natural killer cells, macrophages, and the complement system. Here, we investigated whether CD38-specific antibodies also inhibit the enzyme activity of CD38-expressing tumor cells, thereby providing a potential second mode of action. Our results showed that daratumumab and nanobody-based heavy chain antibodies inhibit the ADPR cyclase but not the NAD+ hydrolase activity of CD38. Thus, there remains a need for better CD38-inhibitory antibodies. Abstract The nucleotides ATP and NAD+ are released from stressed cells as endogenous danger signals. Ecto-enzymes in the tumor microenvironment hydrolyze these inflammatory nucleotides to immunosuppressive adenosine, thereby, hampering anti-tumor immune responses. The NAD+ hydrolase CD38 is expressed at high levels on the cell surface of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Daratumumab, a CD38-specific monoclonal antibody promotes cytotoxicity against MM cells. With long CDR3 loops, nanobodies and nanobody-based heavy chain antibodies (hcAbs) might bind to cavities on CD38 and thereby inhibit its enzyme activity more potently than conventional antibodies. The goal of our study was to establish assays for monitoring the enzymatic activities of CD38 on the cell surface of tumor cells and to assess the effects of CD38-specific antibodies on these activities. We monitored the enzymatic activity of CD38-expressing MM and other tumor cell lines, using fluorometric and HPLC assays. Our results showed that daratumumab and hcAb MU1067 inhibit the ADPR cyclase but not the NAD+ hydrolase activity of CD38-expressing MM cells. We conclude that neither clinically approved daratumumab nor recently developed nanobody-derived hcAbs provide a second mode of action against MM cells. Thus, there remains a quest for “double action” CD38-inhibitory antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Baum
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.B.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Ralf Fliegert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Andreas Bauche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.B.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.B.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.B.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Peter Bannas
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.B.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-407-4105-3612
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17
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Novel Insights in Anti-CD38 Therapy Based on CD38-Receptor Expression and Function: The Multiple Myeloma Model. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122666. [PMID: 33322499 PMCID: PMC7764337 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological disease characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of malignant plasmacells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM). Despite widespread use of high-dose chemotherapy in combination with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and the introduction of novel agents (immunomodulatory drugs, IMiDs, and proteasome inhibitors, PIs), the prognosis of MM patients is still poor. CD38 is a multifunctional cell-surface glycoprotein with receptor and ectoenzymatic activities. The very high and homogeneous expression of CD38 on myeloma PCs makes it an attractive target for novel therapeutic strategies. Several anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies have been, or are being, developed for the treatment of MM, including daratumumab and isatuximab. Here we provide an in-depth look at CD38 biology, the role of CD38 in MM progression and its complex interactions with the BM microenvironment, the importance of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, and the main mechanisms of antibody resistance. We then review a number of multiparametric flow cytometry techniques exploiting CD38 antigen expression on PCs to diagnose and monitor the response to treatment in MM patients.
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18
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The Circular Life of Human CD38: From Basic Science to Clinics and Back. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204844. [PMID: 33096610 PMCID: PMC7587951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were initially considered as a possible “magic bullet” for in vivo elimination of tumor cells. mAbs represented the first step: however, as they were murine in nature (the earliest experience on the field), they were considered unfit for human applications. This prompted the development of techniques for cloning the variable regions of conventional murine antibodies, genetically mounted on human IgG. The last step in this years-long process was the design for the preparation of fully human reagents. The choice of the target molecule was also problematic, since cancer-specific targets are quite limited in number. To overcome this obstacle in the planning phases of antibody-mediated therapy, attention was focused on a set of normal molecules, whose quantitative distribution may balance a tissue-dependent generalized expression. The results and clinical success obtained with anti-CD20 mAbs revived interest in this type of strategy. Using multiple myeloma (MM) as a tumor model was challenging first of all because the plasma cells and their neoplastic counterpart eluded the efforts of the Workshop on Differentiation Antigens to find a target molecule exclusively expressed by these cells. For this reason, attention was turned to surface molecules which fulfill the requisites of being reasonably good targets, even if not specifically restricted to tumor cells. In 2009, we proposed CD38 as a MM target in virtue of its expression: it is absent on early hematological progenitors, has variable but generalized limited expression by normal cells, but is extremely high in plasma cells and in myeloma. Further, regulation of its expression appeared to be dependent on a variety of factors, including exposure to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a potent and highly specific inducer of CD38 expression in human promyelocytic leukemia cells that are now approved for in vivo use. This review discusses the history of human CD38, from its initial characterization to its targeting in antibody-mediated therapy of human myeloma.
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19
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Abstract
CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is widely expressed in a variety of human tissues and cells, especially those in the immune system. CD38 protein was previously considered as a cell activation marker, and today monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38 have witnessed great achievements in multiple myeloma and promoted researchers to conduct research on other tumors. In this review, we provide a wide-ranging review of the biology and function of the human molecule outside the field of myeloma. We focus mainly on current research findings to summarize and update the findings gathered from diverse areas of study. Based on these findings, we attempt to extend the role of CD38 in the context of therapy of solid tumors and expand the role of the molecule from a simple marker to an immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rui Yang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Limo Chen
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009 USA
| | - Sufang Wu
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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20
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Lee HC, Zhao YJ. Resolving the topological enigma in Ca 2+ signaling by cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19831-19843. [PMID: 31672920 PMCID: PMC6937575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.009635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) are two structurally distinct messengers that mobilize the endoplasmic and endolysosomal Ca2+ stores, respectively. Both are synthesized by the CD38 molecule (CD38), which has long been thought to be a type II membrane protein whose catalytic domain, intriguingly, faces to the outside of the cell. Accordingly, for more than 20 years, it has remained unresolved how CD38 can use cytosolic substrates such as NAD and NADP to produce messengers that target intracellular Ca2+ stores. The discovery of type III CD38, whose catalytic domain faces the cytosol, has now begun to clarify this topological conundrum. This article reviews the ideas and clues leading to the discovery of the type III CD38; highlights an innovative approach for uncovering its natural existence; and discusses the regulators of its activity, folding, and degradation. We also review the compartmentalization of cADPR and NAADP biogenesis. We further discuss the possible mechanisms that promote type III CD38 expression and appraise a proposal of a Ca2+-signaling mechanism based on substrate limitation and product translocation. The surprising finding of another enzyme that produces cADPR and NAADP, sterile α and TIR motif-containing 1 (SARM1), is described. SARM1 regulates axonal degeneration and has no sequence similarity with CD38 but can catalyze the same set of multireactions and has the same cytosolic orientation as the type III CD38. The intriguing finding that SARM1 is activated by nicotinamide mononucleotide to produce cADPR and NAADP suggests that it may function as a regulated Ca2+-signaling enzyme like CD38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon Cheung Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Yong Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China, 518055
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21
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Vaisitti T, Arruga F, Guerra G, Deaglio S. Ectonucleotidases in Blood Malignancies: A Tale of Surface Markers and Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2301. [PMID: 31636635 PMCID: PMC6788384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia develops as the result of intrinsic features of the transformed cell, such as gene mutations and derived oncogenic signaling, and extrinsic factors, such as a tumor-friendly, immunosuppressed microenvironment, predominantly in the lymph nodes and the bone marrow. There, high extracellular levels of nucleotides, mainly NAD+ and ATP, are catabolized by different ectonucleotidases, which can be divided in two families according to substrate specificity: on one side those that metabolize NAD+, including CD38, CD157, and CD203a; on the other, those that convert ATP, namely CD39 (and other ENTPDases) and CD73. They generate products that modulate intracellular calcium levels and that activate purinergic receptors. They can also converge on adenosine generation with profound effects, both on leukemic cells, enhancing chemoresistance and homing, and on non-malignant immune cells, polarizing them toward tolerance. This review will first provide an overview of ectonucleotidases expression within the immune system, in physiological and pathological conditions. We will then focus on different hematological malignancies, discussing their role as disease markers and possibly pathogenic agents. Lastly, we will describe current efforts aimed at therapeutic targeting of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Arruga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Guerra
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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22
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Van DU. Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between human CD38 and some quinoline derivative inhibitors using reactive force field. VIETNAM JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/vjch.201900073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Ung Van
- Hoa Binh University, N8 Bui Xuan Phai My Dinh 2 Nam Tu Liem; Hanoi 100000 Viet Nam
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23
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Zhao ZY, Xie XJ, Li WH, Liu J, Chen Z, Zhang B, Li T, Li SL, Lu JG, Zhang L, Zhang LH, Xu Z, Lee HC, Zhao YJ. A Cell-Permeant Mimetic of NMN Activates SARM1 to Produce Cyclic ADP-Ribose and Induce Non-apoptotic Cell Death. iScience 2019; 15:452-466. [PMID: 31128467 PMCID: PMC6531917 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARM1, an NAD-utilizing enzyme, regulates axonal degeneration. We show that CZ-48, a cell-permeant mimetic of NMN, activated SARM1 in vitro and in cellulo to cyclize NAD and produce a Ca2+ messenger, cADPR, with similar efficiency as NMN. Knockout of NMN-adenylyltransferase elevated cellular NMN and activated SARM1 to produce cADPR, confirming NMN was its endogenous activator. Determinants for the activating effects and cell permeability of CZ-48 were identified. CZ-48 activated SARM1 via a conformational change of the auto-inhibitory domain and dimerization of its catalytic domain. SARM1 catalysis was similar to CD38, despite having no sequence similarity. Both catalyzed similar set of reactions, but SARM1 had much higher NAD-cyclizing activity, making it more efficient in elevating cADPR. CZ-48 acted selectively, activating SARM1 but inhibiting CD38. In SARM1-overexpressing cells, CZ-48 elevated cADPR, depleted NAD and ATP, and induced non-apoptotic death. CZ-48 is a specific modulator of SARM1 functions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Jie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wan Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ben Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Song Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Gang Lu
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co.,Ltd, Guangzhou 510613, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li-He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhengshuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hon Cheung Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yong Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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24
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Yu T, Qiao C, Lv M, Tang L. Novel anti-CD38 humanized mAb SG003 possessed enhanced cytotoxicity in lymphoma than Daratumumab via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:28. [PMID: 31118070 PMCID: PMC6530185 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vivo use of monoclonal antibodies has become routine clinical practice in the treatment of human cancer. CD38 is an attractive target, because it has double roles, as a receptor and an ectoenzyme. Daratumumab, an anti-CD38 antibody, is currently in the clinical trials for multiple myeloma. Results Here we obtained a humanized anti-CD38 antibody, SG003, using SDR-grafting method. SG003 possessed stronger antigen binding activity than Daratumumab, and its epitope was far from that of Daratumumab, an anti-CD38 antibody currently in the clinical trials for multiple myeloma; besides, SG003 showed enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity function and in vivo inhibitory efficacy of tumor growth in xenograft mice model. Conclusion SG003 seemed to be a good option to improve the curative effect of CD38-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chunxia Qiao
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ming Lv
- Sumgen Biotech co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Luqun Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China.
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25
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Sepehri B, Ghavami R. Design of new CD38 inhibitors based on CoMFA modelling and molecular docking analysis of 4‑amino-8-quinoline carboxamides and 2,4-diamino-8-quinazoline carboxamides. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 30:21-38. [PMID: 30489181 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1545695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, based on molecular docking analysis and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) modelling of a series of 71 CD38 inhibitors including 4‑amino-8-quinoline carboxamides and 2,4-diamino-8-quinazoline carboxamides, new CD38 inhibitors were designed. The interactions of the molecules with the greatest and the lowest activities with the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) binding site were investigated by molecular docking analysis. A CoMFA model with four partial least squares regression (PLSR) components was developed to predict the CD38 inhibitory activity of the molecules. The r2 values for the training and test sets were 0.89 and 0.82, respectively. The Q2 values for leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) and leave-many-out cross-validation (LMO-CV) tests on the training set were 0.65 and 0.64, respectively. The CoMFA model was validated by calculating several statistical parameters. CoMFA contour maps were interpreted, and structural features that influence the CD38 inhibitory activity of molecules were determined. Finally, seven new CD38 inhibitors with greater activity with respect to the greatest active molecules were designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sepehri
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Kurdistan , Sanandaj , Iran
| | - R Ghavami
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Kurdistan , Sanandaj , Iran
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26
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Rodríguez-Alba JC, Abrego-Peredo A, Gallardo-Hernández C, Pérez-Lara J, Santiago-Cruz JW, Jiang JW, Espinosa E. HIV Disease Progression: Overexpression of the Ectoenzyme CD38 as a Contributory Factor? Bioessays 2019; 41:e1800128. [PMID: 30537007 PMCID: PMC6545924 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite abundant evidence associating CD38 overexpression and CD4 T cell depletion in HIV infection, no causal relation has been investigated. To address this issue, a series of mechanisms are proposed, supported by evidence from different fields, by which CD38 overexpression can facilitate CD4 T cell depletion in HIV infection. According to this model, increased catalytic activity of CD38 may reduce CD4 T cells' cytoplasmic nicotin-amide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), leading to a chronic Warburg effect. This will reduce mitochondrial function. Simultaneously, CD38's catalytic products ADPR and cADPR may be transported to the cytoplasm, where they can activate calcium channels and increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations, further altering mitochondrial integrity. These mechanisms will decrease the viability and regenerative capacity of CD4 T cells. These hypotheses can be tested experimentally, and might reveal novel therapeutic targets. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/k1LTyiTKPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Rodríguez-Alba
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - A. Abrego-Peredo
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - C. Gallardo-Hernández
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - J. Pérez-Lara
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - J. W. Santiago-Cruz
- Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - J., W. Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA, 29425
| | - E. Espinosa
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), Mexico City, Mexico
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27
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Dai Z, Zhang XN, Nasertorabi F, Cheng Q, Pei H, Louie SG, Stevens RC, Zhang Y. Facile chemoenzymatic synthesis of a novel stable mimic of NAD . Chem Sci 2018; 9:8337-8342. [PMID: 30568770 PMCID: PMC6256357 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03899f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor participating in a variety of important enzyme-catalyzed physiological and pathophysiological processes. Analogues of NAD+ provide key and valuable agents for investigating NAD+-dependent enzymes. In this study, we report the preparation of a novel stable NAD+ mimic, 4'-thioribose NAD+ (S-NAD+), using a facile and efficient chemoenzymatic approach. Substrate activity assays indicated the resulting S-NAD+ is chemically inert to human CD38 and sirtuin 2 enzymes, but capable of participating in redox reactions in a manner similar to NAD+. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed binding of S-NAD+ to the active site of human CD38 and critical residues involved in leaving group activation and catalysis. By more closely mimicking NAD+ in geometry and electrostatics, the generated S-NAD+ offers a unique and important tool that can be extended to study enzymes utilizing NAD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhefu Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Ave , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA .
| | - Xiao-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Ave , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA .
| | - Fariborz Nasertorabi
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry , Bridge Institute , Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA .
| | - Qinqin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Ave , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA .
| | - Hua Pei
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Ave , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA
| | - Stan G Louie
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Ave , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry , Bridge Institute , Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA .
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Ave , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA .
- Department of Chemistry , Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA
- Research Center for Liver Diseases , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA
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28
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Park DR, Nam TS, Kim YW, Bae YS, Kim UH. Oxidative activation of type III CD38 by NADPH oxidase-derived hydrogen peroxide in Ca 2+ signaling. FASEB J 2018; 33:3404-3419. [PMID: 30452880 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800235r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidase (Nox) has been shown to activate ADP-ribosyl cyclase (ARC), which produces the Ca2+ mobilizing second messenger, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). In the present study, we examined how ROS activates cluster of differentiation (CD)38, a mammalian prototype of ARC. CD38 exists in type II and III forms with opposing membrane orientation. This study showed the coexpression of type II and III CD38 in lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. The catalytic site of the constitutively active type II CD38 faces the outside of the cell or the inside of early endosomes (EEs), whereas the basally inactive type III CD38 faces the cytosol. Type III CD38 interacted with Nox4/phosphorylated-p22phox (p-p22phox) in EEs of LAK cells upon IL-8 treatment. H2O2 derived from Nox4 activated type III CD38 by forming a disulfide bond between Cys164 and Cys177, resulting in increased cADPR formation. Our study identified the mechanism by which type III CD38 is activated in an immune cell (LAK), in which H2O2 generated by Nox4 oxidizes and activates type III CD38 to generate cADPR. These findings provide a novel model of cross-talk between ROS and Ca2+ signaling.-Park, D.-R., Nam, T.-S., Kim, Y.-W., Bae, Y. S., Kim, U.-H. Oxidative activation of type III CD38 by NADPH oxidase-derived hydrogen peroxide in Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Ryoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ye-Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea; and
| | - Uh-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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29
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Horenstein AL, Morandi F, Bracci C, Pistoia V, Malavasi F. Functional insights into nucleotide-metabolizing ectoenzymes expressed by bone marrow-resident cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Immunol Lett 2018; 205:40-50. [PMID: 30447309 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human myeloma cells grow in a hypoxic acidic niche in the bone marrow. Cross talk among cellular components of this closed niche generates extracellular adenosine, which promotes tumor cell survival. This is achieved through the binding of adenosine to purinergic receptors into complexes that function as an autocrine/paracrine signal factor with immune regulatory activities that i) down-regulate the functions of most immune effector cells and ii) enhance the activity of cells that suppress anti-tumor immune responses, thus facilitating the escape of malignant myeloma cells from immune surveillance. Here we review recent findings confirming that the dominant phenotype for survival of tumor cells is that where the malignant cells have been metabolically reprogrammed for the generation of lactic acidosis in the bone marrow niche. Adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide extruded from tumor cells, along with cyclic adenosine monophosphate, are the main intracellular energetic/messenger molecules that serve as leading substrates in the extracellular space for membrane-bound ectonucleotidases metabolizing purine nucleotides to signaling adenosine. Within this mechanistic framework, the adenosinergic substrate conversion can vary significantly according to the metabolic environment. Indeed, the neoplastic expansion of plasma cells exploits both enzymatic networks and hypoxic acidic conditions for migrating and homing to a protected niche and for evading the immune response. The expression of multiple specific adenosine receptors in the niche completes the profile of a complex regulatory framework whose signals modify multiple myeloma and host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - F Morandi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - C Bracci
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - V Pistoia
- Immunology Area, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - F Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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30
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Kelu JJ, Webb SE, Galione A, Miller AL. Characterization of ADP-ribosyl cyclase 1-like (ARC1-like) activity and NAADP signaling during slow muscle cell development in zebrafish embryos. Dev Biol 2018; 445:211-225. [PMID: 30447180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated the requirement of two-pore channel type 2 (TPC2)-mediated Ca2+ release during slow muscle cell differentiation and motor circuit maturation in intact zebrafish embryos. However, the upstream trigger(s) of TPC2/Ca2+ signaling during these developmental processes remains unclear. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a potent Ca2+ mobilizing messenger, which is suggested to target TPC2 in mediating the release of Ca2+ from acidic vesicles. Here, we report the molecular cloning of the zebrafish ADP ribosyl cyclase (ARC) homolog (i.e., ARC1-like), which is a putative enzyme for generating NAADP. We characterized the expression of the arc1-like transcript and the NAADP levels between ~ 16 h post-fertilization (hpf) and ~ 48 hpf in whole zebrafish embryos. We showed that if ARC1-like (when fused with either EGFP or tdTomato) was overexpressed it localized in the plasma membrane, and associated with intracellular organelles, such as the acidic vesicles, Golgi complex and sarcoplasmic reticulum, in primary muscle cell cultures. Morpholino (MO)-mediated knockdown of arc1-like or pharmacological inhibition of ARC1-like (via treatment with nicotinamide), led to an attenuation of Ca2+ signaling and disruption of slow muscle cell development. In addition, the injection of arc1-like mRNA into ARC1-like morphants partially rescued the Ca2+ signals and slow muscle cell development. Together, our data might suggest a link between ARC1-like, NAADP, TPC2 and Ca2+ signaling during zebrafish myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Kelu
- Division of Life Science&State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Hong Kong
| | - Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science&State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Hong Kong
| | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew L Miller
- Division of Life Science&State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Hong Kong.
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31
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Mele S, Devereux S, Pepper AG, Infante E, Ridley AJ. Calcium-RasGRP2-Rap1 signaling mediates CD38-induced migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood Adv 2018; 2:1551-1561. [PMID: 29970392 PMCID: PMC6039665 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017014506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a transmembrane exoenzyme that is associated with poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). High CD38 levels in CLL cells are linked to increased cell migration, but the molecular basis is unknown. CD38 produces nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate and adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose, both of which can act to increase intracellular Ca2+ levels. Here we show that CD38 expression increases basal intracellular Ca2+ levels and stimulates CLL cell migration both with and without chemokine stimulation. We find that CD38 acts via intracellular Ca2+ to increase the activity of the Ras family GTPase Rap1, which is in turn regulated by the Ca2+-sensitive Rap1 guanine-nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP2. Both Rap1 and RasGRP2 are required for CLL cell migration, and RasGRP2 is polarized in primary CLL cells with high CD38 levels. These results indicate that CD38 promotes RasGRP2/Rap1-mediated CLL cell adhesion and migration by increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mele
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and
- School of Cancer Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Devereux
- School of Cancer Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea G Pepper
- School of Cancer Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Anne J Ridley
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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32
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Li T, Li SL, Fang C, Hou YN, Zhang Q, Du X, Lee HC, Zhao YJ. Nanobody-based dual epitopes protein identification (DepID) assay for measuring soluble CD38 in plasma of multiple myeloma patients. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1029:65-71. [PMID: 29907292 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD38 is a surface membrane antigen highly expressed in malignant blood cells, such as multiple myeloma (MM). A soluble form of CD38 (sCD38) is also present in the plasma, deriving likely from the shedding from the cells. The plasma levels of sCD38 should thus correlate closely with the proliferation of the MM cells, allowing the development of a simple diagnostic blood test for monitoring the progress of the disease. However, the plasma sCD38 levels are extremely low, requiring the design of a highly sensitive and specific assay. RESULTS In this study, we developed an ultra-sensitive assay, based on two nanobodies (Nbs) targeting two distinct epitopes of sCD38. One Nb acts as a capturer, and the other is fused with the firefly luciferase serving as a reporter to ensure sensitivity. We showed that this Dual epitopes protein IDentification (DepID) assay has sensitivity reaching 10 pg/mL, which is 10 times higher than that of a commercial ELISA kit. By this method, we were able to precisely quantify the levels of sCD38 in the plasma of MM patients, which were significantly higher than those from healthy donors. We further showed that the increase plasma levels of sCD38 correlated with the progress of MM. CONCLUSION We have developed a Nb-based luminescence sandwich assay, named as DepID, for quantification of the soluble CD38 in MM patients' plasma and showed the potency of this method as a tool for general diagnosis of MM or companion diagnosis of the CD38-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Song Lu Li
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yun Nan Hou
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiaoxia Zhang
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xin Du
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hon Cheung Lee
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yong Juan Zhao
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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33
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MacDonald RJ, Shrimp JH, Jiang H, Zhang L, Lin H, Yen A. Probing the requirement for CD38 in retinoic acid-induced HL-60 cell differentiation with a small molecule dimerizer and genetic knockout. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17406. [PMID: 29234114 PMCID: PMC5727258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is an ectoenzyme and receptor with key physiological roles. It metabolizes NAD+ to adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) and cyclic ADPR, regulating several processes including calcium signalling. CD38 is both a positive and negative prognostic indicator in leukaemia. In all-trans retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukaemia and HL-60 cells, CD38 is one of the earliest and most prominently upregulated proteins known. CD38 overexpression enhances differentiation, while morpholino- and siRNA-induced knockdown diminishes it. CD38, via Src family kinases and adapters, interacts with a MAPK signalling axis that propels differentiation. Motivated by evidence suggesting the importance of CD38, we sought to determine whether it functions via dimerization. We created a linker based on the suicide substrate arabinosyl-2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy NAD+ (F-araNAD+), dimeric F-araNAD+, to induce homodimerization. CD38 homodimerization did not affect RA-induced differentiation. Probing the importance of CD38 further, we created HL-60 cell lines with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated CD38 truncations. Deletion of its enzymatic domain did not affect differentiation. Apart from increased RA-induced CD11b expression, ablation of all but the first six amino acids of CD38 affected neither RA-induced differentiation nor associated signalling. Although we cannot discount the importance of this peptide, our study indicates that CD38 is not necessary for RA-induced differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J MacDonald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jonathan H Shrimp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Andrew Yen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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34
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Nanobodies effectively modulate the enzymatic activity of CD38 and allow specific imaging of CD38 + tumors in mouse models in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14289. [PMID: 29084989 PMCID: PMC5662768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surface ecto-enzyme CD38 is a promising target antigen for the treatment of hematological malignancies, as illustrated by the recent approval of daratumumab for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Our aim was to evaluate the potential of CD38-specific nanobodies as novel diagnostics for hematological malignancies. We successfully identified 22 CD38-specific nanobody families using phage display technology from immunized llamas. Crossblockade analyses and in-tandem epitope binning revealed that the nanobodies recognize three different non-overlapping epitopes, with four nanobody families binding complementary to daratumumab. Three nanobody families inhibit the enzymatic activity of CD38 in vitro, while two others were found to act as enhancers. In vivo, fluorochrome-conjugated CD38 nanobodies efficiently reach CD38 expressing tumors in a rodent model within 2 hours after intravenous injection, thereby allowing for convenient same day in vivo tumor imaging. These nanobodies represent highly specific tools for modulating the enzymatic activity of CD38 and for diagnostic monitoring CD38-expressing tumors.
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35
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Lin WK, Bolton EL, Cortopassi WA, Wang Y, O'Brien F, Maciejewska M, Jacobson MP, Garnham C, Ruas M, Parrington J, Lei M, Sitsapesan R, Galione A, Terrar DA. Synthesis of the Ca 2+-mobilizing messengers NAADP and cADPR by intracellular CD38 enzyme in the mouse heart: Role in β-adrenoceptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13243-13257. [PMID: 28539361 PMCID: PMC5555186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.789347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) are Ca2+-mobilizing messengers important for modulating cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and pathophysiology. CD38, which belongs to the ADP-ribosyl cyclase family, catalyzes synthesis of both NAADP and cADPR in vitro However, it remains unclear whether this is the main enzyme for their production under physiological conditions. Here we show that membrane fractions from WT but not CD38-/- mouse hearts supported NAADP and cADPR synthesis. Membrane permeabilization of cardiac myocytes with saponin and/or Triton X-100 increased NAADP synthesis, indicating that intracellular CD38 contributes to NAADP production. The permeabilization also permitted immunostaining of CD38, with a striated pattern in WT myocytes, whereas CD38-/- myocytes and nonpermeabilized WT myocytes showed little or no staining, without striation. A component of β-adrenoreceptor signaling in the heart involves NAADP and lysosomes. Accordingly, in the presence of isoproterenol, Ca2+ transients and contraction amplitudes were smaller in CD38-/- myocytes than in the WT. In addition, suppressing lysosomal function with bafilomycin A1 reduced the isoproterenol-induced increase in Ca2+ transients in cardiac myocytes from WT but not CD38-/- mice. Whole hearts isolated from CD38-/- mice and exposed to isoproterenol showed reduced arrhythmias. SAN4825, an ADP-ribosyl cyclase inhibitor that reduces cADPR and NAADP synthesis in mouse membrane fractions, was shown to bind to CD38 in docking simulations and reduced the isoproterenol-induced arrhythmias in WT hearts. These observations support generation of NAADP and cADPR by intracellular CD38, which contributes to effects of β-adrenoreceptor stimulation to increase both Ca2+ transients and the tendency to disturb heart rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee K Lin
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Bolton
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Wilian A Cortopassi
- the Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, and
| | - Yanwen Wang
- the Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona O'Brien
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Matylda Maciejewska
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, and
| | - Clive Garnham
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Margarida Ruas
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - John Parrington
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Lei
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Sitsapesan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Antony Galione
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Derek A Terrar
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom,
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Cytosolic interaction of type III human CD38 with CIB1 modulates cellular cyclic ADP-ribose levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8283-8288. [PMID: 28720704 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703718114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 catalyzes the synthesis of the Ca2+ messenger, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). It is generally considered to be a type II protein with the catalytic domain facing outside. How it can catalyze the synthesis of intracellular cADPR that targets the endoplasmic Ca2+ stores has not been resolved. We have proposed that CD38 can also exist in an opposite type III orientation with its catalytic domain facing the cytosol. Here, we developed a method using specific nanobodies to immunotarget two different epitopes simultaneously on the catalytic domain of the type III CD38 and firmly established that it is naturally occurring in human multiple myeloma cells. Because type III CD38 is topologically amenable to cytosolic regulation, we used yeast-two-hybrid screening to identify cytosolic Ca2+ and integrin-binding protein 1 (CIB1), as its interacting partner. The results from immunoprecipitation, ELISA, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation confirmed that CIB1 binds specifically to the catalytic domain of CD38, in vivo and in vitro. Mutational studies established that the N terminus of CIB1 is the interacting domain. Using shRNA to knock down and Cas9/guide RNA to knock out CIB1, a direct correlation between the cellular cADPR and CIB1 levels was demonstrated. The results indicate that the type III CD38 is functionally active in producing cellular cADPR and that the activity is specifically modulated through interaction with cytosolic CIB1.
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B is a mediator of cyclic ADP ribose-induced Ca 2+ signaling in ventricular myocytes. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e341. [PMID: 28572573 PMCID: PMC5519013 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) releases Ca2+ from ryanodine receptor (RyR)-sensitive calcium pools in various cell types. In cardiac myocytes, the physiological levels of cADPR transiently increase the amplitude and frequency of Ca2+ (that is, a rapid increase and decrease of calcium within one second) during the cardiac action potential. In this study, we demonstrated that cADPR levels higher than physiological levels induce a slow and gradual increase in the resting intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) level over 10 min by inhibiting the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). Higher cADPR levels mediate the tyrosine-dephosphorylation of α-actin by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) present in the endoplasmic reticulum. The tyrosine dephosphorylation of α-actin dissociates phospholamban, the key regulator of SERCA, from α-actin and results in SERCA inhibition. The disruption of the integrity of α-actin by cytochalasin B and the inhibition of α-actin tyrosine dephosphorylation by a PTP1B inhibitor block cADPR-mediated Ca2+ increase. Our results suggest that levels of cADPR that are relatively higher than normal physiological levels modify calcium homeostasis through the dephosphorylation of α-actin by PTB1B and the subsequent inhibition of SERCA in cardiac myocytes.
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Barabas AZ, Cole CD, Graeff RM, Morcol T, Lafreniere R. A novel modified vaccination technique produces IgG antibodies that cause complement-mediated lysis of multiple myeloma cells carrying CD38 antigen. Hum Antibodies 2017; 24:45-51. [PMID: 28128764 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to: 1) induce a lytic IgG antibody (ab) response (via the so called `third vaccination method') against CD38 antigen (ag) residing on the extra-cellular domain of multiple myeloma (MM) cells in recipient rabbits, by combining the CD38 ag with donor-derived anti-CD38 ag lytic IgG ab into an immune complex (IC); and 2) determine whether abs produced would cause complement-mediated lysis (in vitro) of human MM cells containing CD38 ag. The vaccine was created in a two-step process. First, ab (rabbit anti-CD38 ag IgG ab) was raised in donor rabbits by injections of low molecular weight soluble CD38 ag in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and aqueous solution. Second, transfer of pathogenic lytic IgG ab response into recipient rabbits was achieved by injections of ICs composed of CD38 ag and homologous anti-CD38 ag IgG ab. Consequently, recipient rabbits produced the same ab with the same specificity against the target ag as was present in the inoculum, namely agglutinating, precipitating and lytic (as demonstrated in vitro). In an in vitro study, in the presence of complement, donor and recipient rabbits' immune sera caused lysis of CD38 ag associated human MM cells. The most effective lytic ab response causing sera were those from donor rabbits injected with CD38 ag in FCA and those from rabbits injected with ICs, especially when they were administered in adjuvants. These results provided proof of concept that the third vaccination method has good potential as a stand-alone and efficacious method of controlling cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Z Barabas
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chad D Cole
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Richard M Graeff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tulin Morcol
- BioSante Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Rene Lafreniere
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Horenstein AL, Chillemi A, Quarona V, Zito A, Mariani V, Faini AC, Morandi F, Schiavoni I, Ausiello CM, Malavasi F. Antibody mimicry, receptors and clinical applications. Hum Antibodies 2017; 25:75-85. [PMID: 28035914 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the concept of antibodies acting as receptor agonists and antagonists, and on the potential relevance of this notion in applied medicine. Antibodies are composed of three functional units: two antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) that confer antigen specificity and one constant fragment (Fc) linking antibodies to immune effector functions. The proof-of-concept that large amounts of highly specific and homogeneous antibodies could be produced was provided in 1975 by César Milstein and Georges Köhler. These monoclonal antibody (mAb) reagents started a revolution in medical research, diagnostics, and clinical applications. Alongside diagnostic applications, mAbs were successfully used in vivo: (i) to bind (neutralize/antagonize) antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells; (ii) to activate immune effector mechanisms; (iii) to crosslink plasma membrane receptors and hence activate therapeutic signaling pathways; and lastly, (iv) the technique was expanded to produce bispecific mAbs, which can bind two different antigens while retaining the ability to activate immune effector functions. The abilities of mAbs to bind, transduce signals, and exert immunostimulatory agonistic capacities are the central issues of this review. The starting point is that some mAbs operate as molecular agonists, substituting for the natural ligand of the receptor. Our analysis is restricted to mAbs that act as receptor agonist/antagonists by either mimicking ligand binding, or through allosteric modulation mediated by binding sites that are topographically distinct from the orthosteric binding site. Functional considerations based on the agonistic stimulation of human CD38 by specific mAbs as surrogate ligands are described as examples of the features of such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Antonella Chillemi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Valeria Quarona
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Andrea Zito
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Valentina Mariani
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Angelo C Faini
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Fabio Morandi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16148, Italy
| | - Ilaria Schiavoni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Clara Maria Ausiello
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- Transplantation Immunology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino 10126, Italy
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40
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Deshpande DA, Guedes AGP, Lund FE, Subramanian S, Walseth TF, Kannan MS. CD38 in the pathogenesis of allergic airway disease: Potential therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 172:116-126. [PMID: 27939939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD38 is an ectoenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) to cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR) and adenosine diphosphoribose (ADPR) and NADP to nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and adenosine diphosphoribose-2'-phosphate (ADPR-P). The metabolites of NAD and NADP have roles in calcium signaling in different cell types including airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. In ASM cells, inflammatory cytokines augment CD38 expression and to a greater magnitude in cells from asthmatics, indicating a greater capacity for the generation of cADPR and ADPR in ASM from asthmatics. CD38 deficient mice develop attenuated airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine following allergen sensitization and challenge compared to wild-type mice indicating its potential role in asthma. Regulation of CD38 expression in ASM cells is achieved by mitogen activated protein kinases, specific isoforms of PI3 kinases, the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, and post-transcriptionally by microRNAs. This review will focus on the role of CD38 in intracellular calcium regulation in ASM, contribution to airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mouse models of allergic airway inflammation, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms of regulation of expression, and outline approaches to inhibit its expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alonso G P Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, USA
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | | | - Timothy F Walseth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, USA
| | - Mathur S Kannan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, USA.
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42
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Li T, Qi S, Unger M, Hou YN, Deng QW, Liu J, Lam CMC, Wang XW, Xin D, Zhang P, Koch-Nolte F, Hao Q, Zhang H, Lee HC, Zhao YJ. Immuno-targeting the multifunctional CD38 using nanobody. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27055. [PMID: 27251573 PMCID: PMC4890012 DOI: 10.1038/srep27055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38, as a cell surface antigen is highly expressed in several hematologic malignancies including multiple myeloma (MM) and has been proven to be a good target for immunotherapy of the disease. CD38 is also a signaling enzyme responsible for the metabolism of two novel calcium messenger molecules. To be able to target this multifunctional protein, we generated a series of nanobodies against CD38 with high affinities. Crystal structures of the complexes of CD38 with the nanobodies were solved, identifying three separate epitopes on the carboxyl domain. Chromobodies, engineered by tagging the nanobody with fluorescence proteins, provide fast, simple and versatile tools for quantifying CD38 expression. Results confirmed that CD38 was highly expressed in malignant MM cells compared with normal white blood cells. The immunotoxin constructed by splicing the nanobody with a bacterial toxin, PE38 shows highly selective cytotoxicity against patient-derived MM cells as well as the cell lines, with half maximal effective concentration reaching as low as 10−11 molar. The effectiveness of the immunotoxin can be further increased by stimulating CD38 expression using retinoid acid. These results set the stage for the development of clinical therapeutics as well as diagnostic screening for myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shali Qi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing School of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mandy Unger
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yun Nan Hou
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qi Wen Deng
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Connie M C Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing School of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xian Wang Wang
- Functional Laboratory, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Du Xin
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518029, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Quan Hao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing School of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Biology, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hon Cheung Lee
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong Juan Zhao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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43
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van de Donk NWCJ, Janmaat ML, Mutis T, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Ahmadi T, Sasser AK, Lokhorst HM, Parren PWHI. Monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38 in hematological malignancies and beyond. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:95-112. [PMID: 26864107 PMCID: PMC4755228 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional cell surface protein that has receptor as well as enzyme functions. The protein is generally expressed at low levels on various hematological and solid tissues, while plasma cells express particularly high levels of CD38. The protein is also expressed in a subset of hematological tumors, and shows especially broad and high expression levels in plasma cell tumors such as multiple myeloma (MM). Together, this triggered the development of various therapeutic CD38 antibodies, including daratumumab, isatuximab, and MOR202. Daratumumab binds a unique CD38 epitope and showed strong anti-tumor activity in preclinical models. The antibody engages diverse mechanisms of action, including complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, programmed cell death, modulation of enzymatic activity, and immunomodulatory activity. CD38-targeting antibodies have a favorable toxicity profile in patients, and early clinical data show a marked activity in MM, while studies in other hematological malignancies are ongoing. Daratumumab has single agent activity and a limited toxicity profile, allowing favorable combination therapies with existing as well as emerging therapies, which are currently evaluated in the clinic. Finally, CD38 antibodies may have a role in the treatment of diseases beyond hematological malignancies, including solid tumors and antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/genetics
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Clinical Studies as Topic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Hematologic Neoplasms/genetics
- Hematologic Neoplasms/immunology
- Hematologic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Protein Binding
- Recurrence
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of HematologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Henk M. Lokhorst
- Department of HematologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Paul W. H. I. Parren
- GenmabUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Department of Cancer and inflammation ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood TransfusionLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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44
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Ting KY, Leung CFP, Graeff RM, Lee HC, Hao Q, Kotaka M. Porcine CD38 exhibits prominent secondary NAD(+) cyclase activity. Protein Sci 2016; 25:650-61. [PMID: 26660500 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) mobilizes intracellular Ca(2+) stores and activates Ca(2+) influx to regulate a wide range of physiological processes. It is one of the products produced from the catalysis of NAD(+) by the multifunctional CD38/ADP-ribosyl cyclase superfamily. After elimination of the nicotinamide ring by the enzyme, the reaction intermediate of NAD(+) can either be hydrolyzed to form linear ADPR or cyclized to form cADPR. We have previously shown that human CD38 exhibits a higher preference towards the hydrolysis of NAD(+) to form linear ADPR while Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase prefers cyclizing NAD(+) to form cADPR. In this study, we characterized the enzymatic properties of porcine CD38 and revealed that it has a prominent secondary NAD(+) cyclase activity producing cADPR. We also determined the X-ray crystallographic structures of porcine CD38 and were able to observe conformational flexibility at the base of the active site of the enzyme which allow the NAD(+) reaction intermediate to adopt conformations resulting in both hydrolysis and cyclization forming linear ADPR and cADPR respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yiu Ting
- School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The Centre of Novel Biomaterials, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Richard M Graeff
- Department of Physiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hon Cheung Lee
- School of Chemical Biology & Biotechnology, Peking University Campus, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Hao
- Department of Physiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Masayo Kotaka
- School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The Centre of Novel Biomaterials, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Physiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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45
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Seminal CD38 Enhances Human Sperm Capacitation through Its Interaction with CD31. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139110. [PMID: 26407101 PMCID: PMC4583300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sperm have to undergo a maturational process called capacitation in the female reproductive tract. Capacitation confers upon the sperm an ability to gain hypermotility and undergo acrosome reaction. Previous studies have suggested that seminal plasma proteins induce the capacitation of sperm in the female reproductive tract for the successful fertilization of the oocyte. However, the function of seminal plasma proteins in capacitation remains largely unclear. To the end, we found that soluble CD38 (sCD38) in seminal plasma increases the capacitation of sperm via specific interactions between sCD38 and the CD31 on the sperm. Upon the association of sCD38 with CD31, tyrosine kinase Src phosphorylates CD31, a process blocked by Src inhibitors. Shc, SHP-2, Grb2, and SOS, as well as Src kinase were found to associate with the phosphorylated CD31. The sCD38-induced phosphorylation of CD31 initiates a cascade reaction through the phosphorylation of Erk1/2, which results in the acrosome reaction, and sperm hypermotility. These processes were prevented by Src, Ras and MEK inhibitors. Taken together, these data indicate that the sCD38 present in seminal plasma plays a critical role in the capacitation of sperm.
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46
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Wong SW, Comenzo RL. CD38 Monoclonal Antibody Therapies for Multiple Myeloma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 15:635-45. [PMID: 26443328 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.07.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to provide historical, recent preclinical, and current clinical summaries of efforts to understand the CD38 molecule and to develop monoclonal antibodies that target it. We focus particularly on efforts involving multiple myeloma, a malignancy of terminally differentiated B cells that remains incurable despite many advances. An era of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody therapy for myeloma is approaching, one that, we hope, will enable patients to live longer and better lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy W Wong
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA.
| | - Raymond L Comenzo
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
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47
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Zhang S, Xue X, Zhang L, Zhang L, Liu Z. Comparative Analysis of Pharmacophore Features and Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships for CD38 Covalent and Non-covalent Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1411-24. [PMID: 26072680 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the discovery, synthesis, and evaluation for hundreds of CD38 covalent and non-covalent inhibitors has been reported sequentially by our group and partners; however, a systematic structure-based guidance is still lacking for rational design of CD38 inhibitor. Here, we carried out a comparative analysis of pharmacophore features and quantitative structure-activity relationships for CD38 inhibitors. The results uncover that the essential interactions between key residues and covalent/non-covalent CD38 inhibitors include (i) hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions with residues Glu226 and Trp125, (ii) electrostatic or hydrogen bond interaction with the positively charged residue Arg127 region, and (iii) the hydrophobic interaction with residue Trp189. For covalent inhibitors, besides the covalent effect with residue Glu226, the electrostatic interaction with residue Arg127 is also necessary, while another hydrogen/non-bonded interaction with residues Trp125 and Trp189 can also be detected. By means of the SYBYL multifit alignment function, the best CoMFA and CoMSIA with CD38 covalent inhibitors presented cross-validated correlation coefficient values (q(2)) of 0.564 and 0.571, and non-cross-validated values (r(2)) of 0.967 and 0.971, respectively. The CD38 non-covalent inhibitors can be classified into five groups according to their chemical scaffolds, and the residues Glu226, Trp189, and Trp125 are indispensable for those non-covalent inhibitors binding to CD38, while the residues Ser126, Arg127, Asp155, Thr221, and Phe222 are also important. The best CoMFA and CoMSIA with the F12 analogues presented cross-validated correlation coefficient values (q(2)) of 0.469 and 0.454, and non-cross-validated values (r(2)) of 0.814 and 0.819, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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48
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Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhang T, Fan H, Hao Q. Protein-complex structure completion using IPCAS (Iterative Protein Crystal structure Automatic Solution). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:1487-92. [PMID: 26143920 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715008597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protein complexes are essential components in many cellular processes. In this study, a procedure to determine the protein-complex structure from a partial molecular-replacement (MR) solution is demonstrated using a direct-method-aided dual-space iterative phasing and model-building program suite, IPCAS (Iterative Protein Crystal structure Automatic Solution). The IPCAS iteration procedure involves (i) real-space model building and refinement, (ii) direct-method-aided reciprocal-space phase refinement and (iii) phase improvement through density modification. The procedure has been tested with four protein complexes, including two previously unknown structures. It was possible to use IPCAS to build the whole complex structure from one or less than one subunit once the molecular-replacement method was able to give a partial solution. In the most challenging case, IPCAS was able to extend to the full length starting from less than 30% of the complex structure, while conventional model-building procedures were unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifu Fan
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Hao
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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49
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Sung VMH. Mechanistic overview of ADP-ribosylation reactions. Biochimie 2015; 113:35-46. [PMID: 25828806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation reactions consist of mono-ADP-ribosylation, poly-ADP-ribosylation and cyclic ADP-ribosylation. These reactions play essential roles in many important physiological and pathophysiological events. The types of chemical linkages, the evolutionarily conserved motif within the enzymes to determine the target specificity, stereochemistry of the ADP-ribosylated products, and the chemical reactions taking place among the enzymes and substrates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky M-H Sung
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA 02115, USA.
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Lee H, Oh ET, Choi BH, Park MT, Lee JK, Lee JS, Park HJ. NQO1-induced activation of AMPK contributes to cancer cell death by oxygen-glucose deprivation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7769. [PMID: 25586669 PMCID: PMC4293602 DOI: 10.1038/srep07769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) due to insufficient blood circulation can decrease cancer cell survival and proliferation in solid tumors. OGD increases the intracellular [AMP]/[ATP] ratio, thereby activating the AMPK. In this study, we have investigated the involvement of NQO1 in OGD-mediated AMPK activation and cancer cell death. We found that OGD activates AMPK in an NQO1-dependent manner, suppressing the mTOR/S6K/4E-BP1 pathway, which is known to control cell survival. Thus, the depletion of NQO1 prevents AMPK-induced cancer cell death in OGD. When we blocked OGD-induced Ca2+/CaMKII signaling, the NQO1-induced activation of AMPK was attenuated. In addition, when we blocked the RyR signaling, the accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ and subsequent activation of CaMKII/AMPK signaling was decreased in NQO1-expressing cells under OGD. Finally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of CD38 abrogated the OGD-induced activation of Ca2+/CaMKII/AMPK signaling. Taken together, we conclude that NQO1 plays a key role in the AMPK-induced cancer cell death in OGD through the CD38/cADPR/RyR/Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Taex Oh
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Bo-Hwa Choi
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Pohang Center for Evaluation of Biomaterials, Pohang Technopark, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Moon-Taek Park
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological &Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- 1] Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- 1] Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Heon Joo Park
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea [2] Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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