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Indirect mediators of systemic health outcomes following nanoparticle inhalation exposure. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108120. [PMID: 35085604 PMCID: PMC9189040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing field of nanoscience has shed light on the wide diversity of natural and anthropogenic sources of nano-scale particulates, raising concern as to their impacts on human health. Inhalation is the most robust route of entry, with nanoparticles (NPs) evading mucociliary clearance and depositing deep into the alveolar region. Yet, impacts from inhaled NPs are evident far outside the lung, particularly on the cardiovascular system and highly vascularized organs like the brain. Peripheral effects are partly explained by the translocation of some NPs from the lung into the circulation; however, other NPs largely confined to the lung are still accompanied by systemic outcomes. Omic research has only just begun to inform on the complex myriad of molecules released from the lung to the blood as byproducts of pulmonary pathology. These indirect mediators are diverse in their molecular make-up and activity in the periphery. The present review examines systemic outcomes attributed to pulmonary NP exposure and what is known about indirect pathological mediators released from the lung into the circulation. Further focus was directed to outcomes in the brain, a highly vascularized region susceptible to acute and longer-term outcomes. Findings here support the need for big-data toxicological studies to understand what drives these health outcomes and better predict, circumvent, and treat the potential health impacts arising from NP exposure scenarios.
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2
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Onoda A, Okamoto S, Shimizu R, El-Sayed YS, Watanabe S, Ogawa S, Abe R, Kamimura M, Soga K, Tachibana K, Takeda K, Umezawa M. Effect of Carbon Black Nanoparticle on Neonatal Lymphoid Tissues Depending on the Gestational Period of Exposure in Mice. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:700392. [PMID: 35295157 PMCID: PMC8915855 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.700392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Particulate air pollution, containing nanoparticles, enhances the risk of pediatric allergic diseases that is potentially associated with disruption of neonatal immune system. Previous studies have revealed that maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticles (CB-NP) disturbs the development of the lymphoid tissues in newborns. Interestingly, the CB-NP-induced immune profiles were observed to be different depending on the gestational period of exposure. It is important to identify the critical exposure period to prevent toxic effects of nanoparticles on the development of the immune system. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of CB-NP on the development of neonatal lymphoid tissues in mice, depending on the gestational period of exposure. Methods: Pregnant ICR mice were treated with a suspension of CB-NP (95 μg/kg body weight) by intranasal instillation; the suspension was administered twice during each gestational period as follows: the pre-implantation period (gestational days 4 and 5), organogenesis period (gestational days 8 and 9), and fetal developmental period (gestational days 15 and 16). The spleen and thymus were collected from offspring mice at 1, 3, and 5-days post-partum. Splenocyte and thymocyte phenotypes were examined by flow cytometry. Gene expression in the spleen was examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The numbers of total splenocytes and splenic CD3−B220− phenotype (non-T/non-B lymphocytes) in offspring on postnatal day 5 were significantly increased after exposure to CB-NP during the organogenesis period compared with other gestational periods of exposure and control (no exposure). In contrast, expression levels of mRNA associated with chemotaxis and differentiation of immune cells in the spleen were not affected by CB-NP exposure during any gestational period. Conclusion: The organogenesis period was the most susceptible period to CB-NP exposure with respect to lymphoid tissue development. Moreover, the findings of the present and previous studies suggested that long-term exposure to CB-NP across multiple gestational periods including the organogenesis period, rather than acute exposure only organogenesis period, may more severely affect the development of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuto Onoda
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyoonoda, Japan
| | - Saki Okamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Shimizu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yasser S El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Shiho Watanabe
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ogawa
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Advanced Comprehensive Research Center, Teikyo University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Masao Kamimura
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Japan
| | - Kohei Soga
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Japan
| | - Ken Tachibana
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyoonoda, Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyoonoda, Japan
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Japan
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3
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He W, Peng H, Ma J, Wang Q, Li A, Zhang J, Kong H, Li Q, Sun Y, Zhu Y. Autophagy changes in lung tissues of mice at 30 days after carbon black-metal ion co-exposure. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12813. [PMID: 32515860 PMCID: PMC7377941 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating studies have investigated the PM2.5-induced pulmonary toxicity, while gaps still remain in understanding its toxic mechanism. Due to its high specific surface area and adsorption capacity similar to nanoparticles, PM2.5 acts as a significant carrier of metals in air and then leads to altered toxic effects. In this study, we aimed to use CBs and Ni as model materials to investigate the autophagy changes and pulmonary toxic effects at 30 days following intratracheal instillation of CBs-Ni mixture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Groups of mice were instilled with 100 µL normal saline (NS), 20 µg CBs, and 4 µg Ni or CBs-Ni mixture, respectively. At 7 and 30 days post-instillation, all the mice were weighed and then sacrificed. The evaluation system was composed of the following: (a) autophagy and lysosomal function assessment, (b) trace element biodistribution observation in lungs, (c) pulmonary lavage biomedical analysis, (d) lung histopathological evaluation, (e) coefficient analysis of major organs and (f) CBs-Ni interaction and cell proliferation assessment. RESULTS We found that after CBs-Ni co-exposure, no obvious autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction or pulmonary toxicity was detected, along with complete clearance of Ni from lung tissues as well as recovery of biochemical indexes to normal range. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the damaged autophagy and lysosomal function, as well as physiological function, was repaired at 30 days after exposure of CBs-Ni. Our findings provide a new idea for scientific assessment of the impact of fine particles on environment and human health, and useful information for the comprehensive treatment of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhen Peng
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jifei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qisheng Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiguo Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jichao Zhang
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huating Kong
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingnuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Sun
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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4
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Chu C, Zhou L, Xie H, Pei Z, Zhang M, Wu M, Zhang S, Wang L, Zhao C, Shi L, Zhang N, Niu Y, Zheng Y, Zhang R. Pulmonary toxicities from a 90-day chronic inhalation study with carbon black nanoparticles in rats related to the systemical immune effects. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2995-3013. [PMID: 31118618 PMCID: PMC6503190 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s198376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent years, there occurs heavy haze pollution in northern China during wintertime. The potential influence of airborne particulate matter (PM) on human health attracts great concern. The fuel-derived PM in the inhalable size range is dominated by aggregates of nanoparticles of Carbon black (CB). However, there are still lack of evidences especially regarding long-term exposure to explain the chronic effects of nanoscaled CB and the relative mechanism. Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify the potential mechanism of chronic effects of nanoscale CB. The systemic toxicity, immune suppression or activity and local toxicity were evaluated. Methods: 32 rats were divided into 2 groups: 30 mg/m3 CB exposure (nose only, 90 d, 6h/d) and control (clean air). Half of rats were scarified after exposure and another half of rats recovered for 14 days. Eight rats in each group were executed the lung function tests using a ventilated bias flow whole body plethysmograph (WBP). SDS-PAGE protocol was used to detect the deposition and retention of CB in lung of rats. HE staining was used to observe the changes of histopathology. Cell apoptosis was examined by TUNEL assay or flow cytometry. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-α in serum and lung tissue were evaluated with commercially available ELISA kit. The peripheral blood cell counts were detected by Auto 5-diff hematology analyzer. Results: The lung burden of CB was 16 mg in lung of rats after a 90-day exposure by MPPD. Fourteen percentages of the amount of CB accumulated at the end of the exposure period was cleared from the lung during the 14 dys recovery period. The lung function was significantly decreased and could not recover after a short time recovery. The fibroblasts and granuloma formation were found in lung. The levels of apoptosis and DNA damages were significantly increased in lung cells after CB inhalation. The cytokines levels in lung but not in serum were significantly increased in CB exposure group. The cell counts of WBC, monocytes and neutrophils had 1.72, 3.13, and 2.73-fold increases after CB exposure, respectively. The percentages of CD4+ lymphocytes and the rates of CD4+/CD8+ were statistically increased after CB exposure. The stimulation indexes of the peripheral blood lymphocytes were significantly decreased after CB exposure. In the CB exposure group, the disrupted histomorphology of thymus and spleen were found as well as the early apoptotic thymocytes had a 2.36-fold increase. Conclusion: CB induced the localized or direct toxicity and systemic immune toxicity. The direct and systemic immune responses had a combined effect on the lung damages caused by CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chu
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiao Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Heran Xie
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Pei
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, China Three Gorge University, Yichang, 443002, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyue Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Wu
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- Department of Experimental Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Luqi Wang
- Riodiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Histology and Embryology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Niu
- Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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Ganguly K, Carlander U, Garessus EDG, Fridén M, Eriksson UG, Tehler U, Johanson G. Computational modeling of lung deposition of inhaled particles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients: identification of gaps in knowledge and data. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:160-173. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1584153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koustav Ganguly
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Carlander
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Estella DG Garessus
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Fridén
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Translational PKPD, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf G Eriksson
- Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Tehler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, Early Product Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Nored AW, Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG. Characterization of paint dust aerosol generated from mechanical abrasion of TiO 2-containing paints. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2018; 15:629-640. [PMID: 29856686 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1484126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the potential for release of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in paint dust. The coatings aerosol resuspension system was developed and used for testing the generation and physical, chemical, and morphological properties of paint dust particles from mechanical abrasion (i.e., sanding) of coated wood surfaces. The paint dust emissions from bare and coated wood surfaces with multiple coatings using variable sandpaper grits were evaluated. Substantially higher particle number concentrations were measured for paint dust containing particles in the nano range (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 100 nm) than those measured for wood dust. The variability of particle number concentration and size distribution of paint dust derived under different conditions indicated that considerable quantities of nanoparticles might be released from mechanical abrasion of painted surfaces that may induce unhealthy exposure conditions. Moreover, spectroscopic and microscopic analysis identified the presence of paint and wood components in paint dust, including titanium dioxide agglomerates that were originally embedded in the paint. The agglomerates were mostly attached to particles with sizes <100 nm, enabling them to potentially penetrate into the lower respiratory tract. These results demonstrated that the paint dust exposure generation system can provide qualitative and quantitative information on particle emissions and the abundance of nanoparticles from paint sanding in realistic conditions and they may be used to assess occupational and environmental exposures and risks. Furthermore, the prevalence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in paint dust highlights the potential for exposures of painters and other occupational groups to hazardous paint dust and the need for protective devices and strategies aiming to reduce exposures to nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Nored
- a Interdisciplinary Engineering Program , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama
| | | | - Ilias G Kavouras
- c Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences , City University of New York , New York , New York
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7
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Gour N, Sudini K, Khalil SM, Rule AM, Lees P, Gabrielson E, Groopman JD, Lajoie S, Singh A. Unique pulmonary immunotoxicological effects of urban PM are not recapitulated solely by carbon black, diesel exhaust or coal fly ash. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:304-313. [PMID: 29178979 PMCID: PMC5747992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is increasing worldwide as a result of increased human activity, the rapid industrialization of developing countries, and effects of climate change. Adverse effects of PM on human health are well documented, and because PM exposure occurs mostly through the airways, PM has especially deleterious impact on the lungs. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether surrogate PM particles like carbon black (CB), diesel exhaust particle (DEP), coal fly ash (CFA) can recapitulate the allergic airway inflammatory response induced by urban particulate matter. METHODS We compared the pro-inflammatory potential of urban PM collected from New York (NYC) and Baltimore (Balt) with CB, DEP and CFA surrogate PM particles. Eight to ten weeks old BALB/cJ mice were exposed through the airways to particulate material, and markers of airway inflammation were determined. Specifically, we assessed cellular influx, mucus production, lung function, cytokine levels as well as immune cell profiling of the lungs. RESULTS Herein, we demonstrate that exposure to equivalent mass of stand-alone surrogate PM particles like CB, DEP and CFA, fails to induce significant airway inflammatory response seen after similar exposure to urban PMs. Specifically, we observe that PM collected from New York (NYC) and Baltimore city (Balt) triggers a mixed Th2/Th17 response accompanied by eosinophilic and neutrophilic influx, mucus production and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Although the immune profile of NYC and Baltimore PMs are similar, they demonstrate considerable differences in their potency. Baltimore PM induced more robust airway inflammation, AHR, and Th2 cytokine production, possibly due to the greater metal content in Baltimore PM. CONCLUSIONS Urban particulate matter with its unique physiochemical properties and heterogeneous composition elicits a mixed Th2/Th17 allergic airway response that is not seen after similar exposures to surrogate PM particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Gour
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kuladeep Sudini
- Department of Health, Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Syed Muaz Khalil
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ana M Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter Lees
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephane Lajoie
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Anju Singh
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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8
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Chu H, Shang J, Jin M, Chen Y, Pan Y, Li Y, Tao X, Cheng Z, Meng Q, Li Q, Jia G, Zhu T, Hao W, Wei X. Comparison of lung damage in mice exposed to black carbon particles and 1,4-naphthoquinone coated black carbon particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:572-581. [PMID: 28034545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a key component of atmospheric particles and has a significant effect on human health. BC can provide reactive sites and surfaces thus absorb quinones which were primarily generated from fossil fuel combustion and/or atmospheric photochemical conversions of PAHs. Oxidation could change the characteristics of BC and increase its toxicity. The comparison of lung damage in mice exposed to BC and 1,4-NQ-coated BC (1,4NQ-BC) particles is investigated in this study. Mice which were intratracheally instilled with particles have a higher expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Also, the IL-6, IL-33 mRNA expression in the lung tissue of mice instilled with 1,4NQ-BC were higher than that of mice instilled with BC. The pathology results showed that the lung tissue of mice instilled with 1,4NQ-BC particles have much more inflammatory cells infiltration than that of mice treated with BC. It is believed that the MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathway might be involved in the 1,4NQ-BC particles caused lung damage. Results indicated that 1,4NQ-BC particles in the atmosphere may cause more damage to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqian Chu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yao Pan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xi Tao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; POTEN Environment Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100082, PR China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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9
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Zhang R, Wu Q, Liu R. Characterizing the binding interaction between ultrafine carbon black (UFCB) and catalase: electron microscopy and spectroscopic analysis. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03805d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UFCB bound close to the heme of CAT and dissolved well in tween 80, significantly inhibiting the activity of CAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- China–America CRC for Environment & Health
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- China–America CRC for Environment & Health
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- China–America CRC for Environment & Health
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
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10
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Christophersen DV, Jacobsen NR, Jensen DM, Kermanizadeh A, Sheykhzade M, Loft S, Vogel U, Wallin H, Møller P. Inflammation and Vascular Effects after Repeated Intratracheal Instillations of Carbon Black and Lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160731. [PMID: 27571356 PMCID: PMC5003393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered the main drivers of vasomotor dysfunction and progression of atherosclerosis after inhalation of particulate matter. In addition, new studies have shown that particle exposure can induce the level of bioactive mediators in serum, driving vascular- and systemic toxicity. We aimed to investigate if pulmonary inflammation would accelerate nanoparticle-induced atherosclerotic plaque progression in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. ApoE-/- mice were exposed to vehicle, 8.53 or 25.6 μg nanosized carbon black (CB) alone or spiked with LPS (0.2 μg/mouse/exposure; once a week for 10 weeks). Inflammation was determined by counting cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Serum Amyloid A3 (Saa3) expression and glutathione status were determined in lung tissue. Plaque progression was assessed in the aorta and the brachiocephalic artery. The effect of vasoactive mediators in plasma of exposed ApoE-/- mice was assessed in aorta rings isolated from naïve C57BL/6 mice. Pulmonary exposure to CB and/or LPS resulted in pulmonary inflammation with a robust influx of neutrophils. The CB exposure did not promote plaque progression in aorta or BCA. Incubation with 0.5% plasma extracted from CB-exposed ApoE-/- mice caused vasoconstriction in aorta rings isolated from naïve mice; this effect was abolished by the treatment with the serotonin receptor antagonist Ketanserin. In conclusion, repeated pulmonary exposure to nanosized CB and LPS caused lung inflammation without progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Nevertheless, plasma extracted from mice exposed to nanosized CB induced vasoconstriction in aortas of naïve wild-type mice, an effect possibly related to increased plasma serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vest Christophersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | | | - Ditte Marie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Section of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Håkan Wallin
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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11
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Pedata P, Petrarca C, Garzillo EM, Di Gioacchino M. Immunotoxicological impact of occupational and environmental nanoparticles exposure: The influence of physical, chemical, and combined characteristics of the particles. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 29:343-53. [PMID: 26684639 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015608933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While nanotechnology is growing exponentially, the knowledge of the impact of nanoparticles (NPs) on public health and the environment is limited so far. Current nanomaterial research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology, whereas there is little information on exposure assessment and risk characterization associated with NPs. Therefore, it is essential that the factors influencing NPs associated hazards be studied. This review seeks to survey and evaluate the current literature in order to better understand the impact of both airborne and engineered NPs exposure, the mechanisms at the cellular level, and the factors influencing their immunotoxicity. In fact, NPs do have immunotoxicological significance, as immune cells in the bloodstream and tissues do act to eliminate or interact with NPs.Proper characterization of the NPs as well as understanding the processes occurring on the NPs surface when in contact with biological systems is crucial to predict or exclude toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pedata
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Hygiene, Occupational Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Petrarca
- Immunotoxicology and Allergy Unit, Ce.S.I., G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Elpidio Maria Garzillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Hygiene, Occupational Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Di Gioacchino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Ageing Science, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
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12
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Kreider ML, Cyrs WD, Tosiano MA, Panko JM. Evaluation of Quantitative Exposure Assessment Method for Nanomaterials in Mixed Dust Environments: Application in Tire Manufacturing Facilities. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Shimizu R, Umezawa M, Okamoto S, Onoda A, Uchiyama M, Tachibana K, Watanabe S, Ogawa S, Abe R, Takeda K. Effect of maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle during early gestation on the splenic phenotype of neonatal mouse. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 39:571-8. [PMID: 25056782 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to environmental factors is implicated as a major factor in the development of the immune system in newborns. Newborns are more susceptible to microbial infection because their immune system is immature. Development of lymphocytes reflects an innate program of lymphocyte proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle (CB-NP) during early gestation on the development of lymphoid tissues in infantile mice. Pregnant ICR mice were treated with a suspension of CB-NP (95 μg kg(-1) time(-1)) by intranasal instillation on gestational day 5 and 9. Spleen tissues were collected from offspring mice at 1, 3, 5, and 14 days postpartum. Splenocyte phenotypes were examined by investigating the pattern of surface molecules using flow cytometry. Gene expression in the spleen was examined by quantitative RT-PCR. CD3(+) (T), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells were decreased in the spleen of 1-5-day-old offspring in the treated group. Expression level of Il15 was significantly increased in the spleen of newborn male offspring, and Ccr7 and Ccl19 were increased in the spleen of female offspring in the CB-NP group. Splenic mRNA change profiles by CBNP were similar between male and female offspring. This article concluded that exposure of pregnant mothers to CB-NP partially suppressed the development of the immune system of offspring mice. The decrease in splenic T cells in the treated group recovered at 14 days after birth. This is the first report of developmental effect of nanoparticle on the lymphatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Shimizu
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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14
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Aula S, Lakkireddy S, Jamil K, Kapley A, Swamy AVN, Lakkireddy HR. Biophysical, biopharmaceutical and toxicological significance of biomedical nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05889a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of interplay between nanoparticles physicochemical and biophysical properties, and their impact on pharmacokinetic biodistribution and toxicological properties help designing of appropriate nanoparticle products for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Aula
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
- Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS)
- Secunderabad
- India
- Department of Biotechnology
| | - Samyuktha Lakkireddy
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
- Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS)
- Secunderabad
- India
- Department of Biotechnology
| | - Kaiser Jamil
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
- Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS)
- Secunderabad
- India
| | - Atya Kapley
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
- Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS)
- Secunderabad
- India
- Environmental Genomics Division
| | - A. V. N. Swamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur (JNTUA)
- Anantapuramu
- India
| | - Harivardhan Reddy Lakkireddy
- Drug Delivery Technologies and Innovation
- Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sanofi Research and Development
- 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine
- France
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15
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El-Sayed YS, Shimizu R, Onoda A, Takeda K, Umezawa M. Carbon black nanoparticle exposure during middle and late fetal development induces immune activation in male offspring mice. Toxicology 2015; 327:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Ultrafine carbon black induces glutamate and ATP release by activating connexin and pannexin hemichannels in cultured astrocytes. Toxicology 2014; 323:32-41. [PMID: 24932759 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles could enter central nervous system and were associated with brain damage. The underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Glutamate and ATP are important signaling molecules in brain physiology and pathology. We investigated whether ultrafine carbon black (ufCB) could regulate the release of glutamate and ATP from cultured cortical astrocytes and the involvement of hemichannels in the release mechanism. Our results showed that ufCB dose-dependently increased glutamate and ATP release and activated hemichannels in astrocytes. ufCB-activated hemichannels were attributed to the activation of both connexin 43 (Cx43) and pannexin1 (Panx1) hemichannels, which was based on the finding of increased protein expression and distribution on cell surface of Cx43 and Panx1, and the inhibiting effects of hemichannel inhibitor carbenoxolone, Cx43 hemichannel inhibitor (43)Gap27 and Panx1 hemichannel inhibitor (10)Panx1 on hemichannel activation. Furthermore, ufCB-induced glutamate and ATP release were dependent on Cx43 and Panx1 hemichannels, because carbenoxolone and (43)Gap27 inhibited ufCB-induced glutamate and ATP release, and (10)Panx1 inhibited ufCB-induced ATP release. Taken together, we demonstrated, for the first time, that ufCB could induce glutamate and ATP release by activating Cx43 and Panx1 hemchannels in astrocytes. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism for neurotoxicity caused by ultrafine particles.
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17
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Morimoto Y, Oyabu T, Horie M, Kambara T, Izumi H, Kuroda E, Creutzenberg O, Bellmann B, Pohlmann G, Schuchardt S, Hansen T, Ernst H. Pulmonary toxicity of printer toner following inhalation and intratracheal instillation. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 25:679-90. [PMID: 24102468 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.835010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary effects of a finished toner were evaluated in intratracheal instillation and inhalation studies, using toners with external additives (titanium dioxide nanoparticles and amorphous silica nanoparticles). Rats received an intratracheal dose of 1 mg or 2 mg of toner and were sacrificed at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. The toner induced pulmonary inflammation, as evidenced by a transient neutrophil response in the low-dose groups and persistent neutrophil infiltration in the high-dose groups. There were increased concentrations of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) as a marker of oxidative stress in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and the lung. In a 90-day inhalation study, rats were exposed to well-dispersed toner (mean of MMAD: 3.76 µm). The three mass concentrations of toner were 1, 4 and 16 mg/m(3) for 13 weeks, and the rats were sacrificed at 6 days and 91 days after the end of the exposure period. The low and medium concentrations did not induce neutrophil infiltration in the lung of statistical significance, but the high concentration did, and, in addition, upon histopathological examination not only showed findings of inflammation but also of fibrosis in the lung. Taken together, the results of our studies suggest that toners with external additives lead to pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis at lung burdens suggest beyond the overload. The changes observed in the pulmonary responses in this inhalation study indicate that the high concentration (16 mg/m(3)) is an LOAEL and that the medium concentration (4 mg/m(3)) is an NOAEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Morimoto
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Japan
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18
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Amara S, Slama IB, Mrad I, Rihane N, Khemissi W, El Mir L, Rhouma KB, Abdelmelek H, Sakly M. Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and/or zinc chloride on biochemical parameters and mineral levels in rat liver and kidney. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:1150-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113510327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the potential subacute toxicity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) in Wistar rats in comparison with reference toxicant, zinc chloride (ZnCl2), of a non-nanoparticulate form. We therefore studied the relationships between zinc (Zn) accumulation, liver and kidney trace element levels, and plasmatic biochemical parameters. Rats in all groups were treated by intraperitoneal injection of ZnO NPs and/or ZnCl2 solution (25 mg/kg) every other day for 10 days. The contents of trace element in the liver and kidney were slightly modulated after ZnO NPs and/or ZnCl2 solution exposure. The same treatment increased the aspartate aminotransferase activity and uric acid concentration. However, ZnO NPs or ZnCl2 solution decreased the creatinine levels, whereas the combined intake of ZnO NPs and ZnCl2 decreased the glucose concentration. Interestingly, the analysis of the lyophilized powder of liver using the x-ray diffractometer showed the degradation of ZnO NPs in ZnO-treated group, instead there is a lack of NPs ZnO biosynthesis from the ZnCl2 solution injected in rats. These investigations suggest that combined injection of ZnO NPs and ZnCl2 solution has a possible toxic effect in rats. This effect could be related to Zn2+ ion release and accumulation of this element in organs. Our findings provide crucial information that ZnO appeared to be absorbed in the organs in an ionic form rather than in a particulate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Amara
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - I Ben Slama
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - I Mrad
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - N Rihane
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - W Khemissi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - L El Mir
- Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Sciences, Department of Physics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Physics of Materials and Nanomaterials Applied at Environment, College of Sciences in Gabes, Zirig, Tunisia
| | - K Ben Rhouma
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - H Abdelmelek
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - M Sakly
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
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19
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Prietl B, Meindl C, Roblegg E, Pieber TR, Lanzer G, Fröhlich E. Nano-sized and micro-sized polystyrene particles affect phagocyte function. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013; 30:1-16. [PMID: 24292270 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-013-9265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adverse effect of nanoparticles may include impairment of phagocyte function. To identify the effect of nanoparticle size on uptake, cytotoxicity, chemotaxis, cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, nitric oxide production and myeloperoxidase release, leukocytes isolated from human peripheral blood, monocytes and macrophages were studied. Carboxyl polystyrene (CPS) particles in sizes between 20 and 1,000 nm served as model particles. Twenty nanometers CPS particles were taken up passively, while larger CPS particles entered cells actively and passively. Twenty nanometers CPS were cytotoxic to all phagocytes, ≥500 nm CPS particles only to macrophages. Twenty nanometers CPS particles stimulated IL-8 secretion in human monocytes and induced oxidative burst in monocytes. Five hundred nanometers and 1,000 nm CPS particles stimulated IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in monocytes and macrophages, chemotaxis towards a chemotactic stimulus of monocytes and phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages and provoked an oxidative burst of granulocytes. At very high concentrations, CPS particles of 20 and 500 nm stimulated myeloperoxidase release of granulocytes and nitric oxide generation in macrophages. Cytotoxic effect could contribute to some of the observed effects. In the absence of cytotoxicity, 500 and 1,000 nm CPS particles appear to influence phagocyte function to a greater extent than particles in other sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Prietl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
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20
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Win-Shwe TT, Fujitani Y, Sone H, Furuyama A, Nitta H, Hirano S. Effects of acute single intranasal instillation of secondary organic aerosol on neurological and immunological biomarkers in the brain and lung of BALB/c mice. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:71-82. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Yuji Fujitani
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Hideko Sone
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Akiko Furuyama
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Hiroshi Nitta
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Seishiro Hirano
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
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21
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Shannahan JH, Kodavanti UP, Brown JM. Manufactured and airborne nanoparticle cardiopulmonary interactions: a review of mechanisms and the possible contribution of mast cells. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:320-39. [PMID: 22486349 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.668229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human inhalation exposures to manufactured nanoparticles (NP) and airborne ultrafine particles (UFP) continues to increase in both occupational and environmental settings. UFP exposures have been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, while ongoing research supports adverse systemic and cardiovascular health effects after NP exposures. Adverse cardiovascular health effects include alterations in heart rate variability, hypertension, thrombosis, arrhythmias, increased myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. Exactly how UFP and NP cause these negative cardiovascular effects is poorly understood, however a variety of mediators and mechanisms have been proposed. UFP and NP, as well as their soluble components, are known to systemically translocate from the lung. Translocated particles could mediate cardiovascular toxicity through direct interactions with the vasculature, blood, and heart. Recent study suggests that sensory nerve stimulation within the lung may also contribute to UFP- and NP-induced acute cardiovascular alterations. Activation of sensory nerves, such as C-fibers, within the lung may result in altered cardiac rhythm and function. Lastly, release of pulmonary-derived mediators into systemic circulation has been proposed to facilitate cardiovascular effects. In general, these proposed pulmonary-derived mediators include proinflammatory cytokines, oxidatively modified macromolecules, vasoactive proteins, and prothrombotic factors. These pulmonary-derived mediators have been postulated to contribute to the subsequent prothrombotic, atherogenic, and inflammatory effects after exposure. This review will evaluate the potential contribution of individual mediators and mechanisms in facilitating cardiopulmonary toxicity following inhalation of UFP and NP. Lastly, we will appraise the literature and propose a hypothesis regarding the possible role of mast cells in contributing to these systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Shannahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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22
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Nakane H. Translocation of particles deposited in the respiratory system: a systematic review and statistical analysis. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 17:263-74. [PMID: 22101916 PMCID: PMC3390561 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-011-0252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that ambient particulate matter poses consistent risks for respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. The translocation of inhaled particles is one hypothesis that could explain such systemic effects. The objectives of this study were to conduct a systematic review of previous reports on particle translocation from the respiratory system and to discuss factors important for translocation. A PubMed search was conducted in August 2011 for the period from 1967 with four main keyword domains (particle, translocation, detection site, and exposure route). The systematic review identified 61 original articles written in English that met the specified criteria (i.e., information on experiment and particle detection). Categorical regression analysis was performed with the site of particle detection as the objective variable, and particle size, particle material, animal species, and exposure route as the explanatory variables. All explanatory variables showed statistically significant effects. The effects for particle size and particle material were large, while the effects for animal species and exposure route were relatively small. There was a broad relationship between particle size and detection site: ≤50 nm for brain and remote organs; ≤1 μm for blood; and ≤10 μm for lung tissues. However, these results should be considered within the context of several limitations, such as deficiency of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Nakane
- Atmospheric Environment Laboratory, Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc, 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan.
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23
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Schüepp K, Sly PD. The developing respiratory tract and its specific needs in regard to ultrafine particulate matter exposure. Paediatr Respir Rev 2012; 13:95-9. [PMID: 22475255 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have unique physico-chemical properties compared to larger particles that have the potential to provide promising new possibilities for biomedical applications. Considerable research is currently exploring these potentials of nanotechnology. In contrast, airborne particles as components of indoor air, ambient air pollution associated with traffic-related pollution, industry, power plants, and other combustion sources have the potential to harm children's health. However, a similar research effort into the potential health effects of exposure to nanoparticles is lacking. Children differ markedly from adults in their developmental biology rendering young children the most vulnerable group with regard to potentially harmful effects induced by particulate exposure. This review discusses the differences between children and adults in regard to nanoparticle exposure highlighting the uniqueness and vulnerability of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schüepp
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Win-Shwe TT, Fujimaki H, Fujitani Y, Hirano S. Novel object recognition ability in female mice following exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:355-62. [PMID: 22659509 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, our laboratory reported that exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NRDE) for 3 months impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial learning ability and up-regulated the expressions of memory function-related genes in the hippocampus of female mice. However, whether NRDE affects the hippocampus-dependent non-spatial learning ability and the mechanism of NRDE-induced neurotoxicity was unknown. Female BALB/c mice were exposed to clean air, middle-dose NRDE (M-NRDE, 47 μg/m(3)), high-dose NRDE (H-NRDE, 129 μg/m(3)), or filtered H-NRDE (F-DE) for 3 months. We then investigated the effect of NRDE exposure on non-spatial learning ability and the expression of genes related to glutamate neurotransmission using a novel object recognition test and a real-time RT-PCR analysis, respectively. We also examined microglia marker Iba1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus using immunohistochemical analyses. Mice exposed to H-NRDE or F-DE could not discriminate between familiar and novel objects. The control and M-NRDE-exposed groups showed a significantly increased discrimination index, compared to the H-NRDE-exposed group. Although no significant changes in the expression levels of the NMDA receptor subunits were observed, the expression of glutamate transporter EAAT4 was decreased and that of glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD65 was increased in the hippocampus of H-NRDE-exposed mice, compared with the expression levels in control mice. We also found that microglia activation was prominent in the hippocampal area of the H-NRDE-exposed mice, compared with the other groups. These results indicated that exposure to NRDE for 3 months impaired the novel object recognition ability. The present study suggests that genes related to glutamate metabolism may be involved in the NRDE-induced neurotoxicity observed in the present mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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25
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Umezawa M, Kudo S, Yanagita S, Shinkai Y, Niki R, Oyabu T, Takeda K, Ihara T, Sugamata M. Maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle increases collagen type VIII expression in the kidney of offspring. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:461-8. [PMID: 21804310 DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The potential health risks of inhaling nanomaterials are of great concern because of their high specific activity and their unique property of translocation. Earlier studies showed that exposure to nanoparticles through the airway affects both respiratory and extrapulmonary organs. When pregnant mice were exposed to nanoparticles, the respiratory system, the central nervous system and the reproductive system of their offspring were affected. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of maternal exposure to nanoparticles on the offspring, particularly on the kidney. Pregnant ICR mice were exposed to a total of 100 µg of carbon black nanoparticle on the fifth and the ninth days of pregnancy. Samples of blood and kidney tissue were collected from 3-week-old and 12-week-old male offspring mice. Collagen expression was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Serum levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were examined. Exposure of pregnant ICR mice to carbon black resulted in increased expression of Collagen, type VIII, a1 (Col8a1) in the tubular cells in the kidney of 12-week-old offspring mice but not in 3-week-old ones. The levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, indices of renal function, were not different between the groups. These observations were similar to those of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. These results suggest that maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle induces renal abnormalities similar to tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy are induced in the kidney of offspring.
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Win-Shwe TT, Fujimaki H. Nanoparticles and neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6267-80. [PMID: 22016657 PMCID: PMC3189781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12096267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to nanoparticles (NPs; diameter < 100 nm) from ambient air and certain workplaces. There are two main types of NPs; combustion-derived NPs (e.g., particulate matters, diesel exhaust particles, welding fumes) and manufactured or engineered NPs (e.g., titanium dioxide, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, silver, zinc oxide, copper oxide). Recently, there have been increasing reports indicating that inhaled NPs can reach the brain and may be associated with neurodegeneration. It is necessary to evaluate the potential toxic effects of NPs on brain because most of the neurobehavioral disorders may be of environmental origin. This review highlights studies on both combustion-derived NP- and manufactured or engineered NP-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and gene expression, as well as the possible mechanism of these effects in animal models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Fujimaki
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; E-Mail:
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Win-Shwe TT, Fujitani Y, Hirano S, Fujimaki H. [Exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust affects hippocampal functions in mice]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2011; 66:628-633. [PMID: 21996758 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.66.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated associations between day-to-day particulate air pollution and increased risks of various adverse health outcomes. Although an association between exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and the development of pulmonary inflammation has been reported, there are limited reports on the neurotoxic effects of DEPs, particularly those of nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NRDE). In this minireview, we highlighted the effects of NRDE which was generated in the National Institute for Environmental Studies, on hippocampus-dependent spatial learning ability and the expression of memory-function-related genes, neurotrophins, and proinflammatory cytokines in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies. Ibaraki, Japan.
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Win-Shwe TT, Yamamoto S, Fujitani Y, Hirano S, Fujimaki H. Nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust affects hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and NMDA receptor subunit expression in female mice. Nanotoxicology 2011; 6:543-53. [PMID: 21663545 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.590904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NRDE) on hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory function-related gene expressions in female mice. Female BALB/c mice were exposed to clean air, middle-dose NRDE (M-NRDE), high-dose NRDE (H-NRDE) or filtered diesel exhaust (F-DE) for three months. A Morris water maze apparatus was used to examine spatial learning. The expression levels of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit, proinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophin mRNAs in the hippocampus were then investigated using real-time RT-PCR. Mice exposed to H-NRDE required a longer time to reach the hidden platform and showed higher mRNA expression levels of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2A, the proinflammatory cytokine CCL3, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus, compared with the findings in the control group. These results indicate that three months of exposure to NRDE affected spatial learning and memory function-related gene expressions in the female mouse hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Risk Research , National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Farina F, Sancini G, Mantecca P, Gallinotti D, Camatini M, Palestini P. The acute toxic effects of particulate matter in mouse lung are related to size and season of collection. Toxicol Lett 2011; 202:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Park EJ, Roh J, Kim Y, Park K, Kim DS, Yu SD. PM 2.5 collected in a residential area induced Th1-type inflammatory responses with oxidative stress in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:348-355. [PMID: 21256479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologists have tried to establish an association between human health and exposure to particulate matter (PM). In addition, many researchers have investigated the adverse effects of PM as a trigger of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. It is known that a number of environmental contaminants are attached to PM and the toxicity of PM may depend on the sources. We investigated the effects of PM collected in a residential area of Seoul on the immunotoxic responses including cytokine production in BAL fluid and in blood after a single intratracheal instillation in mice with the characterization of physico-chemical properties of PM 2.5 samples. As results, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6), Th0-type cytokine (IL-2), and Th1-type cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ) were increased by a dose-dependent manner. Cell infiltration in the alveolar area and phagocytosis by macrophage was observed until day 28 after instillation. The expressions of oxidative stress-related genes (HSP 1a, HSP 8, and SOD) and tissue damage-related genes (MMP-15, -19, and Slpi) were time-dependently increased. PM 2.5 also induced an increase of T cell distribution in lymphocyte and decreased the CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Based on the results, we suggest that PM 2.5 collected in a residential area of Seoul may induce Th1 type-inflammatory responses with oxidative stress and trigger adverse effects in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Environmental Health Risk Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Kyungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea.
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Morimoto Y, Ogami A, Todoroki M, Yamamoto M, Murakami M, Hirohashi M, Oyabu T, Myojo T, Nishi KI, Kadoya C, Yamasaki S, Nagatomo H, Fujita K, Endoh S, Uchida K, Yamamoto K, Kobayashi N, Nakanishi J, Tanaka I. Expression of inflammation-related cytokines following intratracheal instillation of nickel oxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2011; 4:161-76. [PMID: 20795893 DOI: 10.3109/17435390903518479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine what kinds of cytokines are related to lung disorder by well-dispersed nanoparticles. The mass median diameter of nickel oxide in distilled water was 26 nm. Rats intratracheally received 0.2 mg of nickel oxide suspended in distilled water, and were sacrificed from three days to six months. The concentrations of 21 cytokines including inflammation, fibrosis and allergy-related ones were measured in the lung. Infiltration of alveolar macrophages was observed persistently in the nickel oxide-exposed group. Expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha showed a continued increase in lung tissue and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) while interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta in lung tissue and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in BALF showed transient increases. Taken together, it was suggested that nano-agglomerates of nickel oxide nanoparticles have a persistent inflammatory effect, and the transient increase in cytokine expression and persistent increases in CC chemokine were involved in the persistent pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Morimoto
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Abstract
This review is presented as a common foundation for scientists interested in nanoparticles, their origin,activity, and biological toxicity. It is written with the goal of rationalizing and informing public health concerns related to this sometimes-strange new science of "nano," while raising awareness of nanomaterials' toxicity among scientists and manufacturers handling them.We show that humans have always been exposed to tiny particles via dust storms, volcanic ash, and other natural processes, and that our bodily systems are well adapted to protect us from these potentially harmful intruders. There ticuloendothelial system, in particular, actively neutralizes and eliminates foreign matter in the body,including viruses and nonbiological particles. Particles originating from human activities have existed for millennia, e.g., smoke from combustion and lint from garments, but the recent development of industry and combustion-based engine transportation has profoundly increased an thropogenic particulate pollution. Significantly, technological advancement has also changed the character of particulate pollution, increasing the proportion of nanometer-sized particles--"nanoparticles"--and expanding the variety of chemical compositions. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between particulate air pollution levels, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, various cancers, and mortality. Adverse effects of nanoparticles on human health depend on individual factors such as genetics and existing disease, as well as exposure, and nanoparticle chemistry, size, shape,agglomeration state, and electromagnetic properties. Animal and human studies show that inhaled nanoparticles are less efficiently removed than larger particles by the macrophage clearance mechanisms in the lungs, causing lung damage, and that nanoparticles can translocate through the circulatory, lymphatic, and nervous systems to many tissues and organs, including the brain. The key to understanding the toxicity of nanoparticles is that their minute size, smaller than cells and cellular organelles, allows them to penetrate these basic biological structures, disrupting their normal function.Examples of toxic effects include tissue inflammation, and altered cellular redox balance toward oxidation, causing abnormal function or cell death. The manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms,"nanotechnology," is creating many new materials with characteristics not always easily predicted from current knowledge. Within the nearly limitless diversity of these materials, some happen to be toxic to biological systems, others are relatively benign, while others confer health benefits. Some of these materials have desirable characteristics for industrial applications, as nanostructured materials often exhibit beneficial properties, from UV absorbance in sunscreen to oil-less lubrication of motors.A rational science-based approach is needed to minimize harm caused by these materials, while supporting continued study and appropriate industrial development. As current knowledge of the toxicology of "bulk" materials may not suffice in reliably predicting toxic forms of nanoparticles,ongoing and expanded study of "nanotoxicity" will be necessary. For nanotechnologies with clearly associated health risks, intelligent design of materials and devices is needed to derive the benefits of these new technologies while limiting adverse health impacts. Human exposure to toxic nanoparticles can be reduced through identifying creation-exposure pathways of toxins, a study that may someday soon unravel the mysteries of diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Reduction in fossil fuel combustion would have a large impact on global human exposure to nanoparticles, as would limiting deforestation and desertification.While nanotoxicity is a relatively new concept to science, this review reveals the result of life's long history of evolution in the presence of nanoparticles, and how the human body, in particular, has adapted to defend itself against nanoparticulate intruders.
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Roursgaard M, Poulsen SS, Poulsen LK, Hammer M, Jensen KA, Utsunomiya S, Ewing RC, Balic-Zunic T, Nielsen GD, Larsen ST. Time-response relationship of nano and micro particle induced lung inflammation. Quartz as reference compound. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 29:915-33. [PMID: 20237177 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110363329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of engineered particles, including nanoparticles, are being manufactured, increasing the need for simple low-dose toxicological screening methods. This study aimed to investigate the kinetics of biomarkers related to acute and sub-chronic particle-induced lung inflammation of quartz. Mice were intratracheal instilled with 50 µg of microsized or nanosized quartz. Acute inflammation was assessed 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 48 hours post exposure, whereas sub-chronic inflammation was investigated 3 months after exposure. Markers of acute inflammation in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were neutrophils (PMN), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), keratinocyte derived chemokine (KC) and total protein, which were all close to maximum 16 hours post instillation. No major differences were seen in the time-response profiles of nano- and micro-sized particles. The potency of the two samples cannot be compared; during the milling process, a substantial part of the quartz was converted to amorphous silica and contaminated with corundum. For screening, BALF PMN, either TNF-α or IL-1β at 16 hours post instillation may be useful. At 3 months post instillation, KC, PMN and macrophages were elevated. Histology showed no interstitial inflammation three months post instillation. For screening of sub-chronic effects, KC, PMN, macrophages and histopathology is considered sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roursgaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Totlandsdal AI, Refsnes M, Låg M. Mechanisms involved in ultrafine carbon black-induced release of IL-6 from primary rat epithelial lung cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Win-Shwe TT, Mitsushima D, Yamamoto S, Fujitani Y, Funabashi T, Hirano S, Fujimaki H. Extracellular glutamate level and NMDA receptor subunit expression in mouse olfactory bulb following nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:828-36. [PMID: 19653804 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802538068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this present study, we aimed to investigate the extracellular glutamate level and memory function-related gene expression in the mouse olfactory bulb after exposure of the animals to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NRDE) with or without bacterial cell wall component. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component derived from Staphylococcus aureus, was used to induce systemic inflammation. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to clean air (particle concentration, 4.58 microg/m(3)) or NRDE (148.86 microg/m(3)) 5 h per day on 5 consecutive days of the week for 4 wk with or without weekly intraperitoneal injection of LTA. We examined the extracellular glutamate levels in the olfactory bulb using in vivo microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Then, we collected the olfactory bulb to examine the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) IV and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB)-1 using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). NRDE and/or LTA caused significantly increased extracellular glutamate levels in the olfactory bulb of mice. Moreover, the exposure of mice to NRDE upregulates NR1, NR2A, NR2B, and CaMKIV mRNAs in the olfactory bulb, while LTA upregulates only NR2B and CREB1 mRNAs. These findings suggest that NRDE and LTA cause glutamate-induced neurotoxicity separately and accompanied by changes in the expression of NMDA receptor subunits and related kinase and transcription factor in the mouse olfactory bulb. This is the first study to show the correlation between glutamate toxicity and memory function-related gene expressions in the mouse olfactory bulb following exposure to NRDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Nishi K, Morimoto Y, Ogami A, Murakami M, Myojo T, Oyabu T, Kadoya C, Yamamoto M, Todoroki M, Hirohashi M, Yamasaki S, Fujita K, Endo S, Uchida K, Yamamoto K, Nakanishi J, Tanaka I. Expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in rat lungs by intratracheal instillation of nickel oxide nanoparticles. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:1030-9. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802716722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Yamamoto S, Tin-Tin-Win-Shwe, Yoshida Y, Kunugita N, Arashidani K, Fujimaki H. Children's immunology, what can we learn from animal studies (2): Modulation of systemic Th1/Th2 immune response in infant mice after prenatal exposure to low-level toluene and toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligand. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 34 Suppl 2:SP341-8. [PMID: 19571489 DOI: 10.2131/jts.34.sp341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the newborn immune system differs quantitatively and functionally from that of adults. Development of the immune system has important implications for childhood diseases. The immaturity of the immune system in the prenatal or suckling stage may contribute to susceptibility to environmental toxic chemical exposure. In the present study, to clarify the effect of low-level toluene exposure on immune functions during developmental stage, pregnant mice were exposed to 0, 5, and 50 ppm toluene from gestational day 14 to day 19 with or without stimulation by peptidoglycan (PGN) of a gram-positive bacterial cell wall component, a toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligand. We examined Th1/Th2 balance in the offspring's at 3 weeks old using ELISA and real-time RT-PCR methods. Exposure of mice to 50 ppm toluene enhanced total immunoglobulin (Ig) G2a (Th1-dependent) level in plasma. On the other hand, splenic expression of transcription factor T-bet (Th1-specific), GATA-3 (Th2-specific) and Foxp3 (gene marker for regulatory CD4+CD25+ T-cells) mRNAs was suppressed in these mice, but not in the combination of 5 or 50 ppm toluene with PGN. In addition, total IgG1 (Th2 dependent) level was suppressed in the combination of 5 or 50 ppm toluene with PGN. Our findings indicate that modulation of Th1- and Th2-responses may occur in low-level toluene exposure and/or combination with PGN stimulation in infant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Yamamoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Yamamoto S, Shwe TTW, Yoshida Y, Kunugita N, Arashidani K, Fujimaki H. Suppression of Th1- and Th2-type immune responses in infant mouse spleen after prenatal and postnatal exposure to low-level toluene and peptidoglycan. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:793-802. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370902798448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Dickie R, Cormack M, Semmler-Behnke M, Kreyling WG, Tsuda A. Deep pulmonary lymphatics in immature lungs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:859-63. [PMID: 19556455 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90665.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we found that the translocation of inhaled nanoparticles from the air space to secondary organs is age dependent and substantially greater in neonates than in adults (J Respir Crit Care Med 177: A48, 2008). One reason for this difference might be age-dependent differences in alveolar barrier integrity. Because the neonate lung is undergoing morphogenetic and fluid balance changes, we hypothesize that the alveolar barrier of developing lungs is more easily compromised and susceptible to foreign material influx than that of adult lungs. On the basis of these hypotheses, we predict that the postnatally developing lung is also more likely to allow the translocation of some materials from the air space to the lymphatic lumens. To test this idea, we intratracheally instilled methyl methacrylate into immature and adult lungs and compared lymphatic filling between these two age groups. Scanning electron microscopy of the resultant corrosion casts revealed peribronchial saccular and conduit lymphatic architecture. Deep pulmonary lymphatic casts were present on the majority (58.5%) of airways in immature lungs, but lymphatic casting in adult lungs, as anticipated, was much more infrequent (21.6%). Thus the neonate lung appears to be more susceptible than the adult lung to the passage of instilled methyl methacrylate from the air space into the lymphatics. We speculate that this could imply greater probability of translocation of other materials, such as nanoparticles, from the immature lung as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Dickie
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Mantecca P, Sancini G, Moschini E, Farina F, Gualtieri M, Rohr A, Miserocchi G, Palestini P, Camatini M. Lung toxicity induced by intratracheal instillation of size-fractionated tire particles. Toxicol Lett 2009; 189:206-14. [PMID: 19501637 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tire particles (TP) represent a significant component of urban air pollution (PM), constituting more than 10% of PM10 mass at urban locations with heavy traffic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of size-fractionated TP in an animal exposure model frequently used to assess the health effects of air pollutants. Potential pro-inflammatory and toxic effects of TP2.5 (<2.5 microm) and TP10 (<10 microm) were investigated through instillation of suspensions of these materials in BALB/c mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was screened for total protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and beta-glucuronidase (B-Gluc) as markers of cytotoxicity; glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as markers of oxidative potential; and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), and inflammatory cells as markers of inflammation. Concomitantly, histological analysis of TP-exposed lungs was performed. A single intratracheal instillation of 10 microg/100 microl, 100 microg/100 microl or 200 microg/100 microl was performed, and after 24h mice were euthanized and BALF examined. Inflammatory cellular profiles showed dose-dependent responses after TP10 exposure, while strong cytotoxic effects, including increases in total protein, LDH and AP, were observed to be associated to TP2.5 exposure. Histologically, TP10-treated lungs mainly showed inflammatory tissue infiltration, in contrast to TP2.5-treated lungs, where lysis of the alveolar barrier appeared to be the most characteristic lesion. Our biochemical, cytological, and histological results indicated differential lung toxicity mechanisms elicited by size-fractionated TP, in agreement with other studies performed in in vivo systems that have shown that lung responses to inhaled or instilled particles are affected by particle size. We conclude that lung toxicity induced by TP10 was primarily due to macrophage-mediated inflammatory events, while toxicity induced by TP2.5 appeared to be related more closely to cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Mantecca
- Department of Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 1 piazza della Scienza, Milan 20126, Italy
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Haniu H, Matsuda Y, Takeuchi K. Potential of a Novel Safety Evaluation of Nanomaterials Using a Proteomic Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Haniu
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Bio-System Control, School of Medicine, Shinshu University
| | | | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University
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42
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Win-Shwe TT, Yamamoto S, Fujitani Y, Hirano S, Fujimaki H. Spatial learning and memory function-related gene expression in the hippocampus of mouse exposed to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:940-7. [PMID: 18926851 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles are a major constituent of ambient particulate matter, and most particles emitted directly from diesel exhaust are smaller than 1microm in diameter. Recently, the toxicity of diesel engine-derived nanoparticles has come to be recognized as an emerging social issue. In the present study, we investigated spatial learning ability and memory function-related gene expressions in mouse hippocampus after the exposure of animals to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NRDE) with or without a bacterial cell wall component. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component derived from Staphylococcus aureus, was used to induce systemic inflammation. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to clean air (particle concentration, 4.58microg/m(3)) or NRDE (148.86microg/m(3)) for 5h per day on 5 days of the week for 4 weeks in an exposure chamber, with or without the weekly intraperitoneal injection of LTA. On the day after the final day of exposure, we used a Morris water maze apparatus to examine the ability of the animals to perform a spatial learning task. After the completion of the test, the animals were sacrificed and the hippocampus was collected from each mouse; the expressions of NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A and NR2B), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha) and the oxidative stress marker heme oxygenase 1 were then investigated using real-time RT-PCR. In the Morris water maze task, NRDE/LTA (+) group took a longer time to reach the hidden platform than clear air/LTA (-) group. However, NRDE exposure alone did not affect it. The relative mRNA levels of the NMDA receptor subunits and proinflammatory cytokines were higher in hippocampus of NRDE/LTA (+) group compared to clear air/LTA (-) group. These results indicate that co-exposure of NRDE and LTA could affect spatial learning and memory function-related gene expressions in mouse hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Chang CC, Hwang JS, Chan CC, Cheng TJ. Interaction effects of ultrafine carbon black with iron and nickel on heart rate variability in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1012-7. [PMID: 17637915 PMCID: PMC1913579 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter (PM) has been reported to be associated with alterations in heart rate variability (HRV); however, the results are inconsistent. We propose that different components of PM cause the discrepancy. OBJECTIVE In this study, our goal was to determine whether different types of exposure would cause different HRV effects, and to verify the interactions between co-exposing components. METHODS Ultrafine carbon black (ufCB; 14 nm; 415 microg and 830 microg), ferric sulfate [Fe(2)(SO(4))(3); 105 microg and 210 microg], nickel sulfate (NiSO(4); 263 mug and 526 microg), and a combination of high-dose ufCB and low-dose Fe(2)(SO(4))(3) or NiSO(4) were intratracheally instilled into spontaneously hypertensive rats. Radiotelemetry data were collected in rats for 72 hr at baseline and for 72 hr the following week to determine the response to exposure. Effects of exposure on 5-min average of normal-to-normal intervals (ANN), natural logarithm-transformed standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (LnSDNN), and root mean square of successive differences of adjacent normal-to-normal intervals (LnRMSSD) were analyzed using self-control experimental designs. RESULTS Both high- and low-dose ufCB decreased ANN marginally around hour 30, with concurrent increases of LnSDNN. LnRMSSD returned to baseline levels after small initial increases. We observed minor effects after low-dose Fe and Ni instillation, whereas biphasic changes were noted after high-dose instillations. Combined exposures of ufCB and either Fe or Ni resulted in HRV trends different from values estimated from individual-component effects. CONCLUSIONS Components in PM may induce different cardioregulatory responses, and a single component may induce different responses during different phases. Concurrent exposure to ufCB and Fe or Ni might introduce interactions on cardioregulatory effects. Also, the effect of PM may be mediated through complex interaction between different components of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Chau Chang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Address correspondence to T.J. Cheng, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Rd., Rm 720, Taipei, Taiwan 10055. Telephone and Fax: +886-2-3322-8090. E-mail:
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Yamamoto S, Nakajima D, Furuyama A, Fukushima A, Ahmed S, Goto S, Fujimaki H. Modulation of neurological related allergic reaction in mice exposed to low-level toluene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:17-24. [PMID: 17481687 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The contributing role of indoor air pollution to the development of allergic disease has become increasingly evident in public health problems. It has been reported that extensive communication exists between neurons and immune cells, and neurotrophins are molecules potentially responsible for regulating and controlling this neuroimmune crosstalk. The adverse effects of volatile organic compounds which are main indoor pollutants on induction or augmentation of neuroimmune interaction have not been fully characterized yet. To investigate the effects of low-level toluene inhalation on the airway inflammatory responses, male C3H mice were exposed to filtered air (control), 9 ppm, and 90 ppm toluene for 30 min by nose-only inhalation on Days 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Some groups of mice were injected with ovalbumin intraperitoneally before starting exposure schedule and these mice were then challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin as booster dose. For analysis of airway inflammation, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected to determine inflammatory cell influx and lung tissue and blood samples were collected to determine cytokine and neurotrophin mRNA and protein expressions and plasma antibody titers using real-time RT-PCR and ELISA methods respectively. Exposure of the ovalbumin-immunized mice to low-level toluene resulted in (1) increased inflammatory cells infiltration in BAL fluid; (2) increased IL-5 mRNA, decreased nerve growth factor receptor tropomyosin-related kinase A and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNAs in lung; and (3) increased IgE and IgG(1) antibodies and nerve growth factor content in the plasma. These findings suggest that low-level toluene exposure aggravates the airway inflammatory responses in ovalbumin-immunized mice by modulating neuroimmune crosstalk.
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Weichenthal S, Dufresne A, Infante-Rivard C, Joseph L. Indoor ultrafine particle exposures and home heating systems: a cross-sectional survey of Canadian homes during the winter months. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2007; 17:288-97. [PMID: 17033678 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particulate matter has a negative effect on respiratory health in both children and adults. Ultrafine particle (UFP) exposures are of particular concern owing to their enhanced ability to cause oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs. In this investigation, our objective was to examine the contribution of home heating systems (electric baseboard heaters, wood stoves, forced-air oil/natural gas furnace) to indoor UFP exposures. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 36 homes in the cities of Montréal, Québec, and Pembroke, Ontario. Real-time measures of indoor UFP concentrations were collected in each home for approximately 14 h, and an outdoor UFP measurement was collected outside each home before indoor sampling. A home-characteristic questionnaire was also administered, and air exchange rates were estimated using carbon dioxide as a tracer gas. Average UFP exposures of 21,594 cm(-3) (95% confidence interval (CI): 14,014, 29,174) and 6660 cm(-3) (95% CI: 4339, 8982) were observed for the evening (1600-2400) and overnight (2400-0800) hours, respectively. In an unadjusted comparison, overnight baseline UFP exposures were significantly greater in homes with electric baseboard heaters as compared to homes using forced-air oil or natural gas furnaces, and homes using wood stoves had significantly greater overnight baseline UFP exposures than homes using forced-air natural gas furnaces. However, in multivariate models, electric oven use (beta=12,253 cm(-3), 95% CI: 3524, 20,982), indoor relative humidity (beta=1136 cm(-3) %, 95% CI: 372, 1899), and indoor smoking (beta=18,192 cm(-3), 95% CI: 2073, 34,311) were the only significant determinants of mean indoor UFP exposure, whereas air exchange rate (beta=4351 cm(-3) h(-1), 95% CI: 1507, 7195) and each 10,000 cm(-3) increase in outdoor UFPs (beta=811 cm(-3), 95% CI: 244,1377) were the only significant determinants of overnight baseline UFP exposures. In general, our findings suggest that home heating systems are not important determinants of indoor UFP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Québec, Canada.
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Weichenthal S, Dufresne A, Infante-Rivard C. Indoor ultrafine particles and childhood asthma: exploring a potential public health concern. INDOOR AIR 2007; 17:81-91. [PMID: 17391231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Exposure to airborne particulate matter has a negative effect on respiratory health in both children and adults. The ultrafine fraction of particulate air pollution is of particular interest because of its increased ability to cause oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs. We reviewed the literature, and to date findings suggest that ultrafine particles (UFPs) may play an important role in triggering asthma symptoms. Furthermore, we believe that indoor UFP exposures may be particularly important because people spend the majority of their time indoors where sources of these contaminants are often present. While several epidemiological studies have examined the respiratory effects of ambient UFP exposures, the relationship between indoor UFP exposures and childhood asthma has yet to be examined in clinical or epidemiological studies. However, the portable instrumentation necessary to conduct such investigations is increasingly available, and we expect that this issue will be addressed in the near future. Therefore, the aim of this article is to provide a general review of UFP toxicity as related to childhood asthma in order to draw attention to a potentially important public health concern. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS A number of indoor sources of ultrafine particles (UFPs) have been identified, but the health effects of indoor UFP exposures remain largely unexplored. The potential respiratory effects of such exposures seem most concerning because these particles are known to cause oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs. Subsequently, indoor UFP exposures may contribute to the exacerbation of asthma symptoms in susceptible individuals. This paper provides a review of UFP toxicity as related to childhood asthma, and to date evidence suggests that further investigation into the respiratory effects of indoor UFP exposures is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Valberg PA, Long CM, Sax SN. Integrating Studies on Carcinogenic Risk of Carbon Black: Epidemiology, Animal Exposures, and Mechanism of Action. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:1291-307. [PMID: 17159645 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000215342.52699.2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to address the toxicology literature on carbon black (CB) since 1996, when IARC reclassified CB from group 3 to group 2B. METHODS We reviewed epidemiology and laboratory studies from 1996 to 2006, focusing on new analyses of worker populations, on species differences in tumorigenicity of poorly soluble particles, and on the role of particle-bound organics in tumorigenicity. RESULTS Some epidemiology studies have reported positive associations between cancer risk and worker's possible exposure to CB, but larger studies, in more highly exposed populations, have not shown consistent patterns of either elevated risk or dose-response. High levels of inhaled CB were linked with rat lung tumors in 1996, but today scientists increasingly recognize that rats exhibit a unique lung tumor response to all inert inhaled particles that is unlikely to be relevant to humans. On mechanism of action, new reports have continued to show that CB has a high surface area of elemental carbon, and a low quantity of organic material, which is poorly bioavailable. CONCLUSION Overall, the new epidemiological evidence decreases concerns for cancer risk compared with pre-1996 evidence. Laboratory studies support a conclusion that the mechanism of tumorigenicity of CB in rats is no different from that of any poorly soluble particle, ie, toxicity results from the particle overload per se, and not from the particles' chemistry. Thus, research published after 1996 has not identified an increase in support for CB cancer risk, but rather, points to limited and inadequate evidence for carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Valberg
- Gradient Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-5756, USA.
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Yamamoto S, Ahmed S, Kobayashi T, Fujimaki H. Effect of ultrafine carbon black particles on lipoteichoic acid-induced early pulmonary inflammation in BALB/c mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 213:256-66. [PMID: 16387335 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the interaction effects of a single intratracheal instillation of ultrafine carbon black (CB) particles and staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) on early pulmonary inflammation in male BALB/c mice. We examined the cellular profile, cytokine and chemokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and expression of chemokine and toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNAs in lungs. LTA produced a dose-related increase in early pulmonary inflammation, which was characterized by (1) influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and (2) induction of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha/CCL3, but no effect on monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCL2 at 24 h after instillation. Levels of some proinflammatory indicators and TLR2-mRNA expression were significantly increased by 14 nm or 95 nm CB (125 microg) and low-dose LTA (10 microg) treatment compared to CB or LTA alone at 4 h after instillation. Notably, PMN levels and production of IL-6 and CCL2 in the 14 nm CB + LTA were significantly higher than that of 95 nm CB + LTA at 4 h after instillation. However, at 24 h after instillation, only PMN levels were significantly higher in the 14 nm CB + LTA than 95 nm CB + LTA but not the cytokines and chemokines. These data show additive as well as synergistic interaction effects of 14 nm or 95 nm ultrafine CB particles and LTA. We suggest that early pulmonary inflammatory responses in male BALB/c mice may be induced in a size-specific manner of the CB particles used in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Yamamoto
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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Yamamoto S, Ahmed S, Kakeyama M, Kobayashi T, Fujimaki H. Brain cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in mice induced by intranasal instillation with ultrafine carbon black. Toxicol Lett 2005; 163:153-60. [PMID: 16293374 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air ultrafine particles (UFPs) have gained enormous attention to many researchers with recent evidence showing them to have more hazardous effects on human health than larger ambient particles. Studies focusing the possibility of effects on brain are quite limited. To examine the effect of ultrafine carbon black (ufCB) on mice brain, we instilled 125 microg of 14 nm or 95 nm CB into the nostrils of 8-week-old male BALB/c mice, once a week for 4 weeks. Four hours after the last instillation, we collected olfactory bulb and hippocampus and detected the expression of cytokine and chemokine mRNA by quantitative real-time PCR method. In this study, we found the induction of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCL2, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha/CCL3), and monokine induced interferon-gamma/CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL9) mRNA in brain olfactory bulb, not in the hippocampus of mice instilled with 14 nm ufCB intranasally. We suggest that the intranasal instillation of ufCB may influence the brain immune function depending on their size. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate region-specific brain cytokine and chemokine mRNA-induction in mice triggered by intranasal instillation of specific-sized ufCB, in a physiologically relevant condition.
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