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Xiong C, Petursdottir AH, Rikhardsson G, Stergiadis S, Raab A, Feldmann J. Speciation of arsenic in milk from cows fed seaweed. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:6957-6965. [PMID: 38597303 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Including seaweed in cattle feed has gained increased interest, but it is important to take into account that the concentration of toxic metals, especially arsenic, is high in seaweed. This study investigated the arsenic species in milk from seaweed-fed cows. RESULTS Total arsenic in milk of control diets (9.3 ± 1.0 μg As kg-1, n = 4, dry mass) was significantly higher than seaweed-based diet (high-seaweed diet: 7.8 ± 0.4 μg As kg-1, P < 0.05, n = 4, dry mass; low-seaweed diet: 6.2 ± 1.0 μg As kg-1, P < 0.01, n = 4, dry mass). Arsenic speciation showed that the main species present were arsenobetaine (AB) and arsenate (As(V)) (37% and 24% of the total arsenic, respectively). Trace amounts of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenocholine (AC) have also been detected in milk. Apart from arsenate being significantly lower (P < 0.001) in milk from seaweed-fed cows than in milk from the control group, other arsenic species showed no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSION The lower total arsenic and arsenate in seaweed diet groups indicates a possible competition of uptake between arsenate and phosphate, and the presence of AC indicates that a reduction of AB occurred in the digestive tract. Feeding a seaweed blend (91% Ascophyllum nodosum and 9% Laminaria digitata) does not raise As-related safety concerns for milk. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Xiong
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Sokratis Stergiadis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Raab
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Han J, Lv X, He L, Liu M, Qu H, Xi L, Zhang L, Ma B, Shi C, Yang G, Wang Z. MAPK signaling pathway participates in the regulation of intestinal phosphorus and calcium absorption in broiler chickens via 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104052. [PMID: 39067128 PMCID: PMC11338088 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Four experiments were performed to investigate the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in intestinal absorption of phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) in broiler chickens. Experiment 1 assessed how dietary levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) influence the gene expression of intestinal P and Ca transporters in broilers. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 administered via intraperitoneal injection on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling pathways. Experiments 3 and 4 investigated the effect of ERK and p38MAPK inhibitors on the expression of intestinal P and Ca transporters. The findings demonstrated that broilers (1-21 days old) fed a 1,25(OH)2D3-deficient diet (0.625 µg/kg) exhibited reduced body weight, tibia P and Ca levels, and mRNA levels of P transporters (NaPi-IIb, PiT-1, and PiT-2), Ca transporters (NCX1, PMCA1b, and CaBP-D28k), vitamin D receptors (VDR), ERK, and p38MAPK in the duodenum (Experiment 1) (P < 0.05). By comparison, the growth, bone quality, and mRNA levels of genes (except for duodenal NaPi-IIb) in broilers were similar to those in broilers fed the control diet when dietary 1,25(OH)2D3 was adequate (5 µg/kg) (Experiment 1) (P > 0.05). After intraperitoneal injection of 1,25(OH)2D3, the mRNA level of jejunal NaPi-IIb and the protein level of p-p38MAPK/t-p38MAPK in broilers (9-14 days old) decreased (P < 0.05), whereas the mRNA level of CaBP-D28k and the protein level of p-ERK/t-ERK increased (Experiment 2) (P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of jejunal NaPi-IIb and the protein expression of CaBP-D28k in broilers (9-17 days old) treated with the ERK inhibitor PD98059 were greater than those in the control group (Experiment 3) (P < 0.05). Similarly, compared with control broilers, broilers (9-17 days old) treated with the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 showed elevated mRNA expression of jejunal NaPi-IIb and CaBP-D28k (Experiment 4) (P < 0.05). These results suggest that adequate supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3 (5 µg/kg) can restore broiler growth and bone quality by upregulating the transcription of genes involved in intestinal P and Ca absorption. Additionally, the ERK and p38MAPK signaling pathways are implicated in the modulatory effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the absorption of P and Ca in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Han
- Department of Animal Science, College of Smart Animal Husbandry, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Feed Additive, Development and Application, Shangqiu, 476000, China.
| | - Xianliang Lv
- Department of Animal Science, College of Smart Animal Husbandry, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Feed Additive, Development and Application, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Animal Science, College of Smart Animal Husbandry, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Feed Additive, Development and Application, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Smart Animal Husbandry, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Feed Additive, Development and Application, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Smart Animal Husbandry, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Feed Additive, Development and Application, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Li Xi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Smart Animal Husbandry, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Feed Additive, Development and Application, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Liao Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Smart Animal Husbandry, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Feed Additive, Development and Application, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Bingbing Ma
- Department of Animal Science, College of Smart Animal Husbandry, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Feed Additive, Development and Application, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Chuanxin Shi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Smart Animal Husbandry, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Feed Additive, Development and Application, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Guangli Yang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Smart Animal Husbandry, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Feed Additive, Development and Application, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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Corrales D, Alcántara C, Clemente MJ, Vélez D, Devesa V, Monedero V, Zúñiga M. Phosphate Uptake and Its Relation to Arsenic Toxicity in Lactobacilli. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5017. [PMID: 38732236 PMCID: PMC11084836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of probiotic lactobacilli has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate damage associated with exposure to toxic metals. Their protective effect against cationic metal ions, such as those of mercury or lead, is believed to stem from their chelating and accumulating potential. However, their retention of anionic toxic metalloids, such as inorganic arsenic, is generally low. Through the construction of mutants in phosphate transporter genes (pst) in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strains, coupled with arsenate [As(V)] uptake and toxicity assays, we determined that the incorporation of As(V), which structurally resembles phosphate, is likely facilitated by phosphate transporters. Surprisingly, inactivation in Lc. paracasei of PhoP, the transcriptional regulator of the two-component system PhoPR, a signal transducer involved in phosphate sensing, led to an increased resistance to arsenite [As(III)]. In comparison to the wild type, the phoP strain exhibited no differences in the ability to retain As(III), and there were no observed changes in the oxidation of As(III) to the less toxic As(V). These results reinforce the idea that specific transport, and not unspecific cell retention, plays a role in As(V) biosorption by lactobacilli, while they reveal an unexpected phenotype for the lack of the pleiotropic regulator PhoP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Corrales
- Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics Laboratory, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (D.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Cristina Alcántara
- Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics Laboratory, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (D.C.); (C.A.)
| | - María Jesús Clemente
- Next-Generation Approaches for Integrative Food Toxicology Group, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Catedràtic Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (M.J.C.); (D.V.); (V.D.)
| | - Dinoraz Vélez
- Next-Generation Approaches for Integrative Food Toxicology Group, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Catedràtic Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (M.J.C.); (D.V.); (V.D.)
| | - Vicenta Devesa
- Next-Generation Approaches for Integrative Food Toxicology Group, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Catedràtic Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (M.J.C.); (D.V.); (V.D.)
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics Laboratory, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (D.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Manuel Zúñiga
- Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics Laboratory, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (D.C.); (C.A.)
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4
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Alankarage D, Betts A, Scheckel KG, Herde C, Cavallaro M, Juhasz AL. Remediation options to reduce bioaccessible and bioavailable lead and arsenic at a smelter impacted site - consideration of treatment efficacy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122881. [PMID: 37935301 PMCID: PMC10843775 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, smelter contaminated soil was treated with various soil amendments (ferric sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3], triple superphosphate [TSP] and biochar) to determine their efficacy in immobilizing soil lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). In soils incubated with ferric sulfate (0.6M), gastric phase Pb bioaccessibility was reduced from 1939 ± 17 mg kg-1 to 245 ± 4.7 mg kg-1, while intestinal phase bioaccessibility was reduced from 194 ± 25 mg kg-1 to 11.9 ± 3.5 mg kg-1, driven by the formation of plumbojarosite. In TSP treated soils, there were minor reductions in gastric phase Pb bioaccessibility (to 1631 ± 14 mg kg-1) at the highest TSP concentration (6000 mg kg-1) although greater reductions were observed in the intestinal phase, with bioaccessibility reduced to 9.3 ± 2.2 mg kg-1. Speciation analysis showed that this was primarily driven by the formation of chloropyromorphite in the intestinal phase following Pb and phosphate solubilization in the low pH gastric fluid. At the highest concentration (10% w/w), biochar treated soils showed negligible decreases in Pb bioaccessibility in both gastric and intestinal phases. Validation of bioaccessibility outcomes using an in vivo mouse assay led to similar results, with treatment effect ratios (TER) of 0.20 ± 0.01, 0.76 ± 0.11 and 1.03 ± 0.10 for ferric sulfate (0.6M), TSP (6000 mg kg-1) and biochar (10% w/w) treatments. Results of in vitro and in vivo assays showed that only ferric sulfate treatments were able to significantly reduce As bioaccessibility and bioavailability with TER at the highest application of 0.06 ± 0.00 and 0.14 ± 0.04 respectively. This study highlights the potential application of ferric sulfate treatment for the immobilization of Pb and As in co-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileepa Alankarage
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, SA, Australia.
| | - Aaron Betts
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carina Herde
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Preclinical, Imaging and Research Laboratories, Adelaide, 5086, Australia
| | - Michelle Cavallaro
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Preclinical, Imaging and Research Laboratories, Adelaide, 5086, Australia
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, SA, Australia
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5
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Ren X, Zhou Q, Bedar M, Foulad D, Huang KX, Dejam D, Dahan NJ, Kolliopoulos V, Harley BA, Lee JC. Modulating Temporospatial Phosphate Equilibrium by Nanoparticulate Mineralized Collagen Materials Induces Osteogenesis via PiT-1 and PiT-2. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202750. [PMID: 36863404 PMCID: PMC10330078 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The temporospatial equilibrium of phosphate contributes to physiological bone development and fracture healing, yet optimal control of phosphate content has not been explored in skeletal regenerative materials. Nanoparticulate mineralized collagen glycosaminoglycan (MC-GAG) is a synthetic, tunable material that promotes in vivo skull regeneration. In this work, the effects of MC-GAG phosphate content on the surrounding microenvironment and osteoprogenitor differentiation are investigated. This study finds that MC-GAG exhibits a temporal relationship with soluble phosphate with elution early in culture shifting to absorption with or without differentiating primary bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The intrinsic phosphate content of MC-GAG is sufficient to stimulate osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs in basal growth media without the addition of exogenous phosphate in a manner that can be severely reduced, but not eliminated, by knockdown of the sodium phosphate transporters PiT-1 or PiT-2. The contributions of PiT-1 and PiT-2 to MC-GAG-mediated osteogenesis are nonredundant but also nonadditive, suggestive that the heterodimeric form is essential to its activity. These findings indicate that the mineral content of MC-GAG alters phosphate concentrations within a local microenvironment resulting in osteogenic differentiation of progenitor cells via both PiT-1 and PiT-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ren
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Surgery and Perioperative Care, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Qi Zhou
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Surgery and Perioperative Care, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Meiwand Bedar
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Surgery and Perioperative Care, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David Foulad
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Surgery and Perioperative Care, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kelly X. Huang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Surgery and Perioperative Care, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Dillon Dejam
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Surgery and Perioperative Care, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Natalie J. Dahan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Surgery and Perioperative Care, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Vasiliki Kolliopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Brendan A.C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Justine C. Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Surgery and Perioperative Care, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Chen XC, Yao CC, Wang A, Zhang ZD, Chen LZ, Zhang JY, Liu XH, Li HB. Risks of applying mobilising agents for remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils: Effects of dithionite-EDTA and citric acid on arsenic fractionation, leachability, oral bioavailability/bioaccessibility and speciation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 444:130416. [PMID: 36403455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) mobilisation assists in remediating As-contaminated soils but might increase ecological and health risks. In this study, risks of applying two mobilising agents were assessed, i.e. an emerging reducing-chelating composite agent [dithionite (Na2S2O4)-EDTA] and a classical low-molecular-weight organic acid (LMWOA) [citric acid (C6H8O7)]. Results showed that both agents induced sharp increase in leachability-based ecological risk of As. Interestingly, the two agents had opposite performances regarding health risks. Na2S2O4-EDTA significantly increased As relative bioavailability (RBA) to 1.83 times that in controls based on in vivo mouse model, and As bioaccessibility to 1.96, 1.65 and 1.20 times in gastric, small intestinal and colon phases based on in vitro PBET-SHIME model. Besides, it caused significant increase of highly toxic As(Ⅲ) in colon fluid. In contrast, C6H8O7 significantly reduced RBA and bioaccessibility of soil As in colon by 44.44% and 14.65%, respectively. Importantly, C6H8O7 restrained bioaccessible As(V) reduction and promoted bioaccessible As(Ⅲ) methylation, further reducing health risk. The phenomena could mainly be attributed to excessive metal components release from soil by C6H8O7 and gut microbiota metabolism of C6H8O7. In summary, C6H8O7 and similar LMWOAs are recommended. The study contributes to mobilising agent selection and development and provides a reference for managing remediation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rural Waste Recycling Technology, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Wulongjiangbei Road, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
| | - Cong-Cong Yao
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rural Waste Recycling Technology, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Wulongjiangbei Road, Fuzhou 350108, PR China; The Second Geological Exploration Institute, China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, No. 1 Kejidong Road, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
| | - Ao Wang
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rural Waste Recycling Technology, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Wulongjiangbei Road, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
| | - Zeng-Di Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rural Waste Recycling Technology, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Wulongjiangbei Road, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
| | - Long-Zhao Chen
- The Second Geological Exploration Institute, China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, No. 1 Kejidong Road, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
| | - Jian-Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Longchang Chemical Co., Ltd., No. 1 Qianjiang Road, Rugao 226532, PR China
| | - Xian-Hua Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Villa-Bellosta R. Role of the extracellular ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism cycle in vascular calcification. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09867-1. [PMID: 35511317 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, ATP is considered to be the principal energy source in cells. However, over the last few years, a novel role for ATP as a potent extracellular signaling molecule and the principal source of extracellular pyrophosphate, the main endogenous inhibitor of vascular calcification, has emerged. A large body of evidence suggests that two principal mechanisms are involved in the initiation and progression of ectopic calcification: high phosphate concentration and pyrophosphate deficiency. Pathologic calcification of cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification, is a feature of several genetic diseases and a common complication of chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and aging. Previous studies have shown that the loss of function of several enzymes and transporters involved in extracellular ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism is associated with vascular calcification. Therefore, pyrophosphate homeostasis should be further studied to facilitate the design of novel therapeutic approaches for ectopic calcification of cardiovascular structures, including strategies to increase pyrophosphate concentrations by targeting the ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Av Barcelona, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Plaza do Obradoiro s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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8
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Lucea S, Guillén N, Sosa C, Sorribas V. Inhibition of epithelial phosphate transport by NAD +/NADH. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C803-C813. [PMID: 35264014 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00404.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide is an important regulator of Pi homeostasis after conversion into NAD+/NADH. In this work, we have studied the classical inhibition of Pi transport by these compounds in the brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of rat kidney and rat intestine, and we examined the effects in Opossum Kidney (OK) cells and in phosphate transporter-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes. In BBMV, NAD+ required preincubation at either room temperature or on ice to inhibit Pi uptake in BBMV. However, no effects were observed in the known Slc34 or Slc20 Pi transporters expressed in Xenopus oocytes, in OK cells, or in isolated rat cortical nephron segments. In BBMV from jejunum or kidney cortex, the inhibition of Pi transport was specific, dose-related, and followed a competitive inhibition pattern, as shown by linear transformation and non-linear regression analyses. A Ki value of 538 µM NAD+ in kidney BBMV was obtained. Ribosylation inhibitors and ribosylation assays revealed no evidence that this reaction was responsible for inhibiting Pi transport. An analysis of the persistence of NAD+/NADH revealed a half-life of just 2 minutes during preincubation. Out of several metabolites of NAD degradation, only ADP-ribose was able to inhibit Pi uptake. Pi concentration also increased during 30 minutes of preincubation, up to 0.67mM, most likely as a metabolic end-product. In conclusion, the classical inhibition of Pi transport by NAD+/NADH in BBMV seems to be caused by the degradation metabolites of these compounds during the preincubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lucea
- Group of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Natalia Guillén
- Group of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cecilia Sosa
- Group of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor Sorribas
- Group of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza, Spain
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Xu S, Zhou P, Li H, Juhasz A, Cui X. Leaching and In Vivo Bioavailability of Antimony in PET Bottled Beverages. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15227-15235. [PMID: 34738794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) may leach from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) materials into bottled water under improper storage conditions, particularly at high temperatures, leading to potential Sb chronic exposure and adverse health effects. However, Sb leaching may be promoted by various beverage constituents, which has received limited attention to date. In addition, few studies have considered Sb bioavailability in beverages and the influence of the beverage matrix on Sb bioavailability. In this study, PET-bottled beverages (n = 50) covering six categories (namely, carbonated, fruit juices, tea, sports, protein, and coffee beverages) were explored. Antimony leaching was assessed following the incubation of beverages at 60 °C for 7 days, which resulted in Sb concentrations 1.10-10.9 times greater than concentrations observed pre-incubation. Although regulatory standards vary internationally, a total of 21 beverages exceeded the Japanese Sb drinking water standard of 2 μg/L (up to 4.08 ± 0.11 μg/L) following incubation at 60 °C. pH significantly influenced Sb leaching (r = -0.38, p = 0.007) with beverages displaying lower pH (e.g., carbonated drinks) exhibiting higher Sb concentrations. An in vivo mouse model, using the liver as the biological endpoint, was adopted to assess Sb relative bioavailability (RBA) in bottled beverages. Sb RBA ranged from 1.97-58.7% with coffee beverages exhibiting the lowest Sb RBA (1.97-13.7%) and protein drinks the highest (41.1-58.7%). Linear regression revealed that Sb RBA in beverages was negatively influenced by Fe (r = -0.69, p = 0.02) and P (r = -0.73, p = 0.01) concentrations but positively correlated with tartaric acid (r = 0.59, p = 0.02). When an exposure assessment was undertaken using data generated in this study, carbonated and protein-rich beverages exhibited a higher exposure risk due to elevated Sb leaching and high Sb RBA compared to other beverage categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhou JR, Kaur G, Ma Y, Arutyunov D, Lu X, Le XC, Leslie EM. Biliary excretion of arsenic by human HepaRG cells is stimulated by selenide and mediated by the multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2). Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114799. [PMID: 34678219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are exposed to unacceptable levels of arsenic, a proven human carcinogen, in drinking water. In animal models, arsenic and selenium are mutually protective through formation and biliary excretion of seleno-bis (S-glutathionyl) arsinium ion [(GS)2AsSe]-. Selenium-deficient humans living in arsenic-endemic regions are at increased risk of arsenic-induced diseases, and may benefit from selenium supplementation. The influence of selenium on human arsenic hepatobiliary transport has not been studied using optimal human models. HepaRG cells, a surrogate for primary human hepatocytes, were used to investigate selenium (selenite, selenide, selenomethionine, and methylselenocysteine) effects on arsenic hepatobiliary transport. Arsenite + selenite and arsenite + selenide at different molar ratios revealed mutual toxicity antagonism, with the latter being higher. Significant levels of arsenic biliary excretion were detected with a biliary excretion index (BEI) of 14 ± 8%, which was stimulated to 32 ± 7% by selenide. Consistent with the formation and biliary efflux of [(GS)2AsSe]-, arsenite increased the BEI of selenide from 0% to 24 ± 5%. Arsenic biliary excretion was lost in the presence of selenite, selenomethionine, and methylselenocysteine. Sinusoidal export of arsenic was stimulated ∼1.6-fold by methylselenocysteine, but unchanged by other selenium forms. Arsenic canalicular and sinusoidal transport (±selenide) was temperature- and GSH-dependent and inhibited by MK571. Knockdown experiments revealed that multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) accounted for all detectable biliary efflux of arsenic (±selenide). Overall, the chemical form of selenium and human MRP2 strongly influenced arsenic hepatobiliary transport, information critical for human selenium supplementation in arsenic-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Zhou
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Canada; Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Gurnit Kaur
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Canada; Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Yingze Ma
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Denis Arutyunov
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Canada; Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Canada.
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11
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Arun KB, Madhavan A, Sindhu R, Emmanual S, Binod P, Pugazhendhi A, Sirohi R, Reshmy R, Awasthi MK, Gnansounou E, Pandey A. Probiotics and gut microbiome - Prospects and challenges in remediating heavy metal toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126676. [PMID: 34329091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome, often referred to as "super organ", comprises up to a hundred trillion microorganisms, and the species diversity may vary from person to person. They perform a decisive role in diverse biological functions related to metabolism, immunity and neurological responses. However, the microbiome is sensitive to environmental pollutants, especially heavy metals. There is continuous interaction between heavy metals and the microbiome. Heavy metal exposure retards the growth and changes the structure of the phyla involved in the gut microbiome. Meanwhile, the gut microbiome tries to detoxify the heavy metals by altering the physiological conditions, intestinal permeability, enhancing enzymes for metabolizing heavy metals. This review summarizes the effect of heavy metals in altering the gut microbiome, the mechanism by which gut microbiota detoxifies heavy metals, diseases developed due to heavy metal-induced dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, and the usage of probiotics along with advancements in developing improved recombinant probiotic strains for the remediation of heavy metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Arun
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Shibitha Emmanual
- Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College, Thrissur 680121, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand; College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Reshmy
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara 690110, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, North West A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Edgard Gnansounou
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, ENAC GR-GN, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR, Indian Institute for Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226029, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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12
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Byeon E, Kang HM, Yoon C, Lee JS. Toxicity mechanisms of arsenic compounds in aquatic organisms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105901. [PMID: 34198209 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that is widely distributed in the environment due to its persistence and accumulative properties. The occurrence, distribution, and biological effects of arsenic in aquatic environments have been extensively studied. Acute and chronic toxicities to arsenic are associated with fatal effects at the individual and molecular levels. The toxicity of arsenic in aquatic organisms depends on its speciation and concentration. In aquatic environments, inorganic arsenic is the dominant form. While trivalent arsenicals have greater toxicity compared with pentavalent arsenicals, inorganic arsenic can assume a variety of forms through biotransformation in aquatic organisms. Biotransformation mechanisms and speciation of arsenic have been studied, but few reports have addressed the relationships among speciation, toxicity, and bioavailability in biological systems. This paper reviews the modes of action of arsenic along with its toxic effects and distribution in an attempt to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of arsenic toxicity in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hye-Min Kang
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, South Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Ochang Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Skoczynska A, Skoczynska M, Wojakowska A, Turczyn B, Gruszczynski L, Scieszka M. Urinary leucine aminopeptidase 3 in population environmentally exposed to airborne arsenic. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1308-1319. [PMID: 33501841 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120988874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental arsenic contamination is a major toxicological problem worldwide due to its carcinogenic and nephrotoxic potential. AIM The purpose of this observational study was to determine the suspected association between urinary arsenic (uAs) and urinary leucine (or leucyl) aminopeptidase 3 (uLAP3) to evaluate uLAP3 as a candidate biomarker of exposure to airborne arsenic. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 918 adults occupationally and/or environmentally exposed to airborne arsenic were enrolled in the study. Baseline information (age; sex; history of smoking; alcohol, fish and seafood consumption) was gathered. Total uAs concentrations [μg/L] of 918 subjects, as well as the sum of arsenic species (ΣiAs) in 259 subjects, were obtained. Urinary LAP3 was measured by an immune-enzymatic assay using an ELISA kit. Urinary creatinine concentration was assessed with the IB/lAB/1289 research protocol (version II, 2015-09-17). The values of uAs and uLAP3 were recalculated per unit of creatinine. The association between uAs and uLAP3 was assessed using a logistic regression model adjusted for confounders. RESULTS The study identified a positive correlation between the logarithm of uAs and the logarithm of uLAP3 in the study population (r = 0.1737, p < 0.0000) and between urinary creatinine and uLAP3 concentration not adjusted for creatinine level (r = 0.1871, p < 0.001). In the logistic regression model, there was also an association between increased (≥15 µg/L) uAs and decreased (below the 25th quartile) uLAP3 [OR uLAP3 = 1.22 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.44, p < 0.02)]. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that urinary LAP3 may be a potential biomarker of arsenic exposure, which warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skoczynska
- Department of Internal and Occupational Medicine and Hypertension, 49550Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Skoczynska
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Diseases, 49550Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wojakowska
- Department of Internal and Occupational Medicine and Hypertension, 49550Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Turczyn
- Department of Internal and Occupational Medicine and Hypertension, 49550Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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14
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King AJ, Kohler J, Fung C, Jiang Z, Quach A, Kumaraswamy P, Chertow GM, Rosenbaum DP. Combination treatment with tenapanor and sevelamer synergistically reduces urinary phosphorus excretion in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F133-F144. [PMID: 33283643 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00137.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) receiving dialysis do not achieve target serum phosphorus concentrations, despite treatment with phosphate binders. Tenapanor is a nonbinder, sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) inhibitor that reduces paracellular intestinal phosphate absorption. This preclinical study evaluated the effect of tenapanor and varying doses of sevelamer carbonate on urinary phosphorus excretion, a direct reflection of intestinal phosphate absorption. We measured 24-h urinary phosphorus excretion in male rats assigned to groups dosed orally with vehicle or tenapanor (0.3 mg/kg/day) and provided a diet containing varying amounts of sevelamer [0-3% (wt/wt)]. We also evaluated the effect of the addition of tenapanor or vehicle on 24-h urinary phosphorus excretion to rats on a stable dose of sevelamer [1.5% (wt/wt)]. When administered together, tenapanor and sevelamer decreased urinary phosphorus excretion significantly more than either tenapanor or sevelamer alone across all sevelamer dose levels. The Bliss statistical model of independence indicated that the combination was synergistic. A stable sevelamer dose [1.5% (wt/wt)] reduced mean ± SE urinary phosphorus excretion by 42 ± 3% compared with vehicle; together, tenapanor and sevelamer reduced residual urinary phosphorus excretion by an additional 37 ± 6% (P < 0.05). Although both tenapanor and sevelamer reduce intestinal phosphate absorption individually, administration of tenapanor and sevelamer together results in more pronounced reductions in intestinal phosphate absorption than if either agent is administered alone. Further evaluation of combination tenapanor plus phosphate binder treatment in patients receiving dialysis with hyperphosphatemia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cyra Fung
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | | | | | - Glenn M Chertow
- Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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15
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Serna J, Bergwitz C. Importance of Dietary Phosphorus for Bone Metabolism and Healthy Aging. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3001. [PMID: 33007883 PMCID: PMC7599912 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) plays a critical function in many tissues of the body: for example, as part of the hydroxyapatite in the skeleton and as a substrate for ATP synthesis. Pi is the main source of dietary phosphorus. Reduced bioavailability of Pi or excessive losses in the urine causes rickets and osteomalacia. While critical for health in normal amounts, dietary phosphorus is plentiful in the Western diet and is often added to foods as a preservative. This abundance of phosphorus may reduce longevity due to metabolic changes and tissue calcifications. In this review, we examine how dietary phosphorus is absorbed in the gut, current knowledge about Pi sensing, and endocrine regulation of Pi levels. Moreover, we also examine the roles of Pi in different tissues, the consequences of low and high dietary phosphorus in these tissues, and the implications for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Serna
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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16
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Thomas L, Xue J, Tomilin VN, Pochynyuk OM, Dominguez Rieg JA, Rieg T. PF-06869206 is a selective inhibitor of renal P i transport: evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F541-F551. [PMID: 32744087 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00146.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma phosphate (Pi) levels are tightly controlled, and elevated plasma Pi levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications and death. Two renal transport proteins mediate the majority of Pi reabsorption: Na+-phosphate cotransporters Npt2a and Npt2c, with Npt2a accounting for 70-80% of Pi reabsorption. The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro effects of a novel Npt2a inhibitor (PF-06869206) in opossum kidney (OK) cells as well as determine its selectivity in vivo in Npt2a knockout (Npt2a-/-) mice. In OK cells, Npt2a inhibitor caused dose-dependent reductions of Na+-dependent Pi uptake (IC50: ~1.4 μmol/L), whereas the unselective Npt2 inhibitor phosphonoformic acid (PFA) resulted in an ~20% stronger inhibition of Pi uptake. The dose-dependent inhibitory effects were present after 24 h of incubation with both low- and high-Pi media. Michaelis-Menten kinetics in OK cells identified an ~2.4-fold higher Km for Pi in response to Npt2a inhibition with no significant change in apparent Vmax. Higher parathyroid hormone concentrations decreased Pi uptake equivalent to the maximal inhibitory effect of Npt2a inhibitor. In vivo, the Npt2a inhibitor induced a dose-dependent increase in urinary Pi excretion in wild-type mice (ED50: ~23 mg/kg), which was completely absent in Npt2a-/- mice, alongside a lack of decrease in plasma Pi. Of note, the Npt2a inhibitor-induced dose-dependent increase in urinary Na+ excretion was still present in Npt2a-/- mice, a response possibly mediated by an off-target acute inhibitory effect of the Npt2a inhibitor on open probability of the epithelial Na+ channel in the cortical collecting duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linto Thomas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jianxiang Xue
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Viktor N Tomilin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Oleh M Pochynyuk
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica A Dominguez Rieg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Timo Rieg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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17
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Sosa C, Guillén N, Lucea S, Sorribas V. Effects of oral exposure to arsenite on arsenic metabolism and transport in rat kidney. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:4-12. [PMID: 32736004 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is within the recognized toxic effects of arsenic. In this study we assessed the effect of arsenite on the renal capacity to metabolize and handle arsenicals in rats exposed to drinking water with 0, 1, 5, or 10 ppm sodium arsenite for ten days. Arsenite treatment did not affect the gene expression of the main enzyme catalyzing methylation of arsenite, As3mt, while it reduced the expression of GSTO1 mRNA and protein. Arsenite decreased the expression of Aqp3, Mrp1, Mrp4, and Mdr1b (i.e., transporters and channels used by arsenic), but not that of Aqp7, Glut1, Mrp2, and Mdr1a. The protein abundance of AQP3 was also reduced by arsenite. Arsenite increased urinary NGAL and FABP3 and decreased Klotho plasma levels, without alteration of creatinine, which evidenced early tubular damage. Renal Klotho mRNA and protein expressions were also downregulated, which may exacerbate renal damage. No effect was observed in selected miRNAs putatively associated with renal injury. Plasma PTH and FGF23 were similar between groups, but arsenite decreased the renal expression of Fgfr1 mRNA. In conclusion, exposure to arsenite alters the gene expression of proteins involved in the cellular handling of arsenical species and elicits tubular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sosa
- Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza. Miguel Servet 177, 50.013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Natalia Guillén
- Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza. Miguel Servet 177, 50.013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Susana Lucea
- Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza. Miguel Servet 177, 50.013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor Sorribas
- Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza. Miguel Servet 177, 50.013 Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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Clemente MJ, Vivó MDLÁ, Puig S, Zúñiga M, Monedero V, Devesa V, Vélez D. In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of lactobacilli and yeasts in reducing bioavailability of inorganic arsenic. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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An J, Jeong B, Nam K. Extension of biotic ligand model to account for the effects of pH and phosphate in accurate prediction of arsenate toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121619. [PMID: 31757723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotic ligand model (BLM) was extended to predict the toxicity of inorganic arsenate (iAs(V)) to the luminescent bacteria, Aliivibrio fischeri. As the pH increased from 5 to 9, the HAsO42- form predominated more than the H2AsO4- form did, and the EC50[As]T (50% effective iAs(V) concentration) decreased drastically from 3554 ± 393 to 39 ± 6 μM; thus, the HAsO42- form was more toxic to A. fischeri than H2AsO4-. As the HPO42- activity increased from 0 to 0.44 mM, the EC50{HAsO42-} values (50% effective HAsO42- activity) increased from 31 ± 6 to 859 ± 128 μM, indicating that the toxicity of iAs(V) decreased, owing to the competition caused by the structural similarity between iAs(V) and phosphate ions. However, activities of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, SO42-, NO3-, and HCO3- did not significantly affect the EC50{HAsO42-} values. The BLM was reconstructed to take into account the effects of pH and phosphate, and the conditional binding constants for H2PO4-, HPO42-, H2AsO4-, and HAsO42- to the active binding sites of A. fischeri were obtained; 3.424 for logKXH2PO4, 4.588 for logKXHPO4, 3.067 for logKXH2AsO4, and 4.802 for logKXHAsO4. The fraction of active binding sites occupied by iAs(V) to induce 50% toxicity (fmix50%) was found to be 0.616.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung An
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Buyun Jeong
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungphile Nam
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Abstract
Over the past 25 years, successive cloning of SLC34A1, SLC34A2 and SLC34A3, which encode the sodium-dependent inorganic phosphate (Pi) cotransport proteins 2a-2c, has facilitated the identification of molecular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of renal and intestinal Pi transport. Pi and various hormones, including parathyroid hormone and phosphatonins, such as fibroblast growth factor 23, regulate the activity of these Pi transporters through transcriptional, translational and post-translational mechanisms involving interactions with PDZ domain-containing proteins, lipid microdomains and acute trafficking of the transporters via endocytosis and exocytosis. In humans and rodents, mutations in any of the three transporters lead to dysregulation of epithelial Pi transport with effects on serum Pi levels and can cause cardiovascular and musculoskeletal damage, illustrating the importance of these transporters in the maintenance of local and systemic Pi homeostasis. Functional and structural studies have provided insights into the mechanism by which these proteins transport Pi, whereas in vivo and ex vivo cell culture studies have identified several small molecules that can modify their transport function. These small molecules represent potential new drugs to help maintain Pi homeostasis in patients with chronic kidney disease - a condition that is associated with hyperphosphataemia and severe cardiovascular and skeletal consequences.
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21
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Painefilú JC, Pascual MM, Bieczynski F, Laspoumaderes C, González C, Villanueva SSM, Luquet CM. Ex vivo and in vivo effects of arsenite on GST and ABCC2 activity and expression in the middle intestine of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 225:108566. [PMID: 31301398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In fish of freshwaters environments, the accumulation and toxic effects of arsenite (AsIII) can be attenuated by detoxification proteins such as GST and ABCC transporters. We studied the effects of AsIII on the middle intestine of O. mykiss in ex-vivo and in vivo/ex vivo assays. For the ex vivo assays, we measured the transport rate of the ABCC substrate DNP-SG and GST activity in intestinal strips and everted sacs. AsIII inhibited DNP-SG transport in a concentration-dependent manner, specifically when we applied it on the basolateral side. GST activity increased when we applied a maximum concentration of AsIII. For the in vivo/ex vivo assays, we kept fish in water with or without 7.7 μmol L-1 of AsIII for 48 h. Then, we measured DNP-SG transport rate, GST activity, and PP1 activity in intestine strips during one hour. For PP1 activity, we incubated the strips with or without microcystin-LR (MCLR), a toxin excreted through ABCC2 proteins. We also analyzed Abcc2 and Gst-π mRNA expression in intestine and liver tissue. In the group exposed in vivo to AsIII, DNP-SG transport rate and GST activity were higher and the effect of MCLR over PP1 activity was attenuated. AsIII significantly induced only Abcc2 mRNA expression in both middle intestine and liver. Our results suggest that, in the middle intestine of O. mykiss, AsIII is absorbed mainly at the basolateral side of the enterocytes, excreted to the lumen by ABCC2 transporters, and is capable of modulating Abcc2 mRNA expression by a transcriptional mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Painefilú
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial no. 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Mariano M Pascual
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial no. 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Flavia Bieczynski
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Agropecuaria del Comahue, Sub-Sede Ibac, CITAAC (CONICET-UNCo) Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400. Neuquén 8300, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Laspoumaderes
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rìo Negro, Argentina; Shelf Sea System Ecology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Carolina González
- C I Agua y Saneamientos Argentinos, Tucumán 752, 1049 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Argentina
| | - Silvina S M Villanueva
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, IFISE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceúticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial no. 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina.
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Baba TT, Miyazaki T, Ohara‐Nemoto Y, Nemoto TK. Suppressive effects of N‐bisphosphonate in osteoblastic cells mitigated by non‐N‐bisphosphonate but not by sodium‐dependent phosphate cotransporter inhibitor. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:400-407. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi T. Baba
- Department of Oral Molecular BiologyNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell BiologyNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yuko Ohara‐Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular BiologyNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Takayuki K. Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular BiologyNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
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Sertorio MN, Souza ACF, Bastos DSS, Santos FC, Ervilha LOG, Fernandes KM, de Oliveira LL, Machado-Neves M. Arsenic exposure intensifies glycogen nephrosis in diabetic rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12459-12469. [PMID: 30847815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is known that either arsenic exposure or diabetes can impact renal function. However, it is unclear how these combined factors may influence kidney functions. Therefore, we evaluated morphological, functional, and oxidative parameters in the kidney of diabetic rats exposed to arsenic. Healthy male Wistar rats and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were exposed to 0 and 10 mg/L arsenate through drinking water for 40 days. Renal tissue was assessed using morphometry, mitosis and apoptosis markers, mineral proportion, oxidative stress markers, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases. Arsenate intake altered glucose levels in healthy animals, but it did not reach hyperglycemic conditions. In diabetic animals, arsenate led to a remarkable increase of glycogen nephrosis in distal tubules. In these animals, additionally, the activity of catalase and glutathione S-transferase, besides the proportion of Fe, Cu, and K in renal tissue, was altered. Nevertheless, arsenate did not accumulate in the kidney and did not impact on other parameters previously altered by diabetes, including levels of malondialdehyde, Na, urea, creatinine, and apoptosis and mitosis markers. In conclusion, besides the intensification of glycogen nephrosis, the kidney was able to handle arsenate toxicity at this point, preventing arsenic deposition in the exposed groups and the impairment of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Nascimento Sertorio
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Ferreira Souza
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Silva Sena Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Couto Santos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Otávio Guimarães Ervilha
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro Licursi de Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Machado-Neves
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Sorribas V, Guillén N, Sosa C. Substrates and inhibitors of phosphate transporters: from experimental tools to pathophysiological relevance. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:53-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bradham KD, Diamond GL, Burgess M, Juhasz A, Klotzbach JM, Maddaloni M, Nelson C, Scheckel K, Serda SM, Stifelman M, Thomas DJ. In vivo and in vitro methods for evaluating soil arsenic bioavailability: relevant to human health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2018; 21:83-114. [PMID: 29553912 PMCID: PMC9347188 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1440902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is the most frequently occurring contaminant on the priority list of hazardous substances, which lists substances of greatest public health concern to people living at or near U.S. National Priorities List site. Accurate assessment of human health risks from exposure to As-contaminated soils depends on estimating its bioavailability, defined as the fraction of ingested As absorbed across the gastrointestinal barrier and available for systemic distribution and metabolism. Arsenic bioavailability varies among soils and is influenced by site-specific soil physical and chemical characteristics and internal biological factors. This review describes the state-of-the science that supports our understanding of oral bioavailability of soil As, the methods that are currently being explored for estimating soil As relative bioavailability (RBA), and future research areas that could improve our prediction of the oral RBA of soil As in humans. The following topics are addressed: (1) As soil geochemistry; (2) As toxicology; (3) in vivo models for estimating As RBA; (4) in vitro bioaccessibility methods; and (5) conclusions and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Bradham
- a Public Health Chemistry Branch, Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | - Michele Burgess
- c Science Policy Branch, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Office of Land and Emergency Management , US Environmental Protection Agency , Arlington , VA , USA
| | - Albert Juhasz
- d Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Adelaide , SA , Australia
| | | | - Mark Maddaloni
- e Region 2 , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , New York , NY , USA
| | - Clay Nelson
- a Public Health Chemistry Branch, Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Kirk Scheckel
- f Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory , Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Sophia M Serda
- g Region 9 , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Marc Stifelman
- h Region 10 , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - David J Thomas
- i Pharmacokinetics Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Li SW, Liu X, Sun HJ, Li MY, Zhao D, Luo J, Li HB, Ma LQ. Effect of phosphate amendment on relative bioavailability and bioaccessibility of lead and arsenic in contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 339:256-263. [PMID: 28654790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hand-to-mouth activity is an important pathway for children's exposure to contaminated soils, which is often co-contaminated by Pb and As in mining and smelting sites. To reduce soil Pb risk to humans by oral exposure, phosphate amendments have been used to reduce Pb relative bioavailability (RBA), but its efficiency has not been investigated using validated in vitro assays nor its influence on As-RBA. Here, 5 contaminated soils (A-E) were amended with 0.5% phosphoric acid (PA) to study its effect on Pb- and As- RBA using a newly-developed mouse kidney model and bioaccessibility using 4 in vitro assays including UBM, SBRC, IVG, and PBET. Based on the mouse kidney model, Pb-RBA in PA-amended soils decreased from 14.2-62.5% to 10.1-29.8%. In contrast, As-RBA decreased from 26.5% to 15.9% in soil B but increased from 27.5 to 41.2% in soil D, with changes being insignificant in 3 other soils (35.8-58.8 to 28.1-61.1%). When assessing Pb bioaccessibility in PA-amended soils, decreased bioaccessibility were found using PBET and SBRC. For As, its bioaccessibility increased in PA-amended soils, inconsistent with in vivo data. Our results shed light on the importance of method selection to assess risk in Pb- and As-contaminated soils amended with phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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Abstract
During the process of endochondral bone formation, chondrocytes and osteoblasts mineralize their extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) seed crystals in the sheltered interior of membrane-limited matrix vesicles (MVs). Several lipid and proteins present in the membrane of the MVs mediate the interactions of MVs with the ECM and regulate the initial mineral deposition and posterior propagation. Among the proteins of MV membranes, ion transporters control the availability of phosphate and calcium needed for initial HA deposition. Phosphatases (orphan phosphatase 1, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase) play a crucial role in controlling the inorganic pyrophosphate/inorganic phosphate ratio that allows MV-mediated initiation of mineralization. The lipidic microenvironment can help in the nucleation process of first crystals and also plays a crucial physiological role in the function of MV-associated enzymes and transporters (type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, annexins and Na+/K+ ATPase). The whole process is mediated and regulated by the action of several molecules and steps, which make the process complex and highly regulated. Liposomes and proteoliposomes, as models of biological membranes, facilitate the understanding of lipid-protein interactions with emphasis on the properties of physicochemical and biochemical processes. In this review, we discuss the use of proteoliposomes as multiple protein carrier systems intended to mimic the various functions of MVs during the initiation and propagation of mineral growth in the course of biomineralization. We focus on studies applying biophysical tools to characterize the biomimetic models in order to gain an understanding of the importance of lipid-protein and lipid-lipid interfaces throughout the process.
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Yan-Ping D, Xiao-Qin G, Xiao Ping M, Ying Quan Y. Effects of Chronic Exposure to Sodium Arsenite on Expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 Proteins in the Epididymis of Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2597256. [PMID: 28791301 PMCID: PMC5534313 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2597256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 at protein level in the epididymis of rats with arsenism. METHODS Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: the high dose arsenic infected group (60.0 mg/L in water), the middle dose arsenic infected group (12.0 mg/L in water), the low dose arsenic infected group (2.4 mg/L in water), and the control group (distilled water). Rats were treated with arsenic through drinking water for 6 consecutive months. At the end of the experiment, the average densitometry values of apoptotic cells in epididymis tubules were determined by TUNEL method; the protein and mRNA levels of VEGF and VEGFR2 were observed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real time fluorescent quantitative PCR, respectively. RESULTS Compared with the control group, in each infected group, the average densitometry values of apoptotic cells in the epididymis tubules were significantly lower. Compared with control group, protein and mRNA levels of VEGF and VEGFR2 in each infected group were obviously declined. The correlations between protein and mRNA levels of VEGF and VEGFR2 were positively exhibited (r = 0.843, 0.869, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Arsenism affects the expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 in the epididymis of rats and results in apoptosis of pathophysiology of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Yan-Ping
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
- People's Hospital in Yueyanglou District, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, China
| | - Gao Xiao-Qin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Ma Xiao Ping
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Yue Ying Quan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
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Jha SK, Mishra VK, Damodaran T, Sharma DK, Kumar P. Arsenic in the groundwater: Occurrence, toxicological activities, and remedies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2017; 35:84-103. [PMID: 28418774 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2017.1298359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater has become a geo-environmental as well as a toxicological problem across the globe affecting more than 100-million people in nearly 21 countries with its associated disease "arsenicosis." Arsenic poisoning may lead to fatal skin and internal cancers. In present review, an attempt has been made to generate awareness among the readers about various sources of occurrence of arsenic, its geochemistry and speciation, mobilization, metabolism, genotoxicity, and toxicological exposure on humans. The article also emphasizes the possible remedies for combating the problem. The knowledge of these facts may help to work on some workable remedial measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jha
- a ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - V K Mishra
- a ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - T Damodaran
- a ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - D K Sharma
- b ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute , Karnal , Haryana , India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- b ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute , Karnal , Haryana , India
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30
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Candeal E, Caldas YA, Guillén N, Levi M, Sorribas V. Intestinal phosphate absorption is mediated by multiple transport systems in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G355-G366. [PMID: 28232455 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00244.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apical inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport in the small intestine seems to be mainly mediated by the sodium/Pi cotransporter NaPi2b. To verify this role, we have studied the combined effects of pH, phosphonoformate, and Pi deprivation on intestinal Pi transport. Rats were fed, ad libitum, three fodders containing 1.2, 0.6, or 0.1% Pi for 1, 5, or 10 days. Pi deprivation (0.1%) increased both sodium-activated and sodium-independent Pi transport in brush-border membrane vesicles from the duodenum and jejunum for all three times. Alkaline pH inhibited Pi transport, despite the increasing concentration of [Formula: see text] (NaPi2b substrate), whereas acidity increased transport when the concentration of the PiT1/PiT2 substrate, [Formula: see text], was at its highest. The effect of Pi deprivation was maximal at acid pH, but both basal and upregulated transport were inhibited (70%) with phosphonoformate, an inhibitor of NaPi2b. PiT2 and NaPi2b protein abundance increased after 24 h of Pi deprivation in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, whereas PiT1 required 5-10 days in the duodenum and jejunum. Therefore, whereas transporter expressions are partially correlated with Pi transport adaptation, the pH effect precludes NaPi2b, and phosphonoformic acid precludes PiT1 and PiT2 as the main transporters. Transport and transporter expression were also inconsistent when feeding was limited to 4 h daily, because the 1.2% Pi diet paradoxically increased Pi transport in the duodenum and jejunum, but NaPi2b and PiT1 expressions only increased with the 0.1% diet. These findings suggest the presence of a major transporter that carries [Formula: see text] and is inhibited by phosphonoformate.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The combined effects of dietary inorganic phosphate (Pi) content, pH, and phosphonoformate inhibition suggest that the resulting apical Pi transport in the small intestine cannot be fully explained by the presence of NaPi2b, PiT1, or PiT2. We provide evidence of the presence of a new sodium-coupled Pi transporter that uses [Formula: see text] as the preferred substrate and is inhibited by phosphonoformate, and its expression correlates with Pi transport in all assayed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Candeal
- Department of Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; and
| | - Yupanqui A Caldas
- Department of Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; and.,Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Natalia Guillén
- Department of Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; and
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Víctor Sorribas
- Department of Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; and
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Ratcliffe S, Jugdaohsingh R, Vivancos J, Marron A, Deshmukh R, Ma JF, Mitani-Ueno N, Robertson J, Wills J, Boekschoten MV, Müller M, Mawhinney RC, Kinrade SD, Isenring P, Bélanger RR, Powell JJ. Identification of a mammalian silicon transporter. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C550-C561. [PMID: 28179233 PMCID: PMC5451523 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00219.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has long been known to play a major physiological and structural role in certain organisms, including diatoms, sponges, and many higher plants, leading to the recent identification of multiple proteins responsible for Si transport in a range of algal and plant species. In mammals, despite several convincing studies suggesting that silicon is an important factor in bone development and connective tissue health, there is a critical lack of understanding about the biochemical pathways that enable Si homeostasis. Here we report the identification of a mammalian efflux Si transporter, namely Slc34a2 (also termed NaPiIIb), a known sodium-phosphate cotransporter, which was upregulated in rat kidney following chronic dietary Si deprivation. Normal rat renal epithelium demonstrated punctate expression of Slc34a2, and when the protein was heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, Si efflux activity (i.e., movement of Si out of cells) was induced and was quantitatively similar to that induced by the known plant Si transporter OsLsi2 in the same expression system. Interestingly, Si efflux appeared saturable over time, but it did not vary as a function of extracellular HPO42− or Na+ concentration, suggesting that Slc34a2 harbors a functionally independent transport site for Si operating in the reverse direction to the site for phosphate. Indeed, in rats with dietary Si depletion-induced upregulation of transporter expression, there was increased urinary phosphate excretion. This is the first evidence of an active Si transport protein in mammals and points towards an important role for Si in vertebrates and explains interactions between dietary phosphate and silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ratcliffe
- Medical Research Council Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ravin Jugdaohsingh
- Medical Research Council Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Vivancos
- Département de Phytologie-Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alan Marron
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Namiki Mitani-Ueno
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Jack Robertson
- Medical Research Council Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Wills
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Sciences & Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen D Kinrade
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada; and
| | - Paul Isenring
- Nephrology Group L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Institution, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie-Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Medical Research Council Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom; .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Poór M, Németi B, Gregus Z. Effects of phosphate binders on the gastrointestinal absorption of arsenate and of an SGLT2 inhibitor drug on the urinary excretion of arsenite in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 49:179-187. [PMID: 28068585 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII) are typical sources of acute and chronic arsenic poisoning. Therefore, reducing inner exposure to these arsenicals is a rational objective. Because AsV mimics phosphate, phosphate binder drugs may decrease the intestinal AsV absorption. Indeed, lanthanum and aluminium salts and sevelamer removed AsV from solution in vitro, especially at acidic pH. In mice gavaged with AsV, lanthanum chloride, lanthanum carbonate and aluminium hydroxide given orally also lowered the urinary excretion and tissue levels of AsV and its metabolites, indicating that they decreased the gastrointestinal AsV absorption. As some glucose transporters may carry AsIII, the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin was investigated in AsIII-injected mice. While producing extreme glucosuria, dapagliflozin barely affected the urinary excretion and tissue concentrations of AsIII and its metabolites. Thus, phosphate binders (especially lanthanum compounds) can reduce the gastrointestinal absorption of AsV; however, SGLT2 inhibition cannot diminish the renal reabsorption of AsIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Németi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gregus
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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Roggenbeck BA, Banerjee M, Leslie EM. Cellular arsenic transport pathways in mammals. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:38-58. [PMID: 28007179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural contamination of drinking water with arsenic results in the exposure of millions of people world-wide to unacceptable levels of this metalloid. This is a serious global health problem because arsenic is a Group 1 (proven) human carcinogen and chronic exposure is known to cause skin, lung, and bladder tumors. Furthermore, arsenic exposure can result in a myriad of other adverse health effects including diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, reproductive, and endocrine systems. In addition to chronic environmental exposure to arsenic, arsenic trioxide is approved for the clinical treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, and is in clinical trials for other hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. Considerable inter-individual variability in susceptibility to arsenic-induced disease and toxicity exists, and the reasons for such differences are incompletely understood. Transport pathways that influence the cellular uptake and export of arsenic contribute to regulating its cellular, tissue, and ultimately body levels. In the current review, membrane proteins (including phosphate transporters, aquaglyceroporin channels, solute carrier proteins, and ATP-binding cassette transporters) shown experimentally to contribute to the passage of inorganic, methylated, and/or glutathionylated arsenic species across cellular membranes are discussed. Furthermore, what is known about arsenic transporters in organs involved in absorption, distribution, and metabolism and how transport pathways contribute to arsenic elimination are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Roggenbeck
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Mayukh Banerjee
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada; Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Saito A, Nikolaidis NM, Amlal H, Uehara Y, Gardner JC, LaSance K, Pitstick LB, Bridges JP, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, McGraw DW, Woods JC, Sabbagh Y, Schiavi SC, Altinişik G, Jakopović M, Inoue Y, McCormack FX. Modeling pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis by epithelial deletion of the Npt2b sodium phosphate cotransporter reveals putative biomarkers and strategies for treatment. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:313ra181. [PMID: 26560359 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac8577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare, autosomal recessive lung disorder associated with progressive accumulation of calcium phosphate microliths. Inactivating mutations in SLC34A2, which encodes the NPT2b sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter, has been proposed as a cause of PAM. We show that epithelial deletion of Npt2b in mice results in a progressive pulmonary process characterized by diffuse alveolar microlith accumulation, radiographic opacification, restrictive physiology, inflammation, fibrosis, and an unexpected alveolar phospholipidosis. Cytokine and surfactant protein elevations in the alveolar lavage and serum of PAM mice and confirmed in serum from PAM patients identify serum MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) and SP-D (surfactant protein D) as potential biomarkers. Microliths introduced by adoptive transfer into the lungs of wild-type mice produce marked macrophage-rich inflammation and elevation of serum MCP-1 that peaks at 1 week and resolves at 1 month, concomitant with clearance of stones. Microliths isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage readily dissolve in EDTA, and therapeutic whole-lung EDTA lavage reduces the burden of stones in the lungs. A low-phosphate diet prevents microlith formation in young animals and reduces lung injury on the basis of reduction in serum SP-D. The burden of pulmonary calcium deposits in established PAM is also diminished within 4 weeks by a low-phosphate diet challenge. These data support a causative role for Npt2b in the pathogenesis of PAM and the use of the PAM mouse model as a preclinical platform for the development of biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Saito
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Nikolaos M Nikolaidis
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Hassane Amlal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yasuaki Uehara
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C Gardner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kathleen LaSance
- Vontz Core Imaging Laboratory, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Lori B Pitstick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - James P Bridges
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - Dennis W McGraw
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C Woods
- Pulmonary Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yves Sabbagh
- The Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Genzyme, a Sanofi company, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Susan C Schiavi
- The Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Genzyme, a Sanofi company, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Göksel Altinişik
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli 20160, Turkey
| | - Marko Jakopović
- Department for Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- Department of Diffuse Lung Diseases and Respiratory Failure, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Osaka 5918555, Japan
| | - Francis X McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Villa-Bellosta R, Hamczyk MR, Andrés V. Alternatively activated macrophages exhibit an anticalcifying activity dependent on extracellular ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C788-99. [PMID: 26936458 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00370.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-phosphate deposition (CPD) in atherosclerotic lesions, which begins in middle age and increases with aging, is a major independent predictor of future cardiovascular disease morbi-mortality. Remodeling of atherosclerotic vessels during aging is regulated in part by intimal macrophages, which can polarize to phenotypically distinct populations with distinct functions. This study tested the hypothesis that classically activated macrophages (M1φs) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2φs) differently affect vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification and investigated the underlying mechanisms. We analyzed mouse VSMC-macrophage cocultures using a transwell system. Coculture of VSMCs with M2φs significantly reduced CPD, but coculture with M1φs had no effect. The anticalcific effect of M2φs was associated with elevated amounts of extracellular ATP and pyrophosphate (PPi), two potent inhibitors of CPD, and was lost upon forced hydrolysis of these metabolites. In M2φs and VSMC-M2φs cocultures, analysis of the ectoenzymes that regulate extracellular ATP/PPi metabolism revealed increased mRNA expression and activity of ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1, which synthesizes PPi from ATP, without changes in tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, which hydrolyzes PPi In conclusion, increased accumulation of extracellular ATP and PPi by alternatively activated mouse M2φs inhibits CPD. These results reveal novel mechanisms underlying macrophage-dependent control of intimal calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magda R Hamczyk
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29592-630. [PMID: 26690422 PMCID: PMC4691126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals, which have widespread environmental distribution and originate from natural and anthropogenic sources, are common environmental pollutants. In recent decades, their contamination has increased dramatically because of continuous discharge in sewage and untreated industrial effluents. Because they are non-degradable, they persist in the environment; accordingly, they have received a great deal of attention owing to their potential health and environmental risks. Although the toxic effects of metals depend on the forms and routes of exposure, interruptions of intracellular homeostasis include damage to lipids, proteins, enzymes and DNA via the production of free radicals. Following exposure to heavy metals, their metabolism and subsequent excretion from the body depends on the presence of antioxidants (glutathione, α-tocopherol, ascorbate, etc.) associated with the quenching of free radicals by suspending the activity of enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase). Therefore, this review was written to provide a deep understanding of the mechanisms involved in eliciting their toxicity in order to highlight the necessity for development of strategies to decrease exposure to these metals, as well as to identify substances that contribute significantly to overcome their hazardous effects within the body of living organisms.
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Villa-Bellosta R. Vascular Calcification Revisited: A New Perspective for Phosphate Transport. Curr Cardiol Rev 2015; 11:341-351. [PMID: 26242187 PMCID: PMC4774640 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x11666150805120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum phosphorus has emerged as a key risk factor for pathologic calcification of
cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification (VC). To prevent the formation of calciumphosphate
deposits (CPD), the body uses adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) to synthesize inhibitors of
calcification, including proteins and inhibitors of low molecular weight. Extracellular pyrophosphate
(PPi) is a potent inhibitor of VC, which is produced during extracellular hydrolysis of ATP. Loss of
function in the enzymes and transporters that are involved in the cycle of extracellular ATP, including
Pi transporters, leads to excessive deposition of calcium-phosphate salts. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia
with Pi-binders and Injection of exogenous PPi are the effective treatments to prevent CPD
in the aortic wall. The role of sodium phosphate cotransporters in ectopic calcification is contradictory and not well defined,
but their important role in the control of intracellular Pi levels and the synthesis of ATP make them an important
target to study.
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38
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Toxic trace elements at gastrointestinal level. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:163-75. [PMID: 26482641 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many trace elements are considered essential [iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu)], whereas others may be harmful [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As)], depending on their concentration and chemical form. In most cases, the diet is the main pathway by which they enter our organism. The presence of toxic trace elements in food has been known for a long time, and many of the food matrices that carry them have been identified. This has led to the appearance of legislation and recommendations concerning consumption. Given that the main route of exposure is oral, passage through the gastrointestinal tract plays a fundamental role in their entry into the organism, where they exert their toxic effect. Although the digestive system can be considered to be of crucial importance in their toxicity, in most cases we do not know the events that occur during the passage of these elements through the gastrointestinal tract and of ascertaining whether they may have some kind of toxic effect on it. The aim of this review is to summarize available information on this subject, concentrating on the toxic trace elements that are of greatest interest for organizations concerned with food safety and health: Pb, Cd, Hg and As.
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Hernando N, Myakala K, Simona F, Knöpfel T, Thomas L, Murer H, Wagner CA, Biber J. Intestinal Depletion of NaPi-IIb/Slc34a2 in Mice: Renal and Hormonal Adaptation. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1925-37. [PMID: 25827490 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Na(+) -dependent phosphate-cotransporter NaPi-IIb (SLC34A2) is widely expressed, with intestine, lung, and testis among the organs with highest levels of mRNA abundance. In mice, the intestinal expression of NaPi-IIb is restricted to the ileum, where the cotransporter localizes specifically at the brush border membrane (BBM) and mediates the active transport of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Constitutive full ablation of NaPi-IIb is embryonically lethal whereas the global but inducible removal of the transporter in young mice leads to intestinal loss of Pi and lung calcifications. Here we report the generation of a constitutive but intestinal-specific NaPi-IIb/Slc34a2-deficient mouse model. Constitutive intestinal ablation of NaPi-IIb results in viable pups with normal growth. Homozygous mice are characterized by fecal wasting of Pi and complete absence of Na/Pi cotransport activity in BBM vesicles (BBMVs) isolated from ileum. In contrast, the urinary excretion of Pi is reduced in these animals. The plasma levels of Pi are similar in wild-type and NaPi-IIb-deficient mice. In females, the reduced phosphaturia associates with higher expression of NaPi-IIa and higher Na/Pi cotransport activity in renal BBMVs, as well as with reduced plasma levels of intact FGF-23. A similar trend is found in males. Thus, NaPi-IIb is the only luminal Na(+) -dependent Pi transporter in the murine ileum and its absence is fully compensated for in adult females by a mechanism involving the bone-kidney axis. The contribution of this mechanism to the adaptive response is less apparent in adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nati Hernando
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabia Simona
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Knöpfel
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linto Thomas
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heini Murer
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Biber
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Jung D, Adamo MA, Lehman RM, Barnaby R, Jackson CE, Jackson BP, Shaw JR, Stanton BA. A novel variant of aquaporin 3 is expressed in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) intestine. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 171:1-7. [PMID: 25766383 PMCID: PMC4402271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) are euryhaline teleosts that are widely used in environmental and toxicological studies, and they are tolerant to arsenic, in part due to very low assimilation of arsenic from the environment. The mechanism of arsenic uptake by the intestine, a major route of arsenic uptake in humans is unknown. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine if aquaglyceroporins (AQPs), which transport water and other small molecules including arsenite across cell membranes, are expressed in the killifish intestine, and whether AQP expression is affected by osmotic stress. Through RT-PCR and sequence analysis of PCR amplicons, we demonstrated that the intestine expresses kfAQP3a and kfAQP3b, two previously identified variants, and also identified a novel variant of killifish AQP3 (kfAQP3c) in the intestine. The variants likely represent alternate splice forms. A BLAST search of the F. heteroclitus reference genome revealed that the AQP3 gene resides on a single locus, while an alignment of the AQP3 sequence among 384 individuals from eight population ranging from Rhode Island to North Carolina revealed that its coding sequence was remarkably conserved with no fixed polymorphism residing in the region that distinguishes these variants. We further demonstrate that the novel variant transports arsenite into HEK293T cells. Whereas kfAQP3a, which does not transport arsenite, was expressed in both freshwater (FW) and saltwater (SW) acclimated fish, kfAQP3b, an arsenic transporter, was expressed only in FW acclimated fish, and kfAQP3c was expressed only in SW acclimated fish. Thus, we have identified a novel, putative splice variant of kfAQP3, kfAQP3c, which transports arsenic and is expressed only in SW acclimated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoon Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and of Physiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA.
| | - Meredith A Adamo
- Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
| | - Rebecca M Lehman
- Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
| | - Roxanna Barnaby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and of Physiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Craig E Jackson
- The School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences and Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Joseph R Shaw
- Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA; The School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and of Physiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
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Uptake, Metabolic Effects and Toxicity of Arsenate and Arsenite in Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:465-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hohnholt MC, Blumrich EM, Koehler Y, Dringen R. Arsenate stimulates glutathione export from viable cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:561-71. [PMID: 25503647 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arsenate is an environmental pollutant which contaminates the drinking water of millions of people worldwide. Numerous in vitro studies have investigated the toxicity of arsenate for a large number of different cell types. However, despite the known neurotoxic potential of arsenicals, little is known so far about the consequences of an exposure of neurons to arsenate. To investigate acute effects of arsenate on the viability and the glutathione (GSH) metabolism of neurons, we have exposed primary rat cerebellar granule neuron cultures to arsenate. Incubation of neurons for up to 6 h with arsenate in concentrations of up to 10 mM did not acutely compromise the cell viability, although the cells accumulated substantial amounts of arsenate. However, exposure to arsenate caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the export of GSH from viable neurons with significant effects observed for arsenate in concentrations above 0.3 mM. The arsenate-induced stimulation of GSH export was abolished upon removal of arsenate and completely prevented by MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1. These results demonstrate that arsenate is not acutely toxic to neurons but can affect the neuronal GSH metabolism by stimulating GSH export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Hohnholt
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany,
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Shankar S, Shanker U, Shikha. Arsenic contamination of groundwater: a review of sources, prevalence, health risks, and strategies for mitigation. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:304524. [PMID: 25374935 PMCID: PMC4211162 DOI: 10.1155/2014/304524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic contamination of groundwater in different parts of the world is an outcome of natural and/or anthropogenic sources, leading to adverse effects on human health and ecosystem. Millions of people from different countries are heavily dependent on groundwater containing elevated level of As for drinking purposes. As contamination of groundwater, poses a serious risk to human health. Excessive and prolonged exposure of inorganic As with drinking water is causing arsenicosis, a deteriorating and disabling disease characterized by skin lesions and pigmentation of the skin, patches on palm of the hands and soles of the feet. Arsenic poisoning culminates into potentially fatal diseases like skin and internal cancers. This paper reviews sources, speciation, and mobility of As and global overview of groundwater As contamination. The paper also critically reviews the As led human health risks, its uptake, metabolism, and toxicity mechanisms. The paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge on the alternative As free drinking water and various technologies (oxidation, coagulation flocculation, adsorption, and microbial) for mitigation of the problem of As contamination of groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Shankar
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Uma Shanker
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Punjab 144011, India
| | - Shikha
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
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Juhasz AL, Smith E, Nelson C, Thomas DJ, Bradham K. Variability associated with as in vivo-in vitro correlations when using different bioaccessibility methodologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11646-53. [PMID: 25157927 DOI: 10.1021/es502751z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the capabilities of in vitro assays to predict arsenic (As) relative bioavailability (RBA), we examined the relationship between As bioaccessibility, determined using a number of in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) methodologies (SBRC, IVG, PBET, DIN and UBM) and As RBA determined in a mouse assay for nine As-contaminated soils and 1 NIST reference material (2710a). Significant differences (P < 0.05) in As IVBA were observed within and between assays indicating that different IVBA methodologies may not produce congruent data, as a result of variability in the extracting medium constituents and/or differences in the pH of gastric and intestinal phases. When results of in vivo determinations of As RBA were compared with As IVBA results, there was no significant difference in slopes of the relationships (P = 0.49-0.88) when SBRC, IVG, PBET, DIN, and UBM gastric and intestinal phase data were used. A significantly (P < 0.05) smaller y-intercept was, however, determined for the in vivo-SBRC gastric phase correlation compared to SBRC, IVG, PBET, and DIN intestinal phase, a factor that may influence prediction of As RBA, especially for soils with low As RBA. When in vivo-in vitro relationships were compared to previously derived correlations from the literature, some differences were observed. These differences may be attributed to factors affecting both in vivo and in vitro data including physiological differences in animal models (e.g., mouse versus swine), which may influence As absorption, differences in the approach used to estimate As RBA, and variability arising from subtle interoperator differences in performance of in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert L Juhasz
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Sun HJ, Rathinasabapathi B, Wu B, Luo J, Pu LP, Ma LQ. Arsenic and selenium toxicity and their interactive effects in humans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 69:148-58. [PMID: 24853282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) are unusual metalloids as they both induce and cure cancer. They both cause carcinogenesis, pathology, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in humans, with reactive oxygen species playing an important role. While As induces adverse effects by decreasing DNA methylation and affecting protein 53 expression, Se induces adverse effects by modifying thioredoxin reductase. However, they can react with glutathione and S-adenosylmethionine by forming an As-Se complex, which can be secreted extracellularly. We hypothesize that there are two types of interactions between As and Se. At low concentration, Se can decrease As toxicity via excretion of As-Se compound [(GS3)2AsSe](-), but at high concentration, excessive Se can enhance As toxicity by reacting with S-adenosylmethionine and glutathione, and modifying the structure and activity of arsenite methyltransferase. This review is to summarize their toxicity mechanisms and the interaction between As and Se toxicity, and to provide suggestions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Bala Rathinasabapathi
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Li-Ping Pu
- Suzhou Health College, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Koehler Y, Luther EM, Meyer S, Schwerdtle T, Dringen R. Uptake and toxicity of arsenite and arsenate in cultured brain astrocytes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:328-37. [PMID: 24894442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenicals are environmental toxins that have been connected with neuropathies and impaired cognitive functions. To investigate whether such substances accumulate in brain astrocytes and affect their viability and glutathione metabolism, we have exposed cultured primary astrocytes to arsenite or arsenate. Both arsenicals compromised the cell viability of astrocytes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. However, the early onset of cell toxicity in arsenite-treated astrocytes revealed the higher toxic potential of arsenite compared with arsenate. The concentrations of arsenite and arsenate that caused within 24h half-maximal release of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase were around 0.3mM and 10mM, respectively. The cellular arsenic contents of astrocytes increased rapidly upon exposure to arsenite or arsenate and reached after 4h of incubation almost constant steady state levels. These levels were about 3-times higher in astrocytes that had been exposed to a given concentration of arsenite compared with the respective arsenate condition. Analysis of the intracellular arsenic species revealed that almost exclusively arsenite was present in viable astrocytes that had been exposed to either arsenate or arsenite. The emerging toxicity of arsenite 4h after exposure was accompanied by a loss in cellular total glutathione and by an increase in the cellular glutathione disulfide content. These data suggest that the high arsenite content of astrocytes that had been exposed to inorganic arsenicals causes an increase in the ratio of glutathione disulfide to glutathione which contributes to the toxic potential of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Koehler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Luther
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Soeren Meyer
- Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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47
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Myakala K, Motta S, Murer H, Wagner CA, Koesters R, Biber J, Hernando N. Renal-specific and inducible depletion of NaPi-IIc/Slc34a3, the cotransporter mutated in HHRH, does not affect phosphate or calcium homeostasis in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F833-43. [PMID: 24553430 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00133.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The proximal renal epithelia express three different Na-dependent inorganic phosphate (Pi) cotransporters: NaPi-IIa/SLC34A1, NaPi-IIc/SLC34A3, and PiT2/SLC20A2. Constitutive mouse knockout models of NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc suggested that NaPi-IIa mediates the bulk of renal reabsorption of Pi whereas the contribution of NaPi-IIc to this process is minor and probably restricted to young mice. However, many reports indicate that mutations of NaPi-IIc in humans lead to hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH). Here, we report the generation of a kidney-specific and inducible NaPi-IIc-deficient mouse model based on the loxP-Cre system. We found that the specific removal of the cotransporter from the kidneys of young mice does not impair the capacity of the renal epithelia to transport Pi. Moreover, the levels of Pi in plasma and urine as well as the circulating levels of parathyroid hormone, FGF-23, and vitamin D3 remained unchanged. These findings are in agreement with the data obtained with the constitutive knockout model and suggest that, under steady-state conditions of normal dietary Pi, NaPi-IIc is not an essential Na-Pi cotransporter in murine kidneys. However, and unlike the constitutive mutants, the kidney-specific depletion of NaPi-IIc does not result in alteration of the homeostasis of calcium. This suggests that the calcium-related phenotype observed in constitutive knockout mice may not be related to inactivation of the cotransporter in kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komuraiah Myakala
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology. Univ. of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Christakos S, Lieben L, Masuyama R, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D endocrine system and the intestine. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:496. [PMID: 24605213 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcium and phosphate regulate numerous biological processes and they are essential for bone mass and bone quality. The calcium and phosphate balance largely depends on intestinal absorption, and the dietary content of these ions determines the type of transport. High dietary intake of calcium and phosphate enables absorption by passive transport, but often the dietary content of these ions is in the low-normal range, especially for calcium. In this condition, the contribution of active intestinal calcium transport will increase to maintain normal serum levels. This adaptation is mainly regulated by the active form of vitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, and requires normal concentrations of the precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D. When intestinal calcium absorption is insufficient, hormonal adaptations will release calcium from bones to secure normocalcemia, not only by increasing bone loss but also by decreasing bone mineralization. These data underline the fact that adequate calcium intake is critical to secure skeletal integrity. Despite the insights that sufficient dietary calcium intake and normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are critical for calcium and bone homeostasis, surprisingly little is known on the proteins that mediate intestinal calcium transport. Also, the interaction between the intestine and the kidney to control serum phosphate levels is still incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, New Jersey Medical School , Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Liesbet Lieben
- Systems biology of bone, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus , Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Ritsuko Masuyama
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
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49
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The SLC34 family of sodium-dependent phosphate transporters. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:139-53. [PMID: 24352629 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The SLC34 family of sodium-driven phosphate cotransporters comprises three members: NaPi-IIa (SLC34A1), NaPi-IIb (SLC34A2), and NaPi-IIc (SLC34A3). These transporters mediate the translocation of divalent inorganic phosphate (HPO4 (2-)) together with two (NaPi-IIc) or three sodium ions (NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIb), respectively. Consequently, phosphate transport by NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIb is electrogenic. NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc are predominantly expressed in the brush border membrane of the proximal tubule, whereas NaPi-IIb is found in many more organs including the small intestine, lung, liver, and testis. The abundance and activity of these transporters are mostly regulated by changes in their expression at the cell surface and are determined by interactions with proteins involved in scaffolding, trafficking, or intracellular signaling. All three transporters are highly regulated by factors including dietary phosphate status, hormones like parathyroid hormone, 1,25-OH2 vitamin D3 or FGF23, electrolyte, and acid-base status. The physiological relevance of the three members of the SLC34 family is underlined by rare Mendelian disorders causing phosphaturia, hypophosphatemia, or ectopic organ calcifications.
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50
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Gribble MO, Voruganti VS, Cropp CD, Francesconi KA, Goessler W, Umans JG, Silbergeld EK, Laston SL, Haack K, Kao WHL, Fallin MD, Maccluer JW, Cole SA, Navas-Acien A. SLCO1B1 variants and urine arsenic metabolites in the Strong Heart Family Study. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:19-25. [PMID: 23970802 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic species patterns in urine are associated with risk for cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The organic anion transporter coded by the gene SLCO1B1 may transport arsenic species, but its association with arsenic metabolites in human urine has not yet been studied. The objective of this study is to evaluate associations of urine arsenic metabolites with variants in the candidate gene SLCO1B1 in adults from the Strong Heart Family Study. We estimated associations between % arsenic species biomarker traits and 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SLCO1B1 gene in 157 participants, assuming additive genetics. Linear regression models for each SNP accounted for kinships and were adjusted for sex, body mass index, and study center. The minor allele of rs1564370 was associated with lower %MMA (p = .0003) and higher %DMA (p = .0002), accounting for 8% of the variance for %MMA and 9% for %DMA. The rs1564370 minor allele homozygote frequency was 17% and the heterozygote frequency was 43%. The minor allele of rs2291075 was associated with lower %MMA (p = .0006) and higher %DMA (p = .0014), accounting for 7% of the variance for %MMA and 5% for %DMA. The frequency of rs2291075 minor allele homozygotes was 1% and of heterozygotes was 15%. Common variants in SLCO1B1 were associated with differences in arsenic metabolites in a preliminary candidate gene study. Replication of this finding in other populations and analyses with respect to disease outcomes are needed to determine whether this novel candidate gene is important for arsenic-associated disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Gribble
- * Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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