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Wu C, Du X, Liu H, Chen X, Ge K, Meng R, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Advances in polychlorinated biphenyls-induced female reproductive toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170543. [PMID: 38309369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) widely present in the environment. PCBs have been of concern due to their anti/estrogen-like effects, which make them more toxic to the female reproductive system. However, there is still a lack of systematic reviews on the reproductive toxicity of PCBs in females, so the adverse effects and mechanisms of PCBs on the female reproductive system were summarized in this paper. Our findings showed that PCBs are positively associated with lower pregnancy rate, hormone disruption, miscarriage and various reproductive diseases in women. In animal experiments, PCBs can damage the structure and function of the ovaries, uterus and oviducts. Also, PCBs could produce epigenetic effects and be transferred to the offspring through the maternal placenta, causing development retardation, malformation and death of embryos, and damage to organs of multiple generations. Furthermore, the mechanisms of PCBs-induced female reproductive toxicity mainly include receptor-mediated hormone disorders, oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and epigenetic modifications. Finally, we also present some directions for future research on the reproductive toxicity of PCBs. This detailed information provided a valuable reference for fully understanding the reproductive toxicity of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrui Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kangfeng Ge
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ruiyang Meng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zongxin Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Yang Y, Xu L, Lei B, Huang Y, Yu M. Effects of trichlorobisphenol A on the expression of proteins and genes associated with puberty initiation in GT1-7 cells and the relevant molecular mechanism. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 183:114258. [PMID: 38040238 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of Cl3BPA on kisspeptin-G-protein coupled receptor 54 (GPR54)/gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (KGG) signals and analyzed the roles of estrogen receptor alpha (ERɑ) and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) in regulating KGG signals. The results showed that Cl3BPA at 50 μM increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and GnRH, upregulated the protein levels of kisspeptin and the expression of fshr, lhr and gnrh1 genes related to KGG in GT1-7 cells. In addition, 50 μM Cl3BPA significantly upregulated the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (Erk1/2), the protein levels of GPER1 and the expression of the gper1 as well as the most target genes associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/Erk1/2 pathways. Specific signal inhibitor experiments found that Cl3BPA activated KGG signals by activating the GPER1-mediated MAPK/Erk1/2 signaling pathway at the mRNA level. A docking test further confirmed the interactions between Cl3BPA and GPER1. The findings suggest that Cl3BPA might induce precocious puberty by increasing GnRH secretion together with KGG signaling upregulation, which is driven by GPER1-mediated signaling pathway. By comparison, ClxBPAs with fewer chlorine atoms had more obvious effects on the expression of proteins and partial genes related to KGG signals in GT1-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Lanbing Xu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Bingli Lei
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Yaoyao Huang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Mengjie Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
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Kato-Negishi M, Sawayama J, Kawahara M, Takeuchi S. Cell fiber-based 3D tissue array for drug response assay. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7870. [PMID: 35552465 PMCID: PMC9098497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the establishment of a reproducible and sensitive assay system for three-dimensional (3D) tissue-based drug screening, it is essential to develop 3D tissue arrays with uniform shapes and high cell numbers that prevent cell death in the center of the tissue. In recent years, 3D tissue arrays based on spheroids have attracted increased attention. However, they have only been used in specific tissues with hypoxic regions, such as cancer tissues, because nutrient deprivation and hypoxic regions are formed in the core as spheroids grow. Herein, we propose a method to array cell-encapsulated tube-like tissue (cell fiber (CF)) with diameters < 150 μm to prevent nutrient deprivation and hypoxia using a device that can fix the CFs, section them in uniform sizes, and transfer them to a 96-well plate. We fabricated the arrays of CF fragments from cell lines (GT1-7), cancer cells (HeLa), mouse neural stem cells (mNSCs) and differentiated mNSCs, and performed drug response assays. The array of CF fragments assessed the drug response differences among different cell types and drug responses specific to 3D tissues. The array of CF fragments may be used as a versatile drug screening system to detect drug sensitivities in various types of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Kato-Negishi
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Jun Sawayama
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan. .,Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan. .,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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Lei B, Xu L, Huang Y, Liu Y, Yu M, Tang Q. Chlorobisphenol A activated kisspeptin/GPR54-GnRH neuroendocrine signals through ERα and GPER pathway in neuronal GT1-7 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113290. [PMID: 35158255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorobisphenol A (ClxBPA) is a kind of novel estrogenic compounds. The present study aims to investigate the effects of three ClxBPA compounds on the kisspeptin/G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54, also named KissR1)-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (KGG) system in neuronal GT1-7 cells with mechanistic insights by estrogen receptor signaling pathways. The study demonstrated that low-concentration ClxBPA induced the cell proliferation, promoted GnRH secretion, upregulated the expression of KGG neuroendocrine signal-related proteins (KissR1, GnRH1 and kisspeptin) and genes including Kiss1, GnRH1, KissR1, luteinizing hormone receptor (Lhr) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (Fshr) in GT1-7 cells. Additionally, ClxBPA activated nuclear estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and member estrogen receptor G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)-regulated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) signaling pathways. Pretreatment of GT1-7 cells with GPER inhibitor G15 and ERα inhibitor ICI reduced the expression of KissR1, GnRH1 and kisspeptin proteins, attenuated mRNA levels of Kiss1, GnRH1, KissR1, Fshr and Lhr genes, and decreased ClxBPA-induced GT1-7 cell proliferation. The results suggested that ClxBPA activated the KGG neuroendocrine signals and induced the proliferation of GT1-7 cells via ERα and GPER signaling pathways. This study provides a new perspective to explore the neuroendocrine toxicity mechanism of ClxBPA. CAPSULE: ClxBPA activated KGG neuroendocrine signaling pathway via ERα and GPER and induced the proliferation of GT1-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Lei
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Lanbing Xu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Huang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510530, PR China.
| | - Mengjie Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Qianqian Tang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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Vidali MS, Dailianis S, Vlastos D, Georgiadis P. PCB cause global DNA hypomethylation of human peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 87:103696. [PMID: 34171487 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported significant associations between exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and alterations on genome-wide methylation of leukocyte DNA of healthy volunteers and provided evidence in support of an etiological link between the observed CpG methylation variations and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of PCB in human lymphocytes' methylome in vitro. Therefore, U937 cells and human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) were exposed in vitro to the dioxin-like PCB-118, the non-dioxin-like PCB-153, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and thorough cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and global CpG methylation analyses were performed. All compounds currently tested did not show any consistent significant genotoxicity at all exposure periods and concentrations used. On the contrary, extensive dose-dependent hypomethylation was observed, even at low concentrations, in stimulated PBMC treated with PCB-118 and PCB-153 as well as a small but statistically significant hypomethylation in HCB-treated stimulated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Sofia Vidali
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas.Constantinou Av, GR-11635, Athens, Greece; Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, GR-26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Stefanos Dailianis
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, GR-26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitris Vlastos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, GR-30100, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Georgiadis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas.Constantinou Av, GR-11635, Athens, Greece.
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Patisaul HB. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and the neuroendocrine system: Beyond estrogen, androgen, and thyroid. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 92:101-150. [PMID: 34452685 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of anthropogenic chemicals occupy our bodies, a situation that threatens the health of present and future generations. This chapter focuses on endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), both naturally occurring and man-made, that affect the neuroendocrine system to adversely impact health, with an emphasis on reproductive and metabolic pathways. The neuroendocrine system is highly sexually dimorphic and essential for maintaining homeostasis and appropriately responding to the environment. Comprising both neural and endocrine components, the neuroendocrine system is hormone sensitive throughout life and touches every organ system in the body. The integrative nature of the neuroendocrine system means that EDCs can have multi-system effects. Additionally, because gonadal hormones are essential for the sex-specific organization of numerous neuroendocrine pathways, endocrine disruption of this programming can lead to permanent deficits. Included in this review is a brief history of the neuroendocrine disruption field and a thorough discussion of the most common and less well understood neuroendocrine disruption modes of action. Also provided are extensive examples of how EDCs are likely contributing to neuroendocrine disorders such as obesity, and evidence that they have the potential for multi-generational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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Wang L, Xu W, Zhou Q, Xu B, Sheng Y, Sun M, Chen H, Wang Y, Ding G, Duan Y. 2,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl Induced Thyrocyte Autophagy by Promoting Calcium Influx via Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry. Toxicol Sci 2020; 177:483-493. [PMID: 32895711 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PCB118, a 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl, has been shown to destroy thyroidal ultrastructure and induce thyrocyte autophagy. Previously, we reported that PCB118 promoted autophagosome formation in vivo and in vitro, but more details remain to be revealed. To explore the underlying mechanism by which PCB118 regulates thyrocyte autophagy, Fischer rat thyroid cell line-5 (FRTL-5) cells were exposed to different doses of PCB118 at 0, 0.25, 2.5, and 25 nM for 0-48 h. Western blot analysis of autophagy-related proteins P62, BECLIN1, and LC3 demonstrated that PCB118 induced autophagy formation in dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, laser scanning confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed PCB118 treatment led to time- and dose-dependent increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Additionally, PCB118 promoted store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) channel followed by significant increase of ORAI1 and STIM1 protein levels. On the other hand, PCB118 induced thyroidal autophagy via class III β-tubulin (TUBB3)/death-associated protein kinase 2 (DAPK2)/myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC)/autophagy-related 9A (ATG9A) pathway in FRTL-5 cells. Pretreatment with SOCE inhibitor SKF96365 reduced cytosolic Ca2+, ORAI1, STIM1, and BECLIN1 levels as well as LC3 II/LC3 I ratio, while increased P62 expression. SKF96365 also inhibited TUBB3/DAPK2/MRLC/ATG9A pathway in FRTL-5 cells treated by PCB118. Our results provide evidence that PCB118 may induce thyroidal autophagy through TUBB3-related signaling pathway, and these effects are likely to be regulated by calcium influx via SOCE channel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunlu Sheng
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Minne Sun
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Guoxian Ding
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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Rahman MS, Kline RJ, Vázquez OA, Khan IA, Thomas P. Molecular characterization and expression of arginine vasotocin V1a2 receptor in Atlantic croaker brain: Potential mechanisms of its downregulation by PCB77. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22500. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Saydur Rahman
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine SciencesUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyBrownsville Texas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyBrownsville Texas
| | - Richard J. Kline
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine SciencesUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyBrownsville Texas
| | - Omar A. Vázquez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyBrownsville Texas
| | - Izhar A. Khan
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesTexas A&M University‐Commerce Texas
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of Texas at AustinPort Aransas Texas
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Zehra A, Hashmi MZ, Khan AM, Malik T, Abbas Z. Biphasic Dose-Response Induced by PCB150 and PCB180 in HeLa Cells and Potential Molecular Mechanisms. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820910040. [PMID: 32206047 PMCID: PMC7076582 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820910040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and their dose-dependent toxicities studies are not well-established. In this study, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PCB150 and PCB180 in HeLa cells were studied. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay indicated that the cell proliferation was stimulated at low doses (10−3 and 10−2 µg/mL for 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours) and inhibited at high doses (10 and 15 µg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 hours) for both PCBs. Increase in reactive oxygen species formation was observed in the HeLa cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase showed increased levels at high concentrations of PCBs over the time. Glutathione peroxidase expression was downregulated after PCBs exposure, suggested that both PCB congeners may attributable to cytotoxicity. Comet assay elicited a significant increase in genotoxicity at high concentrations of PCBs as compared to low concentrations indicating genotoxic effects. PCB150 and PCB180 showed decrease in the activity of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase at high concentrations after 12 and 48 hours. These findings may contribute to understanding the mechanism of PCBs-induced toxicity, thereby improving the risk assessment of toxic compounds in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainy Zehra
- Department of Zoology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Tariq Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Wang X, Xu Y, Song X, Jia Q, Zhang X, Qian Y, Qiu J. Analysis of glycerophospholipid metabolism after exposure to PCB153 in PC12 cells through targeted lipidomics by UHPLC-MS/MS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:120-127. [PMID: 30445242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity in both animals and humans. Few studies have focused on the changes to endogenous glycerophospholipid metabolism caused by PCB153. To evaluate the relationships between exposure to PCB153 and specific endogenous glycerophospholipid metabolism, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was implemented in this study. Twenty-two endogenous glycerophospholipids in PC12 cells were analyzed after exposure to PCB153 at dosages of 0.05 μg mL-1, 0.5 μg mL-1 or 20 μg mL-1 for 120 h. PC(14:0/14:0), PE(16:0/18:1), PE(16:0/18:2), PS(18:0/18:1) and PI(16:0/18:1) were identified as potential biomarkers under the rules of t-test (P) value < 0.05 and variable importance at projection (VIP) value > 1. It was also found that the alterations at 0.05 μg mL-1 and 20 μg mL-1 PCB153 were similar at 120 h, while 0.5 μg mL-1 PCB153 presented an opposite trend. Additionally, significant upregulation of PC, PE and PS with the same fatty acid chains of 18:0/18:2 was found after exposure to 0.05 μg mL-1 and 20 μg mL-1 PCB153 at 120 h. This study revealed that PCB153 exposure modulated 22 endogenous glycerophospholipids in PC12 cells and provided the basis for the further study of PCB153 on the effects of glycerophospholipids on PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanyang Xu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao Song
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xining Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
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Guida N, Laudati G, Serani A, Mascolo L, Molinaro P, Montuori P, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LM, Formisano L. The neurotoxicant PCB-95 by increasing the neuronal transcriptional repressor REST down-regulates caspase-8 and increases Ripk1, Ripk3 and MLKL expression determining necroptotic neuronal death. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 142:229-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fournier K, Baumont E, Glorennec P, Bonvallot N. Relative toxicity for indoor semi volatile organic compounds based on neuronal death. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:33-42. [PMID: 28709981 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) are contaminants commonly found in dwellings as a result of their use as plasticizers, flame retardants, or pesticides in building materials and consumer products. Many SVOCs are suspected of being neurotoxic, based on mammal experimentation (impairment of locomotor activity, spatial learning/memory or behavioral changes), raising the question of cumulative risk assessment. The aim of this work is to estimate the relative toxicity of such SVOCs, based on neuronal death. METHOD SVOCs fulfilling the following conditions were included: detection frequency >10% in dwellings, availability of data on effects or mechanism of action for neurotoxicity, and availability of dose-response relationships based on cell viability assays as a proxy of neuronal death. Benchmark concentration values (BMC) were estimated using a Hill model, and compared to assess relative toxicity. RESULTS Of the 58 SVOCs selected, 28 were suspected of being neurotoxic in mammals, and 21 have been documented as inducing a decrease in cell viability in vitro. 13 have at least one dose-response relationship that can be used to derive a BMC based on a 10% fall in neuronal viability. Based on this in vitro endpoint, PCB-153 appeared to be the most toxic compound, having the lowest BMC10 (0.072μM) and diazinon the least toxic compound, having the highest BMC10 (94.35μM). We showed that experimental designs (in particular choice of cell lines) had a significant influence on BMC calculation. CONCLUSION For the first time, the relative in vitro toxicity of 13 indoor contaminants belonging to different chemical families has been assessed on the basis of neuronal cell viability. Lack of comparable toxicity datasets limits the number of SVOCs that can be included. More standardized protocols in terms of cell lines, species and exposure duration should be developed with a view to cumulative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Fournier
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Emmanuel Baumont
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
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Holland EB, Feng W, Zheng J, Dong Y, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Pessah IN. An Extended Structure-Activity Relationship of Nondioxin-Like PCBs Evaluates and Supports Modeling Predictions and Identifies Picomolar Potency of PCB 202 Towards Ryanodine Receptors. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:170-181. [PMID: 27655348 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nondioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL PCBs) activate ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ channels (RyRs) and this activation has been associated with neurotoxicity in exposed animals. RyR-active congeners follow a distinct structure-activity relationship and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) predicts that a large number of PCBs likely activate the receptor, which requires validation. Additionally, previous structural based conclusions have been established using receptor ligand binding assays but the impact of varying PCB structures on ion channel gating behavior is not understood. We used [3H]Ryanodine ([3H]Ry) binding to assess the RyR-activity of 14 previously untested PCB congeners evaluating the predictability of the QSAR. Congeners determined to display widely varying potency were then assayed with single channel voltage clamp analysis to assess direct influences on channel gating kinetics. The RyR-activity of individual PCBs assessed in in vitro assays followed the general pattern predicted by the QSAR but binding and lipid bilayer experiments demonstrated higher potency than predicted. Of the 49 congeners tested to date, tetra-ortho PCB 202 was found to be the most potent RyR-active congener increasing channel open probability at 200 pM. Shifting meta-substitutions to the para-position resulted in a > 100-fold reduction in potency as seen with PCB 197. Non-ortho PCB 11 was found to lack activity at the receptor supporting a minimum mono-ortho substitution for PCB RyR activity. These findings expand and support previous SAR assessments; where out of the 49 congeners tested to date 42 activate the receptor demonstrating that the RyR is a sensitive and common target of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B Holland
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; .,Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, California.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yao Dong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,The Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California.,UC Davis Center for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention, Davis, California
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Guo H, Yang H, Chen H, Li W, Tang J, Cheng P, Xie Y, Liu Y, Ding G, Cui D, Zheng X, Duan Y. Molecular mechanisms of human thyrocyte dysfunction induced by low concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl 118 through the Akt/FoxO3a/NIS pathway. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:992-8. [PMID: 25644787 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are typical persistent organic pollutants that can interfere with multiple organ systems of humans. Previously, we concluded that persistent exposure to low doses of PCB118 could severely damage the thyroidal structure, dramatically decrease the concentration of serum thyroid hormones and inhibit the pivotal gene expressions such as sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroglobulin (Tg). To explore the molecular mechanisms of thyrocyte dysfunction induced by 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118), monolayer cultured human thyroid epithelial cells (HTECs) were treated with PCB118 or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a control. Our results indicated that relatively higher concentrations of PCB118 could induce a loss in the viability of HTEC. In cultures with concentrations of PCB118 from 0.025 to 25 nM, which did not affect cell viability or apoptosis, concentrations of Tg and thyroxine (T(4)) were significantly decreased compared with those in the controls. In addition, mRNA and protein levels of Akt were increased significantly in the PCB118-treated groups, whereas FoxO3a expression did not show particular variation. Furthermore, exposure to PCB118 was associated with a significant increase of the protein levels of p-Akt and p-FoxO3a, and these effects were blocked by LY294002. In contrast, mRNA and protein expression levels of NIS were decreased significantly, and this effect was blocked by LY294002. Unlike control cells, a cytoplasmic shift of FoxO3a was observed in the PCB118-treated group. Our research suggests that PCB118 may induce thyrocyte dysfunction through the Akt/FoxO3a/NIS signalling pathway, which provides potential new insights for finding interventions to counteract the damage to the human body caused by PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinmei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuchun Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxian Ding
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Dai Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuqin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
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15
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Chen Y, Huang Q, Chen Q, Lin Y, Sun X, Zhang H, Zhu M, Dong S. The inflammation and estrogen metabolism impacts of polychlorinated biphenyls on endometrial cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:308-13. [PMID: 25433332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and bio-accumulative chemicals that provoke a wide range of toxic effects. Their adverse impacts on the reproductive system are of great concern, however, the effects of PCBs on endometrium are still unclear. In the study, the endometrial adenocarcinoma Ishikawa cells were exposed to both dioxin-like CB126 and non-dioxin-like CB153 at the nominal concentrations of 0.3, 3, and 30μM. The inflammatory and endocrine effects were detected after treatment by PCBs. Results showed that CB126 stimulated the proliferation of Ishikawa cells at lower concentrations of 0.3 and 3μM. By contrast, CB153 did not affect the viability of the cells. Both congeners exerted the stimulatory effects on the enzymatic activity of SOD1. CB126 decreased the abundance of Interleukin-8 both at the mRNA and protein levels. Blocking of estrogen receptor or aryl hydrocarbon receptor by the antagonist abolished the effects of CB126 on the expressions of inflammatory factors. The levels of testosterone and 17beta-estradiol were not changed after exposure to lower doses of PCBs. In accordance, PCBs did not affect the mRNA expressions of estrogen metabolism-related genes. In all, our study revealed that PCBs affected the expression of inflammatory factors through ER and AHR receptors, however, no toxic effects were observed on estrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China.
| | - Qionghua Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, PR China
| | - Yi Lin
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Xia Sun
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Huanteng Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Maobi Zhu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, PR China
| | - Sijun Dong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China.
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16
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Endocrine-disrupting actions of PCBs on brain development and social and reproductive behaviors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 19:134-44. [PMID: 25310366 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls are among the most well-studied endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) for their neurobehavioral effects, especially neurodevelopment and cognitive performance. In addition, past research has demonstrated effects of PCBs on circulating hormones and associated changes in reproductive behaviors. This article will focus on recent advances that have been made in characterizing developmental PCB effects on reproductive function, broader social and affective behaviors, and the neuroendocrine mechanisms behind such changes. In general, PCBs seem to inhibit reproductive function by suppressing multiple aspects of the associated hypothalamic circuitry. Additionally, PCBs may also reduce motivation for social behaviors and induce depressive-like symptoms via overall reductions in dopaminergic and glutamatergic functions in the limbic system. However, more work with human-relevant exposure paradigms is needed to fully support these conclusions.
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Westerink RHS. Modulation of cell viability, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels as common mechanisms of action of (mixtures of) non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6373-6383. [PMID: 23686757 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are environmental pollutants that exert neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral effects in vivo in humans and animals. Acute in vitro neurotoxic effects include changes in cell viability, oxidative stress, and basal intracellular calcium levels. Though these acute cellular effects could partly explain the observed in vivo effects, other mechanisms, such as effects on calcium influx and neurotransmitter receptor function, likely contribute to the disturbance in neurotransmission. This concise review combines in vitro data on cell viability, oxidative stress and basal calcium levels with recent data that clearly demonstrate that (hydroxylated) PCBs and (hydroxylated) PBDEs can exert acute effects on voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels as well as on excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in vitro. These novel mechanisms of action are shared by NDL-PCBs, OH-PBDEs, and some other persistent organic pollutants, such as tetrabromobisphenol-A, and could have profound effects on neurodevelopment, neurotransmission, and neurobehavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
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18
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Lilienthal H, Heikkinen P, Andersson PL, Viluksela M. Sexually dimorphic behavior after developmental exposure to characterize endocrine-mediated effects of different non-dioxin-like PCBs in rats. Toxicology 2013; 311:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Zhang J, Liang J, Zhu H, Li C, Wu Q. PFOS and PCB 153 have direct adverse effects on neonatal testis modeled using a coculture of primary gonocyte and sertoli cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:322-331. [PMID: 21544924 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is widely used in industry; it is nonbiodegradable and persistent in the human body and in the environment. Although reports have indicated that young people might have higher PFOS levels in serum or blood than do older people, its adverse effects on neonatal testicular cells had not been investigated previously. PCB 153 is one of the most prevalent polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in biological tissues, but the direct adverse effect of PCB 153 on neonatal testis remains unclear. In this study, we exposed a neonatal Sertoli cell/gonocyte coculture system to PFOS and PCB 153 individually at concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 50, and 100 μM for 24 h. Exposure to either compound reduced the cell viability and induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in dose-dependent manners, with PCB 153 having a greater effect than PFOS. Whereas PCB 153 induced apoptosis significantly from 10 μM, PFOS induced no obvious change. Morphologically, both PCB 153 and PFOS induced changes in the vimentin and actin filaments in the Sertoli cells, as investigated using confocal argon ion laser scanning microscopy; here, PFOS exhibited a more dramatic effect than did PCB 153. Furthermore, doses of 50 μM for PFOS and 10 μM for PCB 153 were the key concentrations that produced significant differences between the control and exposure groups. We suggest that both PCB 153 and PFOS directly affect neonatal gonocyte and Sertoli cells; the production of ROS and the change in the cytoskeleton in Sertoli cells might be causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 DongAn Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR, Lee DH, Shioda T, Soto AM, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Zoeller RT, Myers JP. Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:378-455. [PMID: 22419778 PMCID: PMC3365860 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1980] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of "the dose makes the poison," because EDCs can have effects at low doses that are not predicted by effects at higher doses. Here, we review two major concepts in EDC studies: low dose and nonmonotonicity. Low-dose effects were defined by the National Toxicology Program as those that occur in the range of human exposures or effects observed at doses below those used for traditional toxicological studies. We review the mechanistic data for low-dose effects and use a weight-of-evidence approach to analyze five examples from the EDC literature. Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and effect where the slope of the curve changes sign somewhere within the range of doses examined. We provide a detailed discussion of the mechanisms responsible for generating these phenomena, plus hundreds of examples from the cell culture, animal, and epidemiology literature. We illustrate that nonmonotonic responses and low-dose effects are remarkably common in studies of natural hormones and EDCs. Whether low doses of EDCs influence certain human disorders is no longer conjecture, because epidemiological studies show that environmental exposures to EDCs are associated with human diseases and disabilities. We conclude that when nonmonotonic dose-response curves occur, the effects of low doses cannot be predicted by the effects observed at high doses. Thus, fundamental changes in chemical testing and safety determination are needed to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Tufts University, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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Ahmed R. Perinatal TCDD exposure alters developmental neuroendocrine system. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1276-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Krishnamoorthy G, Selvakumar K, Elumalai P, Venkataraman P, Arunakaran J. Protective role of lycopene on polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254)-induced adult rat Sertoli cell dysfunction by increased oxidative stress and endocrine disruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Prenatal PCBs disrupt early neuroendocrine development of the rat hypothalamus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 252:36-46. [PMID: 21277884 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can interfere with hormone-sensitive developmental processes, including brain sexual differentiation. We hypothesized that disruption of these processes by gestational PCB exposure would be detectable as early as the day after birth (postnatal day (P) 1) through alterations in hypothalamic gene and protein expression. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected twice, once each on gestational days 16 and 18, with one of the following: DMSO vehicle; the industrial PCB mixture Aroclor 1221 (A1221); a reconstituted mixture of the three most prevalent congeners found in humans, PCB138, PCB153, and PCB180; or estradiol benzoate (EB). On P1, litter composition, anogenital distance (AGD), and body weight were assessed. Pups were euthanized for immunohistochemistry of estrogen receptor α (ERα) or TUNEL labeling of apoptotic cells or quantitative PCR of 48 selected genes in the preoptic area (POA). We found that treatment with EB or A1221 had a sex-specific effect on developmental apoptosis in the neonatal anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), a sexually dimorphic hypothalamic region involved in the regulation of reproductive neuroendocrine function. In this region, exposed females had increased numbers of apoptotic nuclei, whereas there was no effect of treatment in males. For ERα, EB treatment increased immunoreactive cell numbers and density in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) of both males and females, while A1221 and the PCB mixture had no effect. PCR analysis of gene expression in the POA identified nine genes that were significantly altered by prenatal EDC exposure, in a manner that varied by sex and treatment. These genes included brain-derived neurotrophic factor, GABA(B) receptors-1 and -2, IGF-1, kisspeptin receptor, NMDA receptor subunits NR2b and NR2c, prodynorphin, and TGFα. Collectively, these results suggest that the disrupted sexual differentiation of the POA by prenatal EDC exposures is already evident as early as the day after birth, effects that may change the trajectory of postnatal development and compromise adult reproductive function.
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Parent AS, Naveau E, Gerard A, Bourguignon JP, Westbrook GL. Early developmental actions of endocrine disruptors on the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:328-45. [PMID: 21790315 PMCID: PMC3165012 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroids and thyroid hormones play a key role in the development of the central nervous system. The critical role of these hormonal systems may explain the sensitivity of the hypothalamus, the cerebral cortex, and the hippocampus to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC). This review examines the evidence for endocrine disruption of glial-neuronal functions in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. Focus was placed on two well-studied EDC, the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). DDT is involved in neuroendocrine disruption of the reproductive axis, whereas polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) interact with both the thyroid hormone- and sex steroid-dependent systems and disturb the neuroendocrine control of reproduction and development of hippocampus and cortex. These results highlight the impact of EDC on the developing nervous system and the need for more research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Simone Parent
- Developmental Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Bourguignon JP, Rasier G, Lebrethon MC, Gérard A, Naveau E, Parent AS. Neuroendocrine disruption of pubertal timing and interactions between homeostasis of reproduction and energy balance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 324:110-20. [PMID: 20206664 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of environmental factors such as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the timing of onset of puberty is suggested by recent changes in age at onset of puberty and pattern of distribution that are variable among countries, as well as new forms of sexual precocity after migration. However, the evidence of association between early or late pubertal timing and exposure to EDCs is weak in humans, possibly due to heterogeneity of effects likely involving mixtures and incapacity to assess fetal or neonatal exposure retrospectively. The neuroendocrine system which is crucial for physiological onset of puberty is targeted by EDCs. These compounds also act directly in the gonads and peripheral sex-steroid sensitive tissues. Feedbacks add to the complexity of regulation so that changes in pubertal timing caused by EDCs can involve both central and peripheral mechanisms. In experimental conditions, several neuroendocrine endpoints are affected by EDCs though only few studies including from our laboratory aimed at EDC involvement in the pathophysiology of early sexual maturation. Recent observations support the concept that EDC cause disturbed energy balance and account for the obesity epidemic. Several aspects are linking this system and the reproductive axis: coexisting neuroendocrine and peripheral effects, dependency on fetal/neonatal programming and the many factors cross-linking the two systems, for instance leptin, adiponectin, Agouti Related Peptide (AgRP). This opens perspectives for future research and, hopefully, measures preventing the disturbances of homeostasis caused by EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bourguignon
- Developmental Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège and Department of Pediatrics, CHU de Liège, Belgium.
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26
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Abstract
The central neuroendocrine systems are responsible for the control of homeostatic processes in the body, including reproduction, growth, metabolism and energy balance, as well as stress responsiveness. These processes are initiated by signals in the central nervous system, specifically the hypothalamus, and are conveyed first by neural and then by endocrine effectors. The neuroendocrine systems, as the links between the brain and peripheral endocrine organs, play critical roles in the ability of an organism to respond to its environment under normal circumstances. When neuroendocrine homeostasis is disrupted by environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, a variety of perturbations can ensue, particularly when endocrine disruption occurs during critical developmental time periods. This article will discuss the evidence for environmental endocrine disruption of neuroendocrine systems and the effects on endocrine and reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Gore
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, USA.
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