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Klaunig JE, Bevan C, Gollapudi B. Assessment of the mode of action of perchloroethylene-induced mouse liver tumors. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:272-291. [PMID: 38523547 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241240188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Perchloroethylene (PCE) is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate. Following chronic inhalation exposure, PCE selectively induced liver tumors in mice. Understanding the mode of action (MOA) for PCE carcinogenesis in mice is important in defining its possible human cancer risk. The proposed MOA is based on the extensive examination of the peer-reviewed studies that have assessed the mouse liver effects of PCE and its major oxidative metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Similar to PCE, TCA has also been demonstrated to liver tumors selectively in mice following chronic exposure. The Key Events (KE) of the proposed PCE MOA involve oxidative metabolism of PCE to TCA [KE 1]; activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) [KE 2]; alteration in hepatic gene expression including cell growth pathways [KE 3]; increase in cell proliferation [KE 4]; selective clonal expansion of hepatic preneoplastic foci [KE 5]; and formation of hepatic neoplasms [KE 6]. The scientific evidence supporting the PPARα MOA for PCE is strong and satisfies the requirements for a MOA analysis. The PPARα liver tumor MOA in rodents has been demonstrated not to occur in humans; thus, human liver cancer risk to PCE is not likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Klaunig
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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2
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Nielsen GH, Heiger-Bernays WJ, Levy JI, White RF, Axelrad DA, Lam J, Chartres N, Abrahamsson DP, Rayasam SDG, Shaffer RM, Zeise L, Woodruff TJ, Ginsberg GL. Application of probabilistic methods to address variability and uncertainty in estimating risks for non-cancer health effects. Environ Health 2023; 21:129. [PMID: 36635712 PMCID: PMC9835218 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human health risk assessment currently uses the reference dose or reference concentration (RfD, RfC) approach to describe the level of exposure to chemical hazards without appreciable risk for non-cancer health effects in people. However, this "bright line" approach assumes that there is minimal risk below the RfD/RfC with some undefined level of increased risk at exposures above the RfD/RfC and has limited utility for decision-making. Rather than this dichotomous approach, non-cancer risk assessment can benefit from incorporating probabilistic methods to estimate the amount of risk across a wide range of exposures and define a risk-specific dose. We identify and review existing approaches for conducting probabilistic non-cancer risk assessments. Using perchloroethylene (PCE), a priority chemical for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Toxic Substances Control Act, we calculate risk-specific doses for the effects on cognitive deficits using probabilistic risk assessment approaches. Our probabilistic risk assessment shows that chronic exposure to 0.004 ppm PCE is associated with approximately 1-in-1,000 risk for a 5% reduced performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale Visual Reproduction subtest with 95% confidence. This exposure level associated with a 1-in-1000 risk for non-cancer neurocognitive deficits is lower than the current RfC for PCE of 0.0059 ppm, which is based on standard point of departure and uncertainty factor approaches for the same neurotoxic effects in occupationally exposed adults. We found that the population-level risk of cognitive deficit (indicating central nervous system dysfunction) is estimated to be greater than the cancer risk level of 1-in-100,000 at a similar chronic exposure level. The extension of toxicological endpoints to more clinically relevant endpoints, along with consideration of magnitude and severity of effect, will help in the selection of acceptable risk targets for non-cancer effects. We find that probabilistic approaches can 1) provide greater context to existing RfDs and RfCs by describing the probability of effect across a range of exposure levels including the RfD/RfC in a diverse population for a given magnitude of effect and confidence level, 2) relate effects of chemical exposures to clinical disease risk so that the resulting risk assessments can better inform decision-makers and benefit-cost analysis, and 3) better reflect the underlying biology and uncertainties of population risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greylin H Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Wendy J Heiger-Bernays
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Jonathan I Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Roberta F White
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Juleen Lam
- Department of Public Health, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Chartres
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dimitri Panagopoulos Abrahamsson
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Swati D G Rayasam
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel M Shaffer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gary L Ginsberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Valdiviezo A, Brown GE, Michell AR, Trinconi CM, Bodke VV, Khetani SR, Luo YS, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Reanalysis of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene Metabolism to Glutathione Conjugates Using Human, Rat, and Mouse Liver in Vitro Models to Improve Precision in Risk Characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:117009. [PMID: 36445294 PMCID: PMC9707501 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) are high-priority chemicals subject to numerous human health risk evaluations by a range of agencies. Metabolism of TCE and PCE determines their ultimate toxicity; important uncertainties exist in quantitative characterization of metabolism to genotoxic moieties through glutathione (GSH) conjugation and species differences therein. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to address these uncertainties using novel in vitro liver models, interspecies comparison, and a sensitive assay for quantification of GSH conjugates of TCE and PCE, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (DCVG) and S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl) glutathione (TCVG), respectively. METHODS Liver in vitro models used herein were suspension, 2-D culture, and micropatterned coculture (MPCC) with primary human, rat, and mouse hepatocytes, as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHep). RESULTS We found that, although efficiency of metabolism varied among models, consistent with known differences in their metabolic capacity, formation rates of DCVG and TCVG generally followed the patterns human ≥ rat ≥ mouse , and primary hepatocytes > iHep . Data derived from MPCC were most consistent with estimates from physiologically based pharmacokinetic models calibrated to in vivo data. DISCUSSION For TCE, the new data provided additional empirical support for inclusion of GSH conjugation-mediated kidney effects as critical for the derivation of noncancer toxicity values. For PCE, the data reduced previous uncertainties regarding the extent of TCVG formation in humans; this information was used to update several candidate kidney-specific noncancer toxicity values. Overall, MPCC-derived data provided physiologically relevant estimates of GSH-mediated metabolism of TCE and PCE to reduce uncertainties in interspecies extrapolation that constrained previous risk evaluations, thereby increasing the precision of risk characterizations of these high-priority toxicants. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Valdiviezo
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Grace E. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashlin R. Michell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Vedant V. Bodke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Tarditi A, Montalbano L, Spina S, Marrazzo F, Casella G, Schenardi P, Conti T, Angeli I, Minoli M, Fumagalli R, Langer T. Acute perchloroethylene intoxication in an elderly woman: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:388. [PMID: 36284328 PMCID: PMC9597952 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perchloroethylene is a colorless, strong-smelling substance commonly used for dry cleaning. Liver and kidney toxicities and carcinogenicity are well-known occupational hazards caused by chronic perchloroethylene exposure. Acute intoxication by ingestion of nondiluted perchloroethylene is rare in the adult population owing to its strong smell and taste. Very few data are available to physicians managing patients in this situation. Case presentation An 89-year-old Caucasian woman accidentally drank perchloroethylene while visiting her laundry, leading to a coma within a few minutes. The poison control center provided little information about perchloroethylene toxicity after ingestion, including an estimated long biological half-life (144 hour) and detrimental effects to liver and kidneys. A long intensive care unit stay was thus expected, potentially leading to several complications. After intubation, transitory hypoxemia appeared and rapidly resolved, while mild hemodynamic instability was managed with fluid resuscitation and anti-arrhythmic drugs. Twelve hours after perchloroethylene ingestion, the patient suddenly woke up and self-extubated. Less than 24 hours after ingestion, she was discharged from the intensive care unit, and 4 days later she was discharged home. Conclusion The patient drank perchloroethylene from a bottle, which prevented her from smelling it, and owing to its taste, only a small sip was likely drunk. However, a much larger intake was presumed, given her rapid and profound central nervous system depression. This case was challenging owing to the paucity of information available regarding acute perchloroethylene ingestion and the duration and magnitude of its effect. The present report will hopefully be of support for clinicians managing patients with this rare acute intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tarditi
- grid.7563.70000 0001 2174 1754School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Leda Montalbano
- grid.7563.70000 0001 2174 1754School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Spina
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Marrazzo
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Casella
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Schenardi
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy ,Poison Control Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Conti
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy ,Poison Control Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Angeli
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Minoli
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Fumagalli
- grid.7563.70000 0001 2174 1754School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy ,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Langer
- grid.7563.70000 0001 2174 1754School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy ,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
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Liu S, Yan EZ, Turyk ME, Katta SS, Rasti AF, Lee JH, Alajlouni M, Wallace TE, Catt W, Aikins EA. A pilot study characterizing tetrachloroethylene exposure with exhaled breath in an impacted community. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118756. [PMID: 34968620 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Martinsville, Indiana overlays four groundwater contamination plumes, including a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-designated Superfund site. The primary contaminants are tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Martinsville represents many similar communities facing the challenge of groundwater and soil contamination and vapor intrusion, where residents are often frustrated by the lack of help in understanding and addressing the problem. The objective of this study was to evaluate PCE in exhaled breath to identify and quantify exposure to PCE and to explore the extent and level of PCE exposure among community residents. We measured chlorinated VOCs in exhaled breath samples from 38 healthy individuals who lived either in a contamination area or outside any plume area. We also measured VOCs in indoor air and tap water samples collected from 10 homes. PCE was detected in all exhaled breath samples (mean: 6.6 μg/m3; range: 1.9-44 μg/m3) and tap water samples (mean: 0.74 μg/L; range: 0.39-0.92 μg/L). PCE was detected in six of nine (66%) homes with air concentrations ranging from 1.6 to 70 μg/m3, exceeding the EPA action level of 42 μg/m3. We did not detect TCE or any other chlorinated VOCs in these samples. PCE exposure occurred among individuals living on the EPA Superfund site, as well as among those living on other plume sites and those living outside any known plumes. Preventive measures should focus on identifying highly exposed groups and reducing their exposures, followed by addressing moderately elevated exposures in the community. Our results demonstrated that PCE in exhaled breath can be used as an effective tool in community engaged environmental health research to evaluate the extent and level of community exposure, increase awareness, and promote residents' participation in research and site cleanup decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Eileen Ziyao Yan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Turyk
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Arteen Fazl Rasti
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jung Hyun Lee
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Marwan Alajlouni
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Dalaijamts C, Cichocki JA, Luo YS, Rusyn I, Chiu WA. Quantitative Characterization of Population-Wide Tissue- and Metabolite-Specific Variability in Perchloroethylene Toxicokinetics in Male Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:168-182. [PMID: 33988684 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of interindividual variability is a continuing challenge in risk assessment, particularly for compounds with complex metabolism and multi-organ toxicity. Toxicokinetic variability for perchloroethylene (perc) was previously characterized across 3 mouse strains and in 1 mouse strain with various degrees of liver steatosis. To further characterize the role of genetic variability in toxicokinetics of perc, we applied Bayesian population physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to the data on perc and metabolites in blood/plasma and tissues of male mice from 45 inbred strains from the Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse population. After identifying the most influential PBPK parameters based on global sensitivity analysis, we fit the model with a hierarchical Bayesian population analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. We found that the data from 3 commonly used strains were not representative of the full range of variability in perc and metabolite blood/plasma and tissue concentrations across the CC population. Using interstrain variability as a surrogate for human interindividual variability, we calculated dose-dependent, chemical-, and tissue-specific toxicokinetic variability factors (TKVFs) as candidate science-based replacements for the default uncertainty factor for human toxicokinetic variability of 100.5. We found that toxicokinetic variability factors for glutathione conjugation metabolites of perc showed the greatest variability, often exceeding the default, whereas those for oxidative metabolites and perc itself were generally less than the default. Overall, we demonstrate how a combination of a population-based mouse model such as the CC with Bayesian population PBPK modeling can reduce uncertainty in human toxicokinetic variability and increase accuracy and precision in quantitative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimeddulam Dalaijamts
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| | - Joseph A Cichocki
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
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Zhang M, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IMCM. Development of a Generic Physiologically Based Kinetic Model to Predict In Vivo Uterotrophic Responses Induced by Estrogenic Chemicals in Rats Based on In Vitro Bioassays. Toxicol Sci 2021; 173:19-31. [PMID: 31626307 PMCID: PMC9186316 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the potential of a generic physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model to convert in vitro data for estrogenicity to predict the in vivo uterotrophic response in rats for diethylstibestrol (DES), ethinylestradiol (EE2), genistein (GEN), coumestrol (COU), and methoxychlor (MXC). PBK models were developed using a generic approach and in vitro concentration-response data from the MCF-7 proliferation assay and the yeast estrogen screening assay were translated into in vivo dose-response data. Benchmark dose analysis was performed on the predicted data and available in vivo uterotrophic data to evaluate the model predictions. The results reveal that the developed generic PBK model adequate defines the in vivo kinetics of the estrogens. The predicted dose-response data of DES, EE2, GEN, COU, and MXC matched the reported in vivo uterus weight response in a qualitative way, whereas the quantitative comparison was somewhat hampered by the variability in both in vitro and in vivo data. From a safety perspective, the predictions based on the MCF-7 proliferation assay would best guarantee a safe point of departure for further risk assessment although it may be conservative. The current study indicates the feasibility of using a combination of in vitro toxicity data and a generic PBK model to predict the relative in vivo uterotrophic response for estrogenic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands.,Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
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8
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Mendez-Catala DM, Spenkelink A, Rietjens IM, Beekmann K. An in vitromodel to quantify interspecies differences in kinetics for intestinal microbial bioactivation and detoxification of zearalenone. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:938-946. [PMID: 32793423 PMCID: PMC7406981 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin known for its estrogenic activities. The metabolism of ZEN plays a role in the interspecies differences in sensitivity to ZEN, and is known to occur in the liver and via the intestinal microbiota, although the relative contribution of these two pathways remains to be characterized. In the present study a fecal in vitro model was optimized and used to quantify the interspecies differences in kinetics of the intestinal microbial metabolism of ZEN in rat, pig and human. Vmax, Km, and catalytic efficiencies (kcat) were determined, and results obtained reveal that the kcat values for formation of α-ZEL and β-ZEL amounted to 0.73 and 0.12 mL/h/kg bw for human microbiota, 2.6 and 1.3 mL/h/kg bw for rat microbiota and 9.4 and 6.3 mL/h/kg bw for pig microbiota showing that overall ZEN metabolism increased in the order human < rat < pig microbiota. Expressed per kg bw the kcat for ZEN metabolism by the liver surpassed that of the intestinal microbiota in all three species. In conclusion, it is estimated that the activity of the intestinal colon microbiome may be up to 36 % of the activity of the liver, and that it can additionally contribute to the species differences in bioactivation and detoxification and thus the toxicity of ZEN in pigs and rats but not in humans. The results highlight the importance of the development of human specific models for the assessment of the metabolism of ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Mendez-Catala
- Corresponding author at: Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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9
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Gilbert‐Sandoval I, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM. Predicting the Acute Liver Toxicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Rats and Humans by an In Vitro-In Silico Testing Strategy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000063. [PMID: 32421213 PMCID: PMC7379280 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE High-level exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is known to cause acute liver damage and fatality in animals and humans. The intakes actually causing this acute toxicity have so far been estimated based on AFB1 levels in contaminated foods or biomarkers in serum. The aim of the present study is to predict the doses causing acute liver toxicity of AFB1 in rats and humans by an in vitro-in silico testing strategy. METHODS AND RESULTS Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for AFB1 in rats and humans are developed. The models are used to translate in vitro concentration-response curves for cytotoxicity in primary rat and human hepatocytes to in vivo dose-response curves using reverse dosimetry. From these data, the dose levels at which toxicity would be expected are obtained and compared to toxic dose levels from available rat and human case studies on AFB1 toxicity. The results show that the in vitro-in silico testing strategy can predict dose levels causing acute toxicity of AFB1 in rats and human. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative in vitro in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) using PBK modeling-based reverse dosimetry can predict AFB1 doses that cause acute liver toxicity in rats and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ixchel Gilbert‐Sandoval
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchStippeneng 4Wageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchStippeneng 4Wageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchStippeneng 4Wageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
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10
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Dalaijamts C, Cichocki JA, Luo YS, Rusyn I, Chiu WA. PBPK modeling of impact of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on toxicokinetics of perchloroethylene in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 400:115069. [PMID: 32445755 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a major cause of chronic liver disease in the Western countries with increasing prevalence worldwide, may substantially affect chemical toxicokinetics and thereby modulate chemical toxicity. OBJECTIVES This study aims to use physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to characterize the impact of NAFLD on toxicokinetics of perchloroethylene (perc). METHODS Quantitative measures of physiological and biochemical changes associated with the presence of NAFLD induced by high-fat or methionine/choline-deficient diets in C57B1/6 J mice are incorporated into a previously developed PBPK model for perc and its oxidative and conjugative metabolites. Impacts on liver fat and volume, as well as blood:air and liver:air partition coefficients, are incorporated into the model. Hierarchical Bayesian population analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to characterize uncertainty, as well as disease-induced variability in toxicokinetics. RESULTS NAFLD has a major effect on toxicokinetics of perc, with greater oxidative and lower conjugative metabolism as compared to healthy mice. The NAFLD-updated PBPK model accurately predicts in vivo metabolism of perc through oxidative and conjugative pathways in all tissues across disease states and strains, but underestimated parent compound concentrations in blood and liver of NAFLD mice. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the application of PBPK modeling to predict the effects of pre-existing disease conditions as a variability factor in perc metabolism. These results suggest that non-genetic factors such as diet and pre-existing disease can be as influential as genetic factors in altering toxicokinetics of perc, and thus are likely contribute substantially to population variation in its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimeddulam Dalaijamts
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joseph A Cichocki
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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11
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Cichocki JA, Luo YS, Furuya S, Venkatratnam A, Konganti K, Chiu WA, Threadgill DW, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Modulation of Tetrachloroethylene-Associated Kidney Effects by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver or Steatohepatitis in Male C57BL/6J Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:126-137. [PMID: 30202895 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accounting for genetic and other (eg, underlying disease states) factors that may lead to inter-individual variability in susceptibility to xenobiotic-induced injury is a challenge in human health assessments. A previous study demonstrated that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the common underlying disease states, enhances tetrachloroethylene (PERC)-associated hepatotoxicity in mice. Interestingly, NAFLD resulted in a decrease in metabolism of PERC to nephrotoxic glutathione conjugates; we therefore hypothesized that NAFLD would protect against PERC-associated nephrotoxicity. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat (LFD), high-fat (31% fat, HFD), or high-fat methionine/choline/folate-deficient (31% fat, MCD) diets. After 8 weeks mice were administered either a single dose of PERC (300 mg/kg i.g.) and euthanized at 1-36 h post dose, or five daily doses of PERC (300 mg/kg/d i.g.) and euthanized 4 h after last dose. Relative to LFD-fed mice, HFD- or MCD-fed mice exhibited decreased PERC concentrations and increased trichloroacetate (TCA) in kidneys. S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione (TCVG), S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (TCVC), and N-acetyl-S-(1,2,2,-trichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (NAcTCVC) were also significantly lower in kidney and urine of HFD- or MCD-fed mice compared with LFD-fed mice. Despite differences in levels of nephrotoxic PERC metabolites in kidney, LFD- and MCD-fed mice demonstrated similar degree of nephrotoxicity. However, HFD-fed mice were less sensitive to PERC-induced nephrotoxicity. Thus, whereas both MCD- and HFD-induced fatty liver reduced the delivered dose of nephrotoxic PERC metabolites to the kidney, only HFD was protective against PERC-induced nephrotoxicity, possibly due to greater toxicodynamic sensitivity induced by methyl and choline deficiency. These results therefore demonstrate that pre-existing disease conditions can lead to a complex interplay of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic changes that modulate susceptibility to the toxicity of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
| | | | | | | | | | - David W Threadgill
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
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12
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Chou WC, Lin Z. Bayesian evaluation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to characterize the interspecies uncertainty between mice, rats, monkeys, and humans: Development and performance verification. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:408-422. [PMID: 31152982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A challenge in the risk assessment of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is the large interspecies differences in its toxicokinetics that results in substantial uncertainty in the dosimetry and toxicity extrapolation from animals to humans. To address this challenge, the objective of this study was to develop an open-source physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model accounting for species-specific toxicokinetic parameters of PFOS. Considering available knowledge about the toxicokinetic properties of PFOS, a PBPK model for PFOS in mice, rats, monkeys, and humans after intravenous and oral administrations was created. Available species-specific toxicokinetic data were used for model calibration and optimization, and independent datasets were used for model evaluation. Bayesian statistical analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation was performed to optimize the model and to characterize the uncertainty and interspecies variability of chemical-specific parameters. The model predictions well correlated with the majority of datasets for all four species, and the model was validated with independent data in rats, monkeys, and humans. The model was applied to predict human equivalent doses (HEDs) based on reported points of departure in selected critical toxicity studies in rats and monkeys following U.S. EPA's guidelines. The lower bounds of the model-derived HEDs were overall lower than the HEDs estimated by U.S. EPA (e.g., 0.2 vs. 1.3 μg/kg/day based on the rat plasma data). This integrated and comparative analysis provides an important step towards improving interspecies extrapolation and quantitative risk assessment of PFOS, and this open-source model provides a foundation for developing models for other perfluoroalkyl substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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13
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Adam AHB, Zhang M, de Haan LHJ, van Ravenzwaay B, Louisse J, Rietjens IMCM. The in vivo developmental toxicity of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in rat evaluated by an alternative testing strategy. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2021-2033. [PMID: 31119342 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated an alternative testing strategy to quantitatively predict the in vivo developmental toxicity of the synthetic hormone diethylstilbestrol (DES). To this end, a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model was defined that was subsequently used to translate concentration-response data for the in vitro developmental toxicity of DES, obtained in the ES-D3 cell differentiation assay, into predicted in vivo dose-response data for developmental toxicity. The previous studies showed that the PBK model-facilitated reverse dosimetry approach is a useful approach to quantitatively predict the developmental toxicity of several developmental toxins. The results obtained in the present study show that the PBK model adequately predicted DES blood concentrations in rats. Further studies revealed that DES tested positive in the ES-D3 differentiation assay and that DES-induced inhibition of the ES-D3 cell differentiation could be counteracted by the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) antagonist fulvestrant, indicating that the in vitro ES-D3 cell differentiation assay was able to mimic the role of ERα reported in the mode of action underlying the developmental toxicity of DES in vivo. In spite of this, combining these in vitro data with the PBK model did not adequately predict the in vivo developmental toxicity of DES in a quantitative way. It is concluded that although the EST qualifies DES as a developmental toxin and detects the role of ERα in this process, the ES-D3 cell differentiation assay of the EST apparently does not adequately capture the processes underlying DES-induced developmental toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Hussein Bakheit Adam
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H J de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Tan YM, Worley RR, Leonard JA, Fisher JW. Challenges Associated With Applying Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Public Health Decision-Making. Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:341-348. [PMID: 29385573 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in chemical toxicology have grown steadily since their emergence in the 1980s. However, critical evaluation of PBPK models to support public health decision-making across federal agencies has thus far occurred for only a few environmental chemicals. In order to encourage decision-makers to embrace the critical role of PBPK modeling in risk assessment, several important challenges require immediate attention from the modeling community. The objective of this contemporary review is to highlight 3 of these challenges, including: (1) difficulties in recruiting peer reviewers with appropriate modeling expertise and experience; (2) lack of confidence in PBPK models for which no tissue/plasma concentration data exist for model evaluation; and (3) lack of transferability across modeling platforms. Several recommendations for addressing these 3 issues are provided to initiate dialog among members of the PBPK modeling community, as these issues must be overcome for the field of PBPK modeling to advance and for PBPK models to be more routinely applied in support of public health decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Tan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Rachel R Worley
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
| | - Jeremy A Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
| | - Jeffrey W Fisher
- National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arizona 72079
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15
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Luo YS, Hsieh NH, Soldatow VY, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Comparative analysis of metabolism of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene among mouse tissues and strains. Toxicology 2018; 409:33-43. [PMID: 30053492 PMCID: PMC6186498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) are structurally similar chemicals that are metabolized through oxidation and glutathione conjugation pathways. Both chemicals have been shown to elicit liver and kidney toxicity in rodents and humans; however, TCE has been studied much more extensively in terms of both metabolism and toxicity. Despite their qualitative similarities, quantitative comparison of tissue- and strain-specific metabolism of TCE and PCE has not been performed. To fill this gap, we conducted a comparative toxicokinetic study where equimolar single oral doses of TCE (800 mg/kg) or PCE (1000 mg/kg) were administered to male mice of C57BL/6J, B6C3F1/J, and NZW/LacJ strains. Samples of liver, kidney, serum, brain, and lung were obtained for up to 36 h after dosing. For each tissue, concentrations of parent compounds, as well as their oxidative and glutathione conjugation metabolites were measured and concentration-time profiles constructed. A multi-compartment toxicokinetic model was developed to quantitatively compare TCE and PCE metabolism. As expected, the flux through oxidation metabolism pathway predominated over that through conjugation across all mouse strains examined, it is 1,200-3,800 fold higher for TCE and 26-34 fold higher for PCE. However, the flux through glutathione conjugation, albeit a minor metabolic pathway, was 21-fold higher for PCE as compared to TCE. The degree of inter-strain variability was greatest for oxidative metabolites in TCE-treated and for glutathione conjugation metabolites in PCE-treated mice. This study provides critical data for quantitative comparisons of TCE and PCE metabolism, and may explain the differences in organ-specific toxicity between these structurally similar chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nan-Hung Hsieh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Valerie Y Soldatow
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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16
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Dalaijamts C, Cichocki JA, Luo YS, Rusyn I, Chiu WA. Incorporation of the glutathione conjugation pathway in an updated physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for perchloroethylene in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 352:142-152. [PMID: 29857080 PMCID: PMC6051410 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perchloroethylene (perc) induced target organ toxicity has been associated with tissue-specific metabolic pathways. Previous physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of perc accurately predicted oxidative metabolites but suggested the need to better characterize glutathione (GSH) conjugation as well as toxicokinetic uncertainty and variability. OBJECTIVES We updated the previously published "harmonized" perc PBPK model in mice to better characterize GSH conjugation metabolism as well as the uncertainty and variability of perc toxicokinetics. METHODS The updated PBPK model includes expanded models for perc and its oxidative metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and physiologically-based sub-models for conjugative metabolites. Previously compiled mouse kinetic data in B6C3F1 and Swiss-Webster mice were augmented to include data from a recent study in male C57BL/6J mice that measured perc and metabolites in serum and multiple tissues. Hierarchical Bayesian population analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo was conducted to characterize uncertainty and inter-strain variability in perc metabolism. RESULTS The updated model fit the data as well or better than the previously published "harmonized" PBPK model. Tissue dosimetry for both oxidative and conjugative metabolites was successfully predicted across the three strains of mice, with estimated residuals errors of 2-fold for majority of data. Inter-strain variability across three strains was evident for oxidative metabolism; GSH conjugation data were only available for one strain. CONCLUSIONS This updated PBPK model fills a critical data gap in quantitative risk assessment by predicting the internal dosimetry of perc and its oxidative and GSH conjugation metabolites and lays the groundwork for future studies to better characterize toxicokinetic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimeddulam Dalaijamts
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joseph A Cichocki
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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17
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Venkatratnam A, House JS, Konganti K, McKenney C, Threadgill DW, Chiu WA, Aylor DL, Wright FA, Rusyn I. Population-based dose-response analysis of liver transcriptional response to trichloroethylene in mouse. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:168-181. [PMID: 29353386 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of gene expression are common in toxicology and provide important clues to mechanistic understanding of adverse effects of chemicals. Most prior studies have been performed in a single strain or cell line; however, gene expression is heavily influenced by the genetic background, and these genotype-expression differences may be key drivers of inter-individual variation in response to chemical toxicity. In this study, we hypothesized that the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross mouse population can be used to gain insight and suggest mechanistic hypotheses for the dose- and genetic background-dependent effects of chemical exposure. This hypothesis was tested using a model liver toxicant trichloroethylene (TCE). Liver transcriptional responses to TCE exposure were evaluated 24 h after dosing. Transcriptomic dose-responses were examined for both TCE and its major oxidative metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCA). As expected, peroxisome- and fatty acid metabolism-related pathways were among the most dose-responsive enriched pathways in all strains. However, nearly half of the TCE-induced liver transcriptional perturbation was strain-dependent, with abundant evidence of strain/dose interaction, including in the peroxisomal signaling-associated pathways. These effects were highly concordant between the administered TCE dose and liver levels of TCA. Dose-response analysis of gene expression at the pathway level yielded points of departure similar to those derived from the traditional toxicology studies for both non-cancer and cancer effects. Mapping of expression-genotype-dose relationships revealed some significant associations; however, the effects of TCE on gene expression in liver appear to be highly polygenic traits that are challenging to positionally map. This study highlights the usefulness of mouse population-based studies in assessing inter-individual variation in toxicological responses, but cautions that genetic mapping may be challenging because of the complexity in gene exposure-dose relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Venkatratnam
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - John S House
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Connor McKenney
- NCSU Undergraduate program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - David L Aylor
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Fred A Wright
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.,Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
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18
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Zhang M, van Ravenzwaay B, Fabian E, Rietjens IMCM, Louisse J. Towards a generic physiologically based kinetic model to predict in vivo uterotrophic responses in rats by reverse dosimetry of in vitro estrogenicity data. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1075-1088. [PMID: 29234833 PMCID: PMC5866837 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-based reverse dosimetry is a promising tool for the prediction of in vivo developmental toxicity using in vitro concentration–response data. In the present study, the potential of this approach to predict the dose-dependent increase of uterus weight in rats upon exposure to estrogenic chemicals was assessed. In vitro concentration–response data of 17β-estradiol (E2) and bisphenol A (BPA) obtained in the MCF-7/BOS proliferation assay, the U2OS ER-CALUX assay and the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay, were translated into in vivo dose–response data in rat, using a PBK model with a minimum number of in vitro and in silico determined parameter values. To evaluate the predictions made, benchmark dose (BMD) analysis was performed on the predicted dose–response data and the obtained BMDL10 values were compared with BMDL10 values derived from data on the effects of E2 and BPA in the uterotrophic assay reported in the literature. The results show that predicted dose–response data of E2 and BPA matched with the data from in vivo studies when predictions were made based on YES assay data. The YES assay-based predictions of the BMDL10 values differed 3.9-fold (E2) and 4.7- to 13.4-fold (BPA) from the BMDL10 values obtained from the in vivo data. The present study provides the proof-of-principle that PBK modelling-based reverse dosimetry of YES assay data using a minimum PBK model can predict dose-dependent in vivo uterus growth caused by estrogenic chemicals. In future studies, the approach should be extended to include other estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Zhou YH, Cichocki JA, Soldatow VY, Scholl EH, Gallins PJ, Jima D, Yoo HS, Chiu WA, Wright FA, Rusyn I. Editor's Highlight: Comparative Dose-Response Analysis of Liver and Kidney Transcriptomic Effects of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene in B6C3F1 Mouse. Toxicol Sci 2017; 160:95-110. [PMID: 28973375 PMCID: PMC5837274 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants and occupational health hazards. Recent health assessments of these agents identified several critical data gaps, including lack of comparative analysis of their effects. This study examined liver and kidney effects of TCE and PCE in a dose-response study design. Equimolar doses of TCE (24, 80, 240, and 800 mg/kg) or PCE (30, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg) were administered by gavage in aqueous vehicle to male B6C3F1/J mice. Tissues were collected 24 h after exposure. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a major oxidative metabolite of both compounds, was measured and RNA sequencing was performed. PCE had a stronger effect on liver and kidney transcriptomes, as well as greater concentrations of TCA. Most dose-responsive pathways were common among chemicals/tissues, with the strongest effect on peroxisomal β-oxidation. Effects on liver and kidney mitochondria-related pathways were notably unique to PCE. We performed dose-response modeling of the transcriptomic data and compared the resulting points of departure (PODs) to those for apical endpoints derived from long-term studies with these chemicals in rats, mice, and humans, converting to human equivalent doses using tissue-specific dosimetry models. Tissue-specific acute transcriptional effects of TCE and PCE occurred at human equivalent doses comparable to those for apical effects. These data are relevant for human health assessments of TCE and PCE as they provide data for dose-response analysis of the toxicity mechanisms. Additionally, they provide further evidence that transcriptomic data can be useful surrogates for in vivo PODs, especially when toxicokinetic differences are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Joseph A. Cichocki
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Valerie Y. Soldatow
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth H. Scholl
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Paul J. Gallins
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Dereje Jima
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Hong-Sik Yoo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Fred A. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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20
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Luo YS, Cichocki JA, McDonald TJ, Rusyn I. Simultaneous detection of the tetrachloroethylene metabolites S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl) glutathione, S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine, and N-acetyl-S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in multiple mouse tissues via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:513-524. [PMID: 28696834 PMCID: PMC5749336 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1330585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene; PERC) is a high-production volume chemical and ubiquitous environmental contaminant that is hazardous to human health. Toxicity attributed to PERC is mediated through oxidative and glutathione (GSH) conjugation metabolites. The conjugation of PERC by glutathione-s-transferase to generate S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl) glutathione (TCVG), which is subsequently metabolized to form S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC) is of special importance to human health. Specifically, TCVC may be metabolized to N-acetyl-S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (NAcTCVC) which is excreted through urine, or to electrophilic metabolites that are nephrotoxic and mutagenic. Little is known regarding toxicokinetics of TCVG, TCVC, and NAcTCVC as analytical methods for simultaneous determination of these metabolites in tissues have not yet been reported. Hence, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry-based method was developed for analysis of TCVG, TCVC, and NAcTCVC in liver, kidneys, serum, and urine. The method is rapid, sensitive, robust, and selective for detection all three analytes in every tissue examined, with limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 1.8 to 68.2 femtomoles on column, depending on the analyte and tissue matrix. This method was applied to quantify levels of TCVG, TCVC, and NAcTCVC in tissues from mice treated with PERC (10 to 1000 mg/kg, orally) with limits of quantitation (LOQ) of 1-2.5 pmol/g in liver, 1-10 pmol/g in kidney, 1-2.5 pmol/ml in serum, and 2.5-5 pmol/ml in urine. This method is useful for further characterization of the GSH conjugative pathway of PERC in vivo and improved understanding of PERC toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joseph A. Cichocki
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J. McDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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21
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Cichocki JA, Furuya S, Venkatratnam A, McDonald TJ, Knap AH, Wade T, Sweet S, Chiu WA, Threadgill DW, Rusyn I. Characterization of Variability in Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Tetrachloroethylene Using the Collaborative Cross Mouse Population. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:057006. [PMID: 28572074 PMCID: PMC5726344 DOI: 10.1289/ehp788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of interindividual variability is a challenging step in risk assessment. For most environmental pollutants, including perchloroethylene (PERC), experimental data are lacking, resulting in default assumptions being used to account for variability in toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. OBJECTIVE We quantitatively examined the relationship between PERC toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics at the population level to test whether individuals with increased oxidative metabolism are be more sensitive to hepatotoxicity following PERC exposure. METHODS Male mice from 45 strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC) were orally administered a single dose of PERC (1,000 mg/kg) or vehicle (Alkamuls-EL620) and euthanized at various time points (n = 1/strain/time). Concentration–time profiles were generated for PERC and its primary oxidative metabolite trichloroacetate (TCA) in multiple tissues. Toxicodynamic phenotyping was also performed. RESULTS Significant variability among strains was observed in toxicokinetics of PERC and TCA in every tissue examined. Based on area under the curve (AUC), the range of liver TCA levels spanned nearly an order of magnitude (~8-fold). Expression of liver cytochrome P4502E1 did not correlate with TCA levels. Toxicodynamic phenotyping revealed an effect of PERC on bodyweight loss, induction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPARα)-regulated genes, and dysregulation of hepatic lipid homeostasis. Clustering was observed among a) liver levels of PERC, TCA, and triglycerides; b) TCA levels in liver and kidney; and c) TCA levels in serum, brain, fat, and lung. CONCLUSIONS Using the CC mouse population model, we have demonstrated a complex and highly variable relationship between PERC and TCA toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics at the population level. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP788.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Terry Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group
| | | | | | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
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22
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Cichocki JA, Furuya S, Konganti K, Luo YS, McDonald TJ, Iwata Y, Chiu WA, Threadgill DW, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Impact of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on Toxicokinetics of Tetrachloroethylene in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:17-28. [PMID: 28148637 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle factors and chronic pathologic states are important contributors to interindividual variability in susceptibility to xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly prevalent condition that can dramatically affect chemical metabolism. We examined the effect of NAFLD on toxicokinetics of tetrachloroethylene (PERC), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that requires metabolic activation to induce adverse health effects. Mice (C57Bl/6J, male) were fed a low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD), or methionine/folate/choline-deficient diet (MCD) to model a healthy liver, steatosis, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), respectively. After 8 weeks, mice were orally administered a single dose of PERC (300 mg/kg) or vehicle (aqueous Alkamuls-EL620) and euthanized at various time points (1-36 hours). Levels of PERC and its metabolites were measured in blood/serum, liver, and fat. Effects of diets on liver gene expression and tissue:air partition coefficients were evaluated. We found that hepatic levels of PERC were 6- and 7.6-fold higher in HFD- and MCD-fed mice compared with LFD-fed mice; this was associated with an increased PERC liver:blood partition coefficient. Liver and serum Cmax for trichloroacetate (TCA) was lower in MCD-fed mice; however, hepatic clearance of TCA was profoundly reduced by HFD or MCD feeding, leading to TCA accumulation. Hepatic mRNA/protein expression and ex vivo activity assays revealed decreased xenobiotic metabolism in HFD- and MCD-, compared with LFD-fed, groups. In conclusion, experimental NAFLD was associated with modulation of xenobiotic disposition and metabolism and increased hepatic exposure to PERC and TCA. Underlying NAFLD may be an important susceptibility factor for PERC-associated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Cichocki
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (J.A.C; S.F; Y.S.L; Y.I; W.C; I.R), Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society (K.K; D.W.T; I.R), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (T.J.M), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (D.W.T), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas (I.P)
| | - Shinji Furuya
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (J.A.C; S.F; Y.S.L; Y.I; W.C; I.R), Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society (K.K; D.W.T; I.R), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (T.J.M), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (D.W.T), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas (I.P)
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (J.A.C; S.F; Y.S.L; Y.I; W.C; I.R), Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society (K.K; D.W.T; I.R), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (T.J.M), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (D.W.T), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas (I.P)
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (J.A.C; S.F; Y.S.L; Y.I; W.C; I.R), Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society (K.K; D.W.T; I.R), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (T.J.M), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (D.W.T), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas (I.P)
| | - Thomas J McDonald
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (J.A.C; S.F; Y.S.L; Y.I; W.C; I.R), Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society (K.K; D.W.T; I.R), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (T.J.M), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (D.W.T), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas (I.P)
| | - Yasuhiro Iwata
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (J.A.C; S.F; Y.S.L; Y.I; W.C; I.R), Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society (K.K; D.W.T; I.R), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (T.J.M), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (D.W.T), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas (I.P)
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (J.A.C; S.F; Y.S.L; Y.I; W.C; I.R), Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society (K.K; D.W.T; I.R), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (T.J.M), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (D.W.T), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas (I.P)
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (J.A.C; S.F; Y.S.L; Y.I; W.C; I.R), Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society (K.K; D.W.T; I.R), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (T.J.M), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (D.W.T), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas (I.P)
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (J.A.C; S.F; Y.S.L; Y.I; W.C; I.R), Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society (K.K; D.W.T; I.R), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (T.J.M), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (D.W.T), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas (I.P)
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (J.A.C; S.F; Y.S.L; Y.I; W.C; I.R), Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society (K.K; D.W.T; I.R), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (T.J.M), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (D.W.T), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas (I.P)
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23
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Ledda C, Loreto C, Zammit C, Marconi A, Fago L, Matera S, Costanzo V, Sanzà GF, Palmucci S, Ferrante M, Costa C, Fenga C, Biondi A, Pomara C, Rapisarda V. Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:511-533. [PMID: 28000892 PMCID: PMC5364850 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second leading worldwide cause of cancer‑associated mortalities. Hepatocellular carcinoma, which accounts for the majority of liver tumors, ranks fifth among types of human cancer. Well‑established risk factors for liver cancer include the hepatitis B and C viruses, aflatoxins, alcohol consumption, and oral contraceptives. Tobacco smoking, androgenic steroids, and diabetes mellitus are suspected risk factors. Current knowledge regarding non‑infective occupational risk factors for liver cancer is inconclusive. The relevance of liver disorders to occupational medicine lies in the fact that the majority of chemicals are metabolized in the liver, and toxic metabolites generated via metabolism are the predominant cause of liver damage. However, their non‑specific clinical manifestations that are similar in a number of liver diseases make diagnosis difficult. Furthermore, concomitant conditions, such as viral hepatitis and alcohol or drug abuse, may mask liver disorders that result from occupational hepatotoxic agents and block the demonstration of an occupational cause. The identification of environmental agents that result in human cancer is a long and often difficult process. The purpose of the present review is to summarize current knowledge regarding the association of non‑infective occupational risk exposure and HCC, to encourage further research and draw attention to this global occupational public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
- Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Christian Zammit
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD-2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Andrea Marconi
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Fago
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Serena Matera
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Costanzo
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fuccio Sanzà
- Division of Radiology, ‘Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele’ University Hospital, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Palmucci
- Division of Radiology, ‘Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele’ University Hospital, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Costa
- Occupational Medicine, Department of the Environment, Safety, Territory, Food and Health Sciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Occupational Medicine, Department of the Environment, Safety, Territory, Food and Health Sciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- General Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD-2080 Msida, Malta
- Forensic Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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24
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Strikwold M, Spenkelink B, de Haan LHJ, Woutersen RA, Punt A, Rietjens IMCM. Integrating in vitro data and physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling to assess the in vivo potential developmental toxicity of a series of phenols. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2119-2133. [PMID: 27815601 PMCID: PMC5399052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity outcomes derived in vitro do not always reflect in vivo toxicity values, which was previously observed for a series of phenols tested in the embryonic stem cell test (EST). Translation of in vitro data to the in vivo situation is therefore an important, but still limiting step for the use of in vitro toxicity outcomes in the safety assessment of chemicals. The aim of the present study was to translate in vitro embryotoxicity data for a series of phenols to in vivo developmental toxic potency values for the rat by physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-based reverse dosimetry. To this purpose, PBK models were developed for each of the phenols. The models were parameterised with in vitro-derived values defining metabolism and transport of the compounds across the intestinal and placental barrier and with in silico predictions and data from the literature. Using PBK-based reverse dosimetry, in vitro concentration–response curves from the EST were translated into in vivo dose–response curves from which points of departure (PoDs) were derived. The predicted PoDs differed less than 3.6-fold from PoDs derived from in vivo toxicity data for the phenols available in the literature. Moreover, the in vitro PBK-based reverse dosimetry approach could overcome the large disparity that was observed previously between the in vitro and the in vivo relative potency of the series of phenols. In conclusion, this study shows another proof-of-principle that the in vitro PBK approach is a promising strategy for non-animal-based safety assessment of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Strikwold
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 1528, 8901 BV, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert Spenkelink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H J de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Woutersen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands.,WUR/TNO Centre for Innovative Toxicology, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ans Punt
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,WUR/TNO Centre for Innovative Toxicology, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Cichocki JA, Guyton KZ, Guha N, Chiu WA, Rusyn I, Lash LH. Target Organ Metabolism, Toxicity, and Mechanisms of Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene: Key Similarities, Differences, and Data Gaps. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:110-23. [PMID: 27511820 PMCID: PMC5034707 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene (PCE) are high-production volume chemicals with numerous industrial applications. As a consequence of their widespread use, these chemicals are ubiquitous environmental contaminants to which the general population is commonly exposed. It is widely assumed that TCE and PCE are toxicologically similar; both are simple olefins with three (TCE) or four (PCE) chlorines. Nonetheless, despite decades of research on the adverse health effects of TCE or PCE, few studies have directly compared these two toxicants. Although the metabolic pathways are qualitatively similar, quantitative differences in the flux and yield of metabolites exist. Recent human health assessments have uncovered some overlap in target organs that are affected by exposure to TCE or PCE, and divergent species- and sex-specificity with regard to cancer and noncancer hazards. The objective of this minireview is to highlight key similarities, differences, and data gaps in target organ metabolism and mechanism of toxicity. The main anticipated outcome of this review is to encourage research to 1) directly compare the responses to TCE and PCE using more sensitive biochemical techniques and robust statistical comparisons; 2) more closely examine interindividual variability in the relationship between toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics for TCE and PCE; 3) elucidate the effect of coexposure to these two toxicants; and 4) explore new mechanisms for target organ toxicity associated with TCE and/or PCE exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Cichocki
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.A.C., W.A.C., I.R.); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (K.Z.G., N.G.); Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (L.H.L.)
| | - Kathryn Z Guyton
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.A.C., W.A.C., I.R.); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (K.Z.G., N.G.); Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (L.H.L.)
| | - Neela Guha
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.A.C., W.A.C., I.R.); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (K.Z.G., N.G.); Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (L.H.L.)
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.A.C., W.A.C., I.R.); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (K.Z.G., N.G.); Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (L.H.L.)
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.A.C., W.A.C., I.R.); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (K.Z.G., N.G.); Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (L.H.L.)
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.A.C., W.A.C., I.R.); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (K.Z.G., N.G.); Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan (L.H.L.)
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Rapisarda V, Loreto C, Malaguarnera M, Ardiri A, Proiti M, Rigano G, Frazzetto E, Ruggeri MI, Malaguarnera G, Bertino N, Malaguarnera M, Catania VE, Di Carlo I, Toro A, Bertino E, Mangano D, Bertino G. Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:573-90. [PMID: 27168870 PMCID: PMC4858622 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i13.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. The main risk factors for HCC are alcoholism, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cirrhosis, aflatoxin, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease and hemophilia. Occupational exposure to chemicals is another risk factor for HCC. Often the relationship between occupational risk and HCC is unclear and the reports are fragmented and inconsistent. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the association of infective and non-infective occupational risk exposure and HCC in order to encourage further research and draw attention to this global occupational public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venerando Rapisarda
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ardiri
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Proiti
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rigano
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Evelise Frazzetto
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Irene Ruggeri
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mariano Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vito Emanuele Catania
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Isidoro Di Carlo
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Toro
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Dario Mangano
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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27
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Dong Z, Liu Y, Duan L, Bekele D, Naidu R. Uncertainties in human health risk assessment of environmental contaminants: A review and perspective. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:120-32. [PMID: 26386465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Addressing uncertainties in human health risk assessment is a critical issue when evaluating the effects of contaminants on public health. A range of uncertainties exist through the source-to-outcome continuum, including exposure assessment, hazard and risk characterisation. While various strategies have been applied to characterising uncertainty, classical approaches largely rely on how to maximise the available resources. Expert judgement, defaults and tools for characterising quantitative uncertainty attempt to fill the gap between data and regulation requirements. The experiences of researching 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) illustrated uncertainty sources and how to maximise available information to determine uncertainties, and thereby provide an 'adequate' protection to contaminant exposure. As regulatory requirements and recurring issues increase, the assessment of complex scenarios involving a large number of chemicals requires more sophisticated tools. Recent advances in exposure and toxicology science provide a large data set for environmental contaminants and public health. In particular, biomonitoring information, in vitro data streams and computational toxicology are the crucial factors in the NexGen risk assessment, as well as uncertainties minimisation. Although in this review we cannot yet predict how the exposure science and modern toxicology will develop in the long-term, current techniques from emerging science can be integrated to improve decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Dong
- The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Yanju Liu
- The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Dawit Bekele
- The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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Three common pathways of nephrotoxicity induced by halogenated alkenes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2015; 31:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-015-9293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Trichloroethylene-induced gene expression and DNA methylation changes in B6C3F1 mouse liver. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116179. [PMID: 25549359 PMCID: PMC4280179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE), widely used as an organic solvent in the industry, is a common contaminant in air, soil, and water. Chronic TCE exposure induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mice, and occupational exposure in humans was suggested to be associated with liver cancer. To understand the role of non-genotoxic mechanism(s) for TCE action, we examined the gene expression and DNA methylation changes in the liver of B6C3F1 mice orally administered with TCE (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w. per day) for 5 days. After 5 days TCE treatment at a dose level of 1000 mg/kg b.w., a total of 431 differentially expressed genes were identified in mouse liver by microarray, of which 291 were up-regulated and 140 down-regulated. The expression changed genes were involved in key signal pathways including PPAR, proliferation, apoptosis and homologous recombination. Notably, the expression level of a number of vital genes involved in the regulation of DNA methylation, such as Utrf1, Tet2, DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b, were dysregulated. Although global DNA methylation change was not detected in the liver of mice exposed to TCE, the promoter regions of Cdkn1a and Ihh were found to be hypo- and hypermethylated respectively, which correlated negatively with their mRNA expression changes. Furthermore, the gene expression and DNA methylation changes induced by TCE were dose dependent. The overall data indicate that TCE exposure leads to aberrant DNA methylation changes, which might alter the expression of genes involved in the TCE-induced liver tumorgenesis.
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Jiang Y, Chen J, Tong J, Chen T. Trichloroethylene-induced gene expression and DNA methylation changes in B6C3F1 mouse liver. PLoS One 2014. [PMID: 25549359 DOI: 10.1371/-journal.pone.0116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE), widely used as an organic solvent in the industry, is a common contaminant in air, soil, and water. Chronic TCE exposure induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mice, and occupational exposure in humans was suggested to be associated with liver cancer. To understand the role of non-genotoxic mechanism(s) for TCE action, we examined the gene expression and DNA methylation changes in the liver of B6C3F1 mice orally administered with TCE (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w. per day) for 5 days. After 5 days TCE treatment at a dose level of 1000 mg/kg b.w., a total of 431 differentially expressed genes were identified in mouse liver by microarray, of which 291 were up-regulated and 140 down-regulated. The expression changed genes were involved in key signal pathways including PPAR, proliferation, apoptosis and homologous recombination. Notably, the expression level of a number of vital genes involved in the regulation of DNA methylation, such as Utrf1, Tet2, DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b, were dysregulated. Although global DNA methylation change was not detected in the liver of mice exposed to TCE, the promoter regions of Cdkn1a and Ihh were found to be hypo- and hypermethylated respectively, which correlated negatively with their mRNA expression changes. Furthermore, the gene expression and DNA methylation changes induced by TCE were dose dependent. The overall data indicate that TCE exposure leads to aberrant DNA methylation changes, which might alter the expression of genes involved in the TCE-induced liver tumorgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Tong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Salas LA, Gracia-Lavedan E, Goñi F, Moreno V, Villanueva CM. Use of urinary trichloroacetic acid as an exposure biomarker of disinfection by-products in cancer studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:276-284. [PMID: 25462676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urinary trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) has been proposed as a valid exposure biomarker for ingested disinfection by-products (DBP) for reproductive studies. However, it has never been used in epidemiologic studies on cancer. We investigate the performance of urinary TCAA as a biomarker of DBP exposure in the framework of an epidemiologic study on cancer. We conducted home visits to collect tap water, first morning void urine, and a 48h fluid intake diary among 120 controls from a case-control study of colorectal cancer in Barcelona, Spain. We measured urine TCAA and creatinine, and 9 haloacetic acids and 4 trihalomethanes (THM) in tap water. Lifetime THM exposure was estimated based on residential history since age 18 plus routine monitoring data. Robust linear regressions were used to estimate mean change in urinary TCAA adjusted by covariates. Among the studied group, mean age was 74 years (range 63-85) and 41 (34%) were females. Mean total tap water consumption was 2.2l/48h (standard error, 0.1l/48h). Geometric mean urine TCAA excretion rate was 17.3pmol/min [95%CI: 14.0-21.3], which increased 2% for a 10% increase in TCAA ingestion and decreased with total tap water consumption (-17%/l), water intake outside home (-32%), plasmatic volume (-64%/l), in smokers (-79%), and in users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (-50%). Urinary TCAA levels were not associated with lifetime THM exposure. In conclusion, our findings support that urine TCAA is not a valid biomarker in case-control studies of adult cancer given that advanced age, comorbidites and medication use are prevalent and are determinants of urine TCAA levels, apart from ingested TCAA levels. In addition, low TCAA concentrations in drinking water limit the validity of urine TCAA as an exposure biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Salas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Gracia-Lavedan
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Goñi
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Basque Laboratory of Health, Gipuzkoa, Spain; BioDonostia Health Research Institute, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Spain; University of Barcelona (UB), Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Spain.
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Guyton KZ, Hogan KA, Scott CS, Cooper GS, Bale AS, Kopylev L, Barone S, Makris SL, Glenn B, Subramaniam RP, Gwinn MR, Dzubow RC, Chiu WA. Human health effects of tetrachloroethylene: key findings and scientific issues. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:325-34. [PMID: 24531164 PMCID: PMC3984230 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) completed a toxicological review of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, PCE) in February 2012 in support of the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). OBJECTIVES We reviewed key findings and scientific issues regarding the human health effects of PCE described in the U.S. EPA's Toxicological Review of Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene). METHODS The updated assessment of PCE synthesized and characterized a substantial database of epidemiological, experimental animal, and mechanistic studies. Key scientific issues were addressed through modeling of PCE toxicokinetics, synthesis of evidence from neurological studies, and analyses of toxicokinetic, mechanistic, and other factors (tumor latency, severity, and background rate) in interpreting experimental animal cancer findings. Considerations in evaluating epidemiological studies included the quality (e.g., specificity) of the exposure assessment methods and other essential design features, and the potential for alternative explanations for observed associations (e.g., bias or confounding). DISCUSSION Toxicokinetic modeling aided in characterizing the complex metabolism and multiple metabolites that contribute to PCE toxicity. The exposure assessment approach-a key evaluation factor for epidemiological studies of bladder cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma-provided suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity. Bioassay data provided conclusive evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Neurotoxicity was identified as a sensitive noncancer health effect, occurring at low exposures: a conclusion supported by multiple studies. Evidence was integrated from human, experimental animal, and mechanistic data sets in assessing adverse health effects of PCE. CONCLUSIONS PCE is likely to be carcinogenic to humans. Neurotoxicity is a sensitive adverse health effect of PCE.
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Strikwold M, Spenkelink B, Woutersen RA, Rietjens IMCM, Punt A. Combining in vitro embryotoxicity data with physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling to define in vivo dose-response curves for developmental toxicity of phenol in rat and human. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1709-23. [PMID: 23943240 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro assays are often used for the hazard characterisation of compounds, but their application for quantitative risk assessment purposes is limited. This is because in vitro assays cannot provide a complete in vivo dose-response curve from which a point of departure (PoD) for risk assessment can be derived, like the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or the 95 % lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose (BMDL). To overcome this constraint, the present study combined in vitro data with a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model applying reverse dosimetry. To this end, embryotoxicity of phenol was evaluated in vitro using the embryonic stem cell test (EST), revealing a concentration-dependent inhibition of differentiation into beating cardiomyocytes. In addition, a PBK model was developed on the basis of in vitro and in silico data and data available from the literature only. After evaluating the PBK model performance, effective concentrations (ECx) obtained with the EST served as an input for in vivo plasma concentrations in the PBK model. Applying PBK-based reverse dosimetry provided in vivo external effective dose levels (EDx) from which an in vivo dose-response curve and a PoD for risk assessment were derived. The predicted PoD lies within the variation of the NOAELs obtained from in vivo developmental toxicity data from the literature. In conclusion, the present study showed that it was possible to accurately predict a PoD for the risk assessment of phenol using in vitro toxicity data combined with reverse PBK modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Strikwold
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Effect of combining in vitro estrogenicity data with kinetic characteristics of estrogenic compounds on the in vivo predictive value. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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McLanahan ED, El-Masri HA, Sweeney LM, Kopylev LY, Clewell HJ, Wambaugh JF, Schlosser PM. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model use in risk assessment--Why being published is not enough. Toxicol Sci 2011; 126:5-15. [PMID: 22045031 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of experts in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and relevant quantitative methods was convened to describe and discuss model evaluation criteria, issues, and choices that arise in model application and computational tools for improving model quality for use in human health risk assessments (HHRAs). Although publication of a PBPK model in a peer-reviewed journal is a mark of good science, subsequent evaluation of published models and the supporting computer code is necessary for their consideration for use in HHRAs. Standardized model evaluation criteria and a thorough and efficient review process can reduce the number of review and revision iterations and hence the time needed to prepare a model for application. Efficient and consistent review also allows for rapid identification of needed model modifications to address HHRA-specific issues. This manuscript reports on the workshop where a process and criteria that were created for PBPK model review were discussed along with other issues related to model review and application in HHRA. Other issues include (1) model code availability, portability, and validity; (2) probabilistic (e.g., population-based) PBPK models and critical choices in parameter values to fully characterize population variability; and (3) approaches to integrating PBPK model outputs with other HHRA tools, including benchmark dose modeling. Two specific case study examples are provided to illustrate challenges that were encountered during the review and application process. By considering the frequent challenges encountered in the review and application of PBPK models during the model development phase, scientists may be better able to prepare their models for use in HHRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva D McLanahan
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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