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Wen Z, Xu X, Xiang D, Xu J, Yang Q, Wang X, Liu J, Luo M, Wei W. Effects of Lipopolysaccharide and Deoxynivalenol on the Survival, Antioxidant and Immune Response, and Histopathology of Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:479. [PMID: 37624236 PMCID: PMC10467083 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the aquatic environment has been reported to cause diseases in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). In addition, deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the primary mycotoxins found in aquaculture. However, the potential synergistic toxic effects of LPS and DON on crayfish are yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, crayfish were exposed to LPS (1 mg kg-1), DON (3 mg kg-1), and their combination (1 mg kg-1 LPS + 3 mg kg-1 DON, L+D) for a duration of six days. Co-exposure to LPS and DON exhibited the lowest survival rate compared to the control or individual treatments with LPS or DON alone. In the initial stage of the experiment, the combined treatment of LPS and DON showed a more pronounced up-regulation of antioxidant and immune-related enzymes in the sera compared to the other treatment groups, with a fold change ranging from 1.3 to 15. In addition, the (L+D) treatment group showed a down-regulation of immune-related genes, as well as Toll pathway-related genes in the hepatopancreas compared to LPS or DON. Moreover, the (L+D) treatment group demonstrated a 100% incidence of histopathological changes in the hepatopancreas, which were significantly more severe compared to the other three groups. In conclusion, our study provides physiological and histopathological evidence that the co-exposure to LPS and DON exerted synergistic toxic effects on crayfish. The observed effects could potentially hinder the development of the crayfish aquaculture industry in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Wen
- Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Z.W.); (D.X.); (Q.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Dan Xiang
- Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Z.W.); (D.X.); (Q.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Junfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Qiufeng Yang
- Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Z.W.); (D.X.); (Q.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaofu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiashou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Mingzhong Luo
- Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Z.W.); (D.X.); (Q.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.X.); (X.W.)
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Xu R, Shandilya UK, Yiannikouris A, Karrow NA. Traditional and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins disrupt homeostasis of bovine mammary cells by altering cell permeability and innate immune function. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:388-397. [PMID: 36733782 PMCID: PMC9883199 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
High incidence of traditional and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in cereal grains and silages can be a potential threat to feed safety and ruminants. Inadequate biodegradation of Fusarium mycotoxins by rumen microflora following ingestion of mycotoxin-contaminated feeds can lead to their circulatory transport to target tissues such as mammary gland. The bovine udder plays a pivotal role in maintaining milk yield and composition, thus, human health. However, toxic effects of Fusarium mycotoxins on bovine mammary gland are rarely studied. In this study, the bovine mammary epithelial cell line was used as an in-vitro model of bovine mammary epithelium to investigate effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin B (ENB) and beauvericin (BEA) on bovine mammary gland homeostasis. Results indicated that exposure to DON, ENB and BEA for 48 h significantly decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.001). Exposure to DON at 0.39 μmol/L and BEA at 2.5 μmol/L for 48 h also decreased paracellular flux of FITC-40 kDa dextran (P < 0.05), whereas none of the mycotoxins affected transepithelial electrical resistance after 48 h exposure. The qPCR was performed for assessment of expression of gene coding tight junction (TJ) proteins, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and cytokines after 4, 24 and 48 h of exposure. DON, ENB and BEA significantly upregulated the TJ protein zonula occludens-1, whereas markedly downregulated claudin 3 (P < 0.05). Exposure to DON at 1.35 μmol/L for 4 h significantly increased expression of occludin (P < 0.01). DON, ENB and BEA significant downregulated TLR4 (P < 0.05). In contrast, ENB markedly increased expression of cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P < 0.001), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-a) (P < 0.05) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (P < 0.01). BEA significantly upregulated IL- 6 (P < 0.001) and TGF-β (P = 0.01), but downregulated TNF-α (P < 0.001). These results suggest that DON, ENB and BEA can disrupt mammary gland homeostasis by inducing cell death as well as altering its paracellular permeability and expression of genes involved in innate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexandros Yiannikouris
- Alltech Inc., Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada,Corresponding author.
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Hooft JM, Bureau DP. Deoxynivalenol: Mechanisms of action and its effects on various terrestrial and aquatic species. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112616. [PMID: 34662691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species of fungi, is a ubiquitious contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. Chronic, low dose consumption of feeds contaminated with DON is associated with a wide range of symptoms in terrestrial and aquatic species including decreased feed intake and feed refusal, reduced weight gain, and altered nutritional efficiency. Acute, high dose exposure to DON may be associated with more severe symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The toxicity of DON is partly related to its ability to disrupt eukaryotic protein synthesis via binding to the peptidyl transferase site of the ribosome. Moreover, DON exerts its effects at the cellular level by activating mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) through a process known as the ribotoxic stress response (RSR). The outcome of DON-associated MAPK activation is dose and duration dependent; acute low dose exposure results in immunostimulation characterized by the upregulation of cytokines, chemokines and other proinflammatory-related proteins, whereas longer term exposure to higher doses generally results in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and immunosuppression. The order of decreasing sensitivity to DON is considered to be: swine > rats > mice > poultry ≈ ruminants. However, studies conducted within the past 10 years have demonstrated that some species of fish, such as rainbow trout, are highly sensitive to DON. The aims of this review are to explore the effects of DON on terrestrial and aquatic species as well as its mechanisms of action, metabolism, and interaction with other Fusarium mycotoxins. Notably, a considerable emphasis is placed on reviewing the effects of DON on different species of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Hooft
- Wittaya Aqua International, 1 University Ave, Floor 5, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada.
| | - Dominique P Bureau
- Wittaya Aqua International, 1 University Ave, Floor 5, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Bernal-Algaba E, Pulgarín-Alfaro M, Fernández-Cruz ML. Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:581. [PMID: 34437452 PMCID: PMC8402477 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the aquaculture industry has introduced plant-based ingredients as a source of protein in aquafeeds. This has led to mycotoxin contaminations, representing an ecological, health and economic problem. The aim of this study was to determine in the RTgill-W1 fish cell line the toxicity of fifteen mycotoxins of common occurrence in aquafeeds. To identify the most sensitive endpoint of toxicity, the triple assay was used. It consisted of three assays: alamarBlue, Neutral Red Uptake and CFDA-AM, which revealed the mitochondrial activity, the lysosomal integrity and the plasma membrane integrity, respectively. Most of the assayed mycotoxins were toxic predominantly at lysosomal level (enniatins, beauvericin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated metabolites 15-O-acetyl-DON and 3-acetyl-DON). Aflatoxins B1 and B2 exerted the greatest effects at mitochondrial level, while fumonisins B1 and B2 and nivalenol were not toxic up to 100 µg/mL. In general, low toxicity was observed at plasma membrane level. The vast majority of the mycotoxins assayed exerted a pronounced acute effect in the fish RTgill-W1 cell line, emphasizing the need for further studies to ascertain the impact of mycotoxin contamination of fish feeds in the aquaculture industry and to establish safe limits in aquafeeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Luisa Fernández-Cruz
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-A.); (M.P.-A.)
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Kövesi B, Kulcsár S, Zándoki E, Szabó-Fodor J, Mézes M, Balogh K, Ancsin Z, Pelyhe C. Short-term effects of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, fumonisin B1 or ochratoxin on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system and its regulatory genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) liver. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1921-1932. [PMID: 32617788 PMCID: PMC7584534 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a single oral dose of 1.82 mg kg-1 bw of T-2 and HT-2 toxin (T-2), 1.75 mg kg-1 bw deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyl DON, 1.96 mg kg-1 bw fumonisin B1 (FB1) or 1.85 mg kg-1 bw ochratoxin A (OTA) were investigated in common carp juveniles on lipid peroxidation, the parameters of the glutathione redox system including the expression of their encoding genes in a short-term (24 h) experiment. Markers of the initiation phase of lipid peroxidation, conjugated dienes, and trienes, were slightly affected by DON and OTA treatment at 16-h sampling. The termination marker, malondialdehyde, concentration increased only as an effect of FB1. Glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity showed significantly higher levels in the T-2 and FB1 groups at 8 h, and in the DON and FB1 groups at 16 h. The expression of glutathione peroxidase genes (gpx4a, gpx4b) showed a dual response. Downregulation of gpxa was observed at 8 h, as the effect of DON, FB1, and OTA, but an upregulation in the T-2 group. At 16 h gpx4a upregulated as an effect of DON, T-2, and FB1, and at 24 h in the DON and T-2 groups. Expression of gpx4b downregulated at 8 h, except in the T-2 group, and upregulation observed as an effect of T-2 at 24 h. The lack of an increase in the expression of nrf2, except as the effect of DON at 8 h, and a decrease in the keap1 expression suggests that the antioxidant defence system was activated at gene and protein levels through Keap1-Nrf2 independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjámin Kövesi
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary
| | - Szabina Kulcsár
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary
| | - Erika Zándoki
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Kaposvár University- Szent István University, Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, H-7400, Hungary
| | - Judit Szabó-Fodor
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Kaposvár University- Szent István University, Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, H-7400, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary.
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Kaposvár University- Szent István University, Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, H-7400, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Kaposvár University- Szent István University, Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, H-7400, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Ancsin
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary
| | - Csilla Pelyhe
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary
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Oliveira M, Vasconcelos V. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Fish Feed and Its Effects: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E160. [PMID: 32143380 PMCID: PMC7150860 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based ingredients have been successfully replacing fishmeal in finished fish feeds. However, using crops in feeds results in an increased risk of contamination by fungi and mycotoxins and a higher incidence of mycotoxicosis in fish. This might decrease aquaculture's productivity as mycotoxicosis generally result in decreased body weight, growth impairment and higher rates of disease and mortality in fish. Additionally, some mycotoxins might accumulate in the fish musculature. As such, fish consumption might become another way for mycotoxins to enter the human food chain, threatening food security and public health as mycotoxins are important genotoxins, carcinogens and immunosuppressors to humans. In this work we aim to provide a review on the most important mycotoxins found in crops and in finished fish feed, i.e., aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes and zearalenone. We present their effects on the health of fish and humans and their regulations in the European Union. Although work has been performed in mycotoxin research ever since the 1960s, a lot of information is still lacking regarding its effects. However, it is noticed that in order to use crops in aquafeed production, efforts should be made in order to monitor its contamination by mycotoxinogenic fungi and mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oliveira
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdiciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdiciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Nogueira WV, de Oliveira FK, Garcia SDO, Sibaja KVM, Tesser MB, Garda Buffon J. Sources, quantification techniques, associated hazards, and control measures of mycotoxin contamination of aquafeed. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:26-37. [PMID: 32065532 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1716681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
With the productive intensification of fish farming, the partial or total replacement of fishmeal by ingredients of plant origin became a reality within the feed industry, with the aim of reducing costs. However, this practice increased the impact of mycotoxin contamination. Studies have shown that mycotoxins can induce various disorders in fish, such as cellular and organic alterations, as well as impair functional and morphological development, and, in more severe cases, mortality. Thus, studies have been conducted to evaluate and develop strategies to prevent the formation of mycotoxins, as well as to induce their elimination, inactivation or reduction of their availability in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesclen Vilar Nogueira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francine Kerstner de Oliveira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sabrina de Oliveira Garcia
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karen Vanessa Marimón Sibaja
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Borges Tesser
- Aquatic Organism Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Garda Buffon
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Pietsch C. Risk assessment for mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds in Europe. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:41-62. [PMID: 31346981 PMCID: PMC6971146 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are difficult to monitor continuously, and a tool to assess the risk would help to judge if there is a particular risk due to the inclusion of certain feed ingredients. For this, the toxin contents of 97 commercial fish feeds have been estimated, and the most prominent toxins in fish feed are calculated to be deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and enniatins. These pose a risk to fish well-being, as can be calculated by the Bayesian models for determining the critical concentrations 5% (CC5) for the different toxins. Besides fishmeal, wheat, soybean products and corn are regularly used as fish feed ingredients. The calculated scenarios show that fish are at high risk of toxin contamination if feed ingredients of low quality are chosen for feed production. Due to this, specific maximum allowable levels for several mycotoxins in fish feeds should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Grüental, P.O. Box, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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Pannetier P, Cachot J, Clérandeau C, Faure F, Van Arkel K, de Alencastro LF, Levasseur C, Sciacca F, Bourgeois JP, Morin B. Toxicity assessment of pollutants sorbed on environmental sample microplastics collected on beaches: Part I-adverse effects on fish cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:1088-1097. [PMID: 30871891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), are tiny plastic fragments from 1 μm to 5 mm generally found in the aquatic environment which can be easily ingested by organisms and may cause chronic physical but also toxicological effects. Toxicological assays on fish cell lines are commonly used as an alternative tool to provide fast and reliable assessment of the toxic and ecotoxic properties of chemicals or mixtures. Rainbow trout liver cell line (RTLW-1) was used to evaluate the toxicity of pollutants sorbed to MPs sampled in sandy beaches from different islands around the world during the first Race for Water Odyssey in 2015. The collected MPs were analyzed for polymer composition and associated persistent organic pollutants: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). In addition, DMSO-extracts from virgin MPs, MPs artificially coated with B[a]P and environmental MPs were analyzed with different bioassays: MTT reduction assay (MTT), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay and comet assay. Microplastics from sand beaches were dominated by polyethylene, followed by polypropylene fragments with variable proportions. Organic pollutants found on plastic from beach sampling was PAHs (2-71 ng g-1). Samples from Bermuda (Somerset Long Bay) and Hawaii (Makapu'u) showed the highest concentration of PAHs and DDT respectively. No toxicity was observed for virgin microplastics. No cytotoxicity was observed on cells exposed to MP extract. However, EROD activity was induced and differently modulated depending on the MPs locations suggesting presence of different pollutants or additives in extract. DNA damage was observed after exposure to four microplastics samples on the six tested. Modification of EROD activity level and DNA damage rate highlight MPs extract toxicity on fish cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
| | | | - Florian Faure
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Van Arkel
- Race for Water Foundation, Lausanne, 1007, Switzerland
| | - Luiz F de Alencastro
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clément Levasseur
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Pascal Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland
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García-Herranz V, Valdehita A, Navas J, Fernández-Cruz M. Cytotoxicity against fish and mammalian cell lines and endocrine activity of the mycotoxins beauvericin, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin-A. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:288-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Xie S, Zheng L, Wan M, Niu J, Liu Y, Tian L. Effect of deoxynivalenol on growth performance, histological morphology, anti-oxidative ability and immune response of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:442-452. [PMID: 30165151 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 5-weeks experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of deoxynivalenol on growth performance, histological morphology, anti-oxidative ability and immune capacity of Litopenaeus vannamei. White shrimp (mean initial weight 1.02 g) were fed seven isonitrogenous diets, Diet 1 as the control, Diet 2-4 was supplemented with grade levels (250, 500 and 1000 μg kg-1) of deoxynivalenol (DON), Diet 5-7 were formulated to contain graded levels of contaminated wheat flour. Each diet was assigned to four tanks (30 shrimp). The weight gain was decreased with the increasing dietary DON levels, survival was lower in shrimp fed high levels of DON-contaminated wheat flour (P < 0.05). Feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not show any difference among all the groups. After 4 h hypoxia stress, survival of shrimp was decreased in shrimp fed high levels of DON-contaminated wheat flour (P < 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity in hepatopancreas was higher in shrimp fed the control diet, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were higher in shrimp fed the Diet 3 and Diet 6, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in shrimp fed the highest dietary DON (Diet 4), while the gene expression of SOD and GPx were lower in shrimp fed the Diet 3-7. The expression of HSP70, Toll 1 and Dorsal were higher in shrimp fed the Diet 2, the expression of AKT were higher in shrimp fed the Diet 1 and Diet 2. The expression of proPO, LGBP and PPAF were higher in shrimp fed the Diet 4 and Diet 7. The H&E stain indicated intestinal mucosal folds were impaired in shrimp fed the Diet 3-7, and B cells number and diameters of the hepatopancreas tubules were affected by DON levels, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis indicated the apopotosis occurs in intestinal epithelial cell of shrimp fed the Diet 2-7. Based on the present results, the safety level of DON for white shrimp should below 0.5 ppm, which was much less than the European Communities recommendation values for aquatic animals (5 ppm). High level of DON would damage the cell structural and affect the NF-κB pathway and proPO system of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Migen Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Pannetier P, Fuster L, Clérandeau C, Lacroix C, Gourves PY, Cachot J, Morin B. Usefulness of RTL-W1 and OLCAB-e3 fish cell lines and multiple endpoint measurements for toxicity evaluation of unknown or complex mixture of chemicals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:40-48. [PMID: 29268113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish are currently used for the assessment of chemical toxicity. The REACh regulation and the European directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes both recommend the use of methods other than animal testing. In view of this, fish cell lines are increasingly used to provide fast and reliable toxic and ecotoxic data on new chemicals. The sensitivity of the Rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1 and Japanese medaka embryos cell line OLCAB-e3 were used with different toxicity endpoints, namely cytotoxicity, EROD activity, ROS production and DNA damage for various classes of pollutants displaying different modes of action but also with complex environmental mixtures. Toxicity tests were coupled with chemical analysis to quantify the chemical concentrations in cell cultures. Differences in sensitivity were found between fish cell lines. MTT reduction assay revealed that OLCAB-e3 cells were more sensitive than RTL-W1 cells. On the contrary, RTL-W1 gave higher response levels for the Fpg-modified comet assay and ROS assay. The OLCAB-e3 cell line did not express EROD activity unlike RTL-W1. This study highlights the capacity of the two different fish cell lines to measure the toxicity of individual toxicants but also environmental mixtures. Then, results obtained here illustrate the interest of using different cell lines and toxicity endpoints to assess the toxicity of complex or unknown mixture of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Fuster
- Univ, Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Camille Lacroix
- Cedre, Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux, Brest Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Jérôme Cachot
- Univ, Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
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Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its microbial biotransformation product deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) on a trout, pig, mouse, and human cell line. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:297-308. [PMID: 28741250 PMCID: PMC5644741 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene produced by various Fusarium species, is one of the most prevalent food- and feed-associated mycotoxins. The effects of DON and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) were assessed in five different cell lines from different tissues and species starting from the first line of defense, the trout gill (RTgill-W1) and pig intestinal cells (IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2) over immune cells, as second line of defense (mouse macrophages RAW 264.7) to human liver cells (HepG2). Viability was assessed with a WST-1 assay, except for RTgill-W1, where a neutral red (NR) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was performed. Additionally, more sensitive parameters, such as interleukin-, nitric oxide (NO)-, and albumin-release were determined. Viability was affected by DON at concentrations starting at 10 μmol/L (RTgill-W1), 0.9 μmol/L (IPEC-1), 3.5 μmol/L (IPEC-J2), and 0.9 μmol/L (HepG2), whereas DOM-1 did not have such an effect. Additionally, NO was decreased (0.84 μmol/L DON), whereas interleukin (IL)-6 was increased (0.42 μmol/L DON) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DON-, but not DOM-1-treated RAW cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release, however, was not affected. Interestingly, albumin secretion of HepG2 cells was decreased by both DON and DOM-1 but at a much higher concentration for DOM-1 (228 versus 0.9 μmol/L for DON). 98.9% of DOM-1 was retrieved by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry at the end of the experiment, proving its stability. In this study, IL-6 was the most sensitive parameter, followed by NO and albumin release and viability for HepG2 and IPEC-1.
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14
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Greco M, Pardo A, Pose G. Mycotoxigenic fungi and natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feeds. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4595-609. [PMID: 26556374 PMCID: PMC4663522 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7114595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples of rainbow trout feed were analyzed with the aim to determine the mycobiota composition and the co-occurrence of mycotoxins. A total of 28 samples of finished rainbow trout feed from hatcheries in the provinces of Río Negro and Neuquén, Argentina, were studied. Fungal counts were obtained on three culture media in the ranges of <10 to 4.2 × 10⁴ CFU/g on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC), <10 to 5.1 × 10⁴ CFU/g on Dichloran Chloramphenicol Peptone Agar (DCPA) and <10 to 3.6 × 10⁴ CFU/g on Dichloran 18% Glycerol Agar (DG18). The most frequent mycotoxigenic fungi were Eurotium (frequency (Fr) 25.0%), followed by Penicillium (Fr 21.4%) and Aspergillus (Fr 3.6%). The most prevalent mycotoxigenic species were E. repens (Fr 21.4%) and E. rubrum (Fr 14.3%). All samples were contaminated with mycotoxins: 64% samples were contaminated with T-2 toxin (median 70.08 ppb), 50% samples with zearalenone (median 87.97 ppb) and aflatoxins (median 2.82 ppb), 25% with ochratoxin A (median 5.26 ppb) and 3.57% samples with deoxynivalenol (median 230 ppb). Eight samples had a fumonisins contamination level below the limit of detection. Co-occurrence of six mycotoxins was determined in 7% of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Greco
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ), Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Buenos Aires 1876, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro Pardo
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ), Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Buenos Aires 1876, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina.
| | - Graciela Pose
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina.
- Escuela de Producción, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN), Mitre 331, Villa Regina 8336, Río Negro, Argentina.
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15
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Ryerse IA, Hooft JM, Bureau DP, Hayes MA, Lumsden JS. Purified deoxynivalenol or feed restriction reduces mortality in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with experimental bacterial coldwater disease but biologically relevant concentrations of deoxynivalenol do not impair the growth of Flavobacterium psychrophilum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:809-819. [PMID: 25160820 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diets containing deoxynivalenol (DON) were fed to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) for 4 weeks followed by experimental infection (intraperitoneal) with Flavobacterium psychrophilum (4.1 × 10(6) colony-forming units [CFU] mL(-1) ). Mortality of rainbow trout fed either 6.4 mg kg(-1) DON or trout pair-fed the control diet was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in comparison with trout fed the control diet to apparent satiation (<0.1 mg kg(-1) DON). In a second experiment, trout were fed one of three experimental diets; a control diet, a diet produced with corn naturally contaminated with DON (3.3 mg kg(-1) DON) or a diet containing purified DON (3.8 mg kg(-1) ); however, these fish were not experimentally infected. The presence of DON resulted in significant reduction (P < 0.0001) in feed intake as well as weight gain after 4 weeks. Respiratory burst of head-kidney leucocytes isolated from rainbow trout fed diets containing purified DON (3.8 mg kg(-1) ) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 35 day post-exposure compared with controls. The antimicrobial activity of DON was examined by subjecting F. psychrophilum in vitro to serial dilutions of the chemical. Complete inhibition occurred at a concentration of 75 mg L(-1) DON, but no effect was observed below this concentration (0-30 mg L(-1) ).
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Ryerse
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J M Hooft
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D P Bureau
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M A Hayes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J S Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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16
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Effects of Wheat Naturally Contaminated with Fusarium Mycotoxins on Growth Performance and Selected Health Indices of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus). Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1929-44. [PMID: 26035489 PMCID: PMC4488682 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7061929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to examine effects of wheat naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, DON 41 mg·kg−1) on growth performance and selected health indices of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus; initial weight = 4.3 g/fish). Five experimental diets were formulated by replacement of clean wheat with naturally contaminated wheat resulting in graded levels of DON and zearalenone (ZEN) (Diet 1 0.07/0.01, Diet 2 0.31/0.09, Diet 3 0.50/0.21, Diet 4 0.92/0.37 and Diet 5 1.15/0.98 mg·kg−1). Groups of 50 fish were randomly allocated into each of 20 aquaria and fed to near-satiety for eight weeks. Growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency of fish fed the experimental diets decreased linearly with increasing levels of Fusarium mycotoxins (p < 0.05). Although growth depression was associated with feeding diets naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins, especially DON, no biochemical and histopathological parameters measured in blood and liver appeared affected by Fusarium mycotoxin concentrations of diets (p > 0.05). Though there was no clear evidence of overt DON toxicity to red tilapia, it is recommended that feed ingredients should be screened for Fusarium mycotoxin contamination to ensure optimal growth performance.
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17
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Mishra S, Dwivedi PD, Pandey HP, Das M. Role of oxidative stress in Deoxynivalenol induced toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:20-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Simon A, Maletz SX, Hollert H, Schäffer A, Maes HM. Effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and triclocarban on several eukaryotic cell lines: elucidating cytotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and reactive oxygen species generation. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:396. [PMID: 25170332 PMCID: PMC4142056 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To date, only a few reports about studies on toxic effects of carbon nanotubes (CNT) are available, and their results are often controversial. Three different cell lines (rainbow trout liver cells (RTL-W1), human adrenocortical carcinoma cells (T47Dluc), and human adrenocarcinoma cells (H295R)) were exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes, the antimicrobial agent triclocarban (TCC) as well as the mixture of both substances in a concentration range of 3.13 to 50 mg CNT/L, 31.25 to 500 μg TCC/L, and 3.13 to 50 mg CNT/L + 1% TCC (percentage relative to carbon nanotubes concentration), respectively. Triclocarban is a high-production volume chemical that is widely used as an antimicrobial compound and is known for its toxicity, hydrophobicity, endocrine disruption, bioaccumulation potential, and environmental persistence. Carbon nanotubes are known to interact with hydrophobic organic compounds. Therefore, triclocarban was selected as a model substance to examine mixture toxicity in this study. The influence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and triclocarban on various toxicological endpoints was specified: neither cytotoxicity nor endocrine disruption could be observed after exposure of the three cell lines to carbon nanotubes, but the nanomaterial caused intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species in all cell types. For TCC on the other hand, cell vitality of 80% could be observed at a concentration of 2.1 mg/L for treated RTL-W1 cells. A decrease of luciferase activity in the ER Calux assay at a triclocarban concentration of 125 μg/L and higher was observed. This effect was less pronounced when multiwalled carbon nanotubes were present in the medium. Taken together, these results demonstrate that multiwalled carbon nanotubes induce the production of reactive oxygen species in RTL-W1, T47Dluc, and H295R cells, reveal no cytotoxicity, and reduce the bioavailability and toxicity of the biocide triclocarban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Simon
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Sibylle X Maletz
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Environment of Education Ministry of China, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Environment of Education Ministry of China, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hanna M Maes
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
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19
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Pietsch C, Hollender J, Dorusch F, Burkhardt-Holm P. Cytotoxic effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and its metabolite tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ) on liver cells are modulated by antioxidants. Cell Biol Toxicol 2014; 30:233-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-014-9283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Michel C, Herzog S, de Capitani C, Burkhardt-Holm P, Pietsch C. Natural mineral particles are cytotoxic to rainbow trout gill epithelial cells in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100856. [PMID: 24991818 PMCID: PMC4081506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide increases in fluvial fine sediment are a threat to aquatic animal health. Fluvial fine sediment is always a mixture of particles whose mineralogical composition differs depending on the sediment source and catchment area geology. Nonetheless, whether particle impact in aquatic organisms differs between mineral species remains to be investigated. This study applied an in vitro approach to evaluate cytotoxicity and uptake of four common fluvial mineral particles (quartz, feldspar, mica, and kaolin; concentrations: 10, 50, 250 mg L−1) in the rainbow trout epithelial gill cell line RTgill-W1. Cells were exposed for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Cytotoxicity assays for cell membrane integrity (propidium iodide assay), oxidative stress (H2DCF-DA assay), and metabolic activity (MTT assay) were applied. These assays were complemented with cell counts and transmission electron microscopy. Regardless of mineral species, particles ≤2 µm in diameter were taken up by the cells, suggesting that particles of all mineral species came into contact and interacted with the cells. Not all particles, however, caused strong cytotoxicity: Among all assays the tectosilicates quartz and feldspar caused sporadic maximum changes of 0.8–1.2-fold compared to controls. In contrast, cytotoxicity of the clay particles was distinctly stronger and even differed between the two particle types: mica induced concentration-dependent increases in free radicals, with consistent 1.6–1.8-fold-changes at the 250 mg L−1 concentration, and a dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Kaolin caused concentration-dependent increases in cell membrane damage, with consistent 1.3–1.6-fold increases at the 250 mg L−1 concentration. All effects occurred in the presence or absence of 10% fetal bovine serum. Cell numbers per se were marginally affected. Results indicate that (i.) natural mineral particles can be cytotoxic to gill epithelial cells, (ii.) their cytotoxic potential differs between mineral species, with clay particles being more cytotoxic, and (iii.) some clays might induce effects comparable to engineered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Michel
- Man-Society-Environment (Programm MGU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Herzog
- Man-Society-Environment (Programm MGU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian de Capitani
- Mineralogy-Petrography, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Burkhardt-Holm
- Man-Society-Environment (Programm MGU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Constanze Pietsch
- Man-Society-Environment (Programm MGU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Pietsch C, Noser J, Wettstein FE, Burkhardt-Holm P. Unraveling the mechanisms involved in zearalenone-mediated toxicity in permanent fish cell cultures. Toxicon 2014; 88:44-61. [PMID: 24950048 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The world-wide occurrence of zearalenone (ZEN) as a contaminant in feed for farm animals and fish requires the evaluation of toxicity mechanisms of action of ZEN. The present study investigates possible metabolization of ZEN in fish cell lines suggesting that mainly glucuronidation takes place. It demonstrates that concentrations up to 20,000 ng ml(-1) ZEN are capable of influencing cell viability in permanent fish cell cultures in a dose-response manner with different response patterns between the five tested cell lines, whereby lysosomes appeared to be the main target of ZEN. ZEN toxicity is often discussed in the context of oxidative stress. Our study shows a biphasic response of the cell lines when reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is monitored. Damage in cells was observed by measuring lipid peroxidation, DNA strand breaks, and alterations of intracellular glutathione levels. Metabolization of ZEN, especially at concentrations above 7500 ng ml(-1) ZEN, does not prevent cytotoxicity. ZEN as an estrogenic compound may involve processes mediated by binding to estrogen receptors (ER). Since one cell line showed no detectable expression of ER, an ER-mediated pathway seems to be unlikely in these cells. This confirms a lysosomal pathway as a main target of ZEN in fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Gruental, P.O. Box, CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland; Programm Man - Society - Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jürg Noser
- Kantonales Laboratorium Basel, Gräubernstrasse 12, CH-4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Felix E Wettstein
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon (ART), Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Burkhardt-Holm
- Programm Man - Society - Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, T6G 2E9, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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22
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Pietsch C, Michel C, Kersten S, Valenta H, Dänicke S, Schulz C, Kloas W, Burkhardt-Holm P. In vivo effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on innate immune responses of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 68:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Kolpin DW, Schenzel J, Meyer MT, Phillips PJ, Hubbard LE, Scott TM, Bucheli TD. Mycotoxins: diffuse and point source contributions of natural contaminants of emerging concern to streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:669-676. [PMID: 24184544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of mycotoxins in streams, 116 water samples from 32 streams and three wastewater treatment plant effluents were collected in 2010 providing the broadest investigation on the spatial and temporal occurrence of mycotoxins in streams conducted in the United States to date. Out of the 33 target mycotoxins measured, nine were detected at least once during this study. The detections of mycotoxins were nearly ubiquitous during this study even though the basin size spanned four orders of magnitude. At least one mycotoxin was detected in 94% of the 116 samples collected. Deoxynivalenol was the most frequently detected mycotoxin (77%), followed by nivalenol (59%), beauvericin (43%), zearalenone (26%), β-zearalenol (20%), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (16%), α-zearalenol (10%), diacetoxyscirpenol (5%), and verrucarin A (1%). In addition, one or more of the three known estrogenic compounds (i.e. zearalenone, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol) were detected in 43% of the samples, with maximum concentrations substantially higher than observed in previous research. While concentrations were generally low (i.e. < 50 ng/L) during this study, concentrations exceeding 1,000 ng/L were measured during spring snowmelt conditions in agricultural settings and in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Results of this study suggest that both diffuse (e.g. release from infected plants and manure applications from exposed livestock) and point (e.g. wastewater treatment plants and food processing plants) sources are important environmental pathways for mycotoxin transport to streams. The ecotoxicological impacts from the long-term, low-level exposures to mycotoxins alone or in combination with complex chemical mixtures are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Water Science Center, 400 S. Clinton St. Suite 269, Iowa City, IA 52244, United States.
| | - Judith Schenzel
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tanikon Research Station, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael T Meyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, 4821 Quail Crest Place, Lawrence, KS 66049, United States
| | - Patrick J Phillips
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, 425 Jordan Road, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Laura E Hubbard
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Water Science Center, 400 S. Clinton St. Suite 269, Iowa City, IA 52244, United States
| | - Tia-Marie Scott
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, 425 Jordan Road, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tanikon Research Station, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Pietsch C, Kersten S, Burkhardt-Holm P, Valenta H, Dänicke S. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in commercial fish feed: an initial study. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:184-92. [PMID: 23325300 PMCID: PMC3564077 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of mycotoxins is a global challenge not only in human consumption but also in nutrition of farm animals including aquatic species. Fusarium toxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), are common contaminants of animal feed but no study reported the occurrence of both mycotoxins in fish feed so far. Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of DON and ZEN in samples of commercial fish feed designed for nutrition of cyprinids collected from central Europe. A maximal DON concentration of 825 μg kg(-1) feed was found in one feed whereas average values of 289 μg kg(-1) feed were noted. ZEN was the more prevalent mycotoxin but the concentrations were lower showing an average level of 67.9 μg kg(-1) feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- Programm Mensch-Gesellschaft-Umwelt, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel CH-4051, Switzerland; E-Mail:
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig D-38116, Germany; E-Mails: (S.K.); (H.V.); (S.D.)
| | - Patricia Burkhardt-Holm
- Programm Mensch-Gesellschaft-Umwelt, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel CH-4051, Switzerland; E-Mail:
| | - Hana Valenta
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig D-38116, Germany; E-Mails: (S.K.); (H.V.); (S.D.)
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig D-38116, Germany; E-Mails: (S.K.); (H.V.); (S.D.)
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25
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Sanden M, Jørgensen S, Hemre GI, Ørnsrud R, Sissener NH. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model for investigating dietary toxic effects of deoxynivalenol contamination in aquaculture feeds. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:4441-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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