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Valenzuela-Sánchez IS, Zapata-Pérez O, Garza-Gisholt E, Gold-Bouchot G, Barrientos-Medina RC, Hernández-Núñez E. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in liver of checkered puffer (Sphoeroides testudineus) from Ria Lagartos, Yucatan, Mexico. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:488-492. [PMID: 31426184 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Suelí Valenzuela-Sánchez
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Omar Zapata-Pérez
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Garza-Gisholt
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gold-Bouchot
- Oceanography Department and Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, 833 Graham Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Roberto Carlos Barrientos-Medina
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Medicina, Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida Xmatkuil, CP 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Emanuel Hernández-Núñez
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico.
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2
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Determination of 21 antibiotics in sea cucumber using accelerated solvent extraction with in-cell clean-up coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2018; 258:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Luo Q, Wang S, Sun LN, Wang H. Simultaneous accelerated solvent extraction and purification for the determination of 13 organophosphate esters in soils by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:19546-19554. [PMID: 29732509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Through the optimization of extraction, purification, and determination parameters, a reliable and convenient analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters in soils was developed. The method is based on one-step extraction and purification by accelerated solvent extraction and analysis by gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Under the optimal conditions, the method detection limits and method quantitation limits ranged from 0.10 to 0.22 ng/g and from 0.33 to 0.72 ng/g, respectively. The recoveries obtained were in the range of 81.7-107%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 12%. As compared to other methods, this proposed method was simple and time and solvent saving. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze organophosphate esters in soil samples collected from Liaohe estuarine wetland, China. Thirteen organophosphate esters were detected in all of the soil samples which indicated that Liaohe estuarine wetland has polluted by organophosphate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Li-Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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4
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He H, Gao Z, Zhu D, Guo J, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L, Sun C. Assessing bioaccessibility and bioavailability of chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:239-246. [PMID: 28942249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in sediments has been well documented, but the study about their bioavailability remains lacking. This study investigated the applicability of solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and Tenax extraction to predict the bioavailability of two chlorinated OPFRs: tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tri(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate, in sediments. Our results showed that both SPME fiber and Tenax extracted concentrations correlated significantly with the measured concentrations in the aquatic worm (Lumbriculus variegatus). We also measured the Tenax extracted concentrations at 6 and 24 h, and a strong linear relationship between these two time durations was found. In addition, the 6-h Tenax extracted concentrations also significantly correlated with the SPME fiber extracted concentrations, and the Tenax extracted concentrations were much higher than the SPME fiber extracted concentrations. These results demonstrate the efficiency of SPME and Tenax extraction methods to predict the bioavailability of chlorinated OPFRs in sediments, and it was found that the Tenax extraction is more promising than the SPME extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhanqi Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Environment Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Donglin Zhu
- Jiangsu Engineering Consulting Center, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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5
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Vandermeersch G, Lourenço HM, Alvarez-Muñoz D, Cunha S, Diogène J, Cano-Sancho G, Sloth JJ, Kwadijk C, Barcelo D, Allegaert W, Bekaert K, Fernandes JO, Marques A, Robbens J. Environmental contaminants of emerging concern in seafood--European database on contaminant levels. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:29-45. [PMID: 26123540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine pollution gives rise to concern not only about the environment itself but also about the impact on food safety and consequently on public health. European authorities and consumers have therefore become increasingly worried about the transfer of contaminants from the marine environment to seafood. So-called "contaminants of emerging concern" are chemical substances for which no maximum levels have been laid down in EU legislation, or substances for which maximum levels have been provided but which require revision. Adequate information on their presence in seafood is often lacking and thus potential risks cannot be excluded. Assessment of food safety issues related to these contaminants has thus become urgent and imperative. A database (www.ecsafeseafooddbase.eu), containing available information on the levels of contaminants of emerging concern in seafood and providing the most recent data to scientists and regulatory authorities, was developed. The present paper reviews a selection of contaminants of emerging concern in seafood including toxic elements, endocrine disruptors, brominated flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives, microplastics and marine toxins. Current status on the knowledge of human exposure, toxicity and legislation are briefly presented and the outcome from scientific publications reporting on the levels of these compounds in seafood is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griet Vandermeersch
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
| | - Helena Maria Lourenço
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Sara Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - German Cano-Sancho
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Rovirai Virgili University (URV), Reus, Spain
| | - Jens J Sloth
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Food), Søborg, Denmark
| | - Christiaan Kwadijk
- Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Center, Ijmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wim Allegaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Karen Bekaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - José Oliveira Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Johan Robbens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
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6
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Mass Spectrometry in Food Quality and Safety. ADVANCED MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63340-8.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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7
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M. Advances in Instrumental Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants: Current Status and Future Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:651834. [PMID: 27433482 PMCID: PMC4897317 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the recent advances and methodological improvements in instrumental techniques applied for the analysis of different brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The literature search strategy was based on the recent analytical reviews published on BFRs. The main selection criteria involved the successful development and application of analytical methods for determination of the target compounds in various environmental matrices. Different factors affecting chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of brominated analytes were evaluated and discussed. Techniques using advanced instrumentation to achieve outstanding results in quantification of different BFRs and their metabolites/degradation products were highlighted. Finally, research gaps in the field of BFR analysis were identified and recommendations for future research were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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8
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Gao Z, Deng Y, Yuan W, He H, Yang S, Sun C. Determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in fish by pressurized liquid extraction using aqueous solutions and solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-flame photometric detector. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1366:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Liao QG, Luo LG. Fast and Selective Pressurized Liquid Extraction with Simultaneous In-Cell Cleanup for the Analysis of Ethyl Carbamate in Fermented Solid Foods. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Abdallah MAE, Drage D, Harrad S. A one-step extraction/clean-up method for determination of PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in environmental solid matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:2279-2287. [PMID: 24145825 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00395g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) method was developed for rapid determination of 3 classes of halogenated organic contaminants in indoor dust, soil and sediment samples. The optimised method used 3 : 2 v/v n-hexane-dichloromethane for extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Extraction was performed at 90 °C for 5 min followed by 4 min static time under 1500 psi. Good recoveries of target analytes were obtained after 3 extraction cycles. In-cell cleanup was performed using 10 g of 44% H2SO4 acid silica and 5 g of florisil (secondary fat retainer), while copper powder was used to remove elemental sulfur. The method was validated using NIST SRM2585 and SRM 1941b in addition to an in-house previously characterised soil sample. Measured concentrations of target compounds showed good agreement with the certified values with RSD < 20% indicating the good accuracy and precision of the S-PLE method. Clean extracts provided low noise levels resulting in low method detection limits (<0.03 ng g(-1)) and LOQs (<0.1 ng g(-1)). The method developed was applied successfully to real environmental samples and it provided various advantages over traditional methods including reduced solvent consumption and analysis time, minimal sample contamination and high sample throughput which can be beneficial for environmental monitoring programs dealing with large numbers of samples.
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11
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The latest developments and applications of mass spectrometry in food-safety and quality analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Binici B, Bilsel M, Karakas M, Koyuncu I, Goren AC. An efficient GC–IDMS method for determination of PBDEs and PBB in plastic materials. Talanta 2013; 116:417-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Lin YP, Pessah IN, Puschner B. Simultaneous determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in human serum and plasma. Talanta 2013; 113:41-8. [PMID: 23708622 PMCID: PMC3698050 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable methods for simultaneous determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in limited volumes of human serum or plasma need to be further documented especially when they accumulate at low levels that are still capable of disrupting endocrine and immune functions, and affecting neurodevelopment and reproduction. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive and quantitative method that simultaneously quantifies PBDEs and PCBs in 0.5 ml of human serum or plasma. We optimized a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method and used silica particle purification for the extraction of PBDEs and PCBs. Two multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) transitions were optimized for each congener. The sum of the transitions was used for quantification, and their abundance ratios were used for identification. The combined method optimization techniques resulted in limits of detection from 3 to 145 pg/ml for 10 PBDEs and 1-12 pg/ml for 15 PCBs. Method was solidly validated by analyzing serum fortified with a certified PBDE and PCB standard mixture from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The accuracy was 88-118% and day-to-day precision was within 19%. The method was successfully applied to quantify native concentrations of PBDE and PCB in commercially available human serum. The sensitivity and selectivity of the GC/EI-MS/MS analysis enables it to be the method of choice for investigations of exposures to PBDE and PCB congeners, especially when sample volume is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-ping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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14
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Xu W, Wang X, Cai Z. Analytical chemistry of the persistent organic pollutants identified in the Stockholm Convention: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 790:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Tang HPO. Recent development in analysis of persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Dirtu AC, Covaci A, Dirtu AC, Abdallah M. Advances in the sample preparation of brominated flame retardants and other brominated compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Fulara I, Czaplicka M. Methods for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental samples - review. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2075-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fulara
- Central Laboratory; Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas; Katowice Poland
| | - Marianna Czaplicka
- Environmental Protection Department; Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals; Gliwice Poland
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18
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Application of accelerated solvent extraction in the analysis of organic contaminants, bioactive and nutritional compounds in food and feed. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1237:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Zhou T, Xiao X, Li G. Hybrid field-assisted solid-liquid-solid dispersive extraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in tobacco with gas chromatography. Anal Chem 2012; 84:420-7. [PMID: 22092268 DOI: 10.1021/ac202798w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel one-step sample preparation technique termed hybrid field-assisted solid-liquid-solid dispersive extraction (HF-SLSDE) was developed in this study. A simple glass system equipped with a condenser was designed as an extraction vessel. The HF-SLSDE technique was a three-phase dispersive extraction approach. Target analytes were extracted from the sample into the extraction solvent enhanced by the hybrid field. Meanwhile, the interfering components were adsorbed by dispersing sorbent. No cleanup step preceded chromatographic analysis. The efficiency of the HF-SLSDE approach was demonstrated in the determination of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in tobacco with a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Various operation conditions were studied systematically. Low detection limits (0.3-1.6 μg/kg) and low quantification limits (1.0-4.5 μg/kg) were achieved under the optimized conditions. The recoveries of OCPs ranged from 70.2% to 118.2%, with relative standard deviations of <9.6%, except for the lowest fortification level. Because of the effect of the hybrid field, HF-SLSDE showed significant predominance compared with other extraction techniques. The dispersing sorbent with good cleanup ability used in this study was also found to be a microwave absorption medium, which could heat the nonpolar extraction solvent under microwave irradiation. Different microstructures of tobacco samples before and after extractions demonstrated the mechanism of HF-SLSDE was based on an explosion at the cell level. According to the results, HF-SLSDE was proved to be a simple and effective sample preparation method for the analysis of pesticide residues in solid samples and could potentially be extended to other nonpolar target analytes in a complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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