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Sobol Ł, Dyjakon A, Korendał M, Styczyńska M, Sabat D, Szumny A, Dlugogorski BZ. Alteration of biomass toxicity in torrefaction - A XDS-CALUX bioassay study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141258. [PMID: 38253086 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Torrefaction constitutes one of the promising technologies for the management of waste biomass and the production of high-carbon products for combustion, gasification, adsorption of pollutants or soil treatment. Unfortunately, waste biomass may be contaminated with toxic persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) and dioxin-like biphenyls (dl-PCB). Literature does not provide consistent measurements on how the low-temperature thermochemical processing, such as torrefaction, affects the toxicity of biomass. This contribution assesses how a torrefaction treatment, conducted at 200 °C, modifies the toxicity due to PCDD/PCDF/dl-PCB in biomass. We deploy the XDS-CALUX biotest on five types of waste biomass (sewage sludge, tree bark, cattle manure, spent coffee ground, common reed), before and after treatment. The content of total dioxin- & biphenyl fraction compounds in the raw biomass, investigated in this study, varies from 0.14 to 3.67 pg BEQ·g-1d.m., and in the torrefied biomass between 0.17 and 6.00 pg BEQ·g-1d.m.; BEQ stands for bioanalytical equivalent. This increase is statistically insignificant at p = 0.05, taking into account all types of examined biomass. This proves that low-temperature torrefaction cannot detoxify biomass, i.e., chars, produced from biomass characterized by elevated concentration of PCDD/PCDF/dl-PCB, will reflect the contamination of the feedstocks. With respect to heavy metals, we conclude that only the content of Cd in biomass, and, to a lesser extent, the abundance of Cu and Fe, modify the toxicity of this material during its thermochemical treatment at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Sobol
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 37a, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Dyjakon
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 37a, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Korendał
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marzena Styczyńska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Sabat
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, CK Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bogdan Z Dlugogorski
- Energy and Resources Institute, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Purple 12.01.08, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia
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My TTA, Dat ND, Van Langenhove K, Denison MS, Long HT, Elskens M. Evaluation of the dioxin-like toxicity in soil samples from Thua Thien Hue province using the AhR-CALUX bioassay - An update of Agent Orange contamination in Vietnam. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 212:111971. [PMID: 33513480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an AhR-responsive reporter-gene cell-based bioassay CALUX was used to assess the biological potency of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) in top soil samples collected from a former airbase (A-So) and remote regions from urban and agricultural areas in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam. In top soil collected from A-So airbase, Bioanalytical EQuivalent (BEQ) concentrations of up to 2700 pg 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) per g dry weight (pg BEQ-TCDD g-1 dw) were assessed. Interestingly, while BEQ values for dl-PCBs were found to be up to 13 pg BEQ-TCDD g-1 dw, the dl-PCB activity was not detected in all the hotspot sample extracts. In contrasts, BEQ values for dioxin like compounds from remote regions were much lower and occasionally below the quantification limits of the method. The BEQ activities obtained in this study have a similar trend to the WHO-TEQ results for the samples collected in the A-So airbase. However, BEQ values were higher than those of TEQ, probably reflecting the presence of additional AhR ligands and/or possible non-additive interactions in the sample mixture. This study confirms that after more than 60 years, a strong residual pollution of PCDD/Fs remains on this former air base following the use and storage of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War, raising a health risk for populations exposed in this area because livestock animals graze there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thi Ai My
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry laboratory (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (University of Brussels), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue 530000, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Duy Dat
- Faculty of Chemical & Food Technology, University of Technology and Education, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Kersten Van Langenhove
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry laboratory (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (University of Brussels), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael S Denison
- University of California, Davis (UC Davis), Department of Environmental Toxicology, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hoang Thai Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Marc Elskens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry laboratory (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (University of Brussels), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Barhoumi B, Tedetti M, Heimbürger-Boavida LE, Tesán Onrubia JA, Dufour A, Doan QT, Boutaleb S, Touil S, Scippo ML. Chemical composition and in vitro aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of atmospheric particulate matter at an urban, agricultural and industrial site in North Africa (Bizerte, Tunisia). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127312. [PMID: 32947663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As recognized risk factor to pose a health threat to humans and wildlife globally, atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were collected from a North African coastal city (Bizerte, Tunisia) for one year, and were characterized for their chemical compositions, including mercury (HgPM), as well as organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)), organic carbon (OC) and organic nitrogen (ON), determined in a previous study. Then, we applied an in vitro reporter gene assay (DR-CALUX) to detect and quantify the dioxin-like activity of PM-associated organic contaminants. Results showed that average HgPM concentration over the entire sampling period was found to be 13.4 ± 12 pg m-3. Seasonal variation in the HgPM concentration was observed with lower values in spring and summer and higher values in winter and autumn due to the variation of meteorological conditions together with the emission sources. Principal component analysis suggested that fossil fuel combustion and a nearby cement factory were the dominant anthropogenic HgPM sources. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activities were observed in all organic extracts of atmospheric PM from Bizerte city (388.3-1543.6 fg m-3), and shows significant positive correlations with all PM-associated organic contaminants. A significant proportion of dioxin-like activity of PM was related to PAHs. The dioxin-like activity followed the same trend as PM-associated organic contaminants, with higher dioxin-like activity in the cold season than in the warm season, indicating the advantage and utility of the use of bioassays in risk assessment of complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | | | - Javier A Tesán Onrubia
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Dufour
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Que Thi Doan
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Samiha Boutaleb
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
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Gut Symbionts Lactobacillus reuteri R2lc and 2010 Encode a Polyketide Synthase Cluster That Activates the Mammalian Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01661-18. [PMID: 30389766 PMCID: PMC6498181 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01661-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporary changes in the composition of the microbiota, for example, by oral administration of probiotics, can modulate the host immune system. However, the underlying mechanisms by which probiotics interact with the host are often unknown. Here, we show that Lactobacillus reuteri R2lc and 2010 harbor an orthologous PKS gene cluster that activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a key role in a variety of diseases, including amelioration of intestinal inflammation. Understanding the mechanism by which a bacterium modulates the immune system is critical for applying rational selection strategies for probiotic supplementation. Finally, heterologous and/or optimized expression of PKS is a logical next step toward the development of next-generation probiotics to prevent and treat disease. A mechanistic understanding of microbe-host interactions is critical to developing therapeutic strategies for targeted modulation of the host immune system. Different members of the gut symbiont species Lactobacillus reuteri modulate host health by, for example, reduction of intestinal inflammation. Previously, it was shown that L. reuteri activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the mucosal immune system, by the production of tryptophan catabolites. Here, we identified a novel pathway by which L. reuteri activates AhR, which is independent of tryptophan metabolism. We screened a library of 36 L. reuteri strains and determined that R2lc and 2010, strains with a pigmented phenotype, are potent AhR activators. By whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics, we identified genes unique to R2lc and 2010. Our analyses demonstrated that R2lc harbors two genetically distinct polyketide synthase (PKS) clusters, functionally unknown (fun) and pks, each carried by a multicopy plasmid. Inactivation of pks, but not fun, abolished the ability of R2lc to activate AhR. L. reuteri 2010 has a gene cluster homologous to the pks cluster in R2lc with an identical gene organization, which is also responsible for AhR activation. In conclusion, we identified a novel PKS pathway in L. reuteri R2lc and 2010 that is responsible for AhR activation. IMPORTANCE Temporary changes in the composition of the microbiota, for example, by oral administration of probiotics, can modulate the host immune system. However, the underlying mechanisms by which probiotics interact with the host are often unknown. Here, we show that Lactobacillus reuteri R2lc and 2010 harbor an orthologous PKS gene cluster that activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a key role in a variety of diseases, including amelioration of intestinal inflammation. Understanding the mechanism by which a bacterium modulates the immune system is critical for applying rational selection strategies for probiotic supplementation. Finally, heterologous and/or optimized expression of PKS is a logical next step toward the development of next-generation probiotics to prevent and treat disease.
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Vandermarken T, Croes K, Van Langenhove K, Boonen I, Servais P, Garcia-Armisen T, Brion N, Denison MS, Goeyens L, Elskens M. Endocrine activity in an urban river system and the biodegradation of estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals through a bio-analytical approach using DRE- and ERE-CALUX bioassays. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:540-549. [PMID: 29533803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Zenne River, crossing the Brussels region (Belgium) is an extremely urbanized river impacted by both domestic and industrial effluents. The objective of this study was to monitor the occurrence and activity of Endocrine Active Substances (EAS) in river water and sediments in the framework of the Environmental Quality Standards Directive (2008/105/EC and 2013/39/EU). Activities were determined using Estrogen and Dioxin Responsive Elements (ERE and DRE) Chemical Activated Luciferase Gene Expression (CALUX) bioassays. A potential contamination source of estrogen active compounds was identified in the river at an industrial area downstream from Brussels with a peak value of 938 pg E2 eq./L water (above the EQS of 0.4 ng/L) and 195 pg E2 eq./g sediment. Estrogens are more abundantly present in the sediments than in the dissolved phase. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed high correlations between Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Particulate (POC) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and estrogenic EAS. The dioxin fractions comply with previous data and all were above the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) low-level risk, with one (42 pg TCDD eq./g sediment) exceeding the high-level risk value for mammals. The self-purifying ability of the Zenne River regarding estrogens was examined with an in vitro biodegradation experiment using the bacterial community naturally present in the river. Hill coefficient and EC50 values (Effective Concentration at 50%) revealed a process of biodegradation in particulate and dissolved phase. The estrogenic activity was decreased by 80%, demonstrating the ability of self-purification of estrogenic compounds in the Zenne River.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vandermarken
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - K Croes
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Van Langenhove
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Boonen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Servais
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Department of Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Boulevard Du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Garcia-Armisen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Department of Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Boulevard Du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Brion
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M S Denison
- University of California at Davis, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - L Goeyens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Elskens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Vandermarken T, Gao Y, Baeyens W, Denison MS, Croes K. Dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in sediment samples and suspended particulate matter from the Scheldt estuary and the North Sea Coast: Comparison of CALUX concentration levels in historical and recent samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:109-116. [PMID: 29335165 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Scheldt estuary is historically a highly polluted river system. While several studies have focused on contamination with metals, pesticides, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and marker PolyChlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), no data are available concerning past contamination by dioxin-like compounds. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to determine spatial and time trends of PolyChlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and DibenzoFurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) in sediment samples and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) from the Scheldt River basin and the North Sea Coast. METHODS Dioxin-like compounds (PCDD/F and dl-PCB fractions) were measured with the CALUX-bioassay. Bioanalytical EQuivalent concentrations (BEQs) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content of historical (1982-1984) and recent (2011-2015) sediment and SPM samples from different locations in the coastal area and the estuary, were evaluated. RESULTS A decrease in dioxin-like compound concentrations was found at all stations over time, especially for the PCDD/Fs. Dl-PCBs were relatively low in all samples. The Scheldt mouth and the Antwerp harbor yielded the highest BEQs and levels were higher in SPM than in sediment due to the higher organic carbon content in this fraction. CONCLUSIONS Current PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels in the Belgian Coastal Zone and Scheldt estuary are much lower than their levels 30 years ago and pose a relatively low risk to the aquatic system. This is the result of a strong decrease in emissions, however, large local variabilities in sediment concentration levels can still exist because of local variability in sedimentation, erosion rates and in organic carbon content.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vandermarken
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Y Gao
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Baeyens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M S Denison
- University of California at Davis, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - K Croes
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Screening of endocrine activity of compounds migrating from plastic baby bottles using a multi-receptor panel of in vitro bioassays. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 37:121-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sakthivel S, Balasubramanian P, Nakamura M, Ko S, Chakraborty P. CALUX bioassay: a cost-effective rapid screening technique for screening dioxins like compounds. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 31:149-152. [PMID: 26943601 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic detection systems-chemically activated luciferase expression (XDS-CALUX) bioassay in determining the toxic equivalency (TEQ) of PCDD/Fs from contaminated sites reported in several papers has been discussed in this study. CALUX bioassay method has been validated by an effective combined column clean-up system followed by addition of samples to monolayer cell cultures of H1L6.1c3 cell line in 96 well plates. Cultures are then examined under microscope after 24 h incubation followed by rinsing with 75 μL phosphate buffer saline and 30 μL of cell culture lysis. The response is observed in the luminometer and expressed in relative light unit (RLUs). CALUX-TEQ is estimated from a TCDD standard curve for unknown samples. Quality control in CALUX is done by selecting the range of CALUX values falling in the center of the linear standard curve. For developing nations CALUX biossay can be used as a cost effective and rapid screening technique for screening xenobiotic compounds from the hotspots like open solid waste burning sites, informal e-waste recycling workshops and industrial zones where constant monitoring for such compounds is required.
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Shy CG, Chao HR, Lin DY, Gou YY, Chuang CY, Chuang KP, Chen CC, Hsiao YC, Chen FA. An AhR-Luciferase Adenovirus Infection System for Rapid Screening of Dioxins in Soils. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:192-196. [PMID: 26564202 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to develop a fast-screening method for measuring dioxin levels in soils. The adenovirus (Ad)-dioxin-responsive (DR) bioassay system (AdEasy-6XDRE-TATA-Luc) combined with a fast-cleanup system was examined under conventional conditions (i.e., with incubation at 37°C) and three alternative conditions [incubation at 37°C with addition of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), incubation at 33°C, and incubation at 33°C with addition of PMA]. The best conditions for carrying out the Ad-DR bioassay was 33°C and no addition of PMA. The background level of soil dioxins determined by the chemical assay [6.49 ng I-TEQ/kg dry weight (dw)] was well correlated (Pearson's r = 0.873, p < 0.001) with that by the Ad-DR bioassay [expressed in ng bioanalytical equivalents (BEQ) 81.1 ng BEQ/kg dw] (n = 17). When surveyed in contaminated soil samples (n = 114) from industrial areas by the Ad-DR bioassay, dioxin levels were 117, 102, 98.5, and 112 ng BEQ/kg dw, respectively, in northern, central, southern, and eastern Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherng-Gueih Shy
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung City, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, 20 Weixin Road, Yanpu, Pingtung County, 907, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.
| | - Ding-Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Yan-You Gou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan
| | - Kuo Pin Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, 20 Weixin Road, Yanpu, Pingtung County, 907, Taiwan.
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Addeck A, Croes K, Van Langenhove K, Denison MS, Afify AS, Gao Y, Elskens M, Baeyens W. Time-integrated monitoring of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in aquatic environments using the ceramic toximeter and the CALUX bioassay. Talanta 2014; 120:413-8. [PMID: 24468390 PMCID: PMC4379351 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ceramic passive samplers or toximeters (packed with active carbon 1%, w/w, on celite), in combination with the CALUX bioassay have been used as a time-integrated monitoring technique for dissolved dioxin-like PCBs in urban and industrial wastewaters. The technique showed to be reliable during laboratory experiments: (1) PCB-126 amounts extracted from the passive samplers increased linearly with the time of exposure and (2) PCB-126 concentrations calculated from the amounts accumulated by the passive samplers were in agreement with their concentrations in the testing solution. Afterwards the toximeters were applied in the field. Two sampling sites located in Egypt were chosen: the Belbeis drainage canal, and the EMAK paper mill. A total of 18 ceramic toximeters were exposed to the wastewater in both sampling sites for a maximum period of 4 weeks. Two samplers were collected weekly from each site to monitor the increase in target analytes over time. Extracts were analyzed using the CALUX bioassay and the total dioxin-like PCB toxicity was reported for the aqueous phase (water column), as well as the solid phase (sediment and sludge) in both sampling sites. The time-weighted average concentration (TWA) of dl-PCBs in wastewater of the paper mill during the sampling period ranged between 7.1 and 9.1 pg-BEQL(-1), while that of the drainage canal ranged between 9.5 and 12.2 pg-BEQL(-1). The dl-PCBs in the fibrous sludge (paper mill) and bottom sediment (drainage canal) were 0.5 and 0.4 pg-BEQg(-1) dry-weight, respectively. The organic-carbon normalized partition coefficients between sediment and water (logKoc) for the paper mill and the canal were 2.4 and 4.3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Addeck
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Kim Croes
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Kersten Van Langenhove
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Michael S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ahmed S Afify
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, University of Politecnico di Torino, Turin, TO 10129, Italy
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Marc Elskens
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
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Addeck A, Croes K, Van Langenhove K, Denison MS, Elhamalawy A, Elskens M, Baeyens W. Time-integrated monitoring of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in urban and industrial wastewaters using a ceramic toximeter and the CALUX bioassay. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 94:27-35. [PMID: 24075528 PMCID: PMC4308619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The ceramic toximeter as a passive sampler in combination with the CALUX bioassay was utilized as a time-integrated pollution-assessment technique for dioxin-like PCDD/Fs in wastewaters. Toximeters filled with XCARB and enclosed in stainless steel cages were submerged in wastewater of Belbeis drainage-canal and EMAK paper-mill, located in Egypt, for 28 days. Two samplers were removed every week from each site. Extracts from toximeters, from bottom-sediments, and from paper-mill sludge were analyzed by the CALUX. Results showed a regular increase in the amounts of PCDD/Fs trapped by the toximeters as sampling time increased. Time-weighted average concentrations (TWA) of PCDD/Fs in the wastewaters of the drainage-canal and paper-mill were 231 (214-281) and 26 (24.1-32.6) pg-BEQL(-1), respectively. Compared to literature data, this means a high pollution level for the drainage-canal water, while the pollution level in the paper-mill wastewater is similar to that reported for other paper mills. The PCDD/Fs levels in the drainage-canal bottom-sediments and in the paper-mill sludge were 8.3 and 14.6 pg-BEQg(-1) dry-weight, at the lower end of internationally reported values in similar compartments. The sampling rate of the tested toximeters for dissolved PCDD/Fs was about 3.6 mL d(-1). Sediment/water partitioning coefficient logKd of PCDD/Fs in the drainage-canal and the paper-mill was 1.42 and 2.70 respectively. The organic-carbon normalized partition coefficient logKoc was 4.17 and 3.19 respectively, and is lower than the reported values for other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Addeck
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Chao HR, Wang YF, Wang YN, Lin DY, Gou YY, Chen CY, Chen KC, Wu WK, Chiang BA, Huang YT, Hsieh LT, Yeh KJC, Tsou TC. An improved AhR reporter gene assay for analyzing dioxins in soil, sediment and fish. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 89:739-743. [PMID: 22886452 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to develop a fast-screening bioassay to determine dioxin levels in the environmental and biological samples from dioxin-contaminated areas. Our original dioxin-responsive-element (DRE)-driven luciferase bioassay (using Huh7-DRE-Luc cells) was modified by reducing the incubation temperature of the cell culture from 37 to 35°C and by adding phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, and the modified bioassay was used to examine samples from soil, sediment, and fish. The results of this bioassay were shown to be significantly related to those of the high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry assay of dioxins. The correlative equation was: log (PCDD/Fs I-TEQs) = 1.19 × log (BEQs) - 1.15 with R(2) = 0.95 (p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, Neipu 912, Pingtung County, Taiwan
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Croes K, Vandermarken T, Van Langenhove K, Elskens M, Desmedt M, Roekens E, Denison MS, Van Larebeke N, Baeyens W. Analysis of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in atmospheric deposition samples from the Flemish measurement network: correlation between the CALUX bioassay and GC-HRMS. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:881-887. [PMID: 22560702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the CALUX (Chemically Activated LUciferase gene eXpression) bioassay is a fast, sensitive and inexpensive tool for the analysis of a high number of samples, the use of this technique in routine analysis of atmospheric deposition samples may be a valuable alternative for GC-HRMS. In this study, a validated CALUX method was used for the analysis of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in more than 90 atmospheric deposition samples for different locations in Flanders. The samples were taken in residential and agricultural areas, where a threshold limit of 21pgWHO-TEQm(-2)d(-1) for the sum of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs was set, and in industrial zones and natural reserves, where no official threshold limit is available. The results from the Flemish measurement program showed correlation between CALUX and GC-HRMS for all the samples, originating from the different areas (R(2) of 0.81, 0.53 and 0.64 for dl-PCBs, PCDD/Fs and sum of both fractions, respectively). Median CALUX/GC-HRMS ratios of 2.0, 0.9 and 1.3 were reported for the PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and the sum of both fractions, respectively. The results show that the CALUX bioassay is a valuable alternative tool for the classic GC-HRMS analysis of atmospheric deposition samples in the Flemish measurement network.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Croes
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry (ANCH), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Addeck A, Croes K, Van Langenhove K, Denison M, Elskens M, Baeyens W. Dioxin analysis in water by using a passive sampler and CALUX bioassay. Talanta 2012; 88:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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