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Šauer P, Vojs Staňová A, Bořík A, Valentová O, Grabic R, Kocour Kroupová H. High enrichment factors in chemical analysis of progestins and in bioassays: insights beyond trace levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38500-38511. [PMID: 38806985 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Concerns are growing about adverse effects of progestins on biota, even at ultra-trace concentrations. The enrichment factor (EF) from extraction of analytes in environmental samples that is needed for sample pre-concentration can affect not only performance of the analytical method but also the matrix effect. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the influence of high sample EF on performance of the high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photoionization coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI/APPI-HRMS) method for analysis of progestins in waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and surface waters and analysis of (anti-)progestogenic activities measured by (anti-)PR-CALUX bioassays. The results showed that HPLC-APCI/APPI-HRMS coupled with solid-phase extraction and a high EF (33,333 Lwater/Lextract) enabled the detection of more compounds compared to samples with lower sample EF (10,000 Lwater/Lextract). The matrix effect did not increase proportionally compared to lower EFs (10,000 and 16,666 Lwater/Lextract), and lower limits of quantification were achieved in WWTP effluents and surface waters. The results of bioassays have shown that relative EF of 25 Lwater/Lbioassay appears high enough to detect progestogenic activity in treated waste water. Our study is one of the first to provide insights into sample pre-concentration in analysis of progestins and progestogenicity in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Šauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Vojs Staňová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Adam Bořík
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Hui X, Fakhri Y, Heidarinejad Z, Ranaei V, Daraei H, Mehri F, Limam I, Nam Thai V. Steroid hormones in surface water resources in China: systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic ecological risk assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2213-2229. [PMID: 37437042 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2234843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
A Search was conducted in international databases including Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from 10 January 2005 to 15 January 2023. The risk quotient (RQ) of Estrone (E1), 17β-E2 (E2), and Estriol (E3) on the surface water resources of China was calculated by Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique. The rank order of steroid hormones based on pooled (weighted average) concentration in surface water was E3 (2.15 ng/l) > E2 (2.01 ng/l) > E1 (1.385 ng/l). The concentration of E1 in Dianchi lake (236.50.00 ng/l), 17β-E2 in Licun river (78.50 ng/l), and E3 in Dianchi lake (103.1 ng/l) were higher than in other surface water resources in China. RQ related to E1, 17β-E2 and E3 in 68.00%, 88.89% and 3.92% of surface water resources were high ecological risk, respectively. Therefore, carrying out source control plans for steroid hormones in surface water sources should be conducted continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Hui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shanxi Jinhou Ecological Environment Co, L td, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Zoha Heidarinejad
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ranaei
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Hasti Daraei
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Intissar Limam
- Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis, Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet; and High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Van Nam Thai
- HUTECH Institute of Applied Sciences, HUTECH University, 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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3
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Qian T, Bao J, Liu X, Oudeng G, Ye W. A "turn-on" fluorescence resonance energy transfer aptasensor based on carbon dots and gold nanoparticles for 17β-estradiol detection in sea salt. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27772-27781. [PMID: 37731834 PMCID: PMC10507534 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
17β-estradiol is abused in the food industry. Excess 17β-estradiol can disturb the endocrine system or cause many diseases including obesity, diabetes, cardiac-cerebral vascular disease, and cancers in the human body. A "turn-on" fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) aptasensor based on carbon dots (CDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was developed for the detection of 17β-estradiol. A thiol-modified oligonucleotide was conjugated to AuNPs and amino modified oligonucleotide was linked to CDs. The 17β-estradiol aptamer was hybridized with the two oligonucleotides, shortening the distance between CDs and AuNPs. With 360 nm UV light excitation, FRET occurred between CDs and AuNPs. The system was "turn-off". When 17β-estradiol was detected, the aptamer specifically bound to 17β-estradiol, and the FRET system was destroyed, leading to the "turn-on" phenomenon. The fluorescence intensity recovery was detected in the concentration range of 400 pM to 5.5 μM. The limit of detection (LOD) was 245 pM. The FRET aptasensor demonstrated good selectivity for 17β-estradiol detection. Reasonable spiked recoveries were obtained in sea salt samples. It showed the potential for estrogen detection in food safety and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrun Qian
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Bao
- The Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou 310006 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Gerile Oudeng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital Shenzhen 518000 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Ye
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
- Ninghai ZJUT Academy of Science and Technology Ningbo 315615 People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Zhao W, Gao R, Hussain S, Hao Y, Tian J, Chen S, Feng Y, Zhao Y, Qu Y. Preparation of lightweight daisy-like magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers via etching synergized template immobilization for enhanced rapid detection of trace 17β-estradiol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127216. [PMID: 34592596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2), as one of the pharmaceutical and personal care product, frequently contaminates environmental water as estrogen pollutant and possesses great risk to human survival as well as the sustainable development of the ecosystem. Herein, to achieve an effective adsorbent system for the selective removal of E2 from the environmental water, Fe3O4 nanoparticles are subjected to chemical etching to reduce the overall mass and then employed as carriers to prepare a novel type of lightweight daisy-like magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (LD-MMIPs) adopting template immobilization strategy. The LD-MMIPs based etched magnetic nanoparticles not only exhibit light mass but also have plentiful imprinted sites in the etched channels, which significantly increases the adsorption capacity for E2. The daisy-like LD-MMIPs own strong magnetic responsiveness, well crystallinity, fast binding kinetics, high adsorption amount, and excellent selectivity. Moreover, combining with HPLC, the LD-MMIPs as adsorbents have been successfully used to specifically recognize and detect trace E2 in environmental water. Thus, the proposed LD-MMIPs with high adsorption capacity hold great potential in monitoring water pollution. Additionally, this work also provides an alternative strategy for improving the adsorption capacity of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers through a convenient chemical etching technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Wenchang Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Ruixia Gao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Sameer Hussain
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yi Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Jiahao Tian
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shihui Chen
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yunhao Feng
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yubo Zhao
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuyao Qu
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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5
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Goeury K, Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Prévost M, Sauvé S. Assessment of automated off-line solid-phase extraction LC-MS/MS to monitor EPA priority endocrine disruptors in tap water, surface water, and wastewater. Talanta 2022; 241:123216. [PMID: 35042051 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
EPA method 539.1 recently introduced an expanded list of priority endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), some of which were also included in the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3 (UCMR3). Though standardized methods are available for drinking water, analysis of steroid hormones and bisphenol A (BPA) at the ultra-trace level remains challenging. This study set out to evaluate the suitability of automated off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of EPA-priority EDCs in environmental water matrixes (tap water, surface water, and wastewater influents and effluents). The target molecules included 14 steroid hormones (altrenogest, androstenedione, equilenin, equilin, α-estradiol, β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone, norethindrone, progesterone, testosterone) and BPA. Factors that may influence the analytical performance were assessed. This involved, for instance, testing combinations of SPE materials from different brands and protocol variations. Several materials presented absolute extraction efficiencies in acceptable ranges. Initial sample pH, nature of reconstitution medium, and mobile phase salt concentration were among the potential factors affecting analyte signal. Storage conditions (different preservative agents) possibly exerted the strongest influence, in agreement with the literature. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.03-0.5 ng/L in drinking water, 0.1-0.5 ng/L in surface water, and 0.16-1 ng/L in wastewater. Method validation also involved testing linearity, accuracy, and precision in reagent water and matrix-matched extracted calibrants. The method was applied to field-collected water samples in Eastern Canada. Summed EDC concentrations remained low in tap water (<LOQ-0.92 ng/L), while higher detection frequencies and contamination levels were reported in riverine surface waters (2.6-37 ng/L) and municipal wastewaters (10-424 ng/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Goeury
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Javid F, Ang TN, Hanning S, Svirskis D, Burrell R, Taylor M, Wright LJ, Baroutian S. Subcritical hydrothermal deconstruction of two hormones (adrenaline and progesterone) in pharmaceutical waste. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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He K, Hain E, Timm A, Blaney L. Bioaccumulation of estrogenic hormones and UV-filters in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142871. [PMID: 33268253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic hormones and organic ultraviolet-filters (UV-filters) have attracted increased attention as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their potent estrogenicity and widespread occurrence in the environment. This study investigated the accumulation of three estrogenic hormones and five UV-filters in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Exposure experiments were conducted for 42 days with a mixture of EDCs at two environmentally-relevant design concentrations (i.e., 500 and 5000 ng L-1). The aqueous-phase EDC concentrations decreased over time and were re-established every two days. Within 14 days of exposure, the five UV-filters were measured at 2.2 to 265 ng g-1 (dry weight) in crayfish tail tissue. Only one estrogenic hormone, 17β-estradiol, was detected in the crayfish at 10.4-13.5 ng g-1. No apparent changes were observed for EDC concentrations in the tail tissue over the next four weeks of exposure. The apparent bioaccumulation factors for the EDCs ranged from 23 L (kg tail tissue, dry weight)-1 for 4-methylbenzylidene camphor to 1050 L (kg tail tissue, dry weight)-1 for 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate. EDC input was stopped after 42 days, and the more hydrophobic UV-filters (i.e., octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, homosalate) were found to be persistent throughout a 14-d elimination period. A lyticase-assisted yeast estrogen screen demonstrated that the residual estrogenic activity of water samples aligned with (or was lower than) predictions from targeted chemical analysis. These results suggest that the transformation products did not contribute significant estrogenicity, although further analysis of endocrine disruption outcomes in crayfish is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Ethan Hain
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Anne Timm
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 5523 Research Park Drive, Suite 350, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Chen J, Liu SS, Wang YJ, Li J, Liu YS, Yang F, Ying GG. Optimized constructed wetlands enhance the removal and reduce the risks of steroid hormones in domestic wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143773. [PMID: 33234274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland (CW) has been proved to be a reliable wastewater treatment technology for removal of various contaminants. However, the removal of specific contaminants such as steroid hormones by wetlands without optimized design parameters would be unstable. Here we investigated the removal mechanism of steroid hormones by constructed wetlands, and optimized various design parameters for the removal of these contaminants in wastewater. Four CW systems with different designs (artificial aeration or series wetland unit) were constructed outdoors to treat raw domestic sewage. The results showed that 9 steroid hormones were detected at concentrations from 7.13 ± 0.28 ng/L to 3040 ± 199 ng/L, with their removal rates ranged from 14.7 ± 3.04% to 100% by these CWs. It was also found that enhanced designs including aeration and series wetland unit can effectively improve the removal of steroid hormones. Combined with ecological risk assessment, CW4 (aerated VSSF CW and aerated HSSF CW combination) was the best design for removal of steroid hormones, but CW2 (VSSF CW with artificial aeration) may be better for urban areas with limited space. Based on mass balance calculation, biodegradation played a dominant role in removing steroid hormones by CWs, while substrate adsorption and plant uptake also played a limited role. The findings from this study suggest that CWs can be optimized to better remove steroid hormones in sewage before discharge into receiving environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Life and Health of River & Lake, Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Guangzhou 510611, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yi-Jie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Life and Health of River & Lake, Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Life and Health of River & Lake, Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Life and Health of River & Lake, Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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9
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Aborkhees G, Raina-Fulton R, Thirunavokkarasu O. Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water and Wastewater Samples by Liquid Chromatography-Negative Ion Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173906. [PMID: 32867135 PMCID: PMC7503312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-negative ion electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, diethylstilbestrol, 17β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, prednisone, and prednisolone. This method used solid-phase extraction with an elution solvent of acetonitrile to improve the stability of the analytes. To maintain the stability of analytes analyses were completed within five days. The recoveries ranged from 84 to 112% and the relative standard deviation of analysis of duplicate samples was <10%. The limits of quantitation were 1–10 ng/L. Surface water and wastewater were obtained from five wastewater treatment plants in Saskatchewan. Matrix effects were moderate to severe. Using standard addition calibration, all analytes except diethylstilbestrol and 17α-ethinyl estradiol were detected. There was a low frequency of detection of the target analytes in upstream and downstream water, indicating good removal efficiency during the wastewater treatment process. Bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol were the only analytes detected downstream. Bisphenol A was the most frequently detected in raw wastewater (133 to 403 ng/L). Estriol was detected more often in raw wastewater than estrone or 17β-estradiol. This is the first Canadian study with the detection of prednisone and prednisolone with concentrations at 198–350 ng/L in raw wastewater at 60% of the wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Aborkhees
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Trace Analysis Facility, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Renata Raina-Fulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Trace Analysis Facility, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-306-585-4012
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10
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Separation and degradation detection of nanogram-per-litre concentrations of radiolabelled steroid hormones using combined liquid chromatography and flow scintillation analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7095. [PMID: 32341408 PMCID: PMC7184612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of micropollutants such as steroid hormones occurring in the aquatic environment at concentrations between ng/L and µg/L remains a major challenge, in particular when treatment efficiency is to be evaluated. Steroid hormones are typically analysed using mass-spectrometry methods, requiring pre-concentration and/or derivatisation procedures to achieve required detection limits. Free of sample preparation steps, the use of radiolabelled contaminants with liquid scintillation counting is limited to single-compound systems and require a separation of hormone mixtures before detection. In this work, a method was developed coupling ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with flow scintillation analysis (FSA) for separation and detection of radiolabelled estrone, 17ß-estradiol, testosterone and progesterone. Adjustment of the flow rate of scintillation liquid and UHPLC mobile phase, gradient time, column temperature, and injection volume allowed the separation of steroid hormones and degradation products. The limit-of-detection (LOD = 1.5–2.4 ng/L) and limit-of-quantification (LOQ = 3.4–4.3 ng/L) for steroid hormones were comparable with the current state-of-the-art technique (LC-MS/MS) for non-derivatised compounds. Although the method cannot be applied to real water samples (unless spiked with radiotracers), it serves as a useful tool for the development of water treatment technologies at laboratory scale as demonstrated via: i) adsorption on polymer-based spherical activated carbon, ii) retention in nanofiltration, iii) photodegradation using a photocatalytic membrane.
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Yancheva V, Georgieva E, Stoyanova S, Velcheva I, Somogyi D, Nyeste K, Antal L. A histopathological study on the Caucasian dwarf goby from an anthropogenically loaded site in Hungary using multiple tissues analyses. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dóra Somogyi
- Department of Hydrobiology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Krisztián Nyeste
- Department of Hydrobiology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Antal
- Department of Hydrobiology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
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12
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Simultaneous determination of eight microcystins in fish by PRiME pass-through cleanup and online solid phase extraction coupled to ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1125:121709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Lacaze É, Gendron AD, Miller JL, Colson TLL, Sherry JP, Giraudo M, Marcogliese DJ, Houde M. Cumulative effects of municipal effluent and parasite infection in yellow perch: A field study using high-throughput RNA-sequencing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:797-809. [PMID: 30790752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple metabolic, immune and reproductive effects have been reported in fish residing in effluent-impacted sites. Natural stressors such as parasites also have been shown to impact the responses of organisms to chronic exposure to municipal effluent in the St. Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada). In order to comprehensively evaluate the cumulative impacts of anthropogenic and natural stressors on the health of yellow perch, differential mRNA transcription profiles were examined in juvenile females collected from effluent-impacted and upstream sites with low or high infection levels of the larval trematode Apophallus brevis. Transcriptomics was used to identify biological pathways associated with environmental exposure. In total, 3463 isoforms were differentially transcribed between sites. Patterns reflecting the combined effects of stressors were numerically dominant, with a majority of downregulated transcripts (68%). The differentially expressed transcripts were associated with 27 molecular and cellular functions ranging from cellular development to xenobiotic metabolism and were involved in the development and function of 13 organ systems including hematological, hepatic, nervous, reproductive and endocrine systems. Based on RNA-seq results, sixteen genes were measured by qPCR. Significant differences were observed for six genes in fish exposed to both stressors combined, whereas parasites and effluent individually impacted the transcription of one gene. Lysozyme activity, lipid peroxidation, retinol-binding protein and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were selected as potential biomarkers of effects to study specific pathways of interest. Lipid peroxidation in perch liver was different between sites, parasite loads, and for combined stressors. Overall, results indicated that juvenile yellow perch responded strongly to combined parasite and effluent exposure, suggesting cumulative effects on immune responses, inflammation and lipid metabolism mediated by retinoid receptors. The present study highlight the importance of using a comprehensive approach combining transcriptomics and endpoints measured at higher levels of biological organization to better understand cumulative risks of contaminants and pathogens in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Lacaze
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, QC H2E 2E7, Canada.
| | - Andrée D Gendron
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, QC H2E 2E7, Canada
| | - Jason L Miller
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Tash-Lynn L Colson
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, QC H2E 2E7, Canada
| | - James P Sherry
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Maeva Giraudo
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, QC H2E 2E7, Canada
| | - David J Marcogliese
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, QC H2E 2E7, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, QC H2E 2E7, Canada
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Analysis of Environmental Protection Agency priority endocrine disruptor hormones and bisphenol A in tap, surface and wastewater by online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:87-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Yarahmadi H, Duy SV, Hachad M, Dorner S, Sauvé S, Prévost M. Seasonal variations of steroid hormones released by wastewater treatment plants to river water and sediments: Distribution between particulate and dissolved phases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:144-155. [PMID: 29660718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extensive environmental monitoring was conducted in an urban river impacted by multiple combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharge points. Temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved and particulate steroids (progesterone (Prog), testosterone (Testo), medroxyprogesterone (MDRXY-Prog), levonorgestrel (Levo), norethindrone (Nore), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)) were investigated in sewage, WWTP effluents, receiving river water and sediments, and in drinking water plant (DWP) intakes. Steroids were detected in both dissolved and particulate phases with mean concentrations from 21ngL-1 to 389ngL-1 in raw sewage and from 10ngL-1 to 296ngL-1 in treated wastewater. The particle-associated steroids represented 0-82% of their total concentration as some steroids like E1 and E3 were detected only in the dissolved phase while MDRXY-Prog (81%), Nore (71%), and EE2 (>75%) were primarily detected in the particulate phase. Particle-associated steroids were detected in spring samples from river water with mean concentrations ranging from 5.4ngL-1 to 35.7ngL-1 compare to 3ngL-1 to 6.8ngL-1 in summer samples. Levels of particle-associated Testo, Nore, E2 and Levo in DWP intakes (406.2-13,149.1ngg-1) were similar to those found in raw sewage (336.6-7628.8ngg-1), indicating their persistence in the suspended phase from discharge points. Total steroids measured in sediments were in the range of 7-1213ngg-1, 5-25ngg-1, and 22-226ngg-1 in autumn, spring, and summer, respectively. Our findings confirm the presence and seasonal variation of a mixture of particle-associated steroids in drinking water sources. The presence of high concentrations of a mixture of particle-associated steroids in DWP intakes highlight the need for highly effective particle-removal processes to eliminate these recalcitrant compounds during drinking water production. Finally, the detected concentrations raise concerns about their potential environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Yarahmadi
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, succ, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mounia Hachad
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; Canada Research Chair in Microbial Contaminant Dynamics in Source Waters, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, succ, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, QC, Canada
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16
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Kaur H, Bala M, Bansal G. Reproductive drugs and environmental contamination: quantum, impact assessment and control strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25822-25839. [PMID: 30039489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial and municipal solid wastes, noise, pesticides, fertilizers and vehicular emission are visible pollutants responsible for environmental contamination and ill-effects on health of all living systems. But, environmental contamination due to drugs or medicines used for different purposes in humans and animals goes unseen largely and can affect the health of living system severely. During the last few decades, the usage of drugs has increased drastically, resulting in increased drug load in soil and water. Contraceptive and fertility drugs are extensively and effectively used in humans as well as animals for different purposes. Usage of these reproductive drugs in humans is increased manifold to manage reproductive problems and/or for birth control with changing lifestyles. These drugs are excreted in urine and faeces as metabolite or conjugated forms, leading to contamination of water, milk and animal produce, which are consumed directly by humans as well as animals. These drugs are not eliminated even by water treatment plant. Consumption of such contaminated water, milk, meat and poultry products results in reproductive disorders such as fertility loss in men and increase risk of different types of cancers in humans. Therefore, assessment of impact of environmental contamination by these drugs on living system is of paramount importance. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of various research and review reports on different contraceptive and fertility drugs used in human and animals, their occurrence in the environment and their ill-effects on living systems. The approaches to control this invisible menace have also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Madhu Bala
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India
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17
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Shen X, Chang H, Sun D, Wang L, Wu F. Trace analysis of 61 natural and synthetic progestins in river water and sewage effluents by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 133:142-152. [PMID: 30616042 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A broad number of natural and synthetic progestins are widely used in human and veterinary therapies. Although progestins exhibit adverse effects in aquatic organisms, information about environmental occurrence and fate have been limited to several compounds, hampering the accuracy of risk assessments of the compounds. In this study, a selective and sensitive analytical method was established to simultaneously determine 19 natural and 42 synthetic progestins in environmental waters, and the synthetic progestins included 19-nortestosterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone derivatives. All of the target compounds were effectively separated using an HSS T3 column, and the recoveries for effluent and river samples were 80-115% and 75-105%, respectively. The detection limits for the 61 analytes were in the range of 0.05-0.60 ng/L and 0.03-0.40 ng/L for the effluent and river samples, respectively. The developed method is applied to analyze the target progestogens in sewage effluent and river water samples from Beijing. The detected concentrations of natural progesterone metabolites (3α-hydroxy-5β-tetrahydroprogesterone) were up to 63 times higher than those of the parent compound. Of the three groups of synthetic progestins, the progesterone derivatives were detected for the first time and had the highest concentrations followed by the 19-nortestosterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives. In contrast to previous studies, the predominant derivative compounds of 19-nortestosterone were found to be 19-nortestosterone, gestodene and mifepristone, and those of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were 6-epi-medroxy progesterone 17-acetate and melengestrol acetate. The toxicities and environmental risk of these emerging progestins deserves more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Shen
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Linxia Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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18
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Hettwer K, Jähne M, Frost K, Giersberg M, Kunze G, Trimborn M, Reif M, Türk J, Gehrmann L, Dardenne F, De Croock F, Abraham M, Schoop A, Waniek JJ, Bucher T, Simon E, Vermeirssen E, Werner A, Hellauer K, Wallentits U, Drewes JE, Dietzmann D, Routledge E, Beresford N, Zietek T, Siebler M, Simon A, Bielak H, Hollert H, Müller Y, Harff M, Schiwy S, Simon K, Uhlig S. Validation of Arxula Yeast Estrogen Screen assay for detection of estrogenic activity in water samples: Results of an international interlaboratory study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:612-625. [PMID: 29195208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-active substances can adversely impact the aquatic ecosystems. A special emphasis is laid, among others, on the effects of estrogens and estrogen mimicking compounds. Effect-based screening methods like in vitro bioassays are suitable tools to detect and quantify endocrine activities of known and unknown mixtures. This study describes the validation of the Arxula-Yeast Estrogen Screen (A-YES®) assay, an effect-based method for the detection of the estrogenic potential of water and waste water. This reporter gene assay, provided in ready to use format, is based on the activation of the human estrogen receptor alpha. The user-friendly A-YES® enables inexperienced operators to rapidly become competent with the assay. Fourteen laboratories from four countries with different training levels analyzed 17β-estradiol equivalent concentrations (EEQ) in spiked and unspiked waste water effluent and surface water samples, in waste water influent and spiked salt water samples and in a mixture of three bisphenols. The limit of detection (LOD) for untreated samples was 1.8ng/L 17β-estradiol (E2). Relative repeatability and reproducibility standard deviation for samples with EEQ above the LOD (mean EEQ values between 6.3 and 20.4ng/L) ranged from 7.5 to 21.4% and 16.6 to 28.0%, respectively. Precision results are comparable to other frequently used analytical methods for estrogens. The A-YES® has been demonstrated to be an accurate, precise and robust bioassay. The results have been included in the ISO draft standard. The assay was shown to be applicable for testing of typical waste water influent, effluent and saline water. Other studies have shown that the assay can be used with enriched samples, which lower the LOD to the pg/L range. The validation of the A-YES® and the development of a corresponding international standard constitute a step further towards harmonized and reliable bioassays for the effect-based analysis of estrogens and estrogen-like compounds in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Jähne
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstr. 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kirstin Frost
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstr. 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Giersberg
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Seestadt, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Gotthard Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Seestadt, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Martin Reif
- Erftverband, Am Erftverband 6, 50126 Bergheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Türk
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Linda Gehrmann
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Freddy Dardenne
- University of Antwerp, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Groenenborgerlaan 171/U7, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Femke De Croock
- University of Antwerp, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Groenenborgerlaan 171/U7, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marion Abraham
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Department Marine Chemistry, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Schoop
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Department Marine Chemistry, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Joanna J Waniek
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Department Marine Chemistry, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Bucher
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstraße 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eszter Simon
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstraße 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Vermeirssen
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstraße 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anett Werner
- Technical University Dresden, Institute of Natural Science, Bioprocess Engineering, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karin Hellauer
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ursula Wallentits
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Detlef Dietzmann
- SYNLAB Umweltinstitut GmbH, Hauptstraße 105, 04416 Markkleeberg, Germany
| | - Edwin Routledge
- Brunel University London, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Halsbury Building, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Beresford
- Brunel University London, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Halsbury Building, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Zietek
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Nutritional Physiology, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Margot Siebler
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Nutritional Physiology, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anne Simon
- IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wasserforschung gemeinnützige GmbH, Moritzstr. 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Helena Bielak
- IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wasserforschung gemeinnützige GmbH, Moritzstr. 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Müller
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maike Harff
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Simon
- New diagnostics GmbH, Pollinger Straße 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Steffen Uhlig
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstr. 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Golovko O, Šauer P, Fedorova G, Kroupová HK, Grabic R. Determination of progestogens in surface and waste water using SPE extraction and LC-APCI/APPI-HRPS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1066-1073. [PMID: 30599351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a reliable analytical method for the measurement of 17 selected progestogens in waste water and surface water. Automated whole water solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample concentration. Liquid chromatography tandem atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/atmospheric pressure photoionization with hybrid quadrupole/orbital trap mass spectrometry operated in high resolution product scan mode (LC-APCI/APPI-HRPS) was applied for the analyses. The whole-method recoveries ranged from 60% to 140% for all analytes at two different spike levels (5 and 50ng/L) in the studied matrices. The method is very sensitive with LOQs ranging from 0.02 to 0.87ng/L. The developed method was used for the determination of progestogens in real samples of waste water from three waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) and in surface water from the corresponding recipients. Progesterone was detected in all samples with concentrations in the range of 0.82 to 1.1ng/L in surface water and 0.11 to 110ng/L in waste water samples. Three synthetic progestogens, namely, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and dienogest, were detected most frequently in effluents; therefore, further attention should be paid to the monitoring of these compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to present analysis of altrenogest, etonogestrel, dienogest, nomegestrol acetate and ulipristal acetate in waste water and surface water using a solid-phase extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia.
| | - Pavel Šauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia
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20
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Evaluation of on-line concentration coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of neonicotinoids and fipronil in surface water and tap water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2765-2779. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Wangmo C, Jarque S, Hilscherová K, Bláha L, Bittner M. In vitro assessment of sex steroids and related compounds in water and sediments - a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:270-287. [PMID: 29251308 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detection of endocrine disrupting compounds in water and sediment samples has gained much importance since the evidence of their effects was reported in aquatic ecosystems in the 1990s. The aim of this review is to highlight the advances made in the field of in vitro analysis for the detection of hormonally active compounds with estrogenic, androgenic and progestogenic effects in water and sediment samples. In vitro assays have been developed from yeast, mammalian and in a few cases from fish cells. These assays are based either on the hormone-mediated proliferation of sensitive cell lines or on the hormone-mediated expression of reporter genes. In vitro assays in combination with various sample enrichment methods have been used with limits of detection as low as 0.0027 ng L-1 in water, and 0.0026 ng g-1 in sediments for estrogenicity, 0.1 ng L-1 in water, and 0.5 ng g-1 in sediments for androgenicity, and 5 ng L-1 in water for progestogenicity expressed as equivalent concentrations of standard reference compounds of 17β-estradiol, dihydrotestosterone and progesterone, respectively. The experimental results and limits of quantification, however, are influenced by the methods of sample collection, preparation, and individual laboratory practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimi Wangmo
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment - RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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22
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Munoz G, Vo Duy S, Roy-Lachapelle A, Husk B, Sauvé S. Analysis of individual and total microcystins in surface water by on-line preconcentration and desalting coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1516:9-20. [PMID: 28822574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A fast and high-throughput method is proposed for the determination of total microcystins (ΣMC) in environmental surface waters. After a 1-h Lemieux-von Rudloff oxidation step to yield the 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB) moiety, samples were quenched, filtered, and directly analyzed. This was achieved via solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled on-line to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometry. The choice of on-line SPE settings was conducted using experimental designs. Given the matrix complexity of oxidation extracts, the on-line desalting step was found to be a critical parameter to ensure suitable method robustness. The on-line sample loading volume was 5mL, and the wash volume applied for on-line desalting was 3mL. Instrumental analysis was performed in just 8min. The method limit of quantification was 0.5ngL-1 ΣMC (i.e. 2000 times lower than the current World Health Organization - WHO drinking water guideline). Excellent determination coefficients were observed for matrix-free and matrix-based calibration curves alike, and the linearity range tested spanned∼4 orders of magnitude. Accuracy and intermediate precision did not depend on the spike level and proved satisfactory (in the range of 93-110% and 3-6%, respectively). A thorough assessment of instrumental matrix effects was conducted by comparing standard additions curves in several lake and river oxidation extracts with the matrix-free reference. Regardless of the internal standard used (4-PB or D3-MMPB), instrumental matrix effects were efficiently compensated. The matrix effect that may occur at the earlier sample preparation stage was evaluated separately. While the oxidation step was generally not complete (yield ∼65%), the conversion rates of MCs into MMPB remained within a consistent range of values regardless of matrix type. No significant back-pressure was observed upon consecutive injections of oxidation-based samples, while the instrumental sensitivity remained unaffected. The herein described method could therefore be eligible for future large-scale monitoring surveys. The method was applied to a selection of surface water samples (n=30) collected across the province of Québec, Canada, and the results were compared to those achieved by an individual variant analysis of 8 MC congeners and a commercial ELISA kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, H3C 3J7, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, H3C 3J7, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Roy-Lachapelle
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, H3C 3J7, Montréal, QC, Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 rue McGill, H2Y 2E7, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Barry Husk
- BlueLeaf Inc., 310 Chapleau Street, J2B 5E9, Drummondville, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, H3C 3J7, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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He K, Timm A, Blaney L. Simultaneous determination of UV-filters and estrogens in aquatic invertebrates by modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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24
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Huysman S, Van Meulebroek L, Vanryckeghem F, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K, Vanhaecke L. Development and validation of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic high resolution Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of steroidal endocrine disrupting compounds in aquatic matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:140-150. [PMID: 28843557 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lack of adequate strategies for monitoring endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the aquatic environment is emphasized in the European Water Framework Directive. In this context, a new UHPLC-HR-Q-Orbirtrap-MS multi-residue method was developed for the simultaneous measurement of 70 steroidal EDCs in two aquatic matrices, i.e. sea and fresh water. First, an instrumental APCI-UHPLC-HR-Q-Orbitrap-MS was devised for separating and detecting the EDC isomers and mass analogues, within 12.5 min per run. Next, an appropriate extraction was statistically optimised using a three-strep workflow (95% confidence interval, p > 0.05); including fractional factorial resolution IV, simplex lattice, and response surface methodological designs. The fitness-for-purpose of the method was demonstrated through successful validation at relevant environmental concentrations, i.e. the low nano- and picogram range. Method quantification limits ranged for the androgens (n = 33), oestrogens (n = 14), progestins (n = 12), and corticosteroids (n = 11) between, respectively, 0.13 and 5.00 ng L-1, 0.25 and 5.00 ng L-1, 0.13 and 2.50 ng L-1, and 0.50 and 5.00 ng L-1. Good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99) and no lack of fit was observed (95% confidence interval, p > 0.05) for the 70 steroidal EDCs. In addition, good recovery (95-109%) and satisfactory repeatability (RSD < 8.5%, n = 18) and reproducibility (RSD < 10.5%, n = 12) were obtained. Finally, the applicability of the multi-residue method was demonstrated by measuring steroidal EDC in 28 sea water samples collected from four different locations during fall 2016 and winter 2017. Regarding the sea water samples, all the classes were ubiquitously present and included different metabolites, transformation product and or degradation products from the parent EDCs (n = 43).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Huysman
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Francis Vanryckeghem
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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25
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Čelić M, Insa S, Škrbić B, Petrović M. Development of a sensitive and robust online dual column liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of natural and synthetic estrogens and their conjugates in river water and wastewater. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5427-5440. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Rubirola A, Boleda MR, Galceran MT. Multiresidue analysis of 24 Water Framework Directive priority substances by on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1493:64-75. [PMID: 28318568 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a fully multiresidue and automated on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) - liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 24 priority substances (PS) belonging to different classes (pesticides, hormones or pharmaceuticals) included in the Directive 2013/39/UE and the recent Watch List (Decision 2015/495) in water samples (drinking water, surface water, and effluent wastewaters). LC-MS/MS conditions and on-line SPE parameters such as sorbent type, sample and wash volumes were optimized. The developed method is highly sensitive (limits of detection between 0.1 and 1.4ngL-1) and precise (relative standard deviations lower than 8%). As part of the method validation studies, linearity, accuracy and matrix effects were assessed. The main advantage of this method over traditional off-line procedures is the minimization of tedious sample preparation increasing productivity and sample throughput. The optimized method was applied to the analysis of water samples and the results revealed the presence of 16 PS in river water and effluent water of wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Rubirola
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, S.A., General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mª Rosa Boleda
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, S.A., General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mª Teresa Galceran
- University of Barcelona, Dpt. Anal. Chem., Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Comtois-Marotte S, Chappuis T, Vo Duy S, Gilbert N, Lajeunesse A, Taktek S, Desrosiers M, Veilleux É, Sauvé S. Analysis of emerging contaminants in water and solid samples using high resolution mass spectrometry with a Q Exactive orbital ion trap and estrogenic activity with YES-assay. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:400-411. [PMID: 27705827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trace emerging contaminants (ECs) occur in both waste and surface waters that are rich in particulates that have been found to sorb several organic contaminants. An analytical method based on off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was developed for the detection and quantification of 31 ECs from surface water, wastewater, suspended particulate matter (SPM) as well as sediments. Lyophilized sediments and air-dried SPM were subjected to ultrasonic extraction. Water samples and extracts were then concentrated and cleaned-up by off-line SPE. Quantification was realized using a Q Exactive mass spectrometer in both full scan (FS) and MS2 modes. These two modes were optimized and compared to determine which one was the most suitable for each matrix studied. Yeast estrogen screen assay (YES-assay) adapted from the direct measurement of estrogenic activity without sample extraction was tested on filtered wastewater samples. An endocrine disrupting effect was detected in all effluent samples analyzed with estradiol equivalent concentrations ranging from 4.4 to 720 ng eq E2 L-1 for the WWTP-1 and 6.5-42 ng eq E2 L-1 for the WWTP-2. The analytical methods were also applied on six samples of surface water, the corresponding SPM, the sediments and thirty-nine effluent samples from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) sampled over a period of five months (February to June 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Chappuis
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gilbert
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - André Lajeunesse
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Salma Taktek
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Éloïse Veilleux
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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28
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Fang TY, Praveena SM, deBurbure C, Aris AZ, Ismail SNS, Rasdi I. Analytical techniques for steroid estrogens in water samples - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:358-368. [PMID: 27665296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental concerns over ultra-trace levels of steroid estrogens concentrations in water samples have increased because of their adverse effects on human and animal life. Special attention to the analytical techniques used to quantify steroid estrogens in water samples is therefore increasingly important. The objective of this review was to present an overview of both instrumental and non-instrumental analytical techniques available for the determination of steroid estrogens in water samples, evidencing their respective potential advantages and limitations using the Need, Approach, Benefit, and Competition (NABC) approach. The analytical techniques highlighted in this review were instrumental and non-instrumental analytical techniques namely gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA), radio immuno assay (RIA), yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay, and human breast cancer cell line proliferation (E-screen) assay. The complexity of water samples and their low estrogenic concentrations necessitates the use of highly sensitive instrumental analytical techniques (GC-MS and LC-MS) and non-instrumental analytical techniques (ELISA, RIA, YES assay and E-screen assay) to quantify steroid estrogens. Both instrumental and non-instrumental analytical techniques have their own advantages and limitations. However, the non-instrumental ELISA analytical techniques, thanks to its lower detection limit and simplicity, its rapidity and cost-effectiveness, currently appears to be the most reliable for determining steroid estrogens in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yien Fang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Claire deBurbure
- Université 1B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Irniza Rasdi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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29
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Stadler LB, Love NG. Impact of microbial physiology and microbial community structure on pharmaceutical fate driven by dissolved oxygen concentration in nitrifying bioreactors. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 104:189-199. [PMID: 27525582 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Operation at low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (<1 mg/L) in wastewater treatment could save utilities significantly by reducing aeration energy costs. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of low DO on pharmaceutical biotransformations during treatment. DO concentration can impact pharmaceutical biotransformation rates during wastewater treatment both directly and indirectly: directly by acting as a limiting substrate that slows the activity of the microorganisms involved in biotransformation; and indirectly by shaping the microbial community and selecting for a community that performs pharmaceutical biotransformation faster (or slower). In this study, nitrifying bioreactors were operated at low (∼0.3 mg/L) and high (>4 mg/L) DO concentrations to understand how DO growth conditions impacted microbial community structure. Short-term batch experiments using the biomass from the parent reactors were performed under low and high DO conditions to understand how DO concentration impacts microbial physiology. Although the low DO parent biomass had a lower specific activity with respect to ammonia oxidation than the high DO parent reactor biomass, it had faster biotransformation rates of ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole, 17α-ethinylestradiol, acetaminophen, and atenolol in high DO batch conditions. This was likely because the low DO reactor had a 2x higher biomass concentration, was enriched for ammonia oxidizers (4x higher concentration), and harbored a more diverse microbial community (3x more unique taxa) as compared to the high DO parent reactor. Overall, the results show that there can be indirect benefits from low DO operation over high DO operation that support pharmaceutical biotransformation during wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Stadler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Avenue, EWRE, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Nancy G Love
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Avenue, EWRE, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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30
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Loos G, Van Schepdael A, Cabooter D. Quantitative mass spectrometry methods for pharmaceutical analysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150366. [PMID: 27644982 PMCID: PMC5031633 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative pharmaceutical analysis is nowadays frequently executed using mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization coupled to a (hybrid) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer is generally used in combination with solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography. Furthermore, isotopically labelled standards are often used to correct for ion suppression. The challenges in producing sensitive but reliable quantitative data depend on the instrumentation, sample preparation and hyphenated techniques. In this contribution, different approaches to enhance the ionization efficiencies using modified source geometries and improved ion guidance are provided. Furthermore, possibilities to minimize, assess and correct for matrix interferences caused by co-eluting substances are described. With the focus on pharmaceuticals in the environment and bioanalysis, different separation techniques, trends in liquid chromatography and sample preparation methods to minimize matrix effects and increase sensitivity are discussed. Although highly sensitive methods are generally aimed for to provide automated multi-residue analysis, (less sensitive) miniaturized set-ups have a great potential due to their ability for in-field usage.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Loos
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Goh SXL, Duarah A, Zhang L, Snyder SA, Lee HK. Online solid phase extraction with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for determination of estrogens and glucocorticoids in water. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Jin R, Li L, Feng J, Dai Z, Huang YW, Shen Q. Zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction solid-phase extraction and multi-dimensional mass spectrometry for shotgun lipidomic study of Hypophthalmichthys nobilis. Food Chem 2016; 216:347-54. [PMID: 27596430 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (ZIC-HILIC) material was used as solid-phase extraction sorbent for purification of phospholipids from Hypophthalmichthys nobilis. The conditions were optimized to be pH 6, flow rate 2.0mL·min(-1), loading breakthrough volume ⩽5mL, and eluting solvent 5mL. Afterwards, the extracts were analyzed by multi-dimensional mass spectrometry (MDMS) based shotgun lipidomics; 20 species of phosphatidylcholine (PC), 22 species of phosphatidylethanoamine (PE), 15 species of phosphatidylserine (PS), and 5 species of phosphatidylinositol (PI) were identified, with content 224.1, 124.1, 27.4, and 34.7μg·g(-1), respectively. The MDMS method was validated in terms of linearity (0.9963-0.9988), LOD (3.7ng·mL(-1)), LOQ (9.8ng·mL(-1)), intra-day precision (<3.64%), inter-day precision (<5.31%), and recovery (78.8-85.6%). ZIC-HILIC and MDMS shotgun lipidomics are efficient for studying phospholipids in H. nobilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyao Jin
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linqiu Li
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Junli Feng
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Dai
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao-Wen Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Qing Shen
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China.
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33
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Simultaneous determination of levonorgestrel and two endogenous sex hormones in human plasma based on LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1133-44. [PMID: 27211854 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2015-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levonorgestrel (LNG) is a commonly used emergency contraceptive which can effect sex hormone levels in female blood. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a specific and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for monitoring endogenous sex hormone levels (17β-estradiol and progesterone) in female plasma after administration of LNG. Results & methodology: The method was developed, optimized and validated according to the EMA guideline. Assay validation met all the criteria, including good linearity in the range of 0.1-20 ng/ml for 17β-estradiol, as well as 0.2-30 ng/ml for LNG and progesterone. CONCLUSION The method has been preliminarily applied to explore the variation trend of sex hormone levels in healthy Chinese female volunteers' plasma after oral administration of 1.5 mg LNG tablet. With LNG absorption into plasma, progesterone and estradiol levels descended rapidly, and maintained at low levels in the onset time.
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34
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Naldi AC, Fayad PB, Prévost M, Sauvé S. Analysis of steroid hormones and their conjugated forms in water and urine by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:30. [PMID: 27158261 PMCID: PMC4859969 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have been found in rivers that receive significant inputs of wastewater. Among EDCs, natural and synthetic steroid hormones are recognized for their potential to mimic or interfere with normal hormonal functions (development, growth and reproduction), even at ultratrace levels (ng L−1). Although conjugated hormones are less active than free hormones, they can be cleaved and release the unconjugated estrogens through microbial processes before or during the treatment of wastewater. Due to the need to identify and quantify these compounds, a new fully automated method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the two forms of several steroid hormones (free and conjugated) in different water matrixes and in urine. Results The method is based on online solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS). Several parameters were assessed in order to optimize the efficiency of the method, such as the type and flow rate of the mobile phase, the various SPE columns, chromatography as well as different sources and ionization modes for MS. The method demonstrated good linearity (R2 > 0.993) and precision with a coefficient of variance of less than 10 %. The quantification limits vary from a minimum of 3–15 ng L−1 for an injection volume of 1 and 5 mL, respectively, with the recovery values of the compounds varying from 72 to 117 %. Conclusion The suggested method has been validated and successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of several steroid hormones in different water matrixes and in urine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-016-0174-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Naldi
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - P B Fayad
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - M Prévost
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - S Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
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35
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Analysis of 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol in biological and environmental matrices — A review. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Guedes-Alonso R, Ciofi L, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ, Bubba MD, Kabir A, Furton KG. Determination of androgens and progestogens in environmental and biological samples using fabric phase sorptive extraction coupled to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1437:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Microvolume trace environmental analysis using peak-focusing online solid-phase extraction–nano-liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1879-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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38
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Fayad PB, Roy-Lachapelle A, Duy SV, Prévost M, Sauvé S. On-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of cyanotoxins in algal blooms. Toxicon 2015; 108:167-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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39
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He D, Ye X, Xiao Y, Zhao N, Long J, Zhang P, Fan Y, Ding S, Jin X, Tian C, Xu S, Ying C. Dietary exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in metropolitan population from China: a risk assessment based on probabilistic approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:2-8. [PMID: 26025473 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The intake of contaminated foods is an important exposure pathway for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, data on the occurrence of EDCs in foodstuffs are sporadic and the resultant risk of co-exposure is rarely concerned. In this study, 450 food samples representing 7 food categories (mainly raw and fresh food), collected from three geographic cities in China, were analyzed for eight EDCs using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Besides estrone (E1), other EDCs including diethylstilbestrol (DES), nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA), octylphenol (OP), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and estriol (E3) were ubiquitous in food. Dose-dependent relationships were found between NP and EE2 (r=0.196, p<0.05), BPA (r=0.391, p<0.05). Moreover, there existed a correspondencebetween EDCs congener and food category. Based on the obtained database of EDCs concentration combined with local food consumption, dietary EDCs exposure was estimated using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) system. The 50th and 95th percentile exposure of any EDCs isomer were far below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value identically. However, the sum of 17β-estradiol equivalents (∑EEQs) exposure in population was considerably larger than the value of exposure to E2, which implied the underlying resultant risk of multiple EDCs in food should be concern. In conclusion, co-exposure via food consumption should be considered rather than individual EDCs during health risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Preventive medicine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Yonghua Xiao
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, China.
| | - Nana Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Jia Long
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Piwei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Shibin Ding
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Chong Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Chenjiang Ying
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Zhang J, Bai R, Yi X, Yang Z, Liu X, Zhou J, Liang W. Fully automated analysis of four tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke using two-dimensional online solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 146:216-24. [PMID: 26695255 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated method for the detection of four tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS) has been developed. The new developed method is based on two-dimensional online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE/LC-MS/MS). The two dimensional SPE was performed in the method utilizing two cartridges with different extraction mechanisms to cleanup disturbances of different polarity to minimize sample matrix effects on each analyte. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a UPLC C18 reversed phase analytical column. Under the optimum online SPE/LC-MS/MS conditions, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were baseline separated with good peak shapes. This method appears to be the most sensitive method yet reported for determination of TSNAs in mainstream cigarette smoke. The limits of quantification for NNN, NNK, NAT and NAB reached the levels of 6.0, 1.0, 3.0 and 0.6 pg/cig, respectively, which were well below the lowest levels of TSNAs in MSS of current commercial cigarettes. The accuracy of the measurement of four TSNAs was from 92.8 to 107.3%. The relative standard deviations of intra-and inter-day analysis were less than 5.4% and 7.5%, respectively. The main advantages of the method developed are fairly high sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy of results, minimum sample pre-treatment, full automation, and high throughput. As a part of the validation procedure, the developed method was applied to evaluate TSNAs yields for 27 top-selling commercial cigarettes in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Supervision Station, Beijing 101121, China
| | - Ruoshi Bai
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Supervision Station, Beijing 101121, China
| | - Xiaoli Yi
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Supervision Station, Beijing 101121, China
| | - Zhendong Yang
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Supervision Station, Beijing 101121, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Supervision Station, Beijing 101121, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Supervision Station, Beijing 101121, China.
| | - Wei Liang
- Esensing Analytical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200336, China
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41
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Water-compatible magnetic imprinted nanoparticles served as solid-phase extraction sorbents for selective determination of trace 17beta-estradiol in environmental water samples by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1396:7-16. [PMID: 25890441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are a potential risk for wildlife and humans for their existence in water. The efficient extraction and clean-up steps are required before detection of low concentration levels of EDCs. In this work, a novel water-compatible magnetic molecularly imprinted nanoparticles is synthesized for the selective extraction of 17β-estradiol (E2) in environmental water samples. The preparation is carried out by introducing aldehyde groups to the surface of amino-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles through a simple one-step modification, followed by copolymerization of functional monomer gelatin and template E2 via surface imprinting technique. The gelatin with abundant active groups could not only act as functional monomer reacting with template, but also assemble covalently at the surface of magnetic nanoparticles. At the same time, gelatin would improve the water-compatibility of imprinted materials for attaining high extraction efficiency. To obtain high imprinting effect, the preparation conditions are optimized in detail using Central composite design-response surface methodology. The resultant polymers have uniform spherical shape with a shell thickness of about 8nm, stable crystalline form, and super-paramagnetic property. Meanwhile, the obtained polymers have high capacity of 12.87mgg(-1) and satisfactory selectivity to template molecule. To testify the feasibility of the magnetic imprinted polymers in sample pretreatment, a method for determination of trace E2 in environmental water samples was set up by combination of solid-phase extraction (SPE) using the prepared polymers as sorbents and HPLC for rapid isolation and determination of E2. The limit of detection of proposed method is 0.04ngmL(-1), the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) are less than 4.6% and 5.7%, respectively. The recoveries of E2 from environmental water samples are in the range from 88.3% to 99.1% with the RSDs less than 7.2%.
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Kumar V, Johnson AC, Trubiroha A, Tumová J, Ihara M, Grabic R, Kloas W, Tanaka H, Kroupová HK. The challenge presented by progestins in ecotoxicological research: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2625-2638. [PMID: 25611781 DOI: 10.1021/es5051343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Around 20 progestins (also called gestagens, progestogens, or progestagens) are used today in assisting a range of medical conditions from endometrial cancer to uterine bleeding and as an important component of oral contraception. These progestins can bind to a wide range of receptors including progestin, estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptor, as well as sex hormone and corticosteroid binding globulins. It appears that only five of these (four synthetic and one natural) progestins have so far been studied in sewage effluent and surface waters. Analysis has reported values as either nondetects or low nanograms per liter in rivers. Seven of the progestins have been examined for their effects on aquatic vertebrates (fish and frogs). The greatest concern is associated with levonorgestrel, norethisterone, and gestodene and their ability to reduce egg production in fish at levels of 0.8-1.0 ng/L. The lack of environmental measurements, and some of the contradictions in existing values, however, hampers our ability to make a risk assessment. Only a few nanograms per liter of ethynodiol diacetate and desogestrel in water would be needed for fish to receive a human therapeutic dose for these progestins according to modeled bioconcentration factors. But for the other synthetic progestins levels would need to reach tens or hundreds of nanograms per liter to achieve a therapeutic dose. Nevertheless, the wide range of compounds, diverse receptor targets, and the effect on fish reproduction at sub-nanogram-per-liter levels should prompt further research. The ability to impair female reproduction at very low concentrations makes the progestins arguably the most important pharmaceutical group of concern after ethinylestradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kumar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice , Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
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Morissette MF, Vo Duy S, Arp HPH, Sauvé S. Sorption and desorption of diverse contaminants of varying polarity in wastewater sludge with and without alum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:674-682. [PMID: 25672802 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00620h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge sorption and desorption measurements were conducted for nine diverse contaminants of varying polarity: caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, atrazine, estradiol, ethinylestradiol, diclofenac, and, for the first time desethylatrazine and norethindrone. Two types of sorption behaviour were observed. Compounds with a log octanol-water partition coefficient, log Kow, below 3 showed little or no sorption over 48 hours of shaking, while compounds with log Kow over 3 showed 30 to 90% sorption within the first few minutes. After 6 hours of shaking, mass loss through suspected biotransformation became evident for some compounds. At the pH range considered (5.7-6.7), diclofenac (pKa 4.0, log Kow 4.5) was the only compound in which pH dependent sorption could be quantified. The log sewage sludge-water distribution coefficients, log Kd, ranged from 0.2 to 2.9, and, as expected, increased with increasing log Kow of the compound and organic carbon (OC) content of the sewage sludge. A sewage sludge precipitated with alum had a substantially lower Kd values, as well as lower OC content, compared to alum-free sludge. Desorption was studied by sequentially replacing supernatant water. With each water replacement, log Kd values tended to either remain similar (following a linear isotherm) or in some cases increase (following a Freundlich-type isotherm). The length of time required to restore equilibrium increased with each rinsing step. A literature review of reported Kd values compared well with the alum-free sludge data, but not the alum-sludge data. Sewage sludge Kd across the literature appear more consistent with increasing Kow.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-F Morissette
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Yan Y, Rempel DL, Holy TE, Gross ML. Mass spectrometry combinations for structural characterization of sulfated-steroid metabolites. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:869-79. [PMID: 24658800 PMCID: PMC4449735 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroid conjugates, which often occur as metabolites, are challenging to characterize. One application is female-mouse urine, where steroid conjugates serve as important ligands for the pheromone-sensing neurons. Although the two with the highest abundance in mouse urine were previously characterized with mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR to be sulfated steroids, many more exist but remain structurally unresolved. Given that their physical and chemical properties are similar, they are likely to have a sulfated steroid ring structure. Because these compounds occur in trace amounts in mouse urine and elsewhere, their characterization by NMR will be difficult. Thus, MS methods become the primary approach for determining structure. Here, we show that a combination of MS tools is effective for determining the structures of sulfated steroids. Using 4-pregnene analogs, we explored high-resolving power MS (HR-MS) to determine chemical formulae; HD exchange MS (HDX-MS) to determine number of active, exchangeable hydrogens (e.g., OH groups); methoxyamine hydrochloride (MOX) derivatization MS, or reactive desorption electrospray ionization with hydroxylamine to determine the number of carbonyl groups; and tandem MS (MS(n)), high-resolution tandem MS (HRMS/MS), and GC-MS to obtain structural details of the steroid ring. From the fragmentation studies, we deduced three major fragmentation rules for this class of sulfated steroids. We also show that a combined MS approach is effective for determining structure of steroid metabolites, with important implications for targeted metabolomics in general and for the study of mouse social communication in particular.
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Determination of nine benzotriazole UV stabilizers in environmental water samples by automated on-line solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 120:158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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