Analytical methods for the determination of personal care products in human samples: An overview

Probabilistic risk assessment of dietary exposure to benzophenone derivatives in cereals in Taiwan

Benzophenone (BP) and BP derivatives (BPDs) are widely used as ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers in food packaging materials and as photoinitiators in UV-curable inks for printing on food-contact materials. However, our knowledge regarding the sources and risks of dietary exposure to BP and BPDs in cereals remains limited, which prompted us to conduct this study. We measured the levels of BP and nine BPDs-BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8, 2-hydroxybenzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate, and 4-benzoylbiphenyl-in three types of cereals (rice flour, oatmeal, and cornflakes; 180 samples in total). A Bayesian Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach was used for deriving the posterior distributions of BP and BPD residues. This approach helped in addressing the uncertainty in probabilistic distribution for the sampled data under the detection limit. Through an MC simulation, we calculated the daily exposure levels of dietary BP and BPDs and corresponding health risks. The results revealed the ubiquitous presence of BP, BP-3, and 4-MBP in cereals. Older adults (aged >65 years) had the highest (97.5 percentile) lifetime carcinogenic risk for BP exposure through cereals (9.41 × 10-7), whereas children aged 0-3 years had the highest (97.5 percentile) hazard indices for BPD exposure through cereals (2.5 × 10-2). Nevertheless, across age groups, the lifetime carcinogenic risks of BP exposure through cereals were acceptable, and the hazard indices for BPD exposure through cereals were <1. Therefore, BPD exposure through cereals may not be a health concern for individuals in Taiwan.

Concentrations, compositional profiles, and health risks of benzophenones among the Taiwanese population based on analysis of 23 daily consumed foods

In this study, we analyzed the occurrence and distribution of 11 benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (BPs) in 893 food samples spanning 7 food categories in Taiwan. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of BPs. The results indicated that cornflakes had the highest mean level of BPs (103 ng/g), followed by bread (101 ng/g) and pastries (59 ng/g). BP was the most prevalent category, followed by 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), 2-hydroxybenzophenone, and benzophenone-3. Estimation of the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) of BP (average life expectancy of 80 years) placed them in the 50th and 97.5th percentiles [P50 (P97.5)] LTCR of 1.9 × 10-7 (5.7 × 10-6), indicating that BP in food poses a low renal hazard to the Taiwanese population. The noncarcinogenic risk of BPs was evaluated using a hazard quotient and combined margin of exposure (MOET), revealing a P50 (P97.5) hazard index of < 1 for BP, 4-MBP, and methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate. Although the P50 MOET values for all age groups were within the moderate range of concern, with a more conservative extreme (P2.5), the MOET values for the 0-3, 3-6, and 6-12 age groups fell below 100, indicating a high concern for renal degeneration and hyperplasia.

Synthetic musks in the natural environment: Sources, occurrence, concentration, and fate-A review of recent developments (2010-2023)

Synthetic musks (SMs) have served as cost-effective substitutes for natural musk compounds in personal care and daily chemical products for decades. Their widespread use has led to their detection in various environmental matrices, raising concerns about potential risks. Despite numerous studies on SM levels in different natural environments, a systematic review of their contemporary presence is lacking. This review aims to address this gap by summarising recent research developments on SMs in diverse natural environments, including river water, lake water, seawater, estuarine water, groundwater, snow, meltwater, sediments, aquatic suspended matter, soils, sands, outdoor air, and atmospheric particulate matter. Covering the period from 2010 to 2023, the review focuses on four SM categories: nitro, polycyclic, macrocyclic, and alicyclic. It systematically examines their sources, occurrences, concentrations, spatial and temporal variations, and fate. The literature reveals widespread detection of SMs in the natural environment (freshwater and sediments in particular), with polycyclic musks being the most studied group. Both direct (e.g., wastewater discharges) and indirect (e.g., human recreational activities) sources contribute to SM presence. Levels of SMs vary greatly among studies with higher levels observed in certain regions, such as sediments in Southeast Asia. Spatial and temporal variations are also evident. The fate of SMs in the environment depends on their physicochemical properties and environmental processes, including bioaccumulation, biodegradation, photodegradation, adsorption, phase exchange, hydro-dilution effects. Biodegradation and photodegradation can decrease SM levels, but may produce more persistent and eco-toxic products. Modelling approaches have been employed to analyse SM fate, especially for indirect processes like photodegradation or long-distance atmospheric transport. Future studies should further investigate the complex fate if SMs and their environmental influence. This review enhances understanding of SM status in the natural environment and supports efforts to control environmental contamination.

Easy determination of benzophenone and its derivatives in sunscreen samples by direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Benzophenones (BPs) absorb different sun radiation wavelengths, making them effective UVA and UVB filters, widely used in industry. In Europe, sunscreen products contain regulated amounts (6 % w/w) of benzophenone-3 (BP-3), usually combined with other filters like octocrylene. BPs are mutagens in UV radiation, and octocrylene may degrade into BPs, making their monitoring crucial. The present manuscript proposed a novel procedure based on liquid-liquid extraction followed by direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction (LLE-DI-SPME) to isolate and determine 10 BPs in sunscreen lotions with potential results. Parameters like extraction solvent, pH, adsorption, desorption time, stirring, sating effect, and presence of organic solvents were optimized and compared with different SPME fibers, being polyacrylate (PA) fiber the most effective. Detection and quantification were performed by gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry. Analytical parameters as limits of detection were 0.05-0.10 µg kg-1, while the linear range was 0.16 up to 2000 µg kg-1. In terms of recovery, the method ranged from 83 % to 103 %; the precision of the method was good in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD) from 3.2 % to 18.7 % and without a remarkable matrix effect (-15.06-8.45 %). Despite the complexity of the samples and the difficulty posed by the DI-SPME technique, the method proved robust. The proposed method successfully detected 10 BPs in 6 different sunscreen lotions. The total presence of BPs in sunscreens ranged from 165 to 931 mg kg-1, with BP-3 detected in all samples from 4.2 to 740 mg kg-1.

Dietary risk assessment of benzophenone derivatives using bread consumption estimates in a Taiwanese population

Listed as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, benzophenone (BP) and its nine analogues (BPs) are an emerging group of contaminants. The migration of BPs from ultraviolet inks to food has been investigated in many studies; however, few studies have investigated BPs in foods and the risks of human exposure to BPs. We validated a trace and multi-residue method for simultaneously determining 10 BPs, including BP, BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8, 4-MBP, 2-OHBP, 4-OHBP, M2BB, and PBZ. Eighty-one bread samples were analyzed using stable isotope labeling and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with solid-liquid extraction. We determined the estimated daily intake of BPs, non-cancer risks, and lifetime cancer risks (LTCRs) from daily bread consumption for seven age groups using a Monte Carlo simulation. The method demonstrated robust linearity (R2 ≥ 0.991), low limits of detection (0.04-2 ng/g), and satisfactory precision. The intra- and interday relative standard deviation ranges were 0.6%-9% and 3%-20%, respectively. BP, 4-MBP, 2-OHBP, BP-1, and BP-3 were detected in 97%, 67%, 59%, 24%, and 23% of the samples, respectively. 2-OHBP had the highest mean (range) value of 18.3 ( Collapse

Key Words

• Benzophenone and its analogues
• Bread
• Emerging contaminants
• Monte Carlo simulation
• Risks

Collapse

MESH Headings

• Humans
• Bread/analysis
• Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
• Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods
• Risk Assessment
• Benzophenones/analysis

Collapse

Grants Collapse

Affiliation(s)

Hsin-Chang Chen Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
Chung-Jung Tsai Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan
Yu-Fang Huang Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Chen-Ting Wu Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

Collapse

A protocol based on solid phase microextraction -gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the monitoring of parabens and bisphenols in human saliva

The herein presented work aims to the development of an easy method for the quantitative determination of parabens and bisphenols in human salivabased on the use of methyl chloroformate as a derivatizing agent, followed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS) analysis with selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Using multivariate analysis, two derivatization strategies were compared and optimized, demonstrating that the use of methyl chloroformate led to better sensitivity than the classical derivatization by acetic anhydride. Good performance in the sorption process of the derivatized target analytes was obtained using the most recent commercialized overcoated fiber (PDMS/DVB/PDMS). The validation procedure of the final protocol led to satisfactory results in terms of linearity, limit of quantitation, accuracy, and precision. All parabens were quantified from 10 ng/L using the developed method, except for methylparaben, which was quantified from 100 ng/L along with all bisphenols. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and intra- and inter-day precision can be considered satisfactory for all analytes (values between 73% and 118%), except for the inter-day accuracy of BPF. Quite good results also in terms of matrix effect were obtained for the target compounds (range 71% to 118%, RSD% less than 13.6%), except for BPA at the middle concentration and MeP at the lowest concentration. The greenness of the method was evaluated and the results indicated that our approach is more eco-friendly than previously published methods. Based on its characteristics, the presented method can be considered a suitable approach to determine parabens and bisphenols in routine analysis for biomonitoring purposes.

Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Organic Pollutants: From an Analytical and Toxicological Perspective

Exposure to environmental organic pollutants has triggered significant ecological impacts and adverse health outcomes, which have been received substantial and increasing attention. The contribution of unidentified chemical components is considered as the most significant knowledge gap in understanding the combined effects of pollutant mixtures. To address this issue, remarkable analytical breakthroughs have recently been made. In this review, the basic principles on recognition of environmental organic pollutants are overviewed. Complementary analytical methodologies (i.e., quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction, mass spectrometric nontarget screening, and effect-directed analysis) and experimental platforms are briefly described. The stages of technique development and/or essential parts of the analytical workflow for each of the methodologies are then reviewed. Finally, plausible technique paths and applications of the future nontarget screening methods, interdisciplinary techniques for achieving toxicant identification, and burgeoning strategies on risk assessment of chemical cocktails are discussed.

Infant factors that impact the ecology of human milk secretion and composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 3

Infants drive many lactation processes and contribute to the changing composition of human milk through multiple mechanisms. This review addresses the major topics of milk removal; chemosensory ecology for the parent-infant dyad; the infant's inputs into the composition of the human milk microbiome; and the impact of disruptions in gestation on the ecology of fetal and infant phenotypes, milk composition, and lactation. Milk removal, which is essential for adequate infant intake and continued milk synthesis through multiple hormonal and autocrine/paracrine mechanisms, should be effective, efficient, and comfortable for both the lactating parent and the infant. All 3 components should be included in the evaluation of milk removal. Breastmilk "bridges" flavor experiences in utero with postweaning foods, and the flavors become familiar and preferred. Infants can detect flavor changes in human milk resulting from parental lifestyle choices, including recreational drug use, and early experiences with the sensory properties of these recreational drugs impact subsequent behavioral responses. Interactions between the infant's own developing microbiome, that of the milk, and the multiple environmental factors that are drivers-both modifiable and nonmodifiable-in the microbial ecology of human milk are explored. Disruptions in gestation, especially preterm birth and fetal growth restriction or excess, impact the milk composition and lactation processes such as the timing of secretory activation, adequacy of milk volume and milk removal, and duration of lactation. Research gaps are identified in each of these areas. To assure a sustained and robust breastfeeding ecology, these myriad infant inputs must be systematically considered.

Structure-related endocrine-disrupting potential of environmental transformation products of benzophenone-type UV filters: A review

Benzophenone-type UV filters (BPs) represent a very diverse group of chemicals that are used across a range of industrial sectors around the world. They are found within different environmental compartments (e.g. surface water, groundwater, wastewater, sediments and biota) at concentrations ranging from ng/L to mg/L. Some are known as endocrine disruptors and are currently within the scope of international regulations. A structural alert for high potential of endocrine disrupting activity was assigned to 11 BP derivatives. Due to the widespread use, distribution and disruptive effects of some BPs, knowledge of their elimination pathways is required. This review demonstrates that biodegradation and photolytic decomposition are the major elimination processes for BP-type UV filters in the environment. Under aerobic conditions, transformation pathways have only been reported for BP, BP-3 and BP-4, which are also the most common derivatives. Primary biodegradation mainly results in the formation of hydroxylated BPs, which exhibit a structure-related increase in endocrine activity when compared to their parent substances. By combining 76 literature-based transformation products (TPs) with in silico results relating to their receptor activity, it is demonstrated that 32 TPs may retain activity and that further knowledge of the degradation of BPs in the environment is needed.

Development and Validation of Benzophenone Derivatives in Packaged Cereal-Based Foods by Solid-Liquid Extraction and Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

We established and validated a sensitive multi-residue analytical method for identifying benzophenone (BP) and nine BP derivatives (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone [BP-1], 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone, 2,2′-dihydroxy 4-methoxy benzophenone, 2-hydroxybenzophenone [2-OHBP], 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 4-methylbenzophenone [4-MBP], methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate, and 4-benzoylbiphenyl). Solid−liquid extraction pretreatment and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC−MS/MS) were employed in an analysis of 85 packaged cereal-based food samples (25 pastry, 50 rice, and 10 noodle samples). The method had satisfactory linearity (R2 ≥ 0.995), low limits of detection (pastry: 0.02−4.2 ng/g; rice and noodle: 0.02−2 ng/g), and favorable precision, with within-run and between-run coefficient of variation ranges of 1−29% and 1−28%, respectively. BP and 4-MBP were detected in 100% of the pastry samples, and BP-1 and 2-OHBP were found in 76% and 56% of the pastry samples, respectively. BP and 2-OHBP were found in 92% and 38% of the rice samples, respectively. BP was found in 50% of the noodle samples. BP contributed the most to the total level of BPs in pastries, with significantly higher mean ± standard deviation (range) levels for pastries (26.8 ± 32.6 [1.8−115.4] ng/g) than rice (1.2 ± 2.0 [0.4−13.4] ng/g) and noodles (0.7 ± 0.7 [0.4−1.9] ng/g); p < 0.0001). The trace levels of 4-MBP identified in the samples demonstrate the need for the development of analytical methods with high sensitivity and specificity; the proposed method satisfies this need.

Methods for the analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals in selected environmental matrixes

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are heterogenous in structure, chemical and physical properties, and their capacity to partition into various environmental matrixes. In many cases, these chemicals can disrupt the endocrine systems of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms when present at very low concentrations. Therefore, sensitive and varied analytical methods are required to detect these compounds in the environment. This review summarizes the analytical methods and instruments that are most used to monitor for EDCs in selected environmental matrixes. Only those matrixes for which there is a clear link between exposures and endocrine effects are included in this review. Also discussed are emerging methods for sample preparation and advanced analytical instruments that provide greater selectivity and sensitivity.

Fish consumption is an indicator of exposure to benzophenone derivatives: A probabilistic risk assessment in Taiwanese population

Benzophenone (BP) derivatives (BPs) ultraviolet filters are used in industrial and commercial products and have been reported to be toxic. Studies have investigated the ecological risks but not the human exposure risks of BPs. Residues of 10 BPs (BP, BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8, 2-OHBP, 4-OHBP, 4-MBP, M2BB, and PBZ) were measured in 110 commercial samples of saltwater fish (SF) and freshwater fish (FF) from Taiwan. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and noncarcinogenic risks (as hazard quotients [HQs] and hazard indices [HIs]) were predicted for eight age groups by using Monte Carlo simulation, and sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the factors influencing risks. The carcinogenic risk of exposure to BP was estimated using lifetime cancer risk (LTCR). The results revealed that seven BPs (BP, BP-3, 2-OHBP, 4-OHBP, 4-MBP, PBZ, and M2BB) were ubiquitous in the fish samples. The mean sums of the content of these seven BPs in FF and SF were 46.4 ng/g and 25.0 ng/g, respectively. Infants (age 0-3 years) exhibited the highest HI of BPs (1.6E-2) and LTCR of BP (2.8E-7) among all age groups. The HQs and HIs of all BPs were less than 1 and the LTCR for BP was lower than the acceptable range (10^-4 to10^-6) in all age groups, suggesting that BPs intake through fish consumption is not a health concern for Taiwanese people. The results of the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the amount of SF consumed and 2-OHBP levels exerted the greatest effect on risk. Considering the relatively higher risk of fish consumption and concerns that ultraviolet filters are endocrine disruptors, the potential health risks of BPs intake for infants deserves further attention.

Concentrations, distribution and potential health risks of organic ultraviolet absorbents in street dust from Tianjin, a megacity in northern China

The distribution of organic ultraviolet absorbers (OUVAs) in outdoor dust remains poorly understood, especially in megacities. We measured the concentrations of 11 OUVAs in street dust from Tianjin, China, by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and found total concentrations in the range of 10.3-129 ng/g. These OUVAs were prevalent in the study street dust, but their concentrations were much lower than those in indoor dust reported in other areas previously. Benzophenone and octocrylene were the dominant OUVAs, representing medians of 15.5% and 13.1% of total OUVA concentrations, respectively. Total concentrations of dust OUVAs in the industrial area were higher than the residential, cultural and new urban areas. Source assessment indicated that the OUVAs likely originated mainly from the manufacture and consumption of cosmetics and personal care products, and some may have been from the production and use of OUVA-containing consumer products. The calculated non-carcinogenic risks of OUVAs in street dust were low. Our results further confirmed that the OUVAs were prevalent in the environment, provide useful information for understanding potential risks of these chemicals and developing risk management strategies. Further studies are needed to investigate the occurrence, environmental behaviors and potential risks of these emerging contaminants in outdoor environment.

Chromatographic methods for the determination of a broad spectrum of UV filters in swimming pool water

This paper describes an analytical approach based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by analysis using liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detectors for a determination of 18 organic UV filters from water samples. Extraction method parameters were optimized: 250 ml of water sample loaded on Chromabond C18 cartridges after adjustment to pH 4 and then eluted with acetonitrile. The mobile phase and the parameters of the mass spectrometer, as well as those of the ionization source, were tested to enhance detection sensitivity. During method validation, the extracted target compounds showed good recoveries (> 68%) with acceptable values in terms of repeatability (RSD_r) and reproducibility (RSD_R), where relative standard deviations values were lower than 20%. The validated method was applied to 10 water samples collected from different swimming pools located in Lebanon from which eight UV filters among the eighteen targets compounds were detected at concentrations ranged between 1 and 2526 µg L^-1. The most detected compounds were padimate-O (OD-PABA) and octocrylene (OCR). This study represents the first available data on the occurrence of UV filter residues in Lebanese swimming pool opening hence future perspectives and insights to evaluate their degradation by-products and their toxicity on human health and marine ecosystem.

Identification of Benzophenone Analogs in Rice Cereal through Fast Pesticide Extraction and Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A fast, robust, and sensitive analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous identification of benzophenone (BP) and nine BP analogs (BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8, 2-hydroxybenzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 4-methylbenzophenone [4-MBP], methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate, and 4-benzoylbiphenyl) in 25 samples of rice cereal. Fast pesticide extraction (FaPEx) coupled with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was applied. The developed method exhibited satisfactory linearity (r > 0.997), favorable recoveries between 71% and 119%, and a limit of detection ranging from 0.001 to 0.5 ng/g. The detection frequencies of BP, 4-MBP, and BP-3 were 100%, 88%, and 52%, respectively. BP had higher geometric levels, with a mean of 39.8 (19.1–108.9) ng/g, and 4-MBP had low levels, with a mean of 1.9 (1.3–3.3) ng/g. The method can be applied to routine rice cereal analysis at the nanogram-per-gram level. For infants aged 0–3 years, the hazard quotients of BP and 4-MBP were lower than one, and the margin of exposure for BP was higher than 10,000, suggesting that rice cereal consumption poses no health concern for Taiwanese infants.

The role of adipose tissue analysis on Environmental Pollutants Biomonitoring in women: The European scenario

Humans are exposed every day to assorted environmental pollutants namely, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), organochlorine pesticides (OCP), brominated flame-retardants (BFR), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), synthetic musks, heavy metals (e.g. cadmium) and plastic additives (e.g. bisphenol A, BPA). Besides environmental persistence, biomagnification and bioaccumulative properties, these pollutants are classified as endocrine disruptors (EDs), metabolic disruptors, neurologic disruptors. These compounds affect the normal function of several mechanisms in the human body being linked to human health issues as cancer development (e.g. breast, uterine and endometrial), miscarriage, birth defects, premature delivery and infertility. In order to prevent future health issue of women and possible progeny, the assessment of EDs accumulated is essential, particularly in adipose tissue. These samples have been referred as the ideal matrix to establish over time accumulation and long-term exposure of persistent and non-persistent lipophilic EDs. However, the invasive sample collection procedure and methodology processing discourages the usage of this matrix for biomonitoring studies. In this review, a Web of Science search without any publishing year restriction on the analysis in adipose tissue of PCB, OCP, BPA, cadmium, BFR and synthetic musks was performed. A total of 313 studies were found, 158 were European studies from which the studies with data on women EDs accumulation were selected for detailed analysis (n = 90). The results were structured and presented in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The present paper is an overview on the existent EDs analytical methods and levels accumulated in women adipose tissue, with the correspondent health implications across Europe. The limits of detection and quantification were compared and a discussion with results obtained about the presence of ED was performed.

Analysis of Fragrance Allergens in Personal Care Products, Toys, and Water Samples: A Review

Fragrance allergens (FAs) refer to these volatile or semi-volatile fragrance compounds that can cause irritation and negative reactions. A large number of emerging FAs are widely used in household goods, and cause contact allergy or allergic contact dermatitis in eczema population and the general population. It shows an increasing prevalence and is regarded as a concern to public health. Recently, more and more studies have focused on the analytical methods of FAs in a variety of samples with different matrices. Therefore, a systematic and comprehensive overview of recent progress of analysis of FAs in various samples is needed. In this review, the physical and chemical properties, applications, hazards, and the recent advances of sample preparation and determination methods of common FAs in personal care products, toys, and water samples are systematically and comprehensively summarized. Meanwhile, this review also discusses the advantages and limitations of different sample pretreatment and detection methods, thus offering a deep-going discussion of the development and future trends in this area.

Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in the Analysis of Waters and Wastewaters

The increase of the global population and shortage of renewable water resources urges the development of possible remedies to improve the quality and reusability of waste and contaminated water supplies. Different water pollutants, such as heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), and pharmaceuticals, are produced through continuous technical and industrial developments that are emerging with the increasing population. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) represent a class of synthetic receptors that can be produced from different types of polymerization reactions between a target template and functional monomer(s), having functional groups specifically interacting with the template; such interactions can be tailored according to the purpose of designing the polymer and based on the nature of the target compounds. The removal of the template using suitable knocking out agents renders a recognition cavity that can specifically rebind to the target template which is the main mechanism of the applicability of MIPs in electrochemical sensors and as solid phase extraction sorbents. MIPs have unique properties in terms of stability, selectivity, and resistance to acids and bases besides being of low cost and simple to prepare; thus, they are excellent materials to be used for water analysis. The current review represents the different applications of MIPs in the past five years for the detection of different classes of water and wastewater contaminants and possible approaches for future applications.

Simultaneous trace analysis of 10 benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters in fish through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

We developed and validated a trace analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 10 benzophenone (BP)-type ultraviolet filters (BPs; BP, BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8, 2-hydroxybenzophenone [2-OHBP], 4-hydroxybenzophenone [4-OHBP], 4-methylbenzophenone [4-MBP], methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate [M2BB], and 4-benzoylbiphenyl [PBZ]) to analyze BPs in 110 commercial fish samples. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technique coupled with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was employed. The developed method exhibited satisfactory linearity (R² > 0.993), favorable precision with intraday and interday relative standard deviation ranges of 1.0%-26.6% and 2.3%-29.3%, respectively, and a limit of detection ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 ng/g. BP and 2-OHBP were detected in 100% of the samples; BP-3, 4-OHBP, PBZ, and 4-MBP were detected in >70% of the samples; M2BB was detected in 33% of the samples, and BP-2 and BP-8 were not detected. Higher mean (minimum-maximum) levels of 2-OHBP and BP were found in fish samples with low lipid content, ranging from 18 (1.1-218.3) to 10 (0.5-45.4) ng/g, and those with high lipid content, ranging from 22 (1.5-76.4) to 9.6 (5.2-18.5) ng/g; low levels of the remaining six BPs were found, ranging from 0.01 to 0.9 ng/g. The mean 2-OHBP levels were 21.3, 14.4, and 30.2 ng/g for fish samples obtained from aquaculture in Taiwan, the wild in Taiwan, and different countries, respectively, with levels up to 218.3 ng/g (field eel) for a sample from Indonesia. BPs may not pose a health risk to Taiwanese adults through the consumption of fish; however, additional studies are needed to examine the risk that these contaminants may pose to ecosystems and human health.

An Overview of the Analytical Methods for the Determination of Organic Ultraviolet Filters in Cosmetic Products and Human Samples

UV filters are a group of compounds commonly used in different cosmetic products to absorb UV radiation. They are classified into a variety of chemical groups, such as benzophenones, salicylates, benzotriazoles, cinnamates, p-aminobenzoates, triazines, camphor derivatives, etc. Different tests have shown that some of these chemicals are absorbed through the skin and metabolised or bioaccumulated. These processes can cause negative health effects, including mutagenic and cancerogenic ones. Due to the absence of official monitoring protocols, there is an increased number of analytical methods that enable the determination of those compounds in cosmetic samples to ensure user safety, as well as in biological fluids and tissues samples, to obtain more information regarding their behaviour in the human body. This review aimed to show and discuss the published studies concerning analytical methods for the determination of organic UV filters in cosmetic and biological samples. It focused on sample preparation, analytical techniques, and analytical performance (limit of detection, accuracy, and repeatability).

Analytical methods for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in cosmetics and personal care products: A review

Personal care products (PCPs) and cosmetics are indispensable product in our daily routine. Their widespread use makes them a potential route of exposure for certain contaminants to which human would not be normally exposed. One of these contaminants includes endocrine disrupting chemicals, molecules capable of mimicking the body's natural hormones and interfering with the endocrine system. Some of them are ingredients included in the product's formulation, such as UV-filters (sunscreens), phthalates (plasticizers and preservatives), synthetic musks (fragrances), parabens and other antimicrobial agents (antimicrobial preservatives). Others are non-intended added substances that may result from the manufacturing process or migration from the plastic packaging, as with bisphenols and perfluorinated compounds. Some of these endocrine disruptors have been restricted or even banned in cosmetics and PCPs given the high risk they pose to health. Thus, the development of fast, sensitive and precise methods for the identification and quantification of these compounds in cosmetics is a substantial need in order to ensure consumer safety and provide insight into the real risk of human exposure. The present work aims at reviewing the more recently developed analytical methods published in the literature for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in cosmetics and PCPs using chromatographic techniques, with a focus on sample treatment and the quality of analytical parameters.

A new RP-HPLC method as an auxiliary tool for optimization of sample preparation procedures for tracing of PPCPs of different hydrophilicities

Recently, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have received considerable attention because of their increasing use. Analysis of PPCPs presents a significant analytical challenge, with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in reversed-phase mode, as the most widely used analytical technique. To facilitate the optimization of the procedures that are applied in the early stages of sample preparation, a simple and fast HPLC method is proposed in this work for the separation of some PPCPs with a wide range of hydrophilicity. Two columns were evaluated (Atlantis dC18 and Discovery HS F5); as for mobile phases: a formate buffer (40 mmol L-1, pH 4) and methanol were tested in a gradient mode. The fluorinated column allowed better separation in a shorter time and better resolution for all analytes (Rs > 1). The proposed method delivered good performance for the tracing of PPCPs and is a suitable alternative to traditional C18-based HPLC methods.

Synthetic Musk Compounds in Human Biological Matrices: Analytical Methods and Occurrence-A Review

Extensive use of synthetic musk compounds (SMs) in numerous consumer and personal care products has resulted in direct human exposures via dermal absorption, inhalation of contaminated dust and volatilized fragrances, and oral ingestion of contaminated foods and liquids. SMs and their metabolites are lipophilic, hence commonly detected in various biological matrices such as blood, breast milk, and adipose tissue. Appropriate analytical techniques are needed to detect and quantify SMs in biological matrices to assess their potential effects on human health. Different methods to process and analyze SMs in biological matrices, including sample-pretreatment, solvent extraction, cleanup, and instrumental analysis, are presented in this review. The concentration levels of selected musk compounds in biological samples from different countries/regions are summarized. Finally, research gaps and questions pertaining to the analysis of SMs are identified and suggestions made for future research studies.

Human biomonitoring in urine samples from the Environmental Specimen Bank reveals a decreasing trend over time in the exposure to the fragrance chemical lysmeral from 2000 to 2018

2-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)propionaldehyde (trade names, e.g. lysmeral or lilial) is a fragrance chemical frequently used in cosmetic products where it is labelled as Butylphenyl methylpropional. A recently developed LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of four lysmeral metabolites (tert-butylbenzoic acid (TBBA), lysmerol, lysmerylic acid, and hydroxy-lysmerylic acid) was applied to 329 urine samples from the Environmental Specimen Bank collected between 2000 and 2018. The two major metabolites TBBA and lysmerol were found in quantifiable concentrations in almost all samples in this study and correlated significantly. Hence, both analytes proved to be specific biomarkers indicating the broad exposure to lysmeral. A significant decline was found for TBBA and lysmerol for the monitored years with the most pronounced decrease from 2012 to 2015. The daily intake (DI) was used to evaluate potential health risks with respect to the derived no-effect level (DNEL) as a threshold for exposure of the general population. The median DI (1.63 μg/kg bw/d) and the 95th percentile (4.69 μg/kg bw/d) corresponded to 2.6% and 7.5% of the lowest DNEL (62.5 μg/kg bw/d for oral administration), respectively. Even though a decreasing trend in exposure was observed the data still calls for efforts to reduce the exposure towards lysmeral since metabolites of lysmeral were detected in nearly all samples and adverse effects cannot be excluded. Clearly, these results need to be substantiated by HBM campaigns in population representative samples like the German Environmental Survey in adults (GerES VI) to provide more robust data for the adult population.

A solidified floating organic drop-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on in situ formed fatty acid-based deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of benzophenone-UV filters from water samples

A method for simultaneous P_4,4,4,12Br–DecA deep eutectic solvent formation and UV filter extraction was developed.

Multiresidue Analysis of Organic UV Filters and UV Stabilizers in Fish of Common Consumption

Fish species can bioaccumulate different pollutants present in the marine environments and incorporate them into the trophic chain. In this work, the occurrence of organic ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers and filters in different species of fishes of high consumption has been studied. A multiresidue method based on microwave-assisted extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection was developed and then it was applied to nine fish species from markets in the Canary Islands and Catalonia (Spain). Three UV filters (BP-3, OC and BM-DBM) and two stabilizers (UV-328 and UV-329) were found in some of the studied species, in concentrations ranging between 0.067 and 0.683 µg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw). BP-3 (UV filter) was the most frequently detected compound, followed by UV-329 (UV stabilizer). Thunnus thynnus was the most heavily polluted species, with a concentration of 1.201 µg g⁻¹ dw as the sum of all measured compounds.

Urinary concentrations of parabens amongst Iranian adults and their associations with socio-demographic factors

BACKGROUND

Parabens are widely used to prevent organism growth and increase the shelf life of foods, medicines and personal care products (PCPs). Recent studies indicate their potentially harmful effects on human health. There is no information on the extent of exposure to parabens among Iranians.

METHODS

We measured the concentration of urinary methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP) among Iranian adults and calculated their estimated daily intake (EDI). Also, association between the level of urinary parabens with socio-demographic and lifestyle variables were investigated.

RESULTS

Detection frequencies of MP, EP, PP, and BP were 98.9, 91, 94.3, and 88.2%, and their median urinary concentrations were 69.06, 9.10, 12.4, and 9.87 µg/l, respectively. Urinary parabens were higher in females, and the difference in the concentration of MP and PP was significant. A significantly positive correlation between MP and PP (r = 0.638) and a moderate to a weak correlation between other parabens were observed. There was a significantly negative weak correlation between age and MP, BP and PP. There was also a significant association between different age groups and MP, BP and PP as well as different BMI values and MP. The highest EDI value belonged to MP in the female group. Despite being lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI), its value was higher than that reported in other countries (except the US).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicated that Iranians are widely exposed to the parabens and the range of exposure was associated with socio-demographic factors. These results could serve as a basis for assessing the risk of exposure to parabens amongst Iranians.

Urinary Concentrations of Parabens in a Population of Iranian Adolescent and Their Association with Sociodemographic Indicators

Parabens are widely used as preservatives in personal care products, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential endocrine disruption effects of parabens. In the present study, the urinary concentration of four common parabens, including methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP), in 100 Iranian adolescents randomly referring to health services centres were analyzed using GC/MS. The association of sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, collected through questionnaire, with the concentration of parabens also were studied. Median concentrations of MP, EP, PP, and BP were 92.21, 8.46, 12.26, and 8.42 µg/g creatinine, respectively. There was a strong positive significant correlation between MP and PP (r = 0.694) and moderate to a weak correlation between the other parabens. The concentration of urinary MP in females was significantly higher than those in male (p = 0.021). There was a significant negative association between different BMI groups and MP and EP. There also was a positive significant association between the MP and age, and between MP, EP, and PP, and tobacco use. Although the estimated daily intake of the parabens was lower than the Acceptable Daily Intake, it was higher than those reported in other countries. This confirms the widespread exposure of Iranian adolescents to the paraben compounds and their association with sociodemographic factors. This was the first study reporting the urinary parabens level in Iranian adolescents, and the data can be used as a basis for assessing the risk of exposure to parabens in the Iranian population in future studies.

Urinary paraben concentrations and their implications for human exposure in Iranian pregnant women

Parabens are widely used as preservatives in cosmetics, medicines, and foods due to its antimicrobial properties. Concerns have been raised regarding the estrogenic activity and potential endocrine disruption effects of parabens. Studies on monitoring of paraben exposure in the Iranian population are very scarce. This study was carried out to measure urinary concentrations of parabens, to estimate their daily intake, and to identify some of the sociodemographic factors affecting exposure to these compounds. The concentrations of methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP) were measured in urine samples collected from 95 Iranian pregnant women by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The highest median concentration was 87.0 μg/L for MP, followed by PP, EP, and BP with median concentrations of 15.6, 9.64, and 8.57 μg/L, respectively. Except BP, the urinary concentrations of other parabens were comparable to those in other countries. Also, the highest daily intake was related to MP (median = 16.5 μg/kg-BW/day), which is less than the acceptable daily intake (ADI). A significant positive correlation was observed between the measured parabens. Significant negative associations were observed between age and BP, BMI and EP as well as parity and PP. On the other hand, income and smoking were significantly positively associated with MP, BP and EP, BP, respectively. The urinary MP and BP concentrations were higher among the subjects with diploma education (P = 0.003 and P = 0.006, respectively), and during the spring, urinary MP concentration was higher than other seasons. The results showed that Iranian pregnant women are more prone to parabens and their urinary paraben concentrations are associated with sociodemographic factors. This result could serve as a basis for evaluating the rate of exposure of the Iranian population to parabens in future studies.

An environmentally friendly strategy for determining organic ultraviolet filters in seawater using liquid-phase microextraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Benzophenone-3, benzophenone-8, and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor are used in sunscreens because they can protect the skin from UV radiation. The widespread use of organic UV filters may mean that they directly or indirectly enter seawater during recreational activities or through sewage discharge. In this study, a simple and efficient method using 1-octanol:isooctane (2:8, v/v) as an extraction solvent and liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was developed to measure trace levels of organic UV filters in seawater samples. This proposed method proved to be a highly sensitive, low-cost, and green analytical tool that requires minimal sample preparation. The method was validated and it exhibited favorable performance as well as acceptable accuracy (67 to 115%), precision (2.1 to 7.3%), coefficients of determination (0.9952 < R² < 0.9987), sensitivity (limits of quantification [3.3 to 5.7 ng L^-1]), and an acceptable matrix effect (87 to 99%). This methodology was successfully applied to analyze seawater taken from Kenting National Park located in the Hengchun Peninsula of southern Taiwan. Benzophenone-3 was detected at all sampling sites and at a higher concentration than the other organic UV filters. The highest concentration of benzophenone-3 was 514.6 ng L^-1 in a sample collected from Baisha Beach.

Magnetic Graphene Oxide Composite for the Microextraction and Determination of Benzophenones in Water Samples

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) functionalized with graphene oxide (GO) have been synthesized through a silanization process of the magnetic nanoparticles with tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and further coupling of GO. The synthesized nanomaterials have been characterized by several techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and infrared and Raman spectroscopy, which enabled the evaluation of the different steps of the functionalization process. The hybrid nanomaterial has been employed for the extraction of five benzophenones (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-3, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, benzophenone-6 and benzophenone-8) in aqueous samples by dispersive micro-solid phase extraction, combining the magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles with the excellent sorption capacity of graphene oxide via hydrophobic interactions with the analytes. The subsequent separation and quantification of the analytes was performed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection, achieving limits of detection (LODs) in the range 2.5 to 8.2 μg·L^-1, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.3-9.8% and relative recovering in the range 86 to 105%. Positive swimming pool water samples analysed following the developed method revealed the presence of benzophenones in from 14.3 to 39 μg·L^-1.

Highly Sensitive Determination of Bisphenol A in Bottled Water Samples by HPLC after Its Extraction by a Novel Th-MOF Pipette-Tip Micro-SPE

In this study, a novel thorium metal organic framework was synthesized, characterized and used as a sorbent for very efficient pipette tip micro solid-phase extraction of bisphenol A in bottled drinking water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography as detecting instrument. Parameters which influence extraction efficiency such as pH, sample volume, amount of sorbent, type and volume of eluent, number of aspirating and dispensing cycles for extraction and elution, and volume of the sample solution were studied and optimized. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 0.002–0.456 ng mL−1 (r2 = 0.996) with a detection limit of 0.0010 ng mL−1. Repeatability of batch-to-batch extraction was better than 5.0% and a reproducibility of 3.2% for real samples obtained.

Exposure assessment to parabens, bisphenol A and perfluoroalkyl compounds in children, women and men by hair analysis

Population is continuously exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds present in everyday products such as parabens, bisphenol A (BPA), and perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs). The aims of this study were, first, to evaluate human exposure to three parabens (methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP) and propylparaben (PrP)), BPA and six PFCs (perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)) through the analysis of hair samples from children, women and men and, then, to evaluate possible relationships between pollutant concentration in hair and age, gender, smoking and dyeing habits or hair colour. Hair samples were collected from 42 volunteers from Seville (Spain) (10 children, 16 women and 16 men). Six of the monitored pollutants (MeP, EtP, PrP, BPA, PFHpA and PFOS) were detected in at least 76% of the samples analysed. The highest concentrations and frequency of detection (100% of the samples) corresponded to MeP and PrP (up to 14,187 and 9009 ng/g, respectively). BPA was found in 83% of the samples at concentrations in the range from 24 to 1427 ng/g whereas PFCs were detected at concentrations in the range from 0.6 to 15.5 ng/g, being PFHpA and PFOS the ones most frequently detected (86% and 76%, respectively). Concentrations of BPA and parabens in adults were statistically higher than those in children. The results of this study reveal the suitability of hair for biomonitoring endocrine disrupting compounds of high concern (PFCs, parabens and BPA) to which population is internally or/and externally but continuously exposed.

Quantification of prominent organic UV filters and their metabolites in human urine and plasma samples

Monitoring human exposure to chemical UV filters is essential for an accurate assessment of the health risk caused by the resorbed compounds. We developed different procedures for the determination of the prominent UV filters octocrylene (OC), avobenzone (AVO) and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) as well as for two OC and EHS metabolites in human urine and OC, AVO and 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylic acid (CDAA) in plasma samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Since the development of a multi-method for all analytes proved to be difficult, three different procedures were established for the determination of AVO, OC and its metabolite CDAA in urine and plasma as well as for EHS and its metabolite 5-hydroxy-EHS in urine. The methods have been validated with good sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The procedures were satisfactorily applied to the determination of the target compounds in human samples collected from volunteers after sunscreen application. These new analytical procedures can provide information on the internal exposure to the UV filters OC, AVO and EHS, which has been little studied.

Organic UV filters in indoor dust and human urine: A study of characteristics, sources, associations and human exposure

Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are emerging contaminants that may pose health risks to humans. We measured the concentrations of four commonly used organic UV filters (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), homosalate (HMS), and octocrylene (OC)) in 203 indoor dust samples and 98 human urine samples from households in eastern China. The total concentrations of the four organic UV filters ranged from 66.6-56,123.0 ng g^-1 in indoor dust and 1.17-52.15 μg g^-1 (creatinine-adjusted concentration (Cr)) in urine. BP-3 was the most abundant organic UV filter in the urine samples (median concentration: 1.89 μg g^-1 Cr), while OC was the most abundant in the indoor dust samples (median concentration: 325.7 ng g^-1). No significant correlations were found between organic UV filter concentrations in paired urine and dust samples, but the concentrations of UV filters in the indoor dust samples were positively correlated with family income and sunscreen use. The sources of the organic UV filters in the indoor dust samples differed based on the geographical location of the tested household. The fraction of human exposure to organic UV filters that resulted from ingestion or dermal absorption of indoor dust was close to 8%.

Survey of selected personal care products in surface water of coral reefs in Kenting National Park, Taiwan

Kenting National Park (KNP) located in the Hengchun Peninsula in southern Taiwan is a popular tourist spot, annually attracting millions of visitors, who engage in water sport and amusement activities. In this region, sewage is directly discharged into the marine environment. In this study, the concentrations of five organic UV filters [benzophenone (BP), 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone (BP-1), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (BP-3), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (BP-8), and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor], five preservatives [methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben, propylparaben (PrP), butylparaben, and benzylparaben], one disinfectant [triclosan (TCS)], and twenty-four detergent derivatives [nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP2EO-NP12EO), octylphenol (OP) and octylphenol ethoxylates OP2EO-OP12EO] were detected in seawater and river water samples collected from eight beaches in KNP and two major river estuaries in the Hengchun Peninsula. BP-3 was detected at all sampling sites and was higher in concentration than the other organic UV filters. The highest concentration of BP-3 was 1233 ng/L collected from Wanlitong Beach. MeP and PrP were the main preservative components in seawater. The highest total content of preservative agents was 164 ng/L collected from Houwan Beach. Moreover, NP was detected at all sampling sites, with the highest concentration found at Sail Rock Beach (26.5 ng/L). The highest concentration of OP was 113 ng/L in the Boli River estuary. The widespread use of personal care products (PCPs) has resulted in the release of their major ingredients into natural ecosystems. Therefore, the potential long-term effects of multi-PCPs at low concentration exposure to on the coral reef ecosystem in KNP must be considered and monitored.

Cosmetics Preservation: A Review on Present Strategies

Cosmetics, like any product containing water and organic/inorganic compounds, require preservation against microbial contamination to guarantee consumer’s safety and to increase their shelf-life. The microbiological safety has as main goal of consumer protection against potentially pathogenic microorganisms, together with the product’s preservation resulting from biological and physicochemical deterioration. This is ensured by chemical, physical, or physicochemical strategies. The most common strategy is based on the application of antimicrobial agents, either by using synthetic or natural compounds, or even multifunctional ingredients. Current validation of a preservation system follow the application of good manufacturing practices (GMPs), the control of the raw material, and the verification of the preservative effect by suitable methodologies, including the challenge test. Among the preservatives described in the positive lists of regulations, there are parabens, isothiasolinone, organic acids, formaldehyde releasers, triclosan, and chlorhexidine. These chemical agents have different mechanisms of antimicrobial action, depending on their chemical structure and functional group’s reactivity. Preservatives act on several cell targets; however, they might present toxic effects to the consumer. Indeed, their use at high concentrations is more effective from the preservation viewpoint being, however, toxic for the consumer, whereas at low concentrations microbial resistance can develop.

Magnetic solid-phase extraction for the analysis of bisphenol A, naproxen and triclosan in wastewater samples

Magnetic Fe₃O₄ graphene oxide nanocomposite was synthesized by chemical coprecipitation method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction. A simple, rapid, convenient and environmentally friendly method was developed for separation and pre-concentration of trace amounts of bisphenol A, naproxen and triclosan in wastewater samples by high performance liquid chromatography with magnetic Fe₃O₄ graphene oxide nanocomposite as the adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction. Various parameters possibly influencing the extraction performance such as amount of the adsorbent, extraction time, sample pH and elution conditions were optimized. Under the optimal working conditions, the developed method showed good linearity (R > 0.9997) in the range of 1-200 μg/L, and the limits of detection are between 0.5 and 0.8 μg/L. The enrichment factors are in the range of 81-89. The repeatability of the method, expressed as relative standard deviation, is 3.36-4.26%.

A fast and simple air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction procedure for the simultaneous determination of bisphenols, parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The increasing awareness and public concern with hazard exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals calls for methods capable to handle numerous samples in short analysis time. In this present study, a novel method combining air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed and validated for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of 7 bisphenols (bisphenol A, bisphenol S, bisphenol AP, bisphenol P, bisphenol F, bisphenol AF, bisphenol Z), 7 parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, benzyl-paraben, methyl-protocatechuic acid, and ethyl-protocatechuic acid), 5 benzophenones (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, benzophenone-8, and 4-hydroxybenzophenone), and two antimicrobials (triclosan and triclocarban) in human urine samples. Type and volume of solvent, extraction time (cycles), pH sample, ionic strength, agitation, and needle dimensions were evaluated. The matrix-matched calibration curves of all analytes were linear with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 in the range level of 1.0-20.0 ng mL^-1. The relative standard deviation, precision, at three concentrations (1.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ng mL^-1) was lower than 15% with accuracy ranging from 90% to 114%. The biomonitoring capability of the new proposed method was confirmed with the analysis of 50 human urine samples randomly collected from Brazilian children. High urinary concentrations of several EDCs associated with usage of personal care products were found.

A review of nanoscale LC-ESI for metabolomics and its potential to enhance the metabolome coverage

Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) platforms are widely used to perform high throughput untargeted profiling of biological samples for metabolomics-based approaches. However, these LC-ESI platforms usually favour the detection of metabolites present at relatively high concentrations because of analytical limitations such as ion suppression, thus reducing overall sensitivity. To counter this issue of sensitivity, the latest in terms of analytical platforms can be adopted to enable a greater portion of the metabolome to be analysed in a single analytical run. Here, nanoflow liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation (nLC-nESI), which has previously been utilised successfully in proteomics, is explored for use in metabolomic and exposomic research. As a discovery based field, the markedly increased sensitivity of these nLC-nESI platforms offer the potential to uncover the roles played by low abundant signalling metabolites (e.g. steroids, eicosanoids) in health and disease studies, and would also enable an improvement in the detection of xenobiotics present at trace levels in biological matrices to better characterise the chemical exposome. This review aims to give an insight into the advantages associated with nLC-nESI for metabolomics-based approaches. Initially we detail the source of improved sensitivity prior to reviewing the available approaches to achieving nanoflow rates and nanospray ionisation for metabolomics. The robustness of nLC-nESI platforms was then assessed using the literature available from a metabolomic viewpoint. We also discuss the challenging point of sample preparation which needs to be addressed to fully enjoy the benefits of these nLC-nESI platforms. Finally, we assess metabolomic analysis utilising nano scale platforms and look ahead to the future of metabolomics using these new highly sensitive platforms.

Assumed non-persistent environmental chemicals in human adipose tissue; matrix stability and correlation with levels measured in urine and serum

The aim of this study was to (1) optimize a method for the measurement of parabens and phenols in adipose tissue, (2) evaluate the stability of chemical residues in adipose tissue samples, and (3) study correlations of these compounds in urine, serum, and adipose tissue. Samples were obtained from adults undergoing trauma surgery. Nine phenols and seven parabens were determined by isotope diluted TurboFlow-LC-MS/MS. The analytical method showed good accuracy and precision. Limits of detection (LOD) for parabens and phenols ranged from 0.05 to 1.83ng/g tissue. Good recovery rates were found, even when biological samples remained defrosted up to 24h. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3; range of values: <LOD-1.48ng/g tissue) and methylparaben (MeP; <LOD-1.78ng/g tissue) were detected in >70% of adipose tissue samples, while bisphenol-A (BPA; <LOD-3.28ng/g tissue) and 2-phenylphenol (2-PP; <LOD-0.78ng/g tissue) were detected in >40% of adipose tissue samples. In general, levels were similar between adipose tissue and serum, while a correlation between adipose tissue and urine was only found for BP-3. In conclusion, adipose tissue samples in this study were found to contain environmental chemicals considered to be non-persistent, whose levels were weakly or not at all correlated with the urine burden. Therefore, adipose tissue may potentially provide additional information to that obtained from other biological matrices. Further investigations are warranted to explore whether adipose tissue might be a suitable matrix for assessment of the consequences for human health of mid/long-term exposure to these chemicals.