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Ostadgholami M, Zeeb M, Amirahmadi M, Daraei B. Multivariate Optimization and Validation of a Modified QuEChERS Method for Determination of PAHs and PCBs in Grilled Meat by GC-MS. Foods 2023; 13:143. [PMID: 38201171 PMCID: PMC10779142 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are recognized as carcinogens and mutagenic food contaminants that threaten public health. As for food safety aspects, control of these contaminants in processed and fatty food is necessary. In this study, eleven factors were screened by the Plackett-Burman design, and four variables were chosen to optimize with the central composite design (CCD) for the improvement of extraction and cleanup procedures of these food contaminants. The optimized variables include 5 g of sample, 2 mL mixture of 2/2/1 ethyl acetate/acetone/isooctane, 1.6 g of ammonium formate, 0.9 g of sodium chloride, and 0.25 g of sorbent Z-Sep+. A 5 min cleanup vortex time with the spike calibration curve strategy, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), led to the validated limits of quantification (LOQs) for 16 PAHs and 36 PCBs of 0.5-2 and 0.5-1 ng/g, respectively, and recoveries of 72-120%, with an average relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 17, for PAHs, and 80-120%, with an %RSD of 3, for PCBs. The method introduces excellent accuracy, precision, and efficiency, and minimizes matrix effects, and ensures a control procedure, adopted with international standards, for food authorities to determine the contaminants of interest in processed meat, and consequently, prevent food-borne disease to improve public health indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ostadgholami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1777613651, Iran; (M.O.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mohsen Zeeb
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1777613651, Iran; (M.O.); (M.Z.)
| | - Maryam Amirahmadi
- Food and Drug Reference Control Laboratory (FDRCL), Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran 1113615911, Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center (FDLRC), Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran 1113615911, Iran
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996835113, Iran
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2
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Chu H, Jo J, Son Y, Lee JY, Ahn YG. Developing an Improved Strategy for the Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Furans and Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Contaminated Soils Using a Combination of a One-Step Cleanup Method and Gas Chromatography with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. TOXICS 2023; 11:738. [PMID: 37755748 PMCID: PMC10536111 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Soils contaminated with polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like (dl) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have garnered global attention because of their toxicity and persistence in the environment. The standard method for target analytes has been used; however, it is an obstacle in large-scale sample analysis due to the comprehensive sample preparation and high-cost instrumental analysis. Thus, analytical development of inexpensive methods with lower barriers to determine PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs in soil is needed. In this study, a one-step cleanup method was developed and validated by combining a multilayer silica gel column and Florisil micro-column followed by gas chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS). To optimize the separation and quantification of 17 PCDDs/Fs and 12 dl-PCBs in soils, the sample cleanup and instrumental conditions were investigated. For quantification method validation, spiking experiments were conducted to determine the linearity of the calibration, recovery, and method detection limit of PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs using isotopic dilution GC-QqQ-MS/MS. The applicability of the simultaneous determination of PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs was confirmed by the recovery of native target congeners and labeled surrogate congeners spiked into the quality-control and actual soil samples. The results were in good agreement with the requirements imposed by standard methods. The findings in this work demonstrated the high accessibility of the sample cleanup and analysis methods for the efficient determination of PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haena Chu
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jungmin Jo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (J.J.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (J.J.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea;
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3
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Diallo T, Leleu J, Parinet J, Guérin T, Thomas H, Lerebours A. Approaches to determine pesticides in marine bivalves. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04709-4. [PMID: 37127735 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to agricultural runoff, pesticides end up in aquatic ecosystems and some accumulate in marine bivalves. As filter feeders, bivalves can accumulate high concentrations of chemicals in their tissue representing a potential risk to the health of human and aquatic ecosystems. So far, most of the studies dealing with pesticide contamination in marine bivalves, for example, in the French Atlantic and English Channel coasts, have focused on the old generation of pesticides. Only a few investigated the newly emerging pesticides partly due to methodological challenges. A better understanding of the most sensitive and reliable methods is thus essential for accurately determining a wide variety of environmentally relevant pesticides in marine bivalves. The review highlighted the use of more environmentally friendly and efficient materials such as sorbents and the "quick easy cheap effective rugged safe" extraction procedure to extract pesticides from bivalve matrices, as they appeared to be the most efficient while being the safest. Moreover, this method combined with the high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) technique offers promising perspectives by highlighting a wide range of pesticides including those that are not usually sought. Finally, recent developments in the field of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to MS, such as two-dimensional chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry, will improve the analysis of pesticides in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierno Diallo
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042, La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Julia Leleu
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julien Parinet
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thierry Guérin
- ANSES, Strategy and Programmes Department, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hélène Thomas
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042, La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Adélaïde Lerebours
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042, La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
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4
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Sicupira LC, Freitas LVP, de Pinho GP, Silvério FO. Simultaneous Determination of a Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin and Dibenzo-p-Furan in Environmental Water by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) and a Modified QuEChERS Procedure with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2166521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro C. Sicupira
- Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas V. P. Freitas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gevany P. de Pinho
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flaviano O. Silvério
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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5
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Pedersen AF, Dietz R, Sonne C, Liu L, Rosing-Asvid A, McKinney MA. Development and validation of a modified QuEChERS method for extracting polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides from marine mammal blubber. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137245. [PMID: 36395894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blubber of key sentinel marine mammal species has been conducted using established techniques for decades. Although these methods for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and organochlorine (OC) pesticide determination provide accurate and reproducible results, they possess some drawbacks in terms of cost, time, and a need for large volumes of toxic solvents. QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extractions may help address these issues, but have not been applied to marine mammal blubber/adipose. As such, our aim was to develop, validate, and apply a QuEChERS method for the extraction of PCB and OC contaminants in marine mammal blubber. First, we tested multiple solid-phase extraction and clean-up steps to find the approach that provided the cleanest extracts along with consistent and acceptable analyte recovery, accuracy, and precision. QuEChERS extractions followed by two enhanced matrix removal-lipid (EMR-lipid), one primary-secondary amine (PSA), and one silica gel clean-up showed the highest matrix removal and acceptable recoveries of spiked internal (62-97%) and external standards (61-94%). Solvent usage was reduced by ∼393% and extraction time was reduced by ∼25% (from 16 to 12 h). Next, the method was validated using standard reference material (SRM) NIST 1945. Recovery experiments on SRM (n = 5) showed acceptable recovery for 76% and 77% of PCBs and OC pesticides, respectively, and high precision for 73% and 69% of PCBs and OCs, respectively. Finally, the method was used on a set of southeast Greenland killer whales (n = 13), with previously published PCB and OC data. Bland-Altman plots indicated good agreement between QuEChERS and current-use methods for ΣPCBs and some OCs with no significant constant or proportional bias. These results demonstrate that this QuEChERS extraction method represents an effective, lower cost alternative to current-use extractions for PCBs and OCs in blubber, and likely other high-lipid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Pedersen
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | | | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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6
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Zhao W, Cui N, Huang Y, Wang Z, Wang P, Liang H, Wang R, Su X. Development of an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Animal-Derived Food. Molecules 2022; 27:7247. [PMID: 36364074 PMCID: PMC9656064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are a group of metabolites biotransformed from polychlorinated biphenyls by animals with higher toxicities than their parent compounds. The present work developed and validated an analytical method for determinating penta-, hexa-, and hepta-chlorine substituted OH-PCBs in animal-derived food based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with isotope-dilution. The target analytes were extracted with a 50% n-hexane/dichloromethane (v/v), purified by sulfuric acid-silica gel, and separated by 5% hydrated silica gel, achieving a final concentration of 100 times before injection to LC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for target OH-PCBs were within the ranges of 0.003-0.010 μg/kg and 0.009-0.030 μg/kg, respectively. Average recoveries ranged between 76.7% and 116.5%, with relative standard deviations of less than 18.4%. The proposed method is simple, time-saving, sensitive, and accurate, making it a powerful tool for risk monitoring of OH-PCBs in animal-derived food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Cui
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haijun Liang
- CHINA FEED Magazine Agency, Beijing 100710, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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7
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Optimizing the Extraction and Clean-up Step for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Malt Using HPLC-FLD. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Comparison of PSA to Moringa Oleifera Seed Protein as Sorbent in QuEChERS: A Response Surface Methodology Optimization for Extraction of Some Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Food. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7161318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed at optimizing the QuEChERS method with PSA and then comparing it with Moringa Oleifera seed protein as a clean-up sorbent for the extraction of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The response surface methodology approach was used in the optimization. A design of experiment (DoE) was used to investigate the effect of the sample mass (0.5–3 g), centrifuge speed (3400–4000 rpm) and time (5–20 min), the mass of
and
, and solvent extraction volume (5–10 mL). The analysis was done using GC-ECD and GC × GC TOFMS. The PSA method which was later replaced with Moringa Oleifera seed protein presented optimal values of 3 g of sample, 150 mg PSA, 4000 rpm for 6 min centrifuge conditions, including 2 g NaCl and 2 g
extracted in 10 mL methanol, respectively. Moringa Oleifera seed protein gave better selectivity, and the detection limits ranged between 0.16 and 1.77
with RSD values
respectively. Moreover, recoveries were between 76.2
0.85% and 105.2
2.24%. Application of the developed method in food samples detected some EDCs. This study has shown that Moringa Oleifera seed protein is a promising alternative to PSA in the clean-up of food-related samples using the QuEChERS approach.
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9
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Disasters with oil spills in the oceans: Impacts on food safety and analytical control methods. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Metcalfe CD, Bayen S, Desrosiers M, Muñoz G, Sauvé S, Yargeau V. Methods for the analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals in selected environmental matrixes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112616. [PMID: 34953884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are heterogenous in structure, chemical and physical properties, and their capacity to partition into various environmental matrixes. In many cases, these chemicals can disrupt the endocrine systems of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms when present at very low concentrations. Therefore, sensitive and varied analytical methods are required to detect these compounds in the environment. This review summarizes the analytical methods and instruments that are most used to monitor for EDCs in selected environmental matrixes. Only those matrixes for which there is a clear link between exposures and endocrine effects are included in this review. Also discussed are emerging methods for sample preparation and advanced analytical instruments that provide greater selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Bayen
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Desrosiers
- Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte Contre les Changements Climatiques du Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - G Muñoz
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - S Sauvé
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - V Yargeau
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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11
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Determination of 3-nitrobenzanthrone, its metabolites, and 41 polycyclic aromatic compounds (16 PAHs, 19 nitro-PAHs, and 6 oxy-PAHs) in ascidians (Phallusia nigra). Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Drábová L, Dvořáková D, Urbancová K, Gramblička T, Hajšlová J, Pulkrabová J. Critical Assessment of Clean-Up Techniques Employed in Simultaneous Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fatty Samples. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10010012. [PMID: 35051054 PMCID: PMC8781265 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Interference of residual lipids is a very common problem in ultratrace analysis of contaminants in fatty matrices. Therefore, quick and effective clean-up techniques applicable to multiple groups of analytes are much needed. Cartridge and dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE and dSPE) are often used for this purpose. In this context, we evaluated the lipid clean-up efficiency and performance of four commonly used sorbents—silica, C18, Z-Sep, and EMR-lipid—for the determination of organic pollutants in fatty fish samples (10%) extracted using ethyl acetate or the QuEChERS method. Namely, 17 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 13 brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 19 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in this study. The clean-up efficiency was evaluated by direct analysis in real time coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS). The triacylglycerols (TAGs) content in the purified extracts were significantly reduced. The EMR-lipid sorbent was the most efficient of the dSPE sorbents used for the determination of POPs and PAHs in this study. The recoveries of the POPs and PAHs obtained by the validated QuEChERS method followed by the dSPE EMR-lipid sorbent ranged between 59 and 120%, with repeatabilities ranging between 2 and 23% and LOQs ranging between 0.02 and 1.50 µg·kg−1.
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13
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Samara F, Alam IA, Yaghmour F. Combined d-SPE-QuECHERS-Cold Bath Extraction and GC/MS for the Determination of 24 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Stranded Green Sea Turtles, Chelonia Mydas (Linnaeus, 1758). Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1887297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Samara
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Isra Arshad Alam
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fadi Yaghmour
- (Scientific Research Department), Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Hefaiyah Mountain Conservation Centre, Kalba, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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14
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Souza MCO, Rocha BA, Souza JMO, Jacinto Souza JC, Barbosa F. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Brazilian food of animal origin and estimation of human dietary exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112040. [PMID: 33561517 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants, commonly used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. In the last years, the concentration of PBDEs is increasing in the environment, turning human exposure more common. Since the diet is the primary source of human exposure, several surveys evaluate the levels of PBDEs in foods to estimate the dietary intake and the hazard index (HI). However, this data is limited in Brazil. Thus, this study aims to determine the level of seven PBDE congeners (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) in Brazilian food of animal origin. The total concentration of PBDE (∑PBDE) determined in the food samples were 2.29 (0.92-4.85) ng/g wet weight (ww), 1.98 (1.23-3.12) ng/g ww, 1.91 (1.23-3.12) ng/g ww, and 4.42 (1.26-8.42) ng/g ww in eggs, fish, seafood, and milk, respectively. BDE-47 was the most abundant compound. Based on consumer habits and the found levels of PBDEs in Brazilian food, we estimated the daily intake of ∑PBDEs as 3.25 (0.02-2.19) ng/kg bw per day. Surprisingly, the PBDE levels in milk samples were higher than those found in reported studies in other countries, and the consumption of milk products give a higher relative contribution to PBDEs exposure. The HI was <1. A complete risk assessment of the human exposure to PBDEs most likely could be evaluated considering all commercial PBDEs congeners and other exposure sources of these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- ASTox - Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maria Oliveira Souza
- ASTox - Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Jacinto Souza
- ASTox - Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- ASTox - Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
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15
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Śmiełowska M, Zabiegała B. Current trends in analytical strategies for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples with different matrix compositions – Part 1.: Screening of new developments in sample preparation. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Determination of Hexabromocyclododecanes in Fish Using Modified QuEChERS Method with Efficient Extract Clean-Up Prior to Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation method coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was proposed for the determination of α-, β-, and γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in whole-fish homogenate samples. The main modification of the QuEChERS method concerned a clean-up step in which the combination of pH-tuned dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) with 18.4 M H2SO4 digestion allowed to successfully eliminate the matrix substances from the final extract. For the target HBCDs, good response linearity was obtained with coefficients of determination (R2) >0.998 for the concentration range corresponding to 0.1–50 ng of analyte per g of sample. Limits of quantifications (LOQs) were 0.15–0.25 ng g−1 ww (wet weight), and the recoveries from samples spiked at levels of 0.5 and 5 ng g−1 ranged from 89% to 102% with relative standard deviations <7.5%. The accuracy of the method was verified by analysis of the NIST standard reference material SRM 1947, and a good agreement (90%) was obtained with the certified value for the α-HBCD present in the sample. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of 293 fish samples collected in water bodies from all over Slovakia, in which the highest concentrations were determined for α-HBCD with the maximum value of 31 ng g−1 ww.
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Al-Alam J, Baroudi F, Chbani A, Fajloun Z, Millet M. A multiresidue method for the analysis of pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls in snails used as environmental biomonitors. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461006. [PMID: 32156459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports an optimized multiresidue extraction strategy based on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction procedure and on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the simultaneous screening of 120 pesticides, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 22 polychlorinated biphenyls from the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa. The optimized extraction method was based on QuEChERS using acetonitrile, followed by dispersive-Solid-phase extraction clean-up using primary secondary amine and octadecyl (C18) sorbents. The obtained extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This latest technique was preceded by a pre-concentration step using SPME with appropriate fibers. Afterwards, the method was validated for its linearity, sensitivity, recovery, and precision. Results showed high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision, with limits of detection and quantification lower than 20 ng g - 1 for most considered pollutants. Both inter and intra-day analyses revealed low relative standard deviation (%), which was lower than 20% for most targeted compounds. Moreover, the obtained regression coefficient (R2) was higher than 0.98 and the recoveries were higher than 60% for the majority of the assessed pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Al-Alam
- Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, El Mittein Street, Tripoli, Lebanon; Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health ICPEES UMR 7515 Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Lebanese American University, School of Engineering, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Firas Baroudi
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health ICPEES UMR 7515 Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Asma Chbani
- Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, El Mittein Street, Tripoli, Lebanon; Faculty of Public Health III, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, El Mittein Street, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Michel Slayman Tripoli Campus, Ras Maska 1352, Lebanon
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health ICPEES UMR 7515 Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in tea using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry combined with dispersive solid phase extraction. Food Chem 2020; 316:126290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pourchet M, Debrauwer L, Klanova J, Price EJ, Covaci A, Caballero-Casero N, Oberacher H, Lamoree M, Damont A, Fenaille F, Vlaanderen J, Meijer J, Krauss M, Sarigiannis D, Barouki R, Le Bizec B, Antignac JP. Suspect and non-targeted screening of chemicals of emerging concern for human biomonitoring, environmental health studies and support to risk assessment: From promises to challenges and harmonisation issues. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105545. [PMID: 32361063 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale suspect and non-targeted screening approaches based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are today available for chemical profiling and holistic characterisation of biological samples. These advanced techniques allow the simultaneous detection of a large number of chemical features, including markers of human chemical exposure. Such markers are of interest for biomonitoring, environmental health studies and support to risk assessment. Furthermore, these screening approaches have the promising capability to detect chemicals of emerging concern (CECs), document the extent of human chemical exposure, generate new research hypotheses and provide early warning support to policy. Whilst of growing importance in the environment and food safety areas, respectively, CECs remain poorly addressed in the field of human biomonitoring. This shortfall is due to several scientific and methodological reasons, including a global lack of harmonisation. In this context, the main aim of this paper is to present an overview of the basic principles, promises and challenges of suspect and non-targeted screening approaches applied to human samples as this specific field introduce major specificities compared to other fields. Focused on liquid chromatography coupled to HRMS-based data acquisition methods, this overview addresses all steps of these new analytical workflows. Beyond this general picture, the main activities carried out on this topic within the particular framework of the European Human Biomonitoring initiative (project HBM4EU, 2017-2021) are described, with an emphasis on harmonisation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- TOXALIM (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, Paul Sabatier University, 31027 Toulouse, France; Metatoul-AXIOM Platform, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics: MetaboHUB, Toxalim, INRAE, F-31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Jana Klanova
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elliott J Price
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Department Environment & Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelaure Damont
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Meijer
- Vrije Universiteit, Department Environment & Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Robert Barouki
- Unité UMR-S 1124 Inserm-Université Paris Descartes "Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire", Paris, France
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Validation of QuEChERS for screening of 4 marker polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish and malt. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Liu Q, Tang J, Chen D, Zhou Y, Lin Q, Ma X, Zhang M, Hu H. [Hmim]PF6 enhanced the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil with the QuEChERS method. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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22
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Zhang C, Deng Y, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Yang L, Liao C, Su L, Zhou Y, Gong D, Chen L, Luo A. The application of the QuEChERS methodology in the determination of antibiotics in food: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Pastor-Belda M, Campillo N, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Torres C, Pérez-Cárceles MD, Hernández-Córdoba M, Viñas P. Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Forensic Assessment Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1680-1688. [PMID: 31304742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered xenobiotics of a potentially carcinogenic nature, being accumulated in the fatty tissue of the body. The objective of this work was the development and validation of a new analytical method to check the bioaccumulation of these toxic compounds in human organs obtained from autopsies. The contaminants were first isolated from the tissues by salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction in acetonitrile. Because of the low concentrations of these compounds in the human body, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was included. The preconcentrated samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the compounds. Principal component analysis was applied to show the natural clustering of forensic samples and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis to develop a multivariate regression method, which permitted the classification of samples. The quantification limits for the 13 PAHs (acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) analyzed were in the 0.06-0.44 ng g-1 range, depending on the compound, while the mean intraday relative standard deviation of about 7% demonstrated the high precision of the method. Linearity was verified in the 0.5-200 ng g-1 range, and the enrichment factors were between 55 and 122. The results provided by the analysis of seven different human organs (brain, liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen, and abdominal fat) from eight autopsies confirmed the PAH-bioaccumulation capacity of human body, fat showing the highest degree of bioaccumulation. The present work is the first study on PAH contamination in different organs obtained from autopsies, being PAH detected in most human samples at values ranged from 0 to 19 ng g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pastor-Belda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , University of Murcia , E-30100 Murcia , Spain
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , University of Murcia , E-30100 Murcia , Spain
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , University of Murcia , E-30100 Murcia , Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca) , University of Murcia , 30120 Murcia , Spain
| | - María Dolores Pérez-Cárceles
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca) , University of Murcia , 30120 Murcia , Spain
| | - Manuel Hernández-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , University of Murcia , E-30100 Murcia , Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , University of Murcia , E-30100 Murcia , Spain
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Zhao ZY, Qin L, Huang XH, Zhang YY, Du M, Xu XB, Zhou DY, Zhu BW. Coated direct inlet probe coupled with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry for fast quantitation of target analytes. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:20-29. [PMID: 30885403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The coated direct inlet probe (CDIP) is a new laboratory-made low-cost technology developed from a direct inlet probe (DIP), which has the advantage of quick enrichment/cleanup of an analyte from liquid samples. A capillary probe is coated with hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (OH-PDMS), divinylbenzene (DVB), and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) by a sol-gel method. This probe can be directly coupled with a commercialized atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source and high-resolution mass spectrometry, which are widely applicable, reliable, and durable. The ability to perform quantitative analyses with the use of a stable-isotope-labeled internal standard (SIL-IS) was tested by using different concentrations of acenaphthylene (ACY), acenaphthene (ACP), fluorene (FLR), fluoranthene (FLT), phenanthrene (PHE), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Calibration curves with a coefficient of determination of R2 ≥ 0.9982 for different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were obtained. A limit of detection (LOD) of 0.008-0.04 ng mL-1 for PAHs was determined. The entire workflow is solvent-free and can be completed in less than 5 min, which demonstrates the advantages of this technique for quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Lei Qin
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Xu-Hui Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Ming Du
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Xian-Bing Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Da-Yong Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Bei-Wei Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Liang X, Junaid M, Wang Z, Li T, Xu N. Spatiotemporal distribution, source apportionment and ecological risk assessment of PBDEs and PAHs in the Guanlan River from rapidly urbanizing areas of Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:695-707. [PMID: 31035152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nine congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and sixteen congeners of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in water samples to elucidate their spatial distribution, congener profiles, sources and ecological risks in the Guanlan River during both the dry season (DS) and the wet season (WS). The concentration of Σ9PBDE ranged from 58.40 to 186.35 ng/L with an average of 115.72 ng/L in the DS, and from 8.20 to 37.80 ng/L with an average of 22.15 ng/L in the WS. Meanwhile, the concentration of Σ16PAHs was ranged from 121.80 to 8371.70 ng/L with an average of 3271.18 ng/L in the DS and from 1.85 to 7124.25 ng/L with an average of 908.11 ng/L in the WS. The concentrations of PBDEs and PAHs in the DS were significantly higher than those in the WS, probably due to the dilution of the river during the rainy season. Moreover, the spatial distribution of pollutants revealed decreasing trend in the concentration from upstream to downstream and almost identical pattern was observed during both seasons. The source apportionment suggested that penta-BDE and to some extent octa-BDE commercial products were major sources of PBDEs in the study area. However, the sources of PAHs were mainly comprised of fossil fuels and biomass burning, followed by the petroleum products and their mixtures. The results of the ecological risk assessment indicated PBDEs contamination posed high ecological risks, while PAHs exhibited low or no ecological risks in the study area. Consistent with the environmental levels, the ecological risks of pollutants were relatively lower in the WS, compared to that in the DS. The results from this study would provide valuable baseline data and technical support for policy makers to protect the ecological environment of the Guanlan River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Liang
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhifen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tianhong Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet for Simultaneous Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fish. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Souza MCO, Rocha BA, Souza JMO, Berretta AA, Barbosa F. A Fast and Simple Procedure for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Determination in Egg Samples by Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Validation Including Uncertainty Estimation of a GC⁻MS/MS Method for Determination of Selected Halogenated Priority Substances in Fish Using Rapid and Efficient Lipid Removing Sample Preparation. Foods 2019; 8:foods8030101. [PMID: 30889899 PMCID: PMC6463197 DOI: 10.3390/foods8030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid method is proposed for the determination of selected H2SO4 stable organic compounds—eight organochlorines (OCs; hexachloro-1,3-butadiene, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane—HCH—isomers, heptachlor) and six polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154)—in fish samples. In the method, a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) sample preparation using pH-tuned dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and H2SO4 digestion fish extract clean-up is followed by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC–QqQ-MS/MS) analysis. The method was validated in terms of linearity, limits of the method, recovery, accuracy, analysis of standard reference material (NIST SRM 1946), and estimation of combined uncertainty of the measurement (top-down approach). For validation, chub composite samples were used, and subsequently, the method was successfully applied to analysis of real samples of eight fish species. Finally, the method passed the analytical Eco-Scale evaluation as “an acceptable green analysis method”, and showed its advantages (simplicity, rapidity, low cost, high extract clean-up efficiency, good sensitivity) when compared to other reported QuEChERS based methods.
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Perestrelo R, Silva P, Porto-Figueira P, Pereira JAM, Silva C, Medina S, Câmara JS. QuEChERS - Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1070:1-28. [PMID: 31103162 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method is a simple and straightforward extraction technique involving an initial partitioning followed by an extract clean-up using dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Originally, the QuEChERS approach was developed for recovering pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, but rapidly gained popularity in the comprehensive isolation of analytes from different matrices. According to PubMed, since its development in 2003 up to November 2018, about 1360 papers have been published reporting QuEChERS as extraction method. Several papers have reported different improvements and modifications to the original QuEChERS protocol to ensure more efficient extractions of pH-dependent analytes and to minimize the degradation of labile analytes. This analytical approach shows several advantages over traditional extraction techniques, requiring low sample and solvent volumes, as well as less time for sample preparation. Furthermore, most of the published studies show that the QuEChERS protocol provides higher recovery rate and a better analytical performance than conventional extraction procedures. This review proposes an updated overview of the most recent developments and applications of QuEChERS beyond its original application to pesticides, mycotoxins, veterinary drugs and pharmaceuticals, forensic analysis, drugs of abuse and environmental contaminants. Their pros and cons will be discussed, considering the factors influencing the extraction efficiency. Whenever possible, the performance of the QuEChERS is compared to other extraction approaches. In addition to the evolution of this technique, changes and improvements to the original method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sonia Medina
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
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Cruz R, Marques A, Casal S, Cunha SC. Fast and environmental-friendly methods for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their metabolites in fish tissues and feed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1503-1515. [PMID: 30235635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental-friendly, cost-effective and fast methods were developed and validated for the analysis of seven PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and eight methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) in three distinct seafood matrices (muscle, liver and plasma) and feed using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction approach for solid samples and a Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method (DLLME) for plasma. Instrumental analyses were performed with gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using electron impact source (GC-EI-MS/MS) and negative ion chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS) to assess BDE-209. Statistical validation showed recoveries for all target substances near 100% with average Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) lower than 9% and recovery standards higher than 65% (average RSD below 20%). Average calculated Method Detection Limits (MDLs) were lower than 65 pg·g-1 wet weight (WW) for muscle, 5.35 ng·g-1 WW for liver, 4.50 ng·g-1 WW for feed, and 0.60 ng·mL-1 for plasma samples. Quality assurance and quality control practices were comprehensively described. Methods scored high in an analytical Eco-scale, thus being classified as "an excellent green analysis". Finally, real seafood samples collected in local markets and local fishermen were analyzed. Positive samples presented both PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in safe amounts (0.28-125.80 ng·g-1 WW) for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Cruz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- IPMA, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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31
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Ma Z, Zhuang H. Biotin–streptavidin system-based real-time immuno-polymerase chain reaction for sensitive detection of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether in marine fish. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2018.1489374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huisheng Zhuang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Althakafy JT, Kulsing C, Grace MR, Marriott PJ. Determination of selected emerging contaminants in freshwater invertebrates using a universal extraction technique and liquid chromatography accurate mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3706-3715. [PMID: 30094966 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple sample preparation method based on a modified liquid-phase extraction approach to extract selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products from freshwater organisms is described. Extracted samples were analysed using liquid chromatography with Q-Exactive plus hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry, using 2.6 μm C18 media. A 0.1% v/v acetic acid/acetonitrile mobile phase was applied over a 20 min gradient. Method detection limits in full scan mode were ca. 0.04-2.38 ng of analyte per g of sample. Linearity ranged from 0.9750 to 0.9996 over the calibration range of 0.01-100 μg/L; MS mass accuracy was <2 ppm for most analytes. This method was applied to quantify six pharmaceuticals and personal care products in seven invertebrate samples. For tandem mass spectrometry analysis, selection of precursor ions was performed for each pharmaceutical, with Mass Frontier software illustrating the fragmentation mechanism. Effects of collision energy on intensities of ions was further investigated. The tandem mass spectrometry condition resulting in the highest signal of respective selected product ion was selected to confirm each pharmaceutical, which was initially observed in the full scan mode. Results indicate that pharmaceuticals and personal care products found to be present in water-ways, may be incorporated into organisms that live in the environment of affected water streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal T Althakafy
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chadin Kulsing
- Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Molecular Sensory Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael R Grace
- Water Studies Centre, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Discoursing on Soxhlet extraction of ginseng using association analysis and scanning electron microscopy. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:312-317. [PMID: 30345145 PMCID: PMC6190510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soxhlet extraction is a common method of sample preparation. However, there has been no discussion about the efficiency of Soxhlet extraction from different batches and the factors that cause content fluctuation. In this study, Panax ginseng was selected as a model sample. Soxhlet extraction by means of a water bath, which has always been neglected, was identified as a novel key factor in the poor repeatability in different batches of Soxhlet extraction, as it can affect the siphon times and reflux time, which have been positively correlated with the ginsenoside contents. By substituting round bottom flasks in the same column, the relative standard deviation of the most fluctuated compound, ginsenoside Rb1, was decreased from 24.6% to 5.02%. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the breakdown of the surface of the ginseng powder in the Soxhlet extraction led to a better dissolution of ginsenosides, indicating that chloroform may promote the extraction of ginsenosides by disrupting the cell structure. Moreover, 70% methanol was regarded as the better solvent for extracting the ginsenosides. Overall, this work offers a practical and effective protocol for improving the accuracy and repeatability of Soxhlet extraction methodology for ginsenosides and other analytes.
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Evariste L, David E, Cloutier PL, Brousseau P, Auffret M, Desrosiers M, Groleau PE, Fournier M, Betoulle S. Field biomonitoring using the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha and the quagga mussel Dreissena bugensis following immunotoxic reponses. Is there a need to separate the two species? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:706-716. [PMID: 29621730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha constitutes an extensively used sentinel species for biomonitoring in European and North American freshwater systems. However, this invasive species is gradually replaced in freshwater ecosystem by Dreissena bugensis, a closely related dreissenid species that shares common morphological characteristics but possess some physiological differences. However, few are known about differences on more integrated physiological processes that are generally used as biomarkers in biological monitoring studies. Declining of zebra mussel populations raises the question of the sustainability of using one or both species indifferently to maintain the quality of environmental pollution monitoring data. In our study, we performed a field comparative study measuring immune-related markers and bioaccumulation of PCBs, PAHs and PBDEs in sympatrically occurring mussel populations from three sites of the St. Lawrence River. For tested organisms, species were identified using RFLP analysis. Measurement of bioaccumulated organic compounds indicated a higher accumulation of PCBs and PBDEs in D. bugensis soft tissues compared to D. polymorpha while no differences were noticed for PAHs. Results of hemocytic parameters highlighted that differences of hemocyte distributions were associated to modulations of phagocytic activities. Moreover, marked differences occurred in measurement of hemocytic oxidative activity, indicating divergences between the two species for ROS regulation strategies. This physiological characteristic may deeply influence species responses facing environmental or pollution related stress and induce bias if the two species are not differentiated in further biomarker or bioaccumulation measurement-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauris Evariste
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-INERIS 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), Reims, France; INRS, Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Elise David
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-INERIS 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), Reims, France
| | - Pierre-Luc Cloutier
- INRS, Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada; Centre d'expertise en Analyse Environnementale du Québec, Ministère du Développement Durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte Contre les Changements Climatiques, 2700, Rue Einstein, Québec City, Québec, G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Pauline Brousseau
- INRS, Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Michel Auffret
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en Analyse Environnementale du Québec, Ministère du Développement Durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte Contre les Changements Climatiques, 2700, Rue Einstein, Québec City, Québec, G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Paule Emilie Groleau
- Centre d'expertise en Analyse Environnementale du Québec, Ministère du Développement Durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte Contre les Changements Climatiques, 850, Boulevard Vanier, Laval, QC, H7C 2M7, Canada
| | - Michel Fournier
- INRS, Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-INERIS 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), Reims, France
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Tölgyessy P, Nagyová S. Rapid Sample Preparation Method with High Lipid Removal Efficiency for Determination of Sulphuric Acid Stable Organic Compounds in Fish Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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36
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Roszko M, Kamińska M, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R. Dietary risk evaluation for 28 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tea preparations made of teas available on the Polish retail market. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:25-34. [PMID: 29040003 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1369323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess dietary risk resulting from consumption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with tea infusions. To this end, levels of 28 PAHs in black, green, red and white teas available on the Polish retail market have been assessed. Profiles and correlation between concentrations of individual PAHs have been identified. A model study on transfer of PAHs from tea leaves into tea preparations has been conducted. Relatively high concentrations of 28 evaluated PAHs have been found in 58 tested samples of black, green, red and white teas sampled on the Polish retail market. Total concentration ∑28PAH ranged from 57 to 696 µg kg-1 with mean 258 µg kg-1 (dry tea leaves). The most mature tea leaves fermented to a small degree contained relatively the highest PAH levels among all four tested tea types. Relatively low PAH transfer rates into tea infusions and limited volumes of the consumed tea keep the risks associated with PAH dietary intake at a safely low level. The worst-case scenario dietary intake values were 7.62/0.82/0.097 ng kg-1 b.w. day-1 (estimated on the basis of the maximum found concentrations 696/113/23 µg kg-1 and maximum observed transfer rates 24/16/9%) for ∑28PAH/∑PAH4/B[a]P, respectively. MOE values calculated using the above worst case estimates exceeded 700,000 and 400,000 (BMDL10 0.07 and 0.34 mg kg-1 b.w. day-1) for B[a]P and PAH4, respectively. Both B[a]P and PAH4 concentrations may be used as indicators of total PAH concentration in tea leaves; PAH4 slightly better fits low molecular weight PAHs. Several correlations between various PAHs/groups of PAHs have been identified, the strongest one (R2 = 0.92) between PAH4 and EU PAH 15+1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Roszko
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marta Kamińska
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw , Poland
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw , Poland
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw , Poland
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37
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Špánik I, Machyňáková A. Recent applications of gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:163-179. [PMID: 29111584 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical method that combines excellent separation power of gas chromatography with improved identification based on an accurate mass measurement. These features designate gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry as the first choice for identification and structure elucidation of unknown volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. Gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry quantitative analyses was previously focused on the determination of dioxins and related compounds using magnetic sector type analyzers, a standing requirement of many international standards. The introduction of a quadrupole high-resolution time-of-flight mass analyzer broadened interest in this method and novel applications were developed, especially for multi-target screening purposes. This review is focused on the development and the most interesting applications of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry towards analysis of environmental matrices, biological fluids, and food safety since 2010. The main attention is paid to various approaches and applications of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for non-target screening to identify contaminants and to characterize the chemical composition of environmental, food, and biological samples. The most interesting quantitative applications, where a significant contribution of gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry over the currently used methods is expected, will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Machyňáková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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CUI Y, WANG Z, CONG J, WANG L, LIU Y, WANG X, XIE J. Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fish Tissues from Shanghai Seafood Markets Using a Modified QuEChERS Method. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:973-977. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun CUI
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University
| | - Zhengquan WANG
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Jian CONG
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University
| | - Liping WANG
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University
| | - Yuan LIU
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University
| | - Xichang WANG
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Jing XIE
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation
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