1
|
Gopaldass N, Chen KE, Collins B, Mayer A. Assembly and fission of tubular carriers mediating protein sorting in endosomes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:765-783. [PMID: 38886588 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Endosomes are central protein-sorting stations at the crossroads of numerous membrane trafficking pathways in all eukaryotes. They have a key role in protein homeostasis and cellular signalling and are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Endosome-associated protein assemblies or coats collect transmembrane cargo proteins and concentrate them into retrieval domains. These domains can extend into tubular carriers, which then pinch off from the endosomal membrane and deliver the cargoes to appropriate subcellular compartments. Here we discuss novel insights into the structure of a number of tubular membrane coats that mediate the recruitment of cargoes into these carriers, focusing on sorting nexin-based coats such as Retromer, Commander and ESCPE-1. We summarize current and emerging views of how selective tubular endosomal carriers form and detach from endosomes by fission, highlighting structural aspects, conceptual challenges and open questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navin Gopaldass
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Kai-En Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong Y, Quan C. NPFs-mediated actin cytoskeleton: a new viewpoint on autophagy regulation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:111. [PMID: 38347641 PMCID: PMC10860245 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic process induced by various cellular stress conditions, maintaining the homeostasis of cells, tissues and organs. Autophagy is a series of membrane-related events involving multiple autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Most studies to date have focused on various signaling pathways affecting ATG proteins to control autophagy. However, mounting evidence reveals that the actin cytoskeleton acts on autophagy-associated membranes to regulate different events of autophagy. The actin cytoskeleton assists in vesicle formation and provides the mechanical forces for cellular activities that involve membrane deformation. Although the interaction between the actin cytoskeleton and membrane makes the role of actin in autophagy recognized, how the actin cytoskeleton is recruited and assembles on membranes during autophagy needs to be detailed. Nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) activate the Arp2/3 complex to produce actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we summarize the important roles of the actin cytoskeleton in autophagy regulation and focus on the effect of NPFs on actin cytoskeleton assembly during autophagy, providing new insights into the occurrence and regulatory mechanisms of autophagy. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, ChangchunJilin, 130021, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, ChangchunJilin, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sule KC, Nakamura M, Parkhurst SM. Nuclear envelope budding: Getting large macromolecular complexes out of the nucleus. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300182. [PMID: 38044581 PMCID: PMC10843589 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Transport of macromolecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is essential for nearly all cellular and developmental events, and when mis-regulated, is associated with diseases, tumor formation/growth, and cancer progression. Nuclear Envelope (NE)-budding is a newly appreciated nuclear export pathway for large macromolecular machineries, including those assembled to allow co-regulation of functionally related components, that bypasses canonical nuclear export through nuclear pores. In this pathway, large macromolecular complexes are enveloped by the inner nuclear membrane, transverse the perinuclear space, and then exit through the outer nuclear membrane to release its contents into the cytoplasm. NE-budding is a conserved process and shares many features with nuclear egress mechanisms used by herpesviruses. Despite its biological importance and clinical relevance, little is yet known about the regulatory and structural machineries that allow NE-budding to occur in any system. Here we summarize what is currently known or proposed for this intriguing nuclear export process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Sule
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Susan M. Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davidson KA, Nakamura M, Verboon JM, Parkhurst SM. Centralspindlin proteins Pavarotti and Tumbleweed along with WASH regulate nuclear envelope budding. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202211074. [PMID: 37163553 PMCID: PMC10174194 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelope (NE) budding is a nuclear pore-independent nuclear export pathway, analogous to the egress of herpesviruses, and required for protein quality control, synapse development, and mitochondrial integrity. The physical formation of NE buds is dependent on the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein, Wash, its regulatory complex (SHRC), and Arp2/3, and requires Wash's actin nucleation activity. However, the machinery governing cargo recruitment and organization within the NE bud remains unknown. Here, we identify Pavarotti (Pav) and Tumbleweed (Tum) as new molecular components of NE budding. Pav and Tum interact directly with Wash and define a second nuclear Wash-containing complex required for NE budding. Interestingly, we find that the actin-bundling activity of Pav is required, suggesting a structural role in the physical and/or organizational aspects of NE buds. Thus, Pav and Tum are providing exciting new entry points into the physical machineries of this alternative nuclear export pathway for large cargos during cell differentiation and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A. Davidson
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Verboon
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan M. Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lim SH, Shin S, Lee NY, Min SS, Kim NS, Lee DY, Lee JR. Strumpellin/WASHC5 regulates the structural plasticity of cortical neurons involved in gait coordination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 673:169-174. [PMID: 37392480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Strumpellin/Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homologue (WASH) complex subunit 5 (WASHC5) is a core component of the WASH complex, and its mutations confer pathogenicity for hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) type SPG8, a rare neurodegenerative gait disorder. WASH complex activates actin-related protein-2/3-mediated actin polymerization and plays a pivotal role in intracellular membrane trafficking in endosomes. In this study, we examined the role of strumpellin in the regulation of structural plasticity of cortical neurons involved in gait coordination. Administration of a lentivirus containing a strumpellin-targeting short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to cortical motor neurons lead to abnormal motor coordination in mice. Strumpellin knockdown using shRNA attenuated dendritic arborization and synapse formation in cultured cortical neurons, and this effect was rescued by wild-type strumpellin expression. Compared with the wild-type, strumpellin mutants N471D or V626F identified in patients with SPG8 exhibited no differences in rescuing the defects. Moreover, the number of F-actin clusters in neuronal dendrites was decreased by strumpellin knockdown and rescued by strumpellin expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that strumpellin regulates the structural plasticity of cortical neurons via actin polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Lim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Sangyep Shin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 34824, South Korea
| | - Na-Yoon Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea; Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Sun Seek Min
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 34824, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Da Yong Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Ran Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Simonetti B, Daly JL, Cullen PJ. Out of the ESCPE room: Emerging roles of endosomal SNX-BARs in receptor transport and host-pathogen interaction. Traffic 2023; 24:234-250. [PMID: 37089068 PMCID: PMC10768393 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Several functions of the human cell, such as sensing nutrients, cell movement and interaction with the surrounding environment, depend on a myriad of transmembrane proteins and their associated proteins and lipids (collectively termed "cargoes"). To successfully perform their tasks, cargo must be sorted and delivered to the right place, at the right time, and in the right amount. To achieve this, eukaryotic cells have evolved a highly organized sorting platform, the endosomal network. Here, a variety of specialized multiprotein complexes sort cargo into itineraries leading to either their degradation or their recycling to various organelles for further rounds of reuse. A key sorting complex is the Endosomal SNX-BAR Sorting Complex for Promoting Exit (ESCPE-1) that promotes the recycling of an array of cargos to the plasma membrane and/or the trans-Golgi network. ESCPE-1 recognizes a hydrophobic-based sorting motif in numerous cargoes and orchestrates their packaging into tubular carriers that pinch off from the endosome and travel to the target organelle. A wide range of pathogens mimic this sorting motif to hijack ESCPE-1 transport to promote their invasion and survival within infected cells. In other instances, ESCPE-1 exerts restrictive functions against pathogens by limiting their replication and infection. In this review, we discuss ESCPE-1 assembly and functions, with a particular focus on recent advances in the understanding of its role in membrane trafficking, cellular homeostasis and host-pathogen interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Simonetti
- Charles River Laboratories, Discovery House, Quays Office ParkConference Avenue, PortisheadBristolUK
| | - James L. Daly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Peter J. Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sadhu L, Tsopoulidis N, Hasanuzzaman M, Laketa V, Way M, Fackler OT. ARPC5 isoforms and their regulation by calcium-calmodulin-N-WASP drive distinct Arp2/3-dependent actin remodeling events in CD4 T cells. eLife 2023; 12:e82450. [PMID: 37162507 PMCID: PMC10171864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cell activation induces nuclear and cytoplasmic actin polymerization via the Arp2/3 complex to activate cytokine expression and strengthen T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Actin polymerization dynamics and filament morphology differ between nucleus and cytoplasm. However, it is unclear how the Arp2/3 complex mediates distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic actin polymerization in response to a common stimulus. In humans, the ARP3, ARPC1, and ARPC5 subunits of the Arp2/3 complex exist as two different isoforms, resulting in complexes with different properties. Here, we show that the Arp2/3 subunit isoforms ARPC5 and ARPC5L play a central role in coordinating distinct actin polymerization events in CD4 T cells. While ARPC5L is heterogeneously expressed in individual CD4 T cells, it specifically drives nuclear actin polymerization upon T cell activation. In contrast, ARPC5 is evenly expressed in CD4 T cell populations and is required for cytoplasmic actin dynamics. Interestingly, nuclear actin polymerization triggered by a different stimulus, DNA replication stress, specifically requires ARPC5 but not ARPC5L. TCR signaling but not DNA replication stress induces nuclear actin polymerization via nuclear calcium-calmodulin signaling and N-WASP. Diversity in the molecular properties and individual expression patterns of ARPC5 subunit isoforms thus tailors Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization to different physiological stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lopamudra Sadhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Nikolaos Tsopoulidis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Md Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Vibor Laketa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Loose M, Auer A, Brognara G, Budiman HR, Kowalski L, Matijević I. In vitro
reconstitution of small
GTPase
regulation. FEBS Lett 2022; 597:762-777. [PMID: 36448231 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases play essential roles in the organization of eukaryotic cells. In recent years, it has become clear that their intracellular functions result from intricate biochemical networks of the GTPase and their regulators that dynamically bind to a membrane surface. Due to the inherent complexities of their interactions, however, revealing the underlying mechanisms of action is often difficult to achieve from in vivo studies. This review summarizes in vitro reconstitution approaches developed to obtain a better mechanistic understanding of how small GTPase activities are regulated in space and time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Loose
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) Klosterneuburg Austria
| | - Albert Auer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) Klosterneuburg Austria
| | - Gabriel Brognara
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) Klosterneuburg Austria
| | | | - Lukasz Kowalski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) Klosterneuburg Austria
| | - Ivana Matijević
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) Klosterneuburg Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The p53 and Calcium Regulated Actin Rearrangement in Model Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169078. [PMID: 36012344 PMCID: PMC9408879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term cellular stress maintains high intracellular Ca2+ concentrations which ultimately initiates apoptosis. Our interest is focused on how the gelsolin (GSN) and junctional mediating and regulating Y protein (JMY) play important roles in stress response. Both of these proteins can bind p53 and actin. We investigated using in vitro fluorescence spectroscopy and found that the p53 competes with actin in GSN to inhibit p53–JMY complex formation. A high Ca2+ level initializes p53 dimerization; the dimer competes with actin on JMY, which can lead to p53–JMY cotransport into the nucleus. Here we investigated how the motility and division rate of HeLa cells changes due to low-voltage electroporation of GSN or JMY in scratching assays. We revealed that JMY inhibits their motion, but that it can accelerate the cell division. GSN treatment slows down cell division but does not affect cell motility. HeLa cells fully recovered the gap 20 h after the electroporation with JMY and then started to release from the glass slides. Taken together, our in vitro results indicate that GSN and JMY may play an important role in the cellular stress response.
Collapse
|
10
|
Striepen JF, Voeltz GK. Coronin 1C restricts endosomal branched actin to organize ER contact and endosome fission. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213342. [PMID: 35802042 PMCID: PMC9274145 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ER contact sites define the position of endosome bud fission during actin-dependent cargo sorting. Disrupting endosomal actin structures prevents retrograde cargo movement; however, how actin affects ER contact site formation and endosome fission is not known. Here we show that in contrast with the WASH complex, actin, its nucleator ARP2/3, and COR1C form a contained structure at the bud neck that defines the site of bud fission. We found that actin confinement is facilitated by type I coronins. Depletion of type I coronins allows actin to extend along the length of the bud in an ARP2/3-dependent manner. We demonstrate that extension of branched actin prevents ER recruitment and stalls buds before fission. Finally, our structure-function studies show that the COR1C’s coiled-coil domain is sufficient to restore actin confinement, ER recruitment, and endosome fission. Together, our data reveal how the dynamics of endosomal actin and activity of actin regulators organize ER-associated bud fission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Striepen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Gia K Voeltz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
WASHC1 interacts with MCM2-7 complex to promote cell survival under replication stress. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8349-8357. [PMID: 35733063 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WASHC1 is a member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family and is involved in endosomal protein sorting and trafficking through the generation of filamentous actin (F-actin) via activation of the Arp2/3 complex. There is increasing evidence that WASHC1 is present in the nucleus and nuclear WASHC1 plays important roles in regulating gene transcription, DNA repair as well as maintaining nuclear organization. However, the multi-faceted functions of nuclear WASHC1 still need to be clarified. METHODS AND RESULTS We show here that WASHC1 interacts with several components of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 2-7 complex by using co-immunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assay. WASHC1-depleted cells display normal DNA replication and S-phase progression. However, loss of WASHC1 sensitizes HeLa cells to DNA replication inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) and increases chromosome instability of HeLa and 3T3 cells under condition of HU-induced replication stress. Re-expression of nuclear WASHC1 in WASHC1KO 3T3 cells rescues the deficiency of WASHC1KO cells in the chromosomal stability after HU treatment. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicates that WASHC1 associates with DNA replication origins, and knockdown of WASHC1 inhibits MCM protein loading at origins. CONCLUSIONS Since efficient loading of excess MCM2-7 complexes is required for cells to survive replicative stress, these results demonstrate that WASHC1 promotes cell survival and maintain chromosomal stability under replication stress through recruitment of excess MCM complex to origins.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kramer DA, Piper HK, Chen B. WASP family proteins: Molecular mechanisms and implications in human disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151244. [PMID: 35667337 PMCID: PMC9357188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family play a central role in regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics in a wide range of cellular processes. Genetic mutations or misregulation of these proteins are tightly associated with many diseases. The WASP-family proteins act by transmitting various upstream signals to their conserved WH2-Central-Acidic (WCA) peptide sequence at the C-terminus, which in turn binds to the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate the formation of branched actin networks at membranes. Despite this common feature, the regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions of distinct WASP-family proteins are very different. Here, we summarize and clarify our current understanding of WASP-family proteins and how disruption of their functions is related to human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kramer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Hannah K Piper
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qin L, Liu L, Tu J, Yang G, Wang S, Quilichini TD, Gao P, Wang H, Peng G, Blancaflor EB, Datla R, Xiang D, Wilson KE, Wei Y. The ARP2/3 complex, acting cooperatively with Class I formins, modulates penetration resistance in Arabidopsis against powdery mildew invasion. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3151-3175. [PMID: 34181022 PMCID: PMC8462814 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton regulates an array of diverse cellular activities that support the establishment of plant-microbe interactions and plays a critical role in the execution of plant immunity. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the assembly and rearrangement of actin filaments (AFs) at plant-pathogen interaction sites remain largely elusive. Here, using live-cell imaging, we show that one of the earliest cellular responses in Arabidopsis thaliana upon powdery mildew attack is the formation of patch-like AF structures beneath fungal invasion sites. The AFs constituting actin patches undergo rapid turnover, which is regulated by the actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex and its activator, the WAVE/SCAR regulatory complex (W/SRC). The focal accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate at fungal penetration sites appears to be a crucial upstream modulator of the W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway-mediated actin patch formation. Knockout of W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway subunits partially compromised penetration resistance with impaired endocytic recycling of the defense-associated t-SNARE protein PEN1 and its deposition into apoplastic papillae. Simultaneously knocking out ARP3 and knocking down the Class I formin (AtFH1) abolished actin patch formation, severely impaired the deposition of cell wall appositions, and promoted powdery mildew entry into host cells. Our results demonstrate that the ARP2/3 complex and formins, two actin-nucleating systems, act cooperatively and contribute to Arabidopsis penetration resistance to fungal invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Jiangying Tu
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Guogen Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Gary Peng
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | | | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Kenneth E. Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ji Y, Han W, Fu X, Li J, Wu Q, Wang Y. Improved Small Extracellular Vesicle Secretion of Rat Adipose-Derived Stem Cells by Microgrooved Substrates through Upregulation of the ESCRT-III-Associated Protein Alix. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100492. [PMID: 34176241 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) hold great potential for regenerative therapies and have received considerable research attention in recent years. However, the use of MSC-sEVs is limited by very low yield in routine culture conditions and suboptimal potency for certain diseases. Thus, strategies that enable the production of sufficient quantities of sEVs with desired therapeutic cargo in a facile and inexpensive way are in high demand. This study finds that the microgrooved substrates stimulate rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rASCs) to produce a larger quantity of sEVs than the flat substrates. Further investigation suggests that the ESCRT-III-associated protein Alix may be involved in mediating the elevated sEV production of rASCs on the microgrooved substrates. Besides, the cargo of sEVs is altered. SEVs secreted by rASCs on the microgrooved substrates carry higher levels of proangiogenic miRNAs and growth factors than those secreted by rASCs on the flat substrates. Functional assessments demonstrate that sEVs from rASCs on microgrooved substrates enhance the angiogenic properties of Human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The findings demonstrate that substrate topography is an effective regulator of the sEVs secretion by rASCs and highlight the potential of using microgrooved substrates as a platform to produce rASC-sEVs rich in pro-angiogenic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Ji
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Weiju Han
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaoling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory) Guangzhou 510005 China
| | - Jing Li
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Clemen CS, Schmidt A, Winter L, Canneva F, Wittig I, Becker L, Coras R, Berwanger C, Hofmann A, Eggers B, Marcus K, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, de Angelis MH, Krüger M, von Hörsten S, Eichinger L, Schröder R. N471D WASH complex subunit strumpellin knock-in mice display mild motor and cardiac abnormalities and BPTF and KLHL11 dysregulation in brain tissue. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 48:e12750. [PMID: 34312900 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated N471D WASH complex subunit strumpellin (Washc5) knock-in and Washc5 knock-out mice as models for hereditary spastic paraplegia type 8 (SPG8). METHODS We generated heterozygous and homozygous N471D Washc5 knock-in mice and subjected them to a comprehensive clinical, morphological and laboratory parameter screen, and gait analyses. Brain tissue was used for proteomic analysis. Furthermore, we generated heterozygous Washc5 knock-out mice. WASH complex subunit strumpellin expression was determined by qPCR and immunoblotting. RESULTS Homozygous N471D Washc5 knock-in mice showed mild dilated cardiomyopathy, decreased acoustic startle reactivity, thinner eye lenses, increased alkaline phosphatase and potassium levels and increased white blood cell counts. Gait analyses revealed multiple aberrations indicative of locomotor instability. Similarly, the clinical chemistry, haematology and gait parameters of heterozygous mice also deviated from the values expected for healthy animals, albeit to a lesser extent. Proteomic analysis of brain tissue depicted consistent upregulation of BPTF and downregulation of KLHL11 in heterozygous and homozygous knock-in mice. WASHC5-related protein interaction partners and complexes showed no change in abundancies. Heterozygous Washc5 knock-out mice showing normal WASHC5 levels could not be bred to homozygosity. CONCLUSIONS While biallelic ablation of Washc5 was prenatally lethal, expression of N471D mutated WASHC5 led to several mild clinical and laboratory parameter abnormalities, but not to a typical SPG8 phenotype. The consistent upregulation of BPTF and downregulation of KLHL11 suggest mechanistic links between the expression of N471D mutated WASHC5 and the roles of both proteins in neurodegeneration and protein quality control, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S Clemen
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Excellence Cluster "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases" (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lilli Winter
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Neuromuscular Research Department, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Canneva
- Experimental Therapy, University Hospital Erlangen and Preclinical Experimental Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, Medical School, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roland Coras
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Berwanger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Britta Eggers
- Medical Proteome Center, Medical Faculty, and Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medical Proteome Center, Medical Faculty, and Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,TUM School of Life Sciences (SoLS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Excellence Cluster "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases" (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Experimental Therapy, University Hospital Erlangen and Preclinical Experimental Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ludwig Eichinger
- Center for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rolf Schröder
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Petyuk VA, Yu L, Olson HM, Yu F, Clair G, Qian WJ, Shulman JM, Bennett DA. Proteomic Profiling of the Substantia Nigra to Identify Determinants of Lewy Body Pathology and Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2266-2282. [PMID: 33900085 PMCID: PMC9190253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteinaceous aggregates containing α-synuclein protein called Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease. The molecular mechanisms of Lewy body formation and associated neuronal loss remain largely unknown. To gain insights into proteins and pathways associated with Lewy body pathology, we performed quantitative profiling of the proteome. We analyzed substantia nigra tissue from 51 subjects arranged into three groups: cases with Lewy body pathology, Lewy body-negative controls with matching neuronal loss, and controls with no neuronal loss. Using a label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach, we characterized the proteome both in terms of protein abundances and peptide modifications. Statistical testing for differential abundance of the most abundant 2963 proteins, followed by pathway enrichment and Bayesian learning of the causal network structure, was performed to identify likely drivers of Lewy body formation and dopaminergic neuronal loss. The identified pathways include (1) Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation; (2) synaptic function; (3) poly(A) RNA binding; (4) basement membrane and endothelium; and (5) hydrogen peroxide metabolic process. According to the data, the endothelial/basement membrane pathway is tightly connected with both pathologies and likely to be one of the drivers of neuronal loss. The poly(A) RNA-binding proteins, including the ones relevant to other neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., TDP-43 and FUS), have a strong inverse correlation with Lewy bodies and may reflect an alternative mechanism of nigral neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN: K8-98, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Heather M Olson
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Fengchao Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Geremy Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN: K8-98, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN: K8-98, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular & Human Genetics, and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jo YJ, Kwon J, Jin ZL, Namgoong S, Kwon T, Yoon SB, Lee DH, Kim JS, Kim NH. WHAMM is essential for spindle formation and spindle actin polymerization in maturing mouse oocytes. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:225-235. [PMID: 33397186 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1867791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
WHAMM (WAS Protein Homolog Associated with Actin, Golgi Membranes, and Microtubules) is involved in Golgi membrane association, microtubule binding, and actin nucleation as a nucleation-promoting factor, which activates the actin-related protein 2/3 complex (the Arp2/3 complex). However, the role of WHAMM in mammalian oocyte maturation is poorly understood. The presence of WHAMM mRNA and protein during all stages of mouse oocyte maturation has been verified. It is mainly co-localized with the actin cage permeating the spindle during mouse oocyte maturation. Through the knockdown of WHAMM, we confirmed that it regulates spindle formation and affects the localization of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) during the early stages of spindle formation. Moreover, depletion of WHAMM impaired the formation of the spindle actin and chromosome alignment, which might be the cause of chromosomal aneuploidy and abnormal, asymmetric division. Treatment with brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of vesicle transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus, induced abnormal and dispersed localization of WHAMM. Taken together, these findings show that WHAMM is an essential component of the actin cytoskeleton machinery and plays a crucial role in oocyte maturation, presumably by controlling the formation of spindles with normal length by activating the formation of the spindle actin via the Arp2/3 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jo
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University , Cheong-Ju, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Kwon
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University , Cheong-Ju, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe-Long Jin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University , Cheong-Ju, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Namgoong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University , Cheong-Ju, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bin Yoon
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Lee
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University , Cheong-Ju, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Regulation of actin dynamics in dendritic spines: Nanostructure, molecular mobility, and signaling mechanisms. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 109:103564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
19
|
Amaroli A, Sabbieti MG, Marchetti L, Zekiy AO, Utyuzh AS, Marchegiani A, Laus F, Cuteri V, Benedicenti S, Agas D. The effects of 808-nm near-infrared laser light irradiation on actin cytoskeleton reorganization in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:1003-1016. [PMID: 33159579 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring the cell organelles and thus changing cell homeostatic behavior has permitted the discovery of fascinating metabolic features enabling enhanced viability, differentiation, or quenching inflammation. Recently, photobiomodulation (PBM) has been accredited as an effective cell manipulation technique with promising therapeutic potential. In this prospective, in vitro results revealed that 808-nm laser light emitted by a hand-piece with a flat-top profile at an irradiation set up of 60 J/cm2 (1 W, 1 W/cm2; 60 s, continuous wave) regulates bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) differentiation toward osteogenesis. Considering the importance of actin cytoskeleton reorganization, which controls a range of cell metabolic activities, comprising shape change, proliferation and differentiation, the aim of the current work is to assess whether PBM therapy, using a flat-top hand-piece at higher-fluence irradiation on BMSCs, is able to switch photon signals into the stimulation of biochemical/differentiating pathways involving key activators that regulate de novo actin polymerization. Namely, for the first time, we unearthed the role of the flat-top hand-piece at higher-fluence irradiation on cytoskeletal characteristics of BMSCs. These novel findings meet the needs of novel therapeutically protocols provided by laser treatment and the manipulation of BMSCs as anti-inflammatory, osteo-inductive platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Giovanna Sabbieti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Luigi Marchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Angelina O Zekiy
- Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoliy S Utyuzh
- Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Grikscheit K, Dolnik O, Takamatsu Y, Pereira AR, Becker S. Ebola Virus Nucleocapsid-Like Structures Utilize Arp2/3 Signaling for Intracellular Long-Distance Transport. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071728. [PMID: 32707734 PMCID: PMC7407605 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular transport of nucleocapsids of the highly pathogenic Marburg, as well as Ebola virus (MARV, EBOV), represents a critical step during the viral life cycle. Intriguingly, a population of these nucleocapsids is distributed over long distances in a directed and polar fashion. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the intracellular transport of filoviral nucleocapsids depends on actin polymerization. While it was shown that EBOV requires Arp2/3-dependent actin dynamics, the details of how the virus exploits host actin signaling during intracellular transport are largely unknown. Here, we apply a minimalistic transfection system to follow the nucleocapsid-like structures (NCLS) in living cells, which can be used to robustly quantify NCLS transport in live cell imaging experiments. Furthermore, in cells co-expressing LifeAct, a marker for actin dynamics, NCLS transport is accompanied by pulsative actin tails appearing on the rear end of NCLS. These actin tails can also be preserved in fixed cells, and can be visualized via high resolution imaging using STORM in transfected, as well as EBOV infected, cells. The application of inhibitory drugs and siRNA depletion against actin regulators indicated that EBOV NCLS utilize the canonical Arp2/3-Wave1-Rac1 pathway for long-distance transport in cells. These findings highlight the relevance of the regulation of actin polymerization during directed EBOV nucleocapsid transport in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Grikscheit
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (O.D.); (Y.T.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site: Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (O.D.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (O.D.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | | | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (O.D.); (Y.T.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site: Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Verboon JM, Nakamura M, Davidson KA, Decker JR, Nandakumar V, Parkhurst SM. Drosophila Wash and the Wash regulatory complex function in nuclear envelope budding. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243576. [PMID: 32503943 PMCID: PMC7358131 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelope (NE) budding is a recently described phenomenon wherein large macromolecular complexes are packaged inside the nucleus and extruded through the nuclear membranes. Although a general outline of the cellular events occurring during NE budding is now in place, little is yet known about the molecular machinery and mechanisms underlying the physical aspects of NE bud formation. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we identify Wash, its regulatory complex (SHRC), capping protein and Arp2/3 as new molecular components involved in the physical aspects of NE bud formation in a Drosophila model system. Interestingly, Wash affects NE budding in two ways: indirectly through general nuclear lamina disruption via an SHRC-independent interaction with Lamin B leading to inefficient NE bud formation, and directly by blocking NE bud formation along with its SHRC, capping protein and Arp2/3. In addition to NE budding emerging as an important cellular process, it shares many similarities with herpesvirus nuclear egress mechanisms, suggesting new avenues for exploration in both normal and disease biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Verboon
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kerri A Davidson
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jacob R Decker
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vivek Nandakumar
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Susan M Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vizcaíno-Castillo A, Osorio-Méndez JF, Ambrosio JR, Hernández R, Cevallos AM. The complexity and diversity of the actin cytoskeleton of trypanosomatids. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 237:111278. [PMID: 32353561 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are a monophyletic group of parasitic flagellated protists belonging to the order Kinetoplastida. Their cytoskeleton is primarily made up of microtubules in which no actin microfilaments have been detected. Although all these parasites contain actin, it is widely thought that their actin cytoskeleton is reduced when compared to most eukaryotic organisms. However, there is increasing evidence that it is more complex than previously thought. As in other eukaryotic organisms, trypanosomatids encode for a conventional actin that is expected to form microfilament-like structures, and for members of three conserved actin-related proteins probably involved in microfilament nucleation (ARP2, ARP3) and in gene expression regulation (ARP6). In addition to these canonical proteins, also encode for an expanded set of actins and actin-like proteins that seem to be restricted to kinetoplastids. Analysis of their amino acid sequences demonstrated that, although very diverse in primary sequence when compared to actins of model organisms, modelling of their tertiary structure predicted the presence of the actin fold in all of them. Experimental characterization has been done for only a few of the trypanosomatid actins and actin-binding proteins. The most studied is the conventional actin of Leishmania donovani (LdAct), which unusually requires both ATP and Mg2+ for polymerization, unlike other conventional actins that do not require ATP. Additionally, polymerized LdAct tends to assemble in bundles rather than in single filaments. Regulation of actin polymerization depends on their interaction with actin-binding proteins. In trypanosomatids, there is a reduced but sufficient core of actin-binding proteins to promote microfilament nucleation, turnover and stabilization. There are also genes encoding for members of two families of myosin motor proteins, including one lineage-specific. Homologues to all identified actin-family proteins and actin-binding proteins of trypanosomatids are also present in Paratrypanosoma confusum (an early branching trypanosomatid) and in Bodo saltans (a closely related free-living organism belonging to the trypanosomatid sister order of Bodonida) suggesting they were all present in their common ancestor. Secondary losses of these genes may have occurred during speciation within the trypanosomatids, with salivarian trypanosomes having lost many of them and stercorarian trypanosomes retaining most.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vizcaíno-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Felipe Osorio-Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biología Molecular, Programa de Medicina, Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander von Humboldt, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Javier R Ambrosio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal, 4510, D.F., Mexico
| | - Roberto Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ana María Cevallos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Y, Fan J, Yan Y, Dang X, Zhao R, Xu Y, Ding Z. JMY expression by Sertoli cells contributes to mediating spermatogenesis in mice. FEBS J 2020; 287:5478-5497. [PMID: 32279424 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells are crucial for spermatogenesis in the seminiferous epithelium because their actin cytoskeleton supports vesicular transport, cell junction formation, protein anchoring, and spermiation. Here, we show that a junction-mediating and actin-regulatory protein (JMY) affects the blood-tissue barrier (BTB) function through remodeling of the Sertoli cell junctional integrity and it also contributes to controlling endocytic vesicle trafficking. These functions are critical for the maintenance of sperm fertility since loss of Sertoli cell-specific Jmy function induced male subfertility in mice. Specifically, these mice have (a) impaired BTB integrity and spermatid adhesion in the seminiferous tubules; (b) high incidence of sperm structural deformity; and (c) reduced sperm count and poor sperm motility. Moreover, the cytoskeletal integrity was compromised along with endocytic vesicular trafficking. These effects impaired junctional protein recycling and reduced Sertoli cell BTB junctional integrity. In addition, JMY interaction with actin-binding protein candidates α-actinin1 and sorbin and SH3 domain containing protein 2 was related to JMY activity, and in turn, actin cytoskeletal organization. In summary, JMY affects the control of spermatogenesis through the regulation of actin filament organization and endocytic vesicle trafficking in Sertoli cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jiaying Fan
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.,Center for Experimental Medical Science Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xuening Dang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yimei Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Zhide Ding
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Talamás-Lara D, Rosales-Encina JL, Chávez-Munguía B, Acosta-Virgen K, Hernández-Ramírez VI, Salazar-Villatoro L, Espinosa-Cantellano M, Martínez-Palomo A, Talamás-Rohana P. Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar: Morphological and Behavioral Differences Induced by Fibronectin through GTPases Activation and Actin-Binding Proteins. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:491-504. [PMID: 32302033 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Early steps of tissue invasion by Entamoeba histolytica are mediated by adhesion and migration through matrix components such as fibronectin with the participation of the actin cytoskeleton. Striking differences in their produced structures, movement, and migration were found. These observations suggest differential changes in their ability to organize the actin cytoskeleton and, therefore, to modify its morphology after adhesion to fibronectin. To understand these observations, we explore deeper the cytoskeleton pathway of E. histolytica compared to Entamoeba dispar, analyzing the activation and involvement of actin cytoskeleton regulatory proteins such as small GTPases (Rho, Rac1 and Cdc42), myosin IB, paxillin, alpha-actinin, and ARP2/3 during interaction with fibronectin. Results showed a higher activation of Rac1 in E. histolytica compared to E. dispar, while Cdc42 and RhoA were equally activated in both amebae; besides, variations in the amount of myosin IB, paxillin, and ARP2/3 were detected among these species, coinciding and reflected in formation of lamellipodia in E. histolytica and filopodia in E. dispar. These could partially explain the higher invasive capacity of E. histolytica compared to E. dispar, due to its pleomorphic ability, high motility, migration, activation, and abundance of proteins involved in the cytoskeleton arrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Talamás-Lara
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Rosales-Encina
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Acosta-Virgen
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Verónica Ivonne Hernández-Ramírez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Espinosa-Cantellano
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Martínez-Palomo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is indispensable for creating life and building syncytial tissues and organs. Ever since the discovery of cell-cell fusion, how cells join together to form zygotes and multinucleated syncytia has remained a fundamental question in cell and developmental biology. In the past two decades, Drosophila myoblast fusion has been used as a powerful genetic model to unravel mechanisms underlying cell-cell fusion in vivo. Many evolutionarily conserved fusion-promoting factors have been identified and so has a surprising and conserved cellular mechanism. In this review, we revisit key findings in Drosophila myoblast fusion and highlight the critical roles of cellular invasion and resistance in driving cell membrane fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon M Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Elizabeth H Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Involvement of Actin in Autophagy and Autophagy-Dependent Multidrug Resistance in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081209. [PMID: 31434275 PMCID: PMC6721626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, autophagy in the context of cancer progression arouses a lot of controversy. It is connected with the possibility of switching the nature of this process from cytotoxic to cytoprotective and vice versa depending on the treatment. At the same time, autophagy of cytoprotective character may be one of the factors determining multidrug resistance, as intensification of the process is observed in patients with poorer prognosis. The exact mechanism of this relationship is not yet fully understood; however, it is suggested that one of the elements of the puzzle may be a cytoskeleton. In the latest literature reports, more and more attention is paid to the involvement of actin in the autophagy. The role of this protein is linked to the formation of autophagosomes, which are necessary element of the process. However, based on the proven effectiveness of manipulation of the actin pool, it seems to be an attractive alternative in breaking autophagy-dependent multidrug resistance in cancer.
Collapse
|
27
|
Del Olmo T, Lauzier A, Normandin C, Larcher R, Lecours M, Jean D, Lessard L, Steinberg F, Boisvert FM, Jean S. APEX2-mediated RAB proximity labeling identifies a role for RAB21 in clathrin-independent cargo sorting. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47192. [PMID: 30610016 PMCID: PMC6362359 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RAB GTPases are central modulators of membrane trafficking. They are under the dynamic regulation of activating guanine exchange factors (GEFs) and inactivating GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Once activated, RABs recruit a large spectrum of effectors to control trafficking functions of eukaryotic cells. Multiple proteomic studies, using pull-down or yeast two-hybrid approaches, have identified a number of RAB interactors. However, due to the in vitro nature of these approaches and inherent limitations of each technique, a comprehensive definition of RAB interactors is still lacking. By comparing quantitative affinity purifications of GFP:RAB21 with APEX2-mediated proximity labeling of RAB4a, RAB5a, RAB7a, and RAB21, we find that APEX2 proximity labeling allows for the comprehensive identification of RAB regulators and interactors. Importantly, through biochemical and genetic approaches, we establish a novel link between RAB21 and the WASH and retromer complexes, with functional consequences on cargo sorting. Hence, APEX2-mediated proximity labeling of RAB neighboring proteins represents a new and efficient tool to define RAB functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Del Olmo
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Lauzier
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Normandin
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Raphaëlle Larcher
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mia Lecours
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Jean
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Lessard
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Florian Steinberg
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - François-Michel Boisvert
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Steve Jean
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu X, Klionsky DJ. Regulation of JMY's actin nucleation activity by TTC5/STRAP and LC3 during autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:373-374. [PMID: 30593260 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1564417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin plays indispensable roles in autophagosome biogenesis. Branched actin networks assembled within phagophore membranes are required for generating the autophagosome membrane shape and movement. The ARP2/3 complex and its regulators, such as JMY (junction mediating and regulatory protein, p53 cofactor), translocate to phagophore membranes to promote local actin filament formation during autophagy. Hu et al., recently showed that during autophagy LC3 recruits JMY to the phagophore and promotes its actin nucleation activity. They also characterized TTC5/STRAP (tetratricopeptide repeat domain 5) as a negative autophagy regulator via binding to JMY and antagonizing its activation. Moreover, an in vitro reconstitution system was developed to demonstrate that membrane-bound LC3 is sufficient to recruit JMY and stimulate JMY-mediated actin filament assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- a Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- a Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cao J, Schnittler H. Putting VE-cadherin into JAIL for junction remodeling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/1/jcs222893. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Junction dynamics of endothelial cells are based on the integration of signal transduction, cytoskeletal remodeling and contraction, which are necessary for the formation and maintenance of monolayer integrity, but also enable repair and regeneration. The VE-cadherin–catenin complex forms the molecular basis of the adherence junctions and cooperates closely with actin filaments. Several groups have recently described small actin-driven protrusions at the cell junctions that are controlled by the Arp2/3 complex, contributing to cell junction regulation. We identified these protrusions as the driving force for VE-cadherin dynamics, as they directly induce new VE-cadherin-mediated adhesion sites, and have accordingly referred to these structures as junction-associated intermittent lamellipodia (JAIL). JAIL extend over only a few microns and thus provide the basis for a subcellular regulation of adhesion. The local (subcellular) VE-cadherin concentration and JAIL formation are directly interdependent, which enables autoregulation. Therefore, this mechanism can contribute a subcellularly regulated adaptation of cell contact dynamics, and is therefore of great importance for monolayer integrity and relative cell migration during wound healing and angiogenesis, as well as for inflammatory responses. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms and functions underlying these actin-driven protrusions and consider their contribution to the dynamic regulation of endothelial cell junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
| | - Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Assembling actin filaments for protrusion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 56:53-63. [PMID: 30278304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration entails a plethora of activities combining the productive exertion of protrusive and contractile forces to allow cells to push and squeeze themselves through cell clumps, interstitial tissues or tissue borders. All these activities require the generation and turnover of actin filaments that arrange into specific, subcellular structures. The most prominent structures mediating the protrusion at the leading edges of cells include lamellipodia and filopodia as well as plasma membrane blebs. Moreover, in cells migrating on planar substratum, mechanical support is being provided by an additional, more proximally located structure termed the lamella. Here, we systematically dissect the literature concerning the mechanisms driving actin filament nucleation and elongation in the best-studied protrusive structure, the lamellipodium. Recent work has shed light on open questions in lamellipodium protrusion, including the relative contributions of nucleation versus elongation to the assembly of both individual filaments and the lamellipodial network as a whole. However, much remains to be learned concerning the specificity and relevance of individual factors, their cooperation and their site-specific functions relative to the importance of global actin monomer and filament homeostasis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Simonetti B, Cullen PJ. Actin-dependent endosomal receptor recycling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 56:22-33. [PMID: 30227382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endosomes constitute major sorting compartments within the cell. There, a myriad of transmembrane proteins (cargoes) are delivered to the lysosome for degradation or retrieved from this fate and recycled through tubulo-vesicular transport carriers to different cellular destinations. Retrieval and recycling are orchestrated by multi-protein assemblies that include retromer and retriever, sorting nexins, and the Arp2/3 activating WASH complex. Fine-tuned control of actin polymerization on endosomes is fundamental for the retrieval and recycling of cargoes. Recent advances in the field have highlighted several roles that actin plays in this process including the binding to cargoes, stabilization of endosomal subdomains, generation of the remodeling forces required for the biogenesis of cargo-enriched transport carriers and short-range motility of the transport carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Simonetti
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abp1 promotes Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin nucleation and stabilizes branch junctions by antagonizing GMF. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2895. [PMID: 30042427 PMCID: PMC6057921 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation and turnover of branched actin networks underlies cell migration and other essential force-driven processes. Type I nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) such as WASP recruit actin monomers to Arp2/3 complex to stimulate nucleation. In contrast, mechanisms of type II NPFs such as Abp1 (also known as HIP55 and Drebrin-like protein) are less well understood. Here, we use single-molecule analysis to investigate yeast Abp1 effects on Arp2/3 complex, and find that Abp1 strongly enhances Arp2/3-dependent branch nucleation by stabilizing Arp2/3 on sides of mother filaments. Abp1 binds dynamically to filament sides, with sub-second lifetimes, yet associates stably with branch junctions. Further, we uncover a role for Abp1 in protecting filament junctions from GMF-induced debranching by competing with GMF for Arp2/3 binding. These data, combined with EM structures of Abp1 dimers bound to Arp2/3 complex in two different conformations, expand our mechanistic understanding of type II NPFs. Abp1, a type II actin nucleation promoting factor, is a known component of branched actin networks but its mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, the authors find that Abp1 enhances Arp2/3-mediated actin branch formation, and blocks ‘debranching’ by GMF, making it a pro-branching factor.
Collapse
|
33
|
Stradal TEB, Schelhaas M. Actin dynamics in host-pathogen interaction. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3658-3669. [PMID: 29935019 PMCID: PMC6282728 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton and Rho GTPase signaling to actin assembly are prime targets of bacterial and viral pathogens, simply because actin is involved in all motile and membrane remodeling processes, such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion events, motility, and last but not least, autophagy. This article aims at providing an overview of the most prominent pathogen‐induced or ‐hijacked actin structures, and an outlook on how future research might uncover additional, equally sophisticated interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Schelhaas
- Institute of Cellular Virology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rottner K, Faix J, Bogdan S, Linder S, Kerkhoff E. Actin assembly mechanisms at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 130:3427-3435. [PMID: 29032357 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins provide the driving forces for establishing the astonishing morphological diversity and dynamics of mammalian cells. Aside from functions in protruding and contracting cell membranes for motility, differentiation or cell division, the actin cytoskeleton provides forces to shape and move intracellular membranes of organelles and vesicles. To establish the many different actin assembly functions required in time and space, actin nucleators are targeted to specific subcellular compartments, thereby restricting the generation of specific actin filament structures to those sites. Recent research has revealed that targeting and activation of actin filament nucleators, elongators and myosin motors are tightly coordinated by conserved protein complexes to orchestrate force generation. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the corresponding protein complexes and their modes of action in actin nucleation, elongation and force generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eugen Kerkhoff
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Innocenti M. New insights into the formation and the function of lamellipodia and ruffles in mesenchymal cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2018. [PMID: 29513145 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1448352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodia and ruffles are veil-shaped cell protrusions composed of a highly branched actin filament meshwork assembled by the Arp2/3 complex. These structures not only hallmark the leading edge of cells adopting the adhesion-based mesenchymal mode of migration but are also thought to drive cell movement. Although regarded as textbook knowledge, the mechanism of formation of lamellipodia and ruffles has been revisited in the last years leveraging new technologies. Furthermore, recent observations have also challenged our current view of the function of lamellipodia and ruffles in mesenchymal cell migration. Here, I review this literature and compare it with older studies to highlight the controversies and the outstanding open issues in the field. Moreover, I outline simple and plausible explanations to reconcile conflicting results and conclusions. Finally, I integrate the mechanisms regulating actin-based protrusion in a unifying model that accounts for random and ballistic mesenchymal cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Metello Innocenti
- a Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam , CX , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Verboon JM, Decker JR, Nakamura M, Parkhurst SM. Wash exhibits context-dependent phenotypes and, along with the WASH regulatory complex, regulates Drosophila oogenesis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.211573. [PMID: 29549166 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
WASH, a Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) family protein, has many cell and developmental roles related to its function as a branched actin nucleation factor. Similar to mammalian WASHC1, which is embryonic lethal, Drosophila Wash was found to be essential for oogenesis and larval development. Recently, however, Drosophila wash was reported to be homozygous viable. Here, we verify that the original wash null allele harbors an unrelated lethal background mutation; however, this unrelated lethal mutation does not contribute to any Wash oogenesis phenotypes. Significantly, we find that: (1) the homozygous wash null allele retains partial lethality, leading to non-Mendelian inheritance; (2) the allele's functions are subject to its specific genetic background; and (3) the homozygous stock rapidly accumulates modifications that allow it to become robust. Together, these results suggest that Wash plays an important role in oogenesis via the WASH regulatory complex. Finally, we show that another WAS family protein, SCAR/WAVE, plays a similar role in oogenesis and that it is upregulated as one of the modifications that allows the wash allele to survive in the homozygous state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Verboon
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Jacob R Decker
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Susan M Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gong T, Yan Y, Zhang J, Liu S, Liu H, Gao J, Zhou X, Chen J, Shi A. PTRN-1/CAMSAP promotes CYK-1/formin-dependent actin polymerization during endocytic recycling. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798556. [PMID: 29567645 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cargo sorting and membrane carrier initiation in recycling endosomes require appropriately coordinated actin dynamics. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of actin organization during recycling transport remains elusive. Here we report that the loss of PTRN-1/CAMSAP stalled actin exchange and diminished the cytosolic actin structures. Furthermore, we found that PTRN-1 is required for the recycling of clathrin-independent cargo hTAC-GFP The N-terminal calponin homology (CH) domain and central coiled-coils (CC) region of PTRN-1 can synergistically sustain the flow of hTAC-GFP We identified CYK-1/formin as a binding partner of PTRN-1. The N-terminal GTPase-binding domain (GBD) of CYK-1 serves as the binding interface for the PTRN-1 CH domain. The presence of the PTRN-1 CH domain promoted CYK-1-mediated actin polymerization, which suggests that the PTRN-1-CH:CYK-1-GBD interaction efficiently relieves autoinhibitory interactions within CYK-1. As expected, the overexpression of the CYK-1 formin homology domain 2 (FH2) substantially restored actin structures and partially suppressed the hTAC-GFP overaccumulation phenotype in ptrn-1 mutants. We conclude that the PTRN-1 CH domain is required to stimulate CYK-1 to facilitate actin dynamics during endocytic recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanling Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinghu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China .,Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Animal cell migration constitutes a complex process involving a multitude of forces generated and maintained by the actin cytoskeleton. Dynamic changes of the cell surface, for instance to effect cell edge protrusion, are at the core of initiating migratory processes, both in tissue culture models and whole animals. Here we sketch different aspects of imaging representative molecular constituents in such actin-driven processes, which power and regulate the polymerisation of actin filaments into bundles and networks, constituting the building blocks of such protrusions. The examples presented illustrate both the diversity of subcellular distributions of distinct molecular components, according to their function, and the complexity of dynamic changes in protrusion size, shape, and/or orientation in 3D. Considering these dynamics helps mechanistically connecting subcellular distributions of molecular machines driving protrusion and migration with their biochemical function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Joensuu M, Martínez-Mármol R, Padmanabhan P, Glass NR, Durisic N, Pelekanos M, Mollazade M, Balistreri G, Amor R, Cooper-White JJ, Goodhill GJ, Meunier FA. Visualizing endocytic recycling and trafficking in live neurons by subdiffractional tracking of internalized molecules. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:2590-2622. [PMID: 29189775 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of endocytic pathway dynamics is restricted by the diffraction limit of light microscopy. Although super-resolution techniques can overcome this issue, highly crowded cellular environments, such as nerve terminals, can also dramatically limit the tracking of multiple endocytic vesicles such as synaptic vesicles (SVs), which in turn restricts the analytical dissection of their discrete diffusional and transport states. We recently introduced a pulse-chase technique for subdiffractional tracking of internalized molecules (sdTIM) that allows the visualization of fluorescently tagged molecules trapped in individual signaling endosomes and SVs in presynapses or axons with 30- to 50-nm localization precision. We originally developed this approach for tracking single molecules of botulinum neurotoxin type A, which undergoes activity-dependent internalization and retrograde transport in autophagosomes. This method was then adapted to localize the signaling endosomes containing cholera toxin subunit-B that undergo retrograde transport in axons and to track SVs in the crowded environment of hippocampal presynapses. We describe (i) the construction of a custom-made microfluidic device that enables control over neuronal orientation; (ii) the 3D printing of a perfusion system for sdTIM experiments performed on glass-bottom dishes; (iii) the dissection, culturing and transfection of hippocampal neurons in microfluidic devices; and (iv) guidance on how to perform the pulse-chase experiments and data analysis. In addition, we describe the use of single-molecule-tracking analytical tools to reveal the average and the heterogeneous single-molecule mobility behaviors. We also discuss alternative reagents and equipment that can, in principle, be used for sdTIM experiments and describe how to adapt sdTIM to image nanocluster formation and/or tubulation in early endosomes during sorting events. The procedures described in this protocol take ∼1 week.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ramon Martínez-Mármol
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pranesh Padmanabhan
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nick R Glass
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nela Durisic
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Pelekanos
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mahdie Mollazade
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Division of General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rumelo Amor
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin J Cooper-White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Division of General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Materials Science and Engineering Division, CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,UQ Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Goodhill
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee PP, Lobato-Márquez D, Pramanik N, Sirianni A, Daza-Cajigal V, Rivers E, Cavazza A, Bouma G, Moulding D, Hultenby K, Westerberg LS, Hollinshead M, Lau YL, Burns SO, Mostowy S, Bajaj-Elliott M, Thrasher AJ. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein regulates autophagy and inflammasome activity in innate immune cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1576. [PMID: 29146903 PMCID: PMC5691069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of autophagy and inflammasome activity contributes to the development of auto-inflammatory diseases. Emerging evidence highlights the importance of the actin cytoskeleton in modulating inflammatory responses. Here we show that deficiency of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp), which signals to the actin cytoskeleton, modulates autophagy and inflammasome function. In a model of sterile inflammation utilizing TLR4 ligation followed by ATP or nigericin treatment, inflammasome activation is enhanced in monocytes from WAS patients and in WAS-knockout mouse dendritic cells. In ex vivo models of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri infection, WASp deficiency causes defective bacterial clearance, excessive inflammasome activation and host cell death that are associated with dysregulated septin cage-like formation, impaired autophagic p62/LC3 recruitment and defective formation of canonical autophagosomes. Taken together, we propose that dysregulation of autophagy and inflammasome activities contribute to the autoinflammatory manifestations of WAS, thereby identifying potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela P Lee
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Damián Lobato-Márquez
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre of Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nayani Pramanik
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrea Sirianni
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre of Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vanessa Daza-Cajigal
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Elizabeth Rivers
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alessia Cavazza
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gerben Bouma
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dale Moulding
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Hollinshead
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1AP, UK
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.,University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre of Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mona Bajaj-Elliott
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. .,Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex nucleates branched actin networks and is thought to be essential for macrophage migration and phagocytosis. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Rotty et al. (2017) show that there is only a surprisingly specific requirement for Arp2/3 in integrin-dependent macrophage functions, including CR3 phagocytosis and haptotaxis on fibronectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Linder
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Macroautophagy is an intracellular pathway used for targeting of cellular components to the lysosome for their degradation and involves sequestration of cytoplasmic material into autophagosomes formed from a double membrane structure called the phagophore. The nucleation and elongation of the phagophore is tightly regulated by several autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, but also involves vesicular trafficking from different subcellular compartments to the forming autophagosome. Such trafficking must be tightly regulated by various intra- and extracellular signals to respond to different cellular stressors and metabolic states, as well as the nature of the cargo to become degraded. We are only starting to understand the interconnections between different membrane trafficking pathways and macroautophagy. This review will focus on the membrane trafficking machinery found to be involved in delivery of membrane, lipids, and proteins to the forming autophagosome and in the subsequent autophagosome fusion with endolysosomal membranes. The role of RAB proteins and their regulators, as well as coat proteins, vesicle tethers, and SNARE proteins in autophagosome biogenesis and maturation will be discussed.
Collapse
|
43
|
Westrick RJ, Tomberg K, Siebert AE, Zhu G, Winn ME, Dobies SL, Manning SL, Brake MA, Cleuren AC, Hobbs LM, Mishack LM, Johnston AJ, Kotnik E, Siemieniak DR, Xu J, Li JZ, Saunders TL, Ginsburg D. Sensitized mutagenesis screen in Factor V Leiden mice identifies thrombosis suppressor loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9659-9664. [PMID: 28827327 PMCID: PMC5594664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705762114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor V Leiden (F5L ) is a common genetic risk factor for venous thromboembolism in humans. We conducted a sensitized N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen for dominant thrombosuppressor genes based on perinatal lethal thrombosis in mice homozygous for F5L (F5L/L ) and haploinsufficient for tissue factor pathway inhibitor (Tfpi+/- ). F8 deficiency enhanced the survival of F5L/LTfpi+/- mice, demonstrating that F5L/LTfpi+/- lethality is genetically suppressible. ENU-mutagenized F5L/L males and F5L/+Tfpi+/- females were crossed to generate 6,729 progeny, with 98 F5L/LTfpi+/- offspring surviving until weaning. Sixteen lines, referred to as "modifier of Factor 5 Leiden (MF5L1-16)," exhibited transmission of a putative thrombosuppressor to subsequent generations. Linkage analysis in MF5L6 identified a chromosome 3 locus containing the tissue factor gene (F3). Although no ENU-induced F3 mutation was identified, haploinsufficiency for F3 (F3+/- ) suppressed F5L/LTfpi+/- lethality. Whole-exome sequencing in MF5L12 identified an Actr2 gene point mutation (p.R258G) as the sole candidate. Inheritance of this variant is associated with suppression of F5L/LTfpi+/- lethality (P = 1.7 × 10-6), suggesting that Actr2p.R258G is thrombosuppressive. CRISPR/Cas9 experiments to generate an independent Actr2 knockin/knockout demonstrated that Actr2 haploinsufficiency is lethal, supporting a hypomorphic or gain-of-function mechanism of action for Actr2p.R258G Our findings identify F8 and the Tfpi/F3 axis as key regulators in determining thrombosis balance in the setting of F5L and also suggest a role for Actr2 in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randal J Westrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309;
- Center for Data Science and Big Data Analysis, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kärt Tomberg
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Amy E Siebert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309
| | - Guojing Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mary E Winn
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Sarah L Dobies
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sara L Manning
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marisa A Brake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309
| | - Audrey C Cleuren
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Linzi M Hobbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309
| | - Lena M Mishack
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309
| | | | - Emilee Kotnik
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David R Siemieniak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jishu Xu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David Ginsburg
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Differential functions of WAVE regulatory complex subunits in the regulation of actin-driven processes. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:715-727. [PMID: 28889942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) links upstream Rho-family GTPase signaling to the activation of the ARP2/3 complex in different organisms. WRC-induced and ARP2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation beneath the plasma membrane is critical for actin assembly in the leading edge to drive efficient cell migration. The WRC is a stable heteropentamer composed of SCAR/WAVE, Abi, Nap, Pir and the small polypeptide Brk1/Hspc300. Functional interference with individual subunits of the complex frequently results in diminished amounts of the remaining polypeptides of the WRC complex, implying the complex to act as molecular entity. However, Abi was also found to associate with mammalian N-WASP, formins, Eps8/SOS1 or VASP, indicating additional functions of individual WRC subunits in eukaryotic cells. To address this issue systematically, we inactivated all WRC subunits, either alone or in combination with VASP in Dictyostelium cells and quantified the protein content of the remaining subunits in respective WRC knockouts. The individual mutants displayed highly differential phenotypes concerning various parameters, including cell morphology, motility, cytokinesis or multicellular development, corroborating the view of additional roles for individual subunits, beyond their established function in WRC-mediated Arp2/3 complex activation. Finally, our data uncover the interaction of the actin polymerase VASP with WRC-embedded Abi to mediate VASP accumulation in cell protrusions, driving efficient cell migration.
Collapse
|
45
|
Sun Y, Leong NT, Jiang T, Tangara A, Darzacq X, Drubin DG. Switch-like Arp2/3 activation upon WASP and WIP recruitment to an apparent threshold level by multivalent linker proteins in vivo. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28813247 PMCID: PMC5559269 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex activation by nucleation promoting factors (NPFs) such as WASP, plays an important role in many actin-mediated cellular processes. In yeast, Arp2/3-mediated actin filament assembly drives endocytic membrane invagination and vesicle scission. Here we used genetics and quantitative live-cell imaging to probe the mechanisms that concentrate NPFs at endocytic sites, and to investigate how NPFs regulate actin assembly onset. Our results demonstrate that SH3 (Src homology 3) domain-PRM (proline-rich motif) interactions involving multivalent linker proteins play central roles in concentrating NPFs at endocytic sites. Quantitative imaging suggested that productive actin assembly initiation is tightly coupled to accumulation of threshold levels of WASP and WIP, but not to recruitment kinetics or release of autoinhibition. These studies provide evidence that WASP and WIP play central roles in establishment of a robust multivalent SH3 domain-PRM network in vivo, giving actin assembly onset at endocytic sites a switch-like behavior. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.29140.001 Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in yeast, mammalian and other eukaryotic cells. It assembles into long chains known as filaments that the cell uses to generate forces for various purposes. For example, actin filaments are needed to pull part of the membrane surrounding the cell inwards to bring molecules from the external environment into the cell by a process called endocytosis. In yeast, a member of the WASP family of proteins promotes the assembly of actin filaments around the site where endocytosis will occur. To achieve this, WASP interacts with several other proteins including WIP and myosin, a motor protein that moves along actin filaments to generate mechanical forces. However, it was not clear how these proteins work together to trigger actin filaments to assemble at the right place and time. Sun et al. addressed this question by studying yeast cells with genetic mutations affecting one or more of these proteins. The experiments show that WASP, myosin and WIP are recruited to sites where endocytosis is about to occur through specific interactions with other proteins. For example, a region of WASP known as the proline-rich domain can bind to proteins that contain an “SH3” domain. WASP and WIP arrive first, stimulating actin to assemble in an “all and nothing” manner and attracting myosin to the actin. Further experiments indicate that WASP and WIP need to reach a threshold level before actin starts to assemble. The findings of Sun et al. suggest that WASP and WIP play key roles in establishing the network of proteins needed for actin filaments to assemble during endocytosis. These proteins are needed for many other processes in yeast and other cells, including mammalian cells. Therefore, the next steps will be to investigate whether WASP and WIP use the same mechanism to operate in other situations. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.29140.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Nicole T Leong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Tommy Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Astou Tangara
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Xavier Darzacq
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Türk M, Schröder R, Khuller K, Hofmann A, Berwanger C, Ludolph AC, Dekomien G, Müller K, Weishaupt JH, Thiel CT, Clemen CS. Genetic analysis of VCP and WASH complex genes in a German cohort of sporadic ALS-FTD patients. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:213.e1-213.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
47
|
Mathiowetz AJ, Baple E, Russo AJ, Coulter AM, Carrano E, Brown JD, Jinks RN, Crosby AH, Campellone KG. An Amish founder mutation disrupts a PI(3)P-WHAMM-Arp2/3 complex-driven autophagosomal remodeling pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2492-2507. [PMID: 28720660 PMCID: PMC5597322 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-01-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin nucleation factors function to organize, shape, and move membrane-bound organelles, yet they remain poorly defined in relation to disease. Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GMS) is an inherited disorder characterized by microcephaly and nephrosis resulting from mutations in the WDR73 gene. This core clinical phenotype appears frequently in the Amish, where virtually all affected individuals harbor homozygous founder mutations in WDR73 as well as the closely linked WHAMM gene, which encodes a nucleation factor. Here we show that patient cells with both mutations exhibit cytoskeletal irregularities and severe defects in autophagy. Reintroduction of wild-type WHAMM restored autophagosomal biogenesis to patient cells, while inactivation of WHAMM in healthy cell lines inhibited lipidation of the autophagosomal protein LC3 and clearance of ubiquitinated protein aggregates. Normal WHAMM function involved binding to the phospholipid PI(3)P and promoting actin nucleation at nascent autophagosomes. These results reveal a cytoskeletal pathway controlling autophagosomal remodeling and illustrate several molecular processes that are perturbed in Amish GMS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Mathiowetz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Emma Baple
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Ashley J Russo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Alyssa M Coulter
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Eric Carrano
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Judith D Brown
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Robert N Jinks
- Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Kenneth G Campellone
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Proteins of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family function as nucleation-promoting factors for the ubiquitously expressed Arp2/3 complex, which drives the generation of branched actin filaments. Arp2/3-generated actin regulates diverse cellular processes, including the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, endocytosis and/or phagocytosis at the plasma membrane, and the generation of cargo-laden vesicles from organelles including the Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the endo-lysosomal network. Recent studies have also identified roles for WASP family members in promoting actin dynamics at the centrosome, influencing nuclear shape and membrane remodeling events leading to the generation of autophagosomes. Interestingly, several WASP family members have also been observed in the nucleus where they directly influence gene expression by serving as molecular platforms for the assembly of epigenetic and transcriptional machinery. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an update on the subcellular roles of WHAMM, JMY and WASH (also known as WASHC1), as well as their mechanisms of regulation and emerging functions within the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Alekhina
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fritz-Laylin LK, Lord SJ, Mullins RD. WASP and SCAR are evolutionarily conserved in actin-filled pseudopod-based motility. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1673-1688. [PMID: 28473602 PMCID: PMC5461030 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells use diverse cellular mechanisms to crawl through complex environments. Fritz-Laylin et al. define α-motility as a mode of migration associated with dynamic, actin-filled pseudopods and show that WASP and SCAR constitute an evolutionarily conserved genetic signature of α-motility. Diverse eukaryotic cells crawl through complex environments using distinct modes of migration. To understand the underlying mechanisms and their evolutionary relationships, we must define each mode and identify its phenotypic and molecular markers. In this study, we focus on a widely dispersed migration mode characterized by dynamic actin-filled pseudopods that we call “α-motility.” Mining genomic data reveals a clear trend: only organisms with both WASP and SCAR/WAVE—activators of branched actin assembly—make actin-filled pseudopods. Although SCAR has been shown to drive pseudopod formation, WASP’s role in this process is controversial. We hypothesize that these genes collectively represent a genetic signature of α-motility because both are used for pseudopod formation. WASP depletion from human neutrophils confirms that both proteins are involved in explosive actin polymerization, pseudopod formation, and cell migration. WASP and WAVE also colocalize to dynamic signaling structures. Moreover, retention of WASP together with SCAR correctly predicts α-motility in disease-causing chytrid fungi, which we show crawl at >30 µm/min with actin-filled pseudopods. By focusing on one migration mode in many eukaryotes, we identify a genetic marker of pseudopod formation, the morphological feature of α-motility, providing evidence for a widely distributed mode of cell crawling with a single evolutionary origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian K Fritz-Laylin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Samuel J Lord
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu T, Dai A, Cao Y, Zhang R, Dong MQ, Wang HW. Structural Insights of WHAMM's Interaction with Microtubules by Cryo-EM. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1352-1363. [PMID: 28351611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
WASP homolog associated with actin, membranes, and microtubules (WHAMM) is a vertebrate protein functioning in membrane tubulation for intracellular membrane trafficking and specific organelle formation. Composed of multiple domains, WHAMM can bind to membrane and microtubule (MT) and promote actin polymerization nucleation. Previous work revealed that WHAMM's activity to promote actin nucleation is repressed upon binding to MTs. Here, we discovered that WHAMM interacts with αβ-tubulin through a small peptide motif within its MT-binding domain. We reconstructed a high-resolution structure of WHAMM's MT-binding motif (MBM) assembling around MTs using cryo-electron microscopy and verified it with chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry analysis. We also detected a conformational switch of this motif between the non-MT-bound state and the MT-bound state. These discoveries provide new insights into the mechanism by which WHAMM coordinates actin and MT networks, the two major cytoskeletal systems involved in membrane trafficking and membrane remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Anbang Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|