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Zhang JR, Shen SY, Shen ZQ, Yin SY, Ye K, Li W, Li HY, Liang LF, Wang YQ, Guo XY, Yu J. Role of mitochondria-associated membranes in the hippocampus in the pathogenesis of depression. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:637-650. [PMID: 38914161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological changes, such as microglia activation in the hippocampus frequently occur in individuals with animal models of depression; however, they may share a common cellular mechanism, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs) are communication platforms between ER and mitochondria. This study aimed to investigate the role of intracellular stress responses, especially structural and functional changes of MAMs in depression. METHODS We used chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) to mimic depression in C57 mice to investigate the pathophysiological changes in the hippocampus associated with depression and assess the antidepressant effect of electroacupuncture (EA). Molecular, histological, and electron microscopic techniques were utilized to study intracellular stress responses, including the ER stress pathway reaction, mitochondrial damage, and structural and functional changes in MAMs in the hippocampus after CSDS. Proteomics technology was employed to explore protein-level changes in MAMs caused by CSDS. RESULTS CSDS caused mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, closer contact between ER and mitochondria, and enrichment of functional protein clusters at MAMs in hippocampus along with depressive-like behaviors. Also, EA showed beneficial effects on intracellular stress responses and depressive-like behaviors in CSDS mice. LIMITATION The cellular specificity of MAMs related protein changes in CSDS mice was not explored. CONCLUSIONS In the hippocampus, ER stress and mitochondrial damage occur, along with enriched mitochondria-ER interactions and MAM-related protein enrichment, which may contribute to depression's pathophysiology. EA may improve depression by regulating intracellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rui Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Yu Shen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zu-Qi Shen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Yin
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ke Ye
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao-Yuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling-Feng Liang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan-Qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Guo
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Taha M, Assali EA, Ben-Kasus Nissim T, Stutzmann GE, Shirihai OS, Hershfinkel M, Sekler I. NCLX controls hepatic mitochondrial Ca 2+ extrusion and couples hormone-mediated mitochondrial Ca 2+ oscillations with gluconeogenesis. Mol Metab 2024; 87:101982. [PMID: 38960129 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatic Ca2+ signaling has been identified as a crucial key factor in driving gluconeogenesis. The involvement of mitochondria in hormone-induced Ca2+ signaling and their contribution to metabolic activity remain, however, poorly understood. Moreover, the molecular mechanism governing the mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux signaling remains unresolved. This study investigates the role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCLX, in modulating hepatic mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux, and examines its physiological significance in hormonal hepatic Ca2+ signaling, gluconeogenesis, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. METHODS Primary mouse hepatocytes from both an AAV-mediated conditional hepatic-specific and a total mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCLX, knockout (KO) mouse models were employed for fluorescent monitoring of purinergic and glucagon/vasopressin-dependent mitochondrial and cytosolic hepatic Ca2+ responses in cultured hepatocytes. Isolated liver mitochondria and permeabilized primary hepatocytes were used to analyze the ion-dependence of Ca2+ efflux. Utilizing the conditional hepatic-specific NCLX KO model, the rate of gluconeogenesis was assessed by first monitoring glucose levels in fasted mice, and subsequently subjecting the mice to a pyruvate tolerance test while monitoring their blood glucose. Additionally, cultured primary hepatocytes from both genotypes were assessed in vitro for glucagon-dependent glucose production and cellular bioenergetics through glucose oxidase assay and Seahorse respirometry, respectively. RESULTS Analysis of Ca2+ responses in isolated liver mitochondria and cultured primary hepatocytes from NCLX KO versus WT mice showed that NCLX serves as the principal mechanism for mitochondrial calcium extrusion in hepatocytes. We then determined the role of NCLX in glucagon and vasopressin-induced Ca2+ oscillations. Consistent with previous studies, glucagon and vasopressin triggered Ca2+ oscillations in WT hepatocytes, however, the deletion of NCLX resulted in selective elimination of mitochondrial, but not cytosolic, Ca2+ oscillations, underscoring NCLX's pivotal role in mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation. Subsequent in vivo investigation for hepatic NCLX role in gluconeogenesis revealed that, as opposed to WT mice which maintained normoglycemic blood glucose levels when fasted, conditional hepatic-specific NCLX KO mice exhibited a faster drop in glucose levels, becoming hypoglycemic. Furthermore, KO mice showed deficient conversion of pyruvate to glucose when challenged under fasting conditions. Concurrent in vitro assessments showed impaired glucagon-dependent glucose production and compromised bioenergetics in KO hepatocytes, thereby underscoring NCLX's significant contribution to hepatic glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The study findings demonstrate that NCLX acts as the primary Ca2+ efflux mechanism in hepatocytes. NCLX is indispensable for regulating hormone-induced mitochondrial Ca2+ oscillations, mitochondrial metabolism, and sustenance of hepatic gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Taha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Essam A Assali
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Tsipi Ben-Kasus Nissim
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Grace E Stutzmann
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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3
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Chen SC, Chen QW, Ko CY. Chrysophanol Induces Cell Death and Inhibits Invasiveness through Alteration of Calcium Levels in HepG2 Human Liver Cancer Cells. Chin J Integr Med 2024:10.1007/s11655-024-3817-2. [PMID: 39102156 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-024-3817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of chrysophanol, a phytochemical derived from Radix et Rhizoma Rhei on HepG2 liver cancer cells. METHODS HepG2 cell line was treated with different concentrations chrysophanol (0-100 μmol/L) for 24 h. The cell counting kit 8 assay was employed to assess cell viability. Intracellular calcium levels were examined using Fluo-4 AM and Mag-fluo-4 AM staining, followed by flow cytometry analysis. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured with JC-1 assay kit. Additionally, the expressions of key proteins such as p-JNK, Bax, cytochrome c (Cyt C), cleaved caspase-3 (cCaspase-3), and caspase-8 were analyzed by Western blot. The inhibitory effects of chrysophanol on the invasion of cells were determined using a Transwell assay. Analysis of invasiveness was conducted by wound healing assay. RESULTS Chrysophanol significantly reduced the proliferation of HepG2 liver cancer cells by affecting intracellular calcium distribution, diminishing mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhancing the expressions of p-JNK, Bax, Cyt C, cCaspase-3, and caspase-8 in the groups treated with 75 or 100 μmol/L chrysophanol compared to the control group (P<0.05). Additionally, 75 and 100 μmol/L chrysophanol exhibited inhibitory effects on cell migration and wound healing. CONCLUSION Chrysophanol demonstrates potential against HepG2 liver cancer cells, suggesting its potential use as a therapeutic agent for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chao Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, China
| | - Qiao-Wen Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, China
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Chih-Yuan Ko
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, China.
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Liiv M, Vaarmann A, Safiulina D, Choubey V, Gupta R, Kuum M, Janickova L, Hodurova Z, Cagalinec M, Zeb A, Hickey MA, Huang YL, Gogichaishvili N, Mandel M, Plaas M, Vasar E, Loncke J, Vervliet T, Tsai TF, Bultynck G, Veksler V, Kaasik A. ER calcium depletion as a key driver for impaired ER-to-mitochondria calcium transfer and mitochondrial dysfunction in Wolfram syndrome. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6143. [PMID: 39034309 PMCID: PMC11271478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome is a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the WFS1 or CISD2 gene. A primary defect in Wolfram syndrome involves poor ER Ca2+ handling, but how this disturbance leads to the disease is not known. The current study, performed in primary neurons, the most affected and disease-relevant cells, involving both Wolfram syndrome genes, explains how the disturbed ER Ca2+ handling compromises mitochondrial function and affects neuronal health. Loss of ER Ca2+ content and impaired ER-mitochondrial contact sites in the WFS1- or CISD2-deficient neurons is associated with lower IP3R-mediated Ca2+ transfer from ER to mitochondria and decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. In turn, reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ content inhibits mitochondrial ATP production leading to an increased NADH/NAD+ ratio. The resulting bioenergetic deficit and reductive stress compromise the health of the neurons. Our work also identifies pharmacological targets and compounds that restore Ca2+ homeostasis, enhance mitochondrial function and improve neuronal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailis Liiv
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annika Vaarmann
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Dzhamilja Safiulina
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vinay Choubey
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ruby Gupta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Malle Kuum
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lucia Janickova
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 14, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Pharmacology and Developmental Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Hodurova
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Cell Pharmacology and Developmental Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Cagalinec
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Cellular Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center and Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Akbar Zeb
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Miriam A Hickey
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yi-Long Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Genome Sciences and Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Li-Nong St., Section 2, Peitou, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Nana Gogichaishvili
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merle Mandel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mario Plaas
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jens Loncke
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vervliet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Genome Sciences and Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Li-Nong St., Section 2, Peitou, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vladimir Veksler
- Laboratory of Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S 1180, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Allen Kaasik
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
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Chen C, Han P, Qing Y. Metabolic heterogeneity in tumor microenvironment - A novel landmark for immunotherapy. Autoimmun Rev 2024:103579. [PMID: 39004158 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The surrounding non-cancer cells and tumor cells that make up the tumor microenvironment (TME) have various metabolic rhythms. TME metabolic heterogeneity is influenced by the intricate network of metabolic control within and between cells. DNA, protein, transport, and microbial levels are important regulators of TME metabolic homeostasis. The effectiveness of immunotherapy is also closely correlated with alterations in TME metabolism. The response of a tumor patient to immunotherapy is influenced by a variety of variables, including intracellular metabolic reprogramming, metabolic interaction between cells, ecological changes within and between tumors, and general dietary preferences. Although immunotherapy and targeted therapy have made great strides, their use in the accurate identification and treatment of tumors still has several limitations. The function of TME metabolic heterogeneity in tumor immunotherapy is summarized in this article. It focuses on how metabolic heterogeneity develops and is regulated as a tumor progresses, the precise molecular mechanisms and potential clinical significance of imbalances in intracellular metabolic homeostasis and intercellular metabolic coupling and interaction, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of targeted metabolism used in conjunction with immunotherapy. This offers insightful knowledge and important implications for individualized tumor patient diagnosis and treatment plans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Han
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yanping Qing
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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6
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Cauwelier C, de Ridder I, Bultynck G. Recent advances in canonical versus non-canonical Ca 2+-signaling-related anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 functions and prospects for cancer treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119713. [PMID: 38521468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cell fate is tightly controlled by a continuous balance between cell survival and cell death inducing mechanisms. B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-family members, composed of effectors and regulators, not only control apoptosis at the level of the mitochondria but also by impacting the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and dynamics. On the one hand, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, prevents mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) by scaffolding and neutralizing proapoptotic Bcl-2-family members via its hydrophobic cleft (region composed of BH-domain 1-3). On the other hand, Bcl-2 suppress pro-apoptotic Ca2+ signals by binding and inhibiting IP3 receptors via its BH4 domain, which is structurally exiled from the hydrophobic cleft by a flexible loop region (FLR). As such, Bcl-2 prevents excessive Ca2+ transfer from ER to mitochondria. Whereas regulation of both pathways requires different functional regions of Bcl-2, both seem to be connected in cancers that overexpress Bcl-2 in a life-promoting dependent manner. Here we discuss the anti-apoptotic canonical and non-canonical role, via calcium signaling, of Bcl-2 in health and cancer and evolving from this the proposed anti-cancer therapies with their shortcomings. We also argue how some cancers, with the major focus on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are difficult to treat, although theoretically prime marked for Bcl-2-targeting therapeutics. Further work is needed to understand the non-canonical functions of Bcl-2 also at organelles beyond the mitochondria, the interaction partners outside the Bcl-2 family as well as their ability to target or exploit these functions as therapeutic strategies in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Cauwelier
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Dep. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ian de Ridder
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Dep. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Dep. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Sharma N, Jung M, Mishra PK, Mun JY, Rhee HW. FLEX: genetically encodable enzymatic fluorescence signal amplification using engineered peroxidase. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:S2451-9456(24)00081-3. [PMID: 38513646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent tagging of biomolecules enables their sensitive detection during separation and determining their subcellular location. In this context, peroxidase-based reactions are actively utilized for signal amplification. To harness this potential, we developed a genetically encodable enzymatic fluorescence signal amplification method using APEX (FLEX). We synthesized a fluorescent probe, Jenfluor triazole (JFT1), which effectively amplifies and restricts fluorescence signals under fixed conditions, enabling fluorescence-based detection of subcellularly localized electron-rich metabolites. Moreover, JFT1 exhibited stable fluorescence signals even under osmium-treated and polymer-embedded conditions, which supported findings from correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) using APEX. Using various APEX-conjugated proteins of interest (POIs) targeted to different organelles, we successfully visualized their localization through FLEX imaging while effectively preserving organelle ultrastructures. FLEX provides insights into dynamic lysosome-mitochondria interactions upon exposure to chemical stressors. Overall, FLEX holds significant promise as a sensitive and versatile system for fluorescently detecting APEX2-POIs in multiscale biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmali Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Minkyo Jung
- Neural Circuits Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuits Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Woo Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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8
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Li S, Fan R, Wang Y, He K, Xu J, Li H. Application of calcium overload-based ion interference therapy in tumor treatment: strategies, outcomes, and prospects. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1352377. [PMID: 38425645 PMCID: PMC10902152 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1352377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Low selectivity and tumor drug resistance are the main hinderances to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy against tumor. Ion interference therapy is an innovative anti-tumor strategy that has been recently reported to induce metabolic disorders and inhibit proliferation of tumor cells by reordering bioactive ions within the tumor cells. Calcium cation (Ca2+) are indispensable for all physiological activities of cells. In particular, calcium overload, characterized by the abnormal intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, causes irreversible cell death. Consequently, calcium overload-based ion interference therapy has the potential to overcome resistance to traditional tumor treatment strategies and holds promise for clinical application. In this review, we 1) Summed up the current strategies employed in this therapy; 2) Described the outcome of tumor cell death resulting from this therapy; 3) Discussed its potential application in synergistic therapy with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Teaching Experiment Center, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Battalion, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruicheng Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Teaching Experiment Center, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuekai Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Teaching Experiment Center, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Battalion, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kunqian He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Teaching Experiment Center, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Battalion, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhe Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Teaching Experiment Center, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Teaching Experiment Center, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Wang M, Yang D, Li L, Wu P, Sun Y, Zhang X, Ji C, Xu W, Qian H, Shi H. A Dual Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles on TRPC6 Protein and Mitochondria to Promote Diabetic Wound Healing. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4871-4885. [PMID: 38290527 PMCID: PMC10867885 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic wounds exhibit delayed and incomplete healing, usually due to vascular and nerve damage. Dysregulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis has recently been shown to be closely related to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the involvement of this dysregulation in diabetic wound complications remains unknown. In this study, we found calcium dysregulation in patients with diabetic ulcers via tissue protein profiling. High glucose and glucometabolic toxicant stimulation considerably impaired the function of TRPC6, a pore subunit of transient receptor potential channels mediating Ca2+ influx, and mitochondria, which regulate calcium cycling and metabolism. Furthermore, we found that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) could play a dual role in restoring the function of TRPC6 and mitochondria by delivering transcription factor SP2 and deubiquitinating enzyme USP9, respectively. MSC-sEVs could transfer SP2 that activated TRPC6 expression by binding to its specific promoter regions (-1519 to -1725 bp), thus recovering Ca2+ influx and downstream pathways. MSC-sEVs also promoted mitophagy to restore mitochondrial function by transporting USP9 that stabilized the expression of Parkin, a major player in mitophagy, thereby guaranteeing Ca2+ efflux and avoidance of Ca2+ overload. Targeting the regulation of calcium homeostasis provides a perspective for understanding diabetic wound healing, and the corresponding design of MSC-sEVs could be a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department
of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical
Materials, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Dakai Yang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department
of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Linli Li
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Changzhou Second
Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division
of Life Sciences and Medicine, University
of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Yaoxiang Sun
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Yixing
Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department
of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department
of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department
of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department
of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department
of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
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10
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Sneyers F, Speelman-Rooms F, Verhelst SHL, Bootman MD, Bultynck G. Cellular effects of BAPTA: Are they only about Ca 2+ chelation? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119589. [PMID: 37739271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ signals play a vital role in a broad range of cell biological and physiological processes in all eukaryotic cell types. Dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling has been implicated in numerous human diseases. Over the past four decades, the understanding of how cells use Ca2+ as a messenger has flourished, largely because of the development of reporters that enable visualization of Ca2+ signals in different cellular compartments, and tools that can modulate cellular Ca2+ signaling. One such tool that is frequently used is BAPTA; a fast, high-affinity Ca2+-chelating molecule. By making use of a cell-permeable acetoxymethyl ester (AM) variant, BAPTA can be readily loaded into the cytosol of cells (referred to as BAPTAi), where it is trapped and able to buffer changes in cytosolic Ca2+. Due to the ease of loading of the AM version of BAPTA, this reagent has been used in hundreds of studies to probe the role of Ca2+ signaling in specific processes. As such, for decades, researchers have almost universally attributed changes in biological processes caused by BAPTAi to the involvement of Ca2+ signaling. However, BAPTAi has often been used without any form of control, and in many cases has neither been shown to be retained in cells for the duration of experiments nor to buffer any Ca2+ signals. Moreover, increasing evidence points to off-target cellular effects of BAPTA that are clearly not related to Ca2+ chelation. Here, we briefly introduce Ca2+ signaling and the history of Ca2+ chelators and fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. We highlight Ca2+-independent effects of BAPTAi on a broad range of molecular targets and describe some of BAPTAi's impacts on cell functions that occur independently of its Ca2+-chelating properties. Finally, we propose strategies for determining whether Ca2+ chelation, the binding of other metal ions, or off-target interactions with cell components are responsible for BAPTAi's effect on a particular process and suggest some future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Sneyers
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Dep. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Femke Speelman-Rooms
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Dep. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Herestraat 49 box 901b, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven H L Verhelst
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Herestraat 49 box 901b, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin D Bootman
- The Open University, Cancer Research Group, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Dep. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Liu H, Wen Z, Liu Z, Yang Y, Wang H, Xia X, Ye J, Liu Y. Unlocking the potential of amorphous calcium carbonate: A star ascending in the realm of biomedical application. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:602-622. [PMID: 38322345 PMCID: PMC10840486 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium-based biomaterials have been intensively studied in the field of drug delivery owing to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Calcium-based materials can also deliver contrast agents, which can enhance real-time imaging and exert a Ca2+-interfering therapeutic effect. Based on these characteristics, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), as a brunch of calcium-based biomaterials, has the potential to become a widely used biomaterial. Highly functional ACC can be either discovered in natural organisms or obtained by chemical synthesis However, the standalone presence of ACC is unstable in vivo. Additives are required to be used as stabilizers or core-shell structures formed by permeable layers or lipids with modified molecules constructed to maintain the stability of ACC until the ACC carrier reaches its destination. ACC has high chemical instability and can produce biocompatible products when exposed to an acidic condition in vivo, such as Ca2+ with an immune-regulating ability and CO2 with an imaging-enhancing ability. Owing to these characteristics, ACC has been studied for self-sacrificing templates of carrier construction, targeted delivery of oncology drugs, immunomodulation, tumor imaging, tissue engineering, and calcium supplementation. Emphasis in this paper has been placed on the origin, structural features, and multiple applications of ACC. Meanwhile, ACC faces many challenges in clinical translation, and long-term basic research is required to overcome these challenges. We hope that this study will contribute to future innovative research on ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhiyang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zihan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xuejun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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12
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Zhu Y, Burg T, Neyrinck K, Vervliet T, Nami F, Vervoort E, Ahuja K, Sassano ML, Chai YC, Tharkeshwar AK, De Smedt J, Hu H, Bultynck G, Agostinis P, Swinnen JV, Van Den Bosch L, da Costa RFM, Verfaillie C. Disruption of MAM integrity in mutant FUS oligodendroglial progenitors from hiPSCs. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:6. [PMID: 38170217 PMCID: PMC10764485 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by selective loss of motor neurons (MNs). A number of causative genetic mutations underlie the disease, including mutations in the fused in sarcoma (FUS) gene, which can lead to both juvenile and late-onset ALS. Although ALS results from MN death, there is evidence that dysfunctional glial cells, including oligodendroglia, contribute to neurodegeneration. Here, we used human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with a R521H or a P525L mutation in FUS and their isogenic controls to generate oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) by inducing SOX10 expression from a TET-On SOX10 cassette. Mutant and control iPSCs differentiated efficiently into OPCs. RNA sequencing identified a myelin sheath-related phenotype in mutant OPCs. Lipidomic studies demonstrated defects in myelin-related lipids, with a reduction of glycerophospholipids in mutant OPCs. Interestingly, FUSR521H OPCs displayed a decrease in the phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio, known to be associated with maintaining membrane integrity. A proximity ligation assay further indicated that mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) were diminished in both mutant FUS OPCs. Moreover, both mutant FUS OPCs displayed increased susceptibility to ER stress when exposed to thapsigargin, and exhibited impaired mitochondrial respiration and reduced Ca2+ signaling from ER Ca2+ stores. Taken together, these results demonstrate a pathological role of mutant FUS in OPCs, causing defects in lipid metabolism associated with MAM disruption manifested by impaired mitochondrial metabolism with increased susceptibility to ER stress and with suppressed physiological Ca2+ signaling. As such, further exploration of the role of oligodendrocyte dysfunction in the demise of MNs is crucial and will provide new insights into the complex cellular mechanisms underlying ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Zhu
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thibaut Burg
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Neyrinck
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vervliet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatemeharefeh Nami
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Vervoort
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karan Ahuja
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Livia Sassano
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoke Chin Chai
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arun Kumar Tharkeshwar
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan De Smedt
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Haibo Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Hakka Medical Resources Branch, School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Dong J, Chen L, Ye F, Tang J, Liu B, Lin J, Zhou PH, Lu B, Wu M, Lu JH, He JJ, Engelender S, Meng Q, Song Z, He H. Mic19 depletion impairs endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial contacts and mitochondrial lipid metabolism and triggers liver disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:168. [PMID: 38168065 PMCID: PMC10762189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contacts are critical for the regulation of lipid transport, synthesis, and metabolism. However, the molecular mechanism and physiological function of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial contacts remain unclear. Here, we show that Mic19, a key subunit of MICOS (mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system) complex, regulates ER-mitochondria contacts by the EMC2-SLC25A46-Mic19 axis. Mic19 liver specific knockout (LKO) leads to the reduction of ER-mitochondrial contacts, mitochondrial lipid metabolism disorder, disorganization of mitochondrial cristae and mitochondrial unfolded protein stress response in mouse hepatocytes, impairing liver mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and lipid metabolism, which may spontaneously trigger nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis in mice. Whereas, the re-expression of Mic19 in Mic19 LKO hepatocytes blocks the development of liver disease in mice. In addition, Mic19 overexpression suppresses MCD-induced fatty liver disease. Thus, our findings uncover the EMC2-SLC25A46-Mic19 axis as a pathway regulating ER-mitochondria contacts, and reveal that impairment of ER-mitochondria contacts may be a mechanism associated with the development of NASH and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dong
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Ye
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junhui Tang
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiacheng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pang-Hu Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jing-Jing He
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Simone Engelender
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Qingtao Meng
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyin Song
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Department of pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - He He
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Department of pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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14
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Qi ZM, Wang X, Liu X, Zhao J. Asperuloside Promotes Apoptosis of Cervical Cancer Cells through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mitochondrial Pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2024; 30:34-41. [PMID: 37076638 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of asperuloside on cervical cancer based on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial pathway. METHODS Different doses (12.5-800 µg/mL) of asperuloside were used to treat cervical cancer cell lines Hela and CaSki to calculate the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of asperuloside. The cell proliferation was analyzed by clone formation assay. Cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were determined by flow cytometry. The protein expressions of cleaved-caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, Cyt-c, cleaved-caspase-4 and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) were analyzed by Western blot. And the inhibitor of ER stress, 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) was used to treat cervical cancer cells to further verify the role of ER stress in the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells induced by asperuloside. RESULTS Asperuloside of 325, 650, and 1300 µg/mL significantly inhibited the proliferation and promoted apoptosis of Hela and CaSki cells (P<0.01). All doses of asperuloside significantly increased intracellular ROS levels, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, significantly reduced Bcl-2 protein expression level, and increased Bax, Cyt-c, GRP78 and cleaved-caspase-4 expressions (P<0.01). In addition, 10 mmol/L 4-PBA treatment significantly promoted cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis (P<0.05), and 650 µg/mL asperuloside could reverse 4-PBA-induced increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis and cleaved-caspase-3, -4 and GRP78 protein expressions (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our study revealed the role of asperuloside in cervical cancer, suggesting that asperuloside promotes apoptosis of cervical cancer cells through ER stress-mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Qi
- Medical Examination Center, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Experimental Center for Teaching, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
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15
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Bhati R, Zadeng H, Singh E, Kumar A, Jain M, Senthil Kumaran J, Singh AK, Muthukumaran J. Molecular dynamics simulations assisted investigation of phytochemicals as potential lead candidates against anti-apoptotic Bcl-B protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 38111145 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2295385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to the multifarious nature of cancer, finding a single definitive cure for this dreadful disease remains an elusive challenge. The dysregulation of the apoptotic pathway or programmed cell death, governed by the Bcl-2 family of proteins plays a crucial role in cancer development and progression. Bcl-B stands out as a unique anti-apoptotic protein from the Bcl-2 family that selectively binds to Bax which inhibits its pro-apoptotic function. Although several inhibitors are reported for Bcl-2 family proteins, no specific inhibitors are available against the anti-apoptotic Bcl-B protein. This study aims to address this research gap by using virtual screening of an in-house library of phytochemicals from seven anti-cancer medicinal plants to identify lead molecules against Bcl-B protein. Through pharmacokinetic analysis and molecular docking studies, we identified three lead candidates (Enterolactone, Piperine, and Protopine) based on appreciable drug-likeliness, ADME properties, and binding affinity values. The identified molecules also exhibited specific interactions with critical amino acid residues of the binding cleft, highlighting their potential as lead candidates. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations and MM/PBSA based binding free energy analysis revealed that Enterolactone (CID_114739) and Piperine (CID_638024) molecules were on par with Obatoclax (CID_11404337), which is a known inhibitor of the Bcl-2 family proteins.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rittik Bhati
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Hazel Zadeng
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Ekampreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Monika Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - J Senthil Kumaran
- Department of Chemistry, DLR Arts and Science College, Arcot, India
- Department of Science and Humanities, Er. Perumal Manimekalai College of Engineering, Hosur, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Jayaraman Muthukumaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
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16
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Mangrulkar SV, Wankhede NL, Kale MB, Upaganlawar AB, Taksande BG, Umekar MJ, Anwer MK, Dailah HG, Mohan S, Behl T. Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Signaling Target for Therapeutic Intervention in Major Neurodegenerative Disease. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:708-729. [PMID: 37162686 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) are incurable and the most prevalent cognitive and motor disorders of elderly. Mitochondria are essential for a wide range of cellular processes playing a pivotal role in a number of cellular functions like metabolism, intracellular signaling, apoptosis, and immunity. A plethora of evidence indicates the central role of mitochondrial functions in pathogenesis of many aging related NDD. Considering how mitochondria function in neurodegenerative diseases, oxidative stress, and mutations in mtDNA both contribute to aging. Many substantial reports suggested the involvement of numerous contributing factors including, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, mitophagy, accumulation of somatic mtDNA mutations, compromised mitochondrial dynamics, and transport within axons in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Therapies therefore target fundamental mitochondrial processes such as energy metabolism, free-radical generation, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial redox state, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial protein synthesis, mitochondrial quality control, and metabolism hold great promise to develop pharmacological based therapies in NDD. By emphasizing the most efficient pharmacological strategies to target dysfunction of mitochondria in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, this review serves the scientific community engaged in translational medical science by focusing on the establishment of novel, mitochondria-targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Shantabai Patil College of Diploma in Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nasik, Maharashta, India
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
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17
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Zhao X, Zhang J, Liu J, Chen Q, Cai C, Miao X, Wu T, Cheng X. Identification of mitochondrial-related signature and molecular subtype for the prognosis of osteosarcoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:12794-12816. [PMID: 37976137 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a vital role in osteosarcoma. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of mitochondrial-related genes (MRGs) in osteosarcoma. Based on 92 differentially expressed MRGs, osteosarcoma samples were divided into two subtypes using the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). Ultimately, a univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox analysis were performed to construct a prognostic risk model. The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis assessed the immune infiltration characteristics of osteosarcoma patients. Finally, we identified an osteosarcoma biomarker, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MLYCD), which showed downregulation. Osteosarcoma cells proliferation, migration, and invasion were effectively inhibited by the overexpression of MLYCD. Our findings will help us to further understand the molecular mechanisms of osteosarcoma and contribute to the discovery of new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Changxiong Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Tianlong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Intervertebral Disc Disease, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Xigao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Intervertebral Disc Disease, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
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18
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Lemos FO, de Ridder I, Bootman MD, Bultynck G, Parys JB. The Complex Effects of PKM2 and PKM2:IP 3R Disruption on Intracellular Ca 2+ Handling and Cellular Functions. Cells 2023; 12:2527. [PMID: 37947604 PMCID: PMC10647343 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M (PKM) 2 was described to interact with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) and suppress its activity. To further investigate the physiological importance of the PKM2:IP3R interaction, we developed and characterized HeLa PKM2 knockout (KO) cells. In the HeLa PKM2 KO cells, the release of Ca2+ to the cytosol appears to be more sensitive to low agonist concentrations than in HeLa wild-type (WT) cells. However, upon an identical IP3-induced Ca2+ release, Ca2+ uptake in the mitochondria is decreased in HeLa PKM2 KO cells, which may be explained by the smaller number of contact sites between the ER and the mitochondria. Furthermore, in HeLa PKM2 KO cells, mitochondria are more numerous, though they are smaller and less branched and have a hyperpolarized membrane potential. TAT-D5SD, a cell-permeable peptide representing a sequence derived from IP3R1 that can disrupt the PKM2:IP3R interaction, induces Ca2+ release into the cytosol and Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria in both HeLa WT and PKM2 KO cells. Moreover, TAT-D5SD induced apoptosis in HeLa WT and PKM2 KO cells but not in HeLa cells completely devoid of IP3Rs. These results indicate that PKM2 separately regulates cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ handling and that the cytotoxic effect of TAT-D5SD depends on IP3R activity but not on PKM2. However, the tyrosine kinase Lck, which also interacts with the D5SD sequence, is expressed neither in HeLa WT nor PKM2 KO cells, and we can also exclude a role for PKM1, which is upregulated in HeLa PKM2 KO cells, indicating that the TAT-D5SD peptide has a more complex mode of action than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O. Lemos
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI—B802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.d.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Ian de Ridder
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI—B802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.d.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Martin D. Bootman
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI—B802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.d.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Jan B. Parys
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI—B802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.d.R.); (G.B.)
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19
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Shao F, Han J, Tian Z, Wang Z, Liu S, Wu Y. Synergistic ROS generation and directional overloading of endogenous calcium induce mitochondrial dysfunction in living cells. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122284. [PMID: 37619266 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Taking advantage of endogenous Ca2+ to upregulate intramitochondrial Ca2+ level has become a powerful mean for mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated tumor therapy. However, the Ca2+ entered into mitochondria is limited ascribing to the uncontrollability and non-selectivity of endogenous Ca2+ transport. It remains a great challenge to make the maximum use of endogenous Ca2+ to ensure sufficient Ca2+ overloading in mitochondria. Herein, we smartly fabricate an intracellular Ca2+ directional transport channel to selectively transport endogenous Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria based on cascade release nanoplatform ABT-199@liposomes/doxorubicin@FeIII-tannic acid (ABT@Lip/DOX@Fe-TA). In tumor acidic microenvironment, Fe3+ ions are firstly released and reduced by tannic acid (TA) to Fe2+ for ROS generation. Subsequently, under the NIR light irradiation, the released ABT-199 molecules combine with ROS contribute to the formation of IP3R-Grp75-VDAC1 channel between ER and mitochondria, thus Ca2+ ions are directionally delivered and intramitochondrial Ca2+ level is significantly upregulated. The synergetic ROS generation and mitochondrial Ca2+ overloading effectively intensifies mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby achieving efficient tumor inhibition. This work presents a new insight and promising avenue for endogenous Ca2+-involved tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Shao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jianyu Han
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhaoyan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Wuxi Institute of Inspection, Testing and Certification, Wuxi 214125, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yafeng Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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20
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Zheng Y, Liu Q, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Immune aging - A mechanism in autoimmune disease. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101814. [PMID: 37542986 PMCID: PMC10663095 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that the process of immune aging is a mechanism leading to autoimmunity. Over lifetime, the immune system adapts to profound changes in hematopoiesis and lymphogenesis, and progressively restructures in face of an ever-expanding exposome. Older adults fail to generate adequate immune responses against microbial infections and tumors, but accumulate aged T cells, B cells and myeloid cells. Age-associated B cells are highly efficient in autoantibody production. T-cell aging promotes the accrual of end-differentiated effector T cells with potent cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory abilities and myeloid cell aging supports a low grade, sterile and chronic inflammatory state (inflammaging). In pre-disposed individuals, immune aging can lead to frank autoimmune disease, manifesting with chronic inflammation and irreversible tissue damage. Emerging data support the concept that autoimmunity results from aging-induced failure of fundamental cellular processes in immune effector cells: genomic instability, loss of mitochondrial fitness, failing proteostasis, dwindling lysosomal degradation and inefficient autophagy. Here, we have reviewed the evidence that malfunctional mitochondria, disabled lysosomes and stressed endoplasmic reticula induce pathogenic T cells and macrophages that drive two autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). Recognizing immune aging as a risk factor for autoimmunity will open new avenues of immunomodulatory therapy, including the repair of malfunctioning mitochondria and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qingxiang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jorg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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21
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Rönkkö J, Rodriguez Y, Rasila T, Torregrosa-Muñumer R, Pennonen J, Kvist J, Kuuluvainen E, Bosch LVD, Hietakangas V, Bultynck G, Tyynismaa H, Ylikallio E. Human IP 3 receptor triple knockout stem cells remain pluripotent despite altered mitochondrial metabolism. Cell Calcium 2023; 114:102782. [PMID: 37481871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are ER Ca2+-release channels that control a broad set of cellular processes. Animal models lacking IP3Rs in different combinations display severe developmental phenotypes. Given the importance of IP3Rs in human diseases, we investigated their role in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) by developing single IP3R and triple IP3R knockouts (TKO). Genome edited TKO-hiPSC lacking all three IP3R isoforms, IP3R1, IP3R2, IP3R3, failed to generate Ca2+ signals in response to agonists activating GPCRs, but retained stemness and pluripotency. Steady state metabolite profiling and flux analysis of TKO-hiPSC indicated distinct alterations in tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites consistent with a deficiency in their pyruvate utilization via pyruvate dehydrogenase, shifting towards pyruvate carboxylase pathway. These results demonstrate that IP3Rs are not essential for hiPSC identity and pluripotency but regulate mitochondrial metabolism. This set of knockout hiPSC is a valuable resource for investigating IP3Rs in human cell types of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Rönkkö
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Yago Rodriguez
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Tiina Rasila
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Rubén Torregrosa-Muñumer
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Jana Pennonen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Jouni Kvist
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Emilia Kuuluvainen
- Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ville Hietakangas
- Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Emil Ylikallio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland; Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, 00290, Finland.
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22
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Silvestri R, Nicolì V, Gangadharannambiar P, Crea F, Bootman MD. Calcium signalling pathways in prostate cancer initiation and progression. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:524-543. [PMID: 36964408 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells proliferate, differentiate and migrate by repurposing physiological signalling mechanisms. In particular, altered calcium signalling is emerging as one of the most widespread adaptations in cancer cells. Remodelling of calcium signalling promotes the development of several malignancies, including prostate cancer. Gene expression data from in vitro, in vivo and bioinformatics studies using patient samples and xenografts have shown considerable changes in the expression of various components of the calcium signalling toolkit during the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that altered calcium signalling is a crucial component of the molecular re-programming that drives prostate cancer progression. Evidence points to calcium signalling re-modelling, commonly involving crosstalk between calcium and other cellular signalling pathways, underpinning the onset and temporal progression of this disease. Discrete alterations in calcium signalling have been implicated in hormone-sensitive, castration-resistant and aggressive variant forms of prostate cancer. Hence, modulation of calcium signals and downstream effector molecules is a plausible therapeutic strategy for both early and late stages of prostate cancer. Based on this premise, clinical trials have been undertaken to establish the feasibility of targeting calcium signalling specifically for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Nicolì
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Martin D Bootman
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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23
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Shelke V, Yelgonde V, Kale A, Lech M, Gaikwad AB. Epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum dynamics in kidney diseases. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1716-1731. [PMID: 37357431 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Kidney diseases are serious health problems affecting >800 million individuals worldwide. The high number of affected individuals and the severe consequences of kidney dysfunction demand an intensified effort toward more effective prevention and treatment. The pathophysiology of kidney diseases is complex and comprises diverse organelle dysfunctions including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The recent findings prove interactions between the ER membrane and nearly all cell compartments and give new insights into molecular events involved in cellular mechanisms in health and disease. Interactions between the ER and mitochondrial membranes, known as the mitochondria-ER contacts regulate kidney physiology by interacting with each other via membrane contact sites (MCS). ER controls mitochondrial dynamics through ER stress sensor proteins or by direct communication via mitochondria-associated ER membrane to activate signaling pathways such as apoptosis, calcium transport, and autophagy. More importantly, these organelle dynamics are found to be regulated by several epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs and can be a potential therapeutic target against kidney diseases. However, a thorough understanding of the role of epigenetic regulation of organelle dynamics and their functions is not well understood. Therefore, this review will unveil the role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating organelle dynamics during various types of kidney diseases. Moreover, we will also shed light on different stress origins in organelles leading to kidney disease. Henceforth, by understanding this we can target epigenetic mechanisms to maintain/control organelle dynamics and serve them as a novel therapeutic approach against kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwadeep Shelke
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vinayak Yelgonde
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ajinath Kale
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Maciej Lech
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Nephrology, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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24
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Moccia F, Fiorio Pla A, Lim D, Lodola F, Gerbino A. Intracellular Ca 2+ signalling: unexpected new roles for the usual suspect. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1210085. [PMID: 37576340 PMCID: PMC10413985 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1210085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic Ca2+ signals are organized in complex spatial and temporal patterns that underlie their unique ability to regulate multiple cellular functions. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) are finely tuned by the concerted interaction of membrane receptors and ion channels that introduce Ca2+ into the cytosol, Ca2+-dependent sensors and effectors that translate the elevation in [Ca2+]i into a biological output, and Ca2+-clearing mechanisms that return the [Ca2+]i to pre-stimulation levels and prevent cytotoxic Ca2+ overload. The assortment of the Ca2+ handling machinery varies among different cell types to generate intracellular Ca2+ signals that are selectively tailored to subserve specific functions. The advent of novel high-speed, 2D and 3D time-lapse imaging techniques, single-wavelength and genetic Ca2+ indicators, as well as the development of novel genetic engineering tools to manipulate single cells and whole animals, has shed novel light on the regulation of cellular activity by the Ca2+ handling machinery. A symposium organized within the framework of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Italian Society of Physiology, held in Bari on 14-16th September 2022, has recently addressed many of the unexpected mechanisms whereby intracellular Ca2+ signalling regulates cellular fate in healthy and disease states. Herein, we present a report of this symposium, in which the following emerging topics were discussed: 1) Regulation of water reabsorption in the kidney by lysosomal Ca2+ release through Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin 1 (TRPML1); 2) Endoplasmic reticulum-to-mitochondria Ca2+ transfer in Alzheimer's disease-related astroglial dysfunction; 3) The non-canonical role of TRP Melastatin 8 (TRPM8) as a Rap1A inhibitor in the definition of some cancer hallmarks; and 4) Non-genetic optical stimulation of Ca2+ signals in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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25
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Hai S, Chen J, Ma L, Wang C, Chen C, Rahman SU, Zhao C, Feng S, Wu J, Wang X. Combination of Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol Induces Apoptosis by Mitochondrial Pathway in Piglet Sertoli Cells: Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:471. [PMID: 37505740 PMCID: PMC10467067 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are widely found in various feeds, which harms livestock's reproductive health. Both mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can regulate cell apoptosis. This study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) on ZEA- combined with DON-induced mitochondrial pathway apoptosis in piglet Sertoli cells (SCs). The results showed that ZEA + DON damaged the ultrastructure of the cells, induced apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, promoted the expression of cytochrome c (CytC), and decreased the cell survival rate. Furthermore, ZEA + DON increased the relative mRNA and protein expression of Bid, Caspase-3, Drp1, and P53, while that of Bcl-2 and Mfn2 declined. ZEA + DON was added after pretreatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA). The results showed that 4-PBA could alleviate the toxicity of ZEA + DON toward SCs. Compared with the ZEA + DON group, 4-PBA improved the cell survival rate, decreased the apoptosis rate, inhibited CytC expression, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and the damage to the cell ultrastructure was alleviated. Moreover, after pretreatment with 4-PBA, the relative mRNA and protein expression of Bid, Caspase-3, Drp1, and P53 were downregulated, while the relative mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 and Mfn2 were upregulated. It can be concluded that ERS plays an important part in the apoptosis of SCs co-infected with ZEA-DON through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and intervention in this process can provide a new way to alleviate the reproductive toxicity of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirao Hai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Jiawen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Li Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Chenlong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Chuangjiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Sajid Ur Rahman
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, Hefei 230036, China
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26
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Wu H, Chen W, Chen Z, Li X, Wang M. Novel tumor therapy strategies targeting endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria signal pathways. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101951. [PMID: 37164161 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Organelles form tight connections through membrane contact sites, thereby cooperating to regulate homeostasis and cell function. Among them, the contact between endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the main intracellular calcium storage organelles, and mitochondria has been recognized for decades, and its main roles in the ion and lipid transport, ROS signaling, membrane dynamic changes and cellular metabolism are basically determined. At present, many tumor chemotherapeutic drugs rely on ER-mitochondrial calcium signal to function, but the mechanism of targeting resident molecules at the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) to sensitize traditional chemotherapy and the new tumor therapeutic targets identified based on the signal pathways on the MAM have not been thoroughly discussed. In this review, we highlight the key roles of various signaling pathways at the ER-mitochondria contact site in tumorigenesis and focus on novel anticancer therapy strategies targeting potential targets at this contact site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzheng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenni Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianping Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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27
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Faris P, Rumolo A, Pellavio G, Tanzi M, Vismara M, Berra-Romani R, Gerbino A, Corallo S, Pedrazzoli P, Laforenza U, Montagna D, Moccia F. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) mediates reactive oxygen species-induced Ca 2+ entry, mitochondrial dysfunction, and caspase-3/7 activation in primary cultures of metastatic colorectal carcinoma cells. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:213. [PMID: 37393347 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) represents the fourth most common cancer worldwide and is the third most common cause of malignancy-associated mortality. Distant metastases to the liver and lungs are the main drivers of CRC-dependent death. Pro-oxidant therapies, which halt disease progression by exacerbating oxidative stress, represent an antitumour strategy that is currently exploited by chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. A more selective strategy to therapeutically exploit reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling would consist in targeting a redox sensor that is up-regulated in metastatic cells and is tightly coupled to the stimulation of cancer cell death programs. The non-selective cation channel, Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), serves as a sensor of the cellular redox state, being activated to promote extracellular Ca2+ entry by an increase in oxidative stress. Recent work demonstrated that TRPA1 channel protein is up-regulated in several cancer types and that TRPA1-mediated Ca2+ signals can either engage an antiapoptotic pro-survival signaling pathway or to promote mitochondrial Ca2+ dysfunction and apoptosis. Herein, we sought to assess for the first time the outcome of TRPA1 activation by ROS on primary cultures of metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC cells). We found that TRPA1 channel protein is up-regulated and mediates enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced Ca2+ entry in mCRC cells as compared to non-neoplastic control cells. The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is the main ROS responsible for TRPA1 activation upon mCRC cell exposure to oxidative stress. TRPA1-mediated Ca2+ entry in response to H2O2 and 4-HNE results in mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, followed by mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-3/7 activation. Therefore, targeting TRPA1 could represent an alternative strategy to eradicate metastatic CRC by enhancing its sensitivity to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Faris
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Agnese Rumolo
- Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Laboratory of Immunology Transplantation, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pellavio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Tanzi
- Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Laboratory of Immunology Transplantation, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Vismara
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Berra-Romani
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 13 Sur 2702 Colonia Volcanes, Puebla, 72410, Mexico
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Corallo
- Medical Oncology, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrazzoli
- Medical Oncology, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Laforenza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Montagna
- Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Laboratory of Immunology Transplantation, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Sciences Clinic-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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28
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Richard EM, Brun E, Korchagina J, Crouzier L, Affortit C, Alves S, Cazevieille C, Mausset-Bonnefont AL, Lenoir M, Puel JL, Maurice T, Thiry M, Wang J, Delprat B. Wfs1 E864K knock-in mice illuminate the fundamental role of Wfs1 in endocochlear potential production. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:387. [PMID: 37386014 PMCID: PMC10310813 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder encompassing diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy, hearing loss (HL) as well as neurological disorders. None of the animal models of the pathology are presenting with an early onset HL, impeding the understanding of the role of Wolframin (WFS1), the protein responsible for WS, in the auditory pathway. We generated a knock-in mouse, the Wfs1E864K line, presenting a human mutation leading to severe deafness in affected individuals. The homozygous mice showed a profound post-natal HL and vestibular syndrome, a collapse of the endocochlear potential (EP) and a devastating alteration of the stria vascularis and neurosensory epithelium. The mutant protein prevented the localization to the cell surface of the Na+/K+ATPase β1 subunit, a key protein for the maintenance of the EP. Overall, our data support a key role of WFS1 in the maintenance of the EP and the stria vascularis, via its binding partner, the Na+/K+ATPase β1 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie Brun
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lucie Crouzier
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stacy Alves
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Marc Lenoir
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Thiry
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Jing Wang
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Delprat
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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29
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Dhaouadi N, Vitto VAM, Pinton P, Galluzzi L, Marchi S. Ca 2+ signaling and cell death. Cell Calcium 2023; 113:102759. [PMID: 37210868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple forms of regulated cell death (RCD) have been characterized, each of which originates from the activation of a dedicated molecular machinery. RCD can occur in purely physiological settings or upon failing cellular adaptation to stress. Ca2+ions have been shown to physically interact with - and hence regulate - various components of the RCD machinery. Moreover, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation can promote organellar dysfunction to degree that can be overtly cytotoxic or sensitize cells to RCD elicited by other stressors. Here, we provide an overview of the main links between Ca2+and different forms of RCD, including apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, lysosome-dependent cell death, and parthanatos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Dhaouadi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
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30
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Zhou Q, Wang Y, Lu Z, He C, Li L, You M, Wang L, Cao T, Zhao Y, Li Q, Mou A, Shu W, He H, Zhao Z, Liu D, Zhu Z, Gao P, Yan Z. Cx43 acts as a mitochondrial calcium regulator that promotes obesity by inducing the polarization of macrophages in adipose tissue. Cell Signal 2023; 105:110606. [PMID: 36681290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages initiates the polarization of pro-inflammatory macrophages that exacerbates adipocyte dysfunction and obesity. The imbalance of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis impairs mitochondrial function and promotes inflammation. Connexin 43 (Cx43), a ubiquitous gap junction protein, has been demonstrated to regulate intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Here we explored whether macrophage Cx43 affects the obesity process by regulating the polarization of macrophage. HFD treatment induced obesity and exacerbated macrophages infiltration with upregulation of macrophages Cx43. Macrophage-specific knockout of Cx43 reduced HFD-induced obesity by alleviating inflammation in adipose tissue, with less pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage infiltration. Consistently, inhibition or knockdown of Cx43 improved palmitic acid (PA) induced mitochondrial dysfunction, as indicated by improved oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), reduced formation of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload. Mechanistically, Cx43 interacted with the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and knockdown of Cx43 alleviated PA-induced succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) oxidation by lowering MCU-mediated mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, which then, promoting the polarization of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. Thus, this study identified Cx43 as a mitochondrial Ca2+ regulator that aggravates obesity via promoting macrophages polarized to M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype and suggests that Cx43 might be a promising therapeutic target antagonizing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongshi Lu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengkang He
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei You
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingbing Cao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Aidi Mou
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Wentao Shu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo He
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Daoyan Liu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhencheng Yan
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, and Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China.
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31
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de Ridder I, Kerkhofs M, Lemos FO, Loncke J, Bultynck G, Parys JB. The ER-mitochondria interface, where Ca 2+ and cell death meet. Cell Calcium 2023; 112:102743. [PMID: 37126911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact sites are crucial to allow Ca2+ flux between them and a plethora of proteins participate in tethering both organelles together. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) play a pivotal role at such contact sites, participating in both ER-mitochondria tethering and as Ca2+-transport system that delivers Ca2+ from the ER towards mitochondria. At the ER-mitochondria contact sites, the IP3Rs function as a multi-protein complex linked to the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) in the outer mitochondrial membrane, via the chaperone glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75). This IP3R-GRP75-VDAC1 complex supports the efficient transfer of Ca2+ from the ER into the mitochondrial intermembrane space, from which the Ca2+ ions can reach the mitochondrial matrix through the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Under physiological conditions, basal Ca2+ oscillations deliver Ca2+ to the mitochondrial matrix, thereby stimulating mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. However, when mitochondrial Ca2+ overload occurs, the increase in [Ca2+] will induce the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, thereby provoking cell death. The IP3R-GRP75-VDAC1 complex forms a hub for several other proteins that stabilize the complex and/or regulate the complex's ability to channel Ca2+ into the mitochondria. These proteins and their mechanisms of action are discussed in the present review with special attention for their role in pathological conditions and potential implication for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian de Ridder
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Martijn Kerkhofs
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Fernanda O Lemos
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Jens Loncke
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium.
| | - Jan B Parys
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium.
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32
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Zheng S, Wang X, Zhao D, Liu H, Hu Y. Calcium homeostasis and cancer: insights from endoplasmic reticulum-centered organelle communications. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:312-323. [PMID: 35915027 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous and versatile signaling molecule controlling a wide variety of cellular processes, such as proliferation, cell death, migration, and immune response, all fundamental processes essential for the establishment of cancer. In recent decades, the loss of Ca2+ homeostasis has been considered an important driving force in the initiation and progression of malignant diseases. The primary intracellular Ca2+ store, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plays an essential role in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis by coordinating with other organelles and the plasma membrane. Here, we discuss the dysregulation of ER-centered Ca2+ homeostasis in cancer, summarize Ca2+-based anticancer therapeutics, and highlight the significance of furthering our understanding of Ca2+ homeostasis regulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanliang Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China.
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Yan J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu X, Yu L, He Z. Rapidly Blocking the Calcium Overload/ROS Production Feedback Loop to Alleviate Acute Kidney Injury via Microenvironment-Responsive BAPTA-AM/BAC Co-Delivery Nanosystem. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206936. [PMID: 36719986 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium overload and ROS overproduction, two major triggers of acute kidney injury (AKI), are self-amplifying and mutually reinforcing, forming a complicated cascading feedback loop that induces kidney cell "suicide" and ultimately renal failure. There are currently no clinically effective drugs for the treatment of AKI, excluding adjuvant therapy. In this study, a porous silicon-based nanocarrier rich in disulfide bond skeleton (<50 nm) is developed that enables efficient co-loading of the hydrophilic drug borane amino complex and the hydrophobic drug BAPTA-AM, with its outer layer sealed by the renal tubule-targeting peptide PEG-LTH. Once targeted to the kidney injured site, the nanocarrier structure collapses in the high glutathione environment of the early stage of AKI, releasing the drugs. Under the action of the slightly acidic inflammatory environment and intracellular esterase, the released drugs produce hydrogen and BAPTA, which can rapidly eliminate the excess ROS and overloaded Ca2+ , blocking endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (ATF4-CHOP-Bax axis, Casp-12-Casp-3 axis, Cyt-C-Casp-3 axis) and inflammatory pathway (TNF-α-NF-κB axis) from the source, thus rescuing the renal cells in the "critical survival" state and further restoring the kidney function. Overall, this nanoparticle shows substantial clinical promise as a potential therapeutic strategy for I/R injury-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth Systems, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
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34
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Thoudam T, Chanda D, Lee JY, Jung MK, Sinam IS, Kim BG, Park BY, Kwon WH, Kim HJ, Kim M, Lim CW, Lee H, Huh YH, Miller CA, Saxena R, Skill NJ, Huda N, Kusumanchi P, Ma J, Yang Z, Kim MJ, Mun JY, Harris RA, Jeon JH, Liangpunsakul S, Lee IK. Enhanced Ca 2+-channeling complex formation at the ER-mitochondria interface underlies the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1703. [PMID: 36973273 PMCID: PMC10042999 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ overload-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is considered as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). However, the initiating factors that drive mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation in ALD remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that an aberrant increase in hepatic GRP75-mediated mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) Ca2+-channeling (MCC) complex formation promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro and in male mouse model of ALD. Unbiased transcriptomic analysis reveals PDK4 as a prominently inducible MAM kinase in ALD. Analysis of human ALD cohorts further corroborate these findings. Additional mass spectrometry analysis unveils GRP75 as a downstream phosphorylation target of PDK4. Conversely, non-phosphorylatable GRP75 mutation or genetic ablation of PDK4 prevents alcohol-induced MCC complex formation and subsequent mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation and dysfunction. Finally, ectopic induction of MAM formation reverses the protective effect of PDK4 deficiency in alcohol-induced liver injury. Together, our study defines a mediatory role of PDK4 in promoting mitochondrial dysfunction in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themis Thoudam
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dipanjan Chanda
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yi Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyo Jung
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ibotombi Singh Sinam
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yoon Park
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Hee Kwon
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kim
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjin Kim
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Lim
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyul Lee
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Caroline A Miller
- Electron Microscopy Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Romil Saxena
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Skill
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nazmul Huda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Praveen Kusumanchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Chaiwijit P, Uppakara K, Asavapanumas N, Saengsawang W. The Effects of PP2A Disruption on ER-Mitochondria Contact and Mitochondrial Functions in Neuronal-like Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041011. [PMID: 37189629 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) regulate several cellular processes, including calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function, and dynamics. While MAMs are upregulated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the mechanisms underlying this increase remain unknown. A possible mechanism may include dysregulation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which is reduced in the AD brain. Furthermore, PP2A has been previously reported to modulate MAM formation in hepatocytes. However, it is unknown whether PP2A and MAMs are linked in neuronal cells. Here, to test the correlation between PP2A and MAMs, we inhibited the activity of PP2A to mimic its low levels in AD brains and observed MAM formation, function, and dynamics. MAMs were significantly increased after PP2A inhibition, which correlated with elevated mitochondrial Ca2+ influx and disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial fission. This study highlights the essential role PP2A plays in regulating MAM formation and mitochondrial function and dynamics for the first time in neuronal-like cells.
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Bian X, Fan N, Li M, Han D, Li J, Fan L, Li X, Kong L, Tang H, Ding S, Song F, Li S, Cheng W. An ER-Horse Detonating Stress Cascade for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Nanotherapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4896-4912. [PMID: 36811530 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Persisting and excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) can evoke rapid cell apoptosis. Therapeutic interference of ERS signaling holds enormous potential for cancer nanotherapy. Herein, a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell-derived ER vesicle (ERV) encapsulating siGRP94, denoted as ER-horse, has been developed for precise HCC nanotherapy. Briefly, ER-horse, like the Trojan horse, was recognized via homotypic camouflage, imitated the physiological function of ER, and exogenously opened the Ca2+ channel. Consequently, the mandatory pouring-in of extracellular Ca2+ triggered the aggravated stress cascade (ERS and oxidative stress) and apoptosis pathway with the inhibition of unfolded protein response by siGRP94. Collectively, our findings provide a paradigm for potent HCC nanotherapy via ERS signaling interference and exploring therapeutic interference of physiological signal transduction pathways for precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Bian
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ningke Fan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meng Li
- The Second Affliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Daobin Han
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liangsheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shijia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fangzhou Song
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Siqiao Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Calcium signaling and genetic rare diseases: An auditory perspective. Cell Calcium 2023; 110:102702. [PMID: 36791536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deafness is a highly heterogeneous disorder which stems, for 50%, from genetic origins. Sensory transduction relies mainly on sensory hair cells of the cochlea, in the inner ear. Calcium is key for the function of these cells and acts as a fundamental signal transduction. Its homeostasis depends on three factors: the calcium influx, through the mechanotransduction channel at the apical pole of the hair cell as well as the voltage-gated calcium channel at the base of the cells; the calcium buffering via Ca2+-binding proteins in the cytoplasm, but also in organelles such as mitochondria and the reticulum endoplasmic mitochondria-associated membranes with specialized proteins; and the calcium extrusion through the Ca-ATPase pump, located all over the plasma membrane. In addition, the synaptic transmission to the central nervous system is also controlled by calcium. Genetic studies of inherited deafness have tremendously helped understand the underlying molecular pathways of calcium signaling. In this review, we discuss these different factors in light of the associated genetic diseases (syndromic and non-syndromic deafness) and the causative genes.
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Hui Y, Xu Z, Li J, Kuang L, Zhong Y, Tang Y, Wei J, Zhou H, Zheng T. Nonenzymatic function of DPP4 promotes diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction through IGF-2R/PKA/SP1/ERp29/IP3R2 pathway-mediated impairment of Treg function and M1 microglia polarization. Metabolism 2023; 138:155340. [PMID: 36302455 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of regulatory T (Treg) cells function is implicated in the pathogenesis of immune imbalance-mediated cognitive impairment. A complete understanding of whether and how this imbalance affect cognitive function in type 2 diabetes is lacking, and the driver affecting this imbalance remains unknown. METHODS We examined the impact of enzymatic and non-enzymatic function of DPP4 on Treg cell impairment, microglia polarization and diabetes-associated cognitive defects and identified its underlying mechanism in type 2 diabetic patients with cognitive impairment and in db/db mice. RESULTS We report that DPP4 binds to IGF2-R on Treg cell surface and activates PKA/SP1 signaling, which upregulate ERp29 expression and promote its binding to IP3R2, thereby inhibiting IP3R2 degradation and promoting mitochondria-associated ER membrane formation and mitochondria calcium overload in Tregs. This, in turn, impairs Tregs function and polarizes microglia toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype in the hippocampus and finally leads to neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes. Importantly, inhibiting DPP4 enzymatic activity in type 2 diabetic patients or mutating DPP4 enzymatic active site in db/db mice did not reverse these changes. However, IGF-2R knockdown or blockade ameliorated these effects both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the nonenzymatic role of DPP4 in impairing Tregs function, which may facilitate the design of novel immunotherapies for diabetes-associated cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Jiaxiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Liuyu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Yuanmei Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Yunyun Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Junjie Wei
- Lingui Clinical Medical College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Department of General Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Tianpeng Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China.
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Pore-forming proteins as drivers of membrane permeabilization in cell death pathways. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 24:312-333. [PMID: 36543934 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) relies on activation and recruitment of pore-forming proteins (PFPs) that function as executioners of specific cell death pathways: apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX), BCL-2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK) and BCL-2-related ovarian killer protein (BOK) for apoptosis, gasdermins (GSDMs) for pyroptosis and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) for necroptosis. Inactive precursors of PFPs are converted into pore-forming entities through activation, membrane recruitment, membrane insertion and oligomerization. These mechanisms involve protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, proteolytic processing and phosphorylation. In this Review, we discuss the structural rearrangements incurred by RCD-related PFPs and describe the mechanisms that manifest conversion from autoinhibited to membrane-embedded molecular states. We further discuss the formation and maturation of membrane pores formed by BAX/BAK/BOK, GSDMs and MLKL, leading to diverse pore architectures. Lastly, we highlight commonalities and differences of PFP mechanisms involving BAX/BAK/BOK, GSDMs and MLKL and conclude with a discussion on how, in a population of challenged cells, the coexistence of cell death modalities may have profound physiological and pathophysiological implications.
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Demydenko K, Ekhteraei-Tousi S, Roderick HL. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in cardiomyocyte physiology and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210319. [PMID: 36189803 PMCID: PMC9527928 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The contraction of cardiac muscle underlying the pumping action of the heart is mediated by the process of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). While triggered by Ca2+ entry across the sarcolemma during the action potential, it is the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) intracellular Ca2+ store via ryanodine receptors (RyRs) that plays the major role in induction of contraction. Ca2+ also acts as a key intracellular messenger regulating transcription underlying hypertrophic growth. Although Ca2+ release via RyRs is by far the greatest contributor to the generation of Ca2+ transients in the cardiomyocyte, Ca2+ is also released from the SR via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptors (InsP3Rs). This InsP3-induced Ca2+ release modifies Ca2+ transients during ECC, participates in directing Ca2+ to the mitochondria, and stimulates the transcription of genes underlying hypertrophic growth. Central to these specific actions of InsP3Rs is their localization to responsible signalling microdomains, the dyad, the SR-mitochondrial interface and the nucleus. In this review, the various roles of InsP3R in cardiac (patho)physiology and the mechanisms by which InsP3 signalling selectively influences the different cardiomyocyte cell processes in which it is involved will be presented. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The cardiomyocyte: new revelations on the interplay between architecture and function in growth, health, and disease’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Demydenko
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samaneh Ekhteraei-Tousi
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Llewelyn Roderick
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kuo IY, Ehrlich BE. Location, location, and activation of a channel by calcium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2214826119. [PMID: 36215521 PMCID: PMC9618095 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214826119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Y. Kuo
- aDepartment of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Barbara E. Ehrlich
- bDepartment of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- cDepartment of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed.
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Rosa N, Speelman-Rooms F, Parys JB, Bultynck G. Modulation of Ca 2+ signaling by antiapoptotic Bcl-2 versus Bcl-xL: From molecular mechanisms to relevance for cancer cell survival. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188791. [PMID: 36162541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Bcl-2-protein family are key controllers of apoptotic cell death. The family is divided into antiapoptotic (including Bcl-2 itself, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, etc.) and proapoptotic members (Bax, Bak, Bim, Bim, Puma, Noxa, Bad, etc.). These proteins are well known for their canonical role in the mitochondria, where they control mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and subsequent apoptosis. However, several proteins are recognized as modulators of intracellular Ca2+ signals that originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the major intracellular Ca2+-storage organelle. More than 25 years ago, Bcl-2, the founding member of the family, was reported to control apoptosis through Ca2+ signaling. Further work elucidated that Bcl-2 directly targets and inhibits inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), thereby suppressing proapoptotic Ca2+ signaling. In addition to Bcl-2, Bcl-xL was also shown to impact cell survival by sensitizing IP3R function, thereby promoting prosurvival oscillatory Ca2+ release. However, new work challenges this model and demonstrates that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL can both function as inhibitors of IP3Rs. This suggests that, depending on the cell context, Bcl-xL could support very distinct Ca2+ patterns. This not only raises several questions but also opens new possibilities for the treatment of Bcl-xL-dependent cancers. In this review, we will discuss the similarities and divergences between Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL regarding Ca2+ homeostasis and IP3R modulation from both a molecular and a functional point of view, with particular emphasis on cancer cell death resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rosa
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Femke Speelman-Rooms
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan B Parys
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Boutin JA, Bedut S, Jullian M, Galibert M, Frankiewicz L, Gloanec P, Ferry G, Puget K, Leprince J. Caloxin-derived peptides for the inhibition of plasma membrane calcium ATPases. Peptides 2022; 154:170813. [PMID: 35605801 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) are a family of transmembrane proteins responsible for the extrusion of cytosolic Ca2+ to the extracellular milieu. They are important players of the calcium homeostasis possibly implicated in some important diseases. The reference inhibitors of PMCA extruding activity are on one hand ortho-vanadate (IC50 in the 30 mM range), and on the other a series of 12- to 20-mer peptides named caloxins (IC50 in the 100 µM scale). As for all integral membrane proteins, biochemistry and pharmacology are difficult to study on isolated and/or purified proteins. Using a series of reference blockers, we assessed a pharmacological window with which we could study the functionality of PMCAs in living cells. Using this system, we screened for alternative versions of caloxins, aiming at shortening the peptide backbone, introducing non-natural amino acids, and overall trying to get a glimpse at the structure-activity relationship between those new peptides and the protein in a cellular context. We describe a short series of equipotent 5-residue long analogues with IC50 in the low µM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France; INSERM U1239, University of Rouen Normandy, Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Rouen, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gilles Ferry
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Jérôme Leprince
- INSERM U1239, University of Rouen Normandy, Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Rouen, France; INSERM US51, University of Rouen Normandy, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
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Bai S, Lan Y, Fu S, Cheng H, Lu Z, Liu G. Connecting Calcium-Based Nanomaterials and Cancer: From Diagnosis to Therapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:145. [PMID: 35849180 PMCID: PMC9294135 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the indispensable second cellular messenger, calcium signaling is involved in the regulation of almost all physiological processes by activating specific target proteins. The importance of calcium ions (Ca2+) makes its "Janus nature" strictly regulated by its concentration. Abnormal regulation of calcium signals may cause some diseases; however, artificial regulation of calcium homeostasis in local lesions may also play a therapeutic role. "Calcium overload," for example, is characterized by excessive enrichment of intracellular Ca2+, which irreversibly switches calcium signaling from "positive regulation" to "reverse destruction," leading to cell death. However, this undesirable death could be defined as "calcicoptosis" to offer a novel approach for cancer treatment. Indeed, Ca2+ is involved in various cancer diagnostic and therapeutic events, including calcium overload-induced calcium homeostasis disorder, calcium channels dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium-associated immunoregulation, cell/vascular/tumor calcification, and calcification-mediated CT imaging. In parallel, the development of multifunctional calcium-based nanomaterials (e.g., calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium peroxide, and hydroxyapatite) is becoming abundantly available. This review will highlight the latest insights of the calcium-based nanomaterials, explain their application, and provide novel perspective. Identifying and characterizing new patterns of calcium-dependent signaling and exploiting the disease element linkage offer additional translational opportunities for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.
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Khan S. Endoplasmic Reticulum in Metaplasticity: From Information Processing to Synaptic Proteostasis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5630-5655. [PMID: 35739409 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is a Ca2+ reservoir and the unique protein-synthesizing machinery which is distributed throughout the neuron and composed of multiple different structural domains. One such domain is called EMC (endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex), pleiotropic nature in cellular functions. The ER/EMC position inside the neurons unmasks its contribution to synaptic plasticity via regulating various cellular processes from protein synthesis to Ca2+ signaling. Since presynaptic Ca2+ channels and postsynaptic ionotropic receptors are organized into the nanodomains, thus ER can be a crucial player in establishing TMNCs (transsynaptic molecular nanocolumns) to shape efficient neural communications. This review hypothesized that ER is not only involved in stress-mediated neurodegeneration but also axon regrowth, remyelination, neurotransmitter switching, information processing, and regulation of pre- and post-synaptic functions. Thus ER might not only be a protein-synthesizing and quality control machinery but also orchestrates plasticity of plasticity (metaplasticity) within the neuron to execute higher-order brain functions and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumsuzzaman Khan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Callens M, Loncke J, Bultynck G. Dysregulated Ca 2+ Homeostasis as a Central Theme in Neurodegeneration: Lessons from Alzheimer's Disease and Wolfram Syndrome. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121963. [PMID: 35741091 PMCID: PMC9221778 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) operate as important messengers in the cell, indispensable for signaling the underlying numerous cellular processes in all of the cell types in the human body. In neurons, Ca2+ signaling is crucial for regulating synaptic transmission and for the processes of learning and memory formation. Hence, the dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis results in a broad range of disorders, including cancer and neurodegeneration. A major source for intracellular Ca2+ is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which has close contacts with other organelles, including mitochondria. In this review, we focus on the emerging role of Ca2+ signaling at the ER–mitochondrial interface in two different neurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimer’s disease and Wolfram syndrome. Both of these diseases share some common hallmarks in the early stages, including alterations in the ER and mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This indicates that similar mechanisms may underly these two disease pathologies and suggests that both research topics might benefit from complementary research.
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Norketamine, the Main Metabolite of Ketamine, Induces Mitochondria-Dependent and ER Stress-Triggered Apoptotic Death in Urothelial Cells via a Ca2+-Regulated ERK1/2-Activating Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094666. [PMID: 35563057 PMCID: PMC9102902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine-associated cystitis is characterized by suburothelial inflammation and urothelial cell death. Norketamine (NK), the main metabolite of ketamine, is abundant in urine following ketamine exposure. NK has been speculated to exert toxic effects in urothelial cells, similarly to ketamine. However, the molecular mechanisms contributing to NK-induced urothelial cytotoxicity are almost unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the toxic effects of NK and the potential mechanisms underlying NK-induced urothelial cell injury. In this study, NK exposure significantly reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in human urinary bladder epithelial-derived RT4 cells that NK (0.01–0.5 mM) exhibited greater cytotoxicity than ketamine (0.1–3 mM). Signals of mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss and cytosolic cytochrome c release, were found to be involved in NK-induced cell apoptosis and death. NK exposure of cells also triggered the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins including GRP78, CHOP, XBP-1, ATF-4 and -6, caspase-12, PERK, eIF-2α, and IRE-1. Pretreatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid (an ER stress inhibitor) markedly prevented the expression of ER stress-related proteins and apoptotic events in NK-exposed cells. Additionally, NK exposure significantly activated JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 signaling and increased intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i). Pretreatment of cells with both PD98059 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor) and BAPTA/AM (a cell-permeable Ca2+ chelator), but not SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) and SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor), effectively suppressed NK-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress-related signals, and apoptotic events. The elevation of [Ca2+]i in NK-exposed cells could be obviously inhibited by BAPTA/AM, but not PD98059. Taken together, these findings suggest that NK exposure exerts urothelial cytotoxicity via a [Ca2+]i-regulated ERK1/2 activation, which is involved in downstream mediation of the mitochondria-dependent and ER stress-triggered apoptotic pathway, consequently resulting in urothelial cell death. Our findings suggest that regulating [Ca2+]i/ERK signaling pathways may be a promising strategy for treatment of NK-induced urothelial cystitis.
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Barboni P, Amore G, Cascavilla ML, Battista M, Frontino G, Romagnoli M, Caporali L, Baldoli C, Gramegna LL, Sessagesimi E, Bonfanti R, Romagnoli A, Scotti R, Brambati M, Carbonelli M, Starace V, Fiorini C, Panebianco R, Parisi V, Tonon C, Bandello F, Carelli V, La Morgia C. The pattern of retinal ganglion cell loss in Wolfram syndrome is distinct from mitochondrial optic neuropathies. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 241:206-216. [PMID: 35452662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical phenotype of a cohort of Wolfram syndrome (WS) patients, focusing on the pattern of optic atrophy correlated with brain MRI measurements, as compared to OPA1-associated mitochondrial optic neuropathy. DESIGN Retrospective, comparative cohort study METHODS: 25 WS patients and 33 age-matched patients affected by OPA1-related Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA). Ophthalmological, neurological, endocrinological and MRI data from WS patients were retrospectively retrieved. Ophthalmological data were compared to OPA1-related DOA and further analyzed for age dependency dividing patients in age quartiles. In a subgroup of WS patients, we correlated the structural damage assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) with brain MRI morphological measurements. Visual acuity (VA), visual field mean defect (MD), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness assessed by OCT, MRI morphological measurements of anterior and posterior visual pathways. RESULTS In our cohort optic atrophy was present in 100% of WS patients. VA, MD and RNFL thickness loss were worse in WS patients with a faster decline since early age as compared to DOA patients, who displayed a more stable visual function over the years. Conversely, GCL sectors were overall thinner in DOA patients since early age compared to WS, in which GCL thickness started to decline later in life. The neuroradiological sub-analysis on 11 WS patients exhibited bilateral thinning of the anterior optic pathway, especially prechiasmatic optic nerves and optic tracts. Optic tract thinning was significantly correlated with the GCL thickness but not with RNFL parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed a generally more severe and diffuse degeneration of both anterior and posterior visual pathways in WS, with fast deterioration of visual function and structural OCT parameters since early age. The pattern observed at OCT suggests that retinal ganglion cells axonal degeneration (i.e. RNFL) precedes of about a decade the cellular body atrophy (i.e. GCL). This differs substantially from DOA, in which a more stable visual function is evident with predominant early loss of GCL, indirectly supporting the lack of a primary mitochondrial dysfunction in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Barboni
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.B., M.L.C., M.Ba., M.Br., V.S., F.B.), University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Studio Oculistico d'Azeglio (P.B.), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giulia Amore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (G.A., L.L.G., E.S., M.C., C.T., V.C.), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Cascavilla
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.B., M.L.C., M.Ba., M.Br., V.S., F.B.), University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Battista
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.B., M.L.C., M.Ba., M.Br., V.S., F.B.), University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Frontino
- Department of Pediatrics (G.F., R.B., A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Diabetes Research Institute (G.F., R.B., A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Romagnoli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (M.R., L.C., C.F., V.C., C.L.M.), Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Caporali
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (M.R., L.C., C.F., V.C., C.L.M.), Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Baldoli
- Neuroradiology Unit (C.B., R.S.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ludovica Gramegna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (G.A., L.L.G., E.S., M.C., C.T., V.C.), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L.G., E.S., C.T.), Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Sessagesimi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (G.A., L.L.G., E.S., M.C., C.T., V.C.), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L.G., E.S., C.T.), Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bonfanti
- Department of Pediatrics (G.F., R.B., A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Diabetes Research Institute (G.F., R.B., A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Romagnoli
- Department of Pediatrics (G.F., R.B., A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Diabetes Research Institute (G.F., R.B., A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Scotti
- Neuroradiology Unit (C.B., R.S.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Brambati
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.B., M.L.C., M.Ba., M.Br., V.S., F.B.), University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Carbonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (G.A., L.L.G., E.S., M.C., C.T., V.C.), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Starace
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.B., M.L.C., M.Ba., M.Br., V.S., F.B.), University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fiorini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (M.R., L.C., C.F., V.C., C.L.M.), Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Panebianco
- Department of Ophthalmology (R.P.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Tonon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (G.A., L.L.G., E.S., M.C., C.T., V.C.), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (L.L.G., E.S., C.T.), Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.B., M.L.C., M.Ba., M.Br., V.S., F.B.), University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (G.A., L.L.G., E.S., M.C., C.T., V.C.), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (M.R., L.C., C.F., V.C., C.L.M.), Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (M.R., L.C., C.F., V.C., C.L.M.), Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.L.M.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
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Zaman M, Shutt TE. The Role of Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics in MFN2-Mediated Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:858286. [PMID: 35399520 PMCID: PMC8989266 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.858286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mitofusin 2 protein (MFN2), encoded by the MFN2 gene, was first described for its role in mediating mitochondrial fusion. However, MFN2 is now recognized to play additional roles in mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), mitochondrial motility, lipid transfer, and as a tether to other organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets. The tethering role of MFN2 is an important mediator of mitochondrial-ER contact sites (MERCs), which themselves have many important functions that regulate mitochondria, including calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Exemplifying the importance of MFN2, pathogenic variants in MFN2 are established to cause the peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Subtype 2A (CMT2A). However, the mechanistic basis for disease is not clear. Moreover, additional pathogenic phenotypes such as lipomatosis, distal myopathy, optic atrophy, and hearing loss, can also sometimes be present in patients with CMT2A. Given these variable patient phenotypes, and the many cellular roles played by MFN2, the mechanistic underpinnings of the cellular impairments by which MFN2 dysfunction leads to disease are likely to be complex. Here, we will review what is known about the various functions of MFN2 that are impaired by pathogenic variants causing CMT2A, with a specific emphasis on the ties between MFN2 variants and MERCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashiat Zaman
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Timothy E. Shutt
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Timothy E. Shutt,
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Fischer TT, Nguyen LD, Ehrlich BE. Boosting ER-mitochondria calcium transfer to treat Wolfram Syndrome. Cell Calcium 2022; 104:102572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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