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Linder N, Denecke T, Busse H. Body composition analysis by radiological imaging - methods, applications, and prospects. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2024. [PMID: 38569516 DOI: 10.1055/a-2263-1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review discusses the quantitative assessment of tissue composition in the human body (body composition, BC) using radiological methods. Such analyses are gaining importance, in particular, for oncological and metabolic problems. The aim is to present the different methods and definitions in this field to a radiological readership in order to facilitate application and dissemination of BC methods. The main focus is on radiological cross-sectional imaging. METHODS The review is based on a recent literature search in the US National Library of Medicine catalog (pubmed.gov) using appropriate search terms (body composition, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia in conjunction with imaging and radiology, respectively), as well as our own work and experience, particularly with MRI- and CT-based analyses of abdominal fat compartments and muscle groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Key post-processing methods such as segmentation of tomographic datasets are now well established and used in numerous clinical disciplines, including bariatric surgery. Validated reference values are required for a reliable assessment of radiological measures, such as fatty liver or muscle. Artificial intelligence approaches (deep learning) already enable the automated segmentation of different tissues and compartments so that the extensive datasets can be processed in a time-efficient manner - in the case of so-called opportunistic screening, even retrospectively from diagnostic examinations. The availability of analysis tools and suitable datasets for AI training is considered a limitation. KEY POINTS · Radiological imaging methods are increasingly used to determine body composition (BC).. · BC parameters are usually quantitative and well reproducible.. · CT image data from routine clinical examinations can be used retrospectively for BC analysis.. · Prospectively, MRI examinations can be used to determine organ-specific BC parameters.. · Automated and in-depth analysis methods (deep learning or radiomics) appear to become important in the future.. CITATION FORMAT · Linder N, Denecke T, Busse H. Body composition analysis by radiological imaging - methods, applications, and prospects. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI: 10.1055/a-2263-1501.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Linder
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Timm Denecke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Busse
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Ezzati‐Mobaser S, Yarahmadi S, Dadkhah Nikroo N, Maleki MH, Yousefi Z, Golpour P, Nourbakhsh M, Nourbakhsh M. Adipose triglyceride lipase gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of subjects with obesity and its association with insulin resistance, inflammation and lipid accumulation in liver. Obes Sci Pract 2024; 10:e716. [PMID: 38263987 PMCID: PMC10804332 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is a crucial enzyme responsible for the release of fatty acids from various tissues. The expression of ATGL is regulated by insulin and this enzyme is linked to Insulin resistance (IR). On the other hand, ATGL-mediated lipolysis is connected to macrophage function and thus, ATGL is involved in inflammation and the pathogenesis of lipid-related disorders. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between ATGL, obesity, Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), and inflammation. Methods A total of 100 participants, including 50 individuals with obesity and 50 healthy participants, were recruited for this study and underwent comprehensive clinical evaluations. Blood samples were collected to measure plasma lipid profiles, glycemic indices, and liver function tests. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and used for the assessment of the gene expression of ATGL, using real-time PCR. Furthermore, PBMCs were cultured and exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with simultaneous ATGL inhibition, and the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, along with the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), were measured. Results The gene expression of ATGL was significantly elevated in PBMCs obtained from participants with obesity and was particularly higher in those diagnosed with MetS. It exhibited a correlation with insulin levels and Homeostatic Model Assessment for IR (HOMA-IR), and it was associated with lipid accumulation in the liver. Stimulation with LPS increased ATGL expression in PBMCs, while inhibition of ATGL attenuated the inflammatory responses induced by LPS. Conclusions Obesity and MetS were associated with dysregulation of ATGL. ATGL might play a role in the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and act as a significant contributor to the development of metabolic abnormalities related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Yarahmadi
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nikta Dadkhah Nikroo
- Metabolic Disorders Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Molecular‐Cellular Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Maleki
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Zeynab Yousefi
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryFaculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Pegah Golpour
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mona Nourbakhsh
- Hazrat Aliasghar HospitalSchool of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mitra Nourbakhsh
- Finetech in Medicine Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Monsalve FA, Delgado-López F, Fernández-Tapia B, González DR. Adipose Tissue, Non-Communicable Diseases, and Physical Exercise: An Imperfect Triangle. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17168. [PMID: 38138997 PMCID: PMC10743187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of adipose tissue has received considerable attention due to its importance not just in maintaining body energy homeostasis but also in playing a role in a number of other physiological processes. Beyond storing energy, adipose tissue is important in endocrine, immunological, and neuromodulatory functions, secreting hormones that participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis. An imbalance of these functions will generate structural and functional changes in the adipose tissue, favoring the secretion of deleterious adipocytokines that induce a pro-inflammatory state, allowing the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and even some types of cancer. A common theme worldwide has been the development of professional guidelines for the control and treatment of obesity, with emphasis on hypocaloric diets and exercise. The aim of this review is to examine the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity, considering the relationship among adipose tissue and two aspects that contribute positively or negatively to keeping a healthy body homeostasis, namely, exercise and noninfectious diseases. We conclude that the relationship of these aspects does not have homogeneous effects among individuals. Nevertheless, it is possible to establish some common mechanisms, like a decrease in pro-inflammatory markers in the case of exercise, and an increase in chronic inflammation in non-communicable diseases. An accurate diagnosis might consider the particular variables of a patient, namely their molecular profile and how it affects its metabolism, routines, and lifestyle; their underling health conditions; and probably even the constitution of their microbiome. We foresee that the development and accessibility of omics approaches and precision medicine will greatly improve the diagnosis, treatment, and successful outcomes for obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A. Monsalve
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile;
| | - Fernando Delgado-López
- Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile;
| | | | - Daniel R. González
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile;
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McCarthy C, Tinsley GM, Yang S, Irving BA, Wong MC, Bennett JP, Shepherd JA, Heymsfield SB. Smartphone prediction of skeletal muscle mass: model development and validation in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:794-801. [PMID: 36822238 PMCID: PMC10315403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle is a large and clinically relevant body component that has been difficult and impractical to quantify outside of specialized facilities. Advances in smartphone technology now provide the opportunity to quantify multiple body surface dimensions such as circumferences, lengths, surface areas, and volumes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to test the hypothesis that anthropometric body measurements acquired with a smartphone application can be used to accurately estimate an adult's level of muscularity. METHODS Appendicular lean mass (ALM) measured by DXA served as the reference for muscularity in a sample of 322 adults. Participants also had digital anthropometric dimensions (circumferences, lengths, and regional and total body surface areas and volumes) quantified with a 20-camera 3D imaging system. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression procedures were used to develop the ALM prediction equations in a portion of the sample, and these models were tested in the remainder of the sample. Then, the accuracy of the prediction models was cross-validated in a second independent sample of 53 adults who underwent ALM estimation by DXA and the same digital anthropometric estimates acquired with a smartphone application. RESULTS LASSO models included multiple significant demographic and 3D digital anthropometric predictor variables. Evaluation of the models in the testing sample indicated respective RMSEs in women and men of 1.56 kg and 1.53 kg and R2's of 0.74 and 0.90, respectively. Cross-validation of the LASSO models in the smartphone application group yielded RMSEs in women and men of 1.78 kg and 1.50 kg and R2's of 0.79 and 0.95; no significant differences or bias between measured and predicted ALM values were observed. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone image capture capabilities combined with device software applications can now provide accurate renditions of the adult muscularity phenotype outside of specialized laboratory facilities. Am J Clin Nutr 2023;x:xx. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03637855 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03637855), NCT05217524 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05217524), and NCT03771417 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03771417).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy McCarthy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Shengping Yang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Brian A Irving
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Michael C Wong
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | | | - John A Shepherd
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
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Wei H, Yang D, Mao J, Zhang Q, Cheng L, Yang X, Li P. Accurate quantification of TAGs to identify adulteration of edible oils by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112544. [PMID: 36869531 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Edible oils play important roles in biological functions, and triacylglycerols (TAGs) in edible oils are complex mixtures. This makes accurate TAGs quantitation quite difficult that bring economically motivated food adulteration. Herein, we demonstrated a strategy for accurate quantification of TAGs in edible oils, which could be applied in identification of olive oil adulteration. The results showed that the proposed strategy could significantly improve the accuracy of TAG content determination, reduce the relative error of fatty acids (FAs) content determination, and present a wider accurate quantitative range than that of gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Most important, this strategy coupled with principal component analysis could be used to identify adulteration of high-priced olive oil with cheaper soybean oils, rapeseed oils or camellia oils at a lower concentration of 2%. These findings indicated that the proposed strategy could be regarded as a potential method for edible oils quality and authenticity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailian Wei
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jin Mao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Cheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianglong Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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Khutami C, Sumiwi SA, Khairul Ikram NK, Muchtaridi M. The Effects of Antioxidants from Natural Products on Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Diabetes and Their Molecular Signaling Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042056. [PMID: 35216172 PMCID: PMC8875143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor that leads to the development of other diseases such as dyslipidemia and diabetes. These three metabolic disorders can occur simultaneously, hence, the treatment requires many drugs. Antioxidant compounds have been reported to have activities against obesity, dyslipidemia and diabetes via several mechanisms. This review aims to discuss the antioxidant compounds that have activity against obesity, dyslipidemia and diabetes together with their molecular signaling mechanism. The literature discussed in this review was obtained from the PUBMED database. Based on the collection of literature obtained, antioxidant compounds having activity against the three disorders (obesity, dyslipidemia and diabetes) were identified. The activity is supported by various molecular signaling pathways that are influenced by these antioxidant compounds, further study of which would be useful in predicting drug targets for a more optimal effect. This review provides insights on utilizing one of these antioxidant compounds as opposed to several drugs. It is hoped that in the future, the number of drugs in treating obesity, dyslipidemia and diabetes altogether can be minimized consequently reducing the risk of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chindiana Khutami
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (C.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sri Adi Sumiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (C.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Nur Kusaira Khairul Ikram
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
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Does adipose tissue inflammation drive the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity? Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2020; 44:394-402. [PMID: 32044284 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, an increasingly common problem in modern societies, is associated with acquired metabolic disturbances. In this perspective, the development of insulin resistance is now recognized to be initiated by inflammation of the adipose tissue, but the events that lead to this inflammation are still vague. Furthermore, visceral adipose tissue plays a significant role in obesity pathophysiology and in its clinical effects, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Among the possible mechanisms linking NAFLD and obesity, we focused on Visfatin/NAMPT, mostly produced by macrophages infiltrated in adipose tissue and a biomarker of the inflammatory cascade affecting hepatic inflammation in NAFLD. We also addressed the signalling pathway triggered by the binding of VEGF-B to its receptor, which mediates lipid fluxes throughout the body, being a promising target to prevent ectopic lipid accumulation. We reviewed the available literature on the topic and we suggest a crosstalk between adipose tissue inflammation and NAFLD in order to provide new insights about the putative mechanisms involved in the development of NAFLD in the obesity context. A better understanding of the pathophysiological processes underlying NAFLD will allow the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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8
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Nijhawans P, Behl T, Bhardwaj S. Angiogenesis in obesity. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110103. [PMID: 32200253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenesis is considered as a major progenitor in the progression of obesity. The current manuscript enumerates the extrinsic role of angiogenesis in obesity. RESULT High caloric diet and lack of physical exercise are the most common causes of obesity and related metabolic conditions. A grossly elevated levels of fat in adipose tissue escalate certain complications which further worsen the state of obesity. Enlargement of white adipose tissue (WAT), deposition of fat mass, proliferation of endothelial cells, production of inflammatory cytokines induces the formation of denovo capillaries from parent microvasculature. Also, several intracellular signaling pathways precipitate obesity. Though, angiostatic molecules (endostatin, angiostatin and TNP-470) have been designed to combat obesity and associated complications. CONCLUSION Adipose tissue trigger growth of blood capillaries, and in turn adipose tissue endothelial cells promote pre-adipocyte proliferation. Modulation of angiogenesis and treatment with angiostatic substances may have the potential to impair the progression of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Nijhawans
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
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9
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Inflammation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Review of Potential Correlates of PTSD with a Neurological Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020107. [PMID: 31991875 PMCID: PMC7070581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic condition characterized by symptoms of physiological and psychosocial burden. While growing research demonstrated signs of inflammation in PTSD, specific biomarkers that may be representative of PTSD such as the detailed neural correlates underlying the inflammatory responses in relation to trauma exposure are seldom discussed. Here, we review recent studies that explored alterations in key inflammatory markers in PTSD, as well as neuroimaging-based studies that further investigated signs of inflammation within the brain in PTSD, as to provide a comprehensive summary of recent literature with a neurological perspective. A search was conducted on studies published from 2009 through 2019 in PubMed and Web of Science. Fifty original articles were selected. Major findings included elevated levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines in individuals with PTSD across various trauma types, as compared with those without PTSD. Furthermore, neuroimaging-based studies demonstrated that altered inflammatory markers are associated with structural and functional alterations in brain regions that are responsible for the regulation of stress and emotion, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. Future studies that utilize both central and peripheral inflammatory markers are warranted to elucidate the underlying neurological pathway of the pathophysiology of PTSD.
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10
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Hwaung P, Heo M, Kennedy S, Hong S, Thomas DM, Shepherd J, Heymsfield SB. Optimum waist circumference-height indices for evaluating adult adiposity: An analytic review. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12947. [PMID: 31507076 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phenotyping adults for excess adiposity and related health risks usually include three body size measurements: height, weight and waist circumference (WC). Height and weight are now widely used as components of the body shape measure, body mass index (BMI, weight/height2 ), with the height power referred to as the scaling factor, α. At present, WC is usually not adjusted for height or is expressed as WC/height in which α = 1. Although other α values have been proposed, a critical review of these shape measures is lacking. Here, we examine classical pathways by which the scaling exponent for height used in BMI was developed and then apply this strategy to identify the optimum WC index characteristic of adult shape. Our analyses explored anthropometric, body composition and clinically-relevant data from US and Korean National Health and Nutrition Surveys. Our findings provide further support for the WC index of WC/height0.5 as having the strongest associations with adiposity while having the weakest correlations with height across non-Hispanic white and black, Mexican American and Korean men and women. The WC index, defined as WC/height0.5 , when combined with BMI, can play an important role when phenotyping adults for excess adiposity and associated health risks in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoenix Hwaung
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Moonseong Heo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Samantha Kennedy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sangmo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Diana M Thomas
- United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, USA
| | - John Shepherd
- Cancer Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Galassi TV, Jena PV, Shah J, Ao G, Molitor E, Bram Y, Frankel A, Park J, Jessurun J, Ory DS, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Roxbury D, Mittal J, Zheng M, Schwartz RE, Heller DA. An optical nanoreporter of endolysosomal lipid accumulation reveals enduring effects of diet on hepatic macrophages in vivo. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/461/eaar2680. [PMID: 30282694 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of lipids within the endolysosomal lumen occurs in many conditions, including lysosomal storage disorders, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and drug-induced phospholipidosis. Current methods cannot monitor endolysosomal lipid content in vivo, hindering preclinical drug development and research into the mechanisms linking endolysosomal lipid accumulation to disease progression. We developed a single-walled carbon nanotube-based optical reporter that noninvasively measures endolysosomal lipid accumulation via bandgap modulation of its intrinsic near-infrared emission. The reporter detected lipid accumulation in Niemann-Pick disease, atherosclerosis, and NAFLD models in vivo. By applying the reporter to the study of NAFLD, we found that elevated lipid quantities in hepatic macrophages caused by a high-fat diet persist long after reverting to a normal diet. The reporter dynamically monitored endolysosomal lipid accumulation in vivo over time scales ranging from minutes to weeks, indicating its potential to accelerate preclinical research and drug development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Galassi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Prakrit V Jena
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Janki Shah
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Geyou Ao
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Elizabeth Molitor
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yaron Bram
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Jiwoon Park
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Ory
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Daniel Roxbury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Jeetain Mittal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Ming Zheng
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | | | - Daniel A Heller
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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12
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Chung JY, Ain QU, Song Y, Yong SB, Kim YH. Targeted delivery of CRISPR interference system against Fabp4 to white adipocytes ameliorates obesity, inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. Genome Res 2019; 29:1442-1452. [PMID: 31467027 PMCID: PMC6724665 DOI: 10.1101/gr.246900.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an increasing pathophysiological problem in developed societies. Despite all major progress in understanding molecular mechanisms of obesity, currently available anti-obesity drugs have shown limited efficacy with severe side effects. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) mechanism based on catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) and single guide RNA (sgRNA) was combined with a targeted nonviral gene delivery system to treat obesity and obesity-induced type 2 diabetes. A fusion peptide targeting a vascular and cellular marker of adipose tissue, prohibitin, was developed by conjugation of adipocyte targeting sequence (CKGGRAKDC) to 9-mer arginine (ATS-9R). (dCas9/sgFabp4) + ATS-9R oligoplexes showed effective condensation and selective delivery into mature adipocytes. Targeted delivery of the CRISPRi system against Fabp4 to white adipocytes by ATS-9R induced effective silencing of Fabp4, resulting in reduction of body weight and inflammation and restoration of hepatic steatosis in obese mice. This RNA-guided DNA recognition platform provides a simple and safe approach to regress and treat obesity and obesity-induced metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharamceutical Research Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Qurrat Ul Ain
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharamceutical Research Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonsung Song
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharamceutical Research Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resource Team, Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok-Beom Yong
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharamceutical Research Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharamceutical Research Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resource Team, Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Gadde KM, Martin CK, Berthoud HR, Heymsfield SB. Obesity: Pathophysiology and Management. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 71:69-84. [PMID: 29301630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity continues to be among the top health concerns across the globe. Despite our failure to contain the high prevalence of obesity, we now have a better understanding of its pathophysiology, and how excess adiposity leads to type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle modification is recommended as the cornerstone of obesity management, but many patients do not achieve long-lasting benefits due to difficulty with adherence as well as physiological and neurohormonal adaptation of the body in response to weight loss. Fortunately, 5 drug therapies-orlistat, lorcaserin, liraglutide, phentermine/topiramate, and naltrexone/bupropion-are available for long-term weight management. Additionally, several medical devices are available for short-term and long-term use. Bariatric surgery yields substantial and sustained weight loss with resolution of type 2 diabetes, although due to the high cost and a small risk of serious complications, it is generally recommended for patients with severe obesity. Benefit-to-risk balance should guide treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore M Gadde
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Quantitative Mapping of Triacylglycerol Chain Length and Saturation Using Broadband CARS Microscopy. Biophys J 2019; 116:2346-2355. [PMID: 31153590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs), present in many cell types, are highly dynamic organelles that store neutral lipids, primarily triacylglycerols (TAGs). With the discovery of new LD functions (e.g., in immune response, protein clearage, and occurrence with disease), new methods to study LD chemical composition in situ are necessary. We present an approach for in situ, quantitative TAG analysis using label-free, coherent Raman microscopy that allows deciphering LD TAG composition in different biochemically complex samples with submicrometer spatial resolution. Employing a set of standard TAGs, we generate a spectral training matrix capturing the variation caused in Raman-like spectra by TAG backbone, chain length, and number of double bonds per chain, as well as the presence of proteins or other diluting molecules. Comparing our fitting approach to gas chromatography measurements for mixtures of standard TAGs and food oils, we find the root mean-square error for the prediction of TAG chemistry to be 0.69 CH2 and 0.15 #C=C. When progressing to more complex samples such as oil emulsions and LDs in various eukaryotic cells, we find good agreement with bulk gas chromatography measurements. For differentiated adipocytes, we find a significant increase in the number of double bonds in small LDs (below 2 μm in diameter) compared to large LDs (above 2 μm in diameter). Coupled with a relatively limited sample preparation requirement, this approach should enable rapid and accurate TAG LD analysis for a variety of cell biology and technological applications.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Abdominal obesity, especially the increase of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), is closely associated with increased mortality related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. This review provides an overview of the recent advances for abdominal obesity measurement. RECENT FINDINGS Compared to simple waist circumference, emerging three-dimensional (3D) body-scanning techniques also measure abdominal volume and shape. Abdominal dimension measures have been implemented in bioelectrical impedance analysis to improve accuracy when estimating VAT. Geometrical models have been applied in ultrasound to convert depth measurement into VAT area. Only computed tomography (CT) and MRI can provide direct measures of VAT. Recent advances in imaging allow for evaluating functional aspects of abdominal fat such as brown adipose tissue and fatty acid composition. SUMMARY Waist circumference is a simple, inexpensive method to measure abdominal obesity. CT and MRI are reference methods for measuring VAT. Further studies are needed to establish the accuracy for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in estimating longitudinal changes of VAT. Further studies are needed to establish whether bioelectrical impedance analysis, ultrasound, or 3D body scanning is consistently superior to waist circumference in estimating VAT in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berg
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Tu J, Yin Y, Xu M, Wang R, Zhu ZJ. Absolute quantitative lipidomics reveals lipidome-wide alterations in aging brain. Metabolomics 2017; 14:5. [PMID: 30830317 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The absolute quantitation of lipids at the lipidome-wide scale is a challenge but plays an important role in the comprehensive study of lipid metabolism. OBJECTIVES We aim to develop a high-throughput quantitative lipidomics approach to enable the simultaneous identification and absolute quantification of hundreds of lipids in a single experiment. Then, we will systematically characterize lipidome-wide changes in the aging mouse brain and provide a link between aging and disordered lipid homeostasis. METHODS We created an in-house lipid spectral library, containing 76,361 lipids and 181,300 MS/MS spectra in total, to support accurate lipid identification. Then, we developed a response factor-based approach for the large-scale absolute quantifications of lipids. RESULTS Using the lipidomics approach, we absolutely quantified 1212 and 864 lipids in human cells and mouse brains, respectively. The quantification accuracy was validated using the traditional approach with a median relative error of 12.6%. We further characterized the lipidome-wide changes in aging mouse brains, and dramatic changes were observed in both glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Sphingolipids with longer acyl chains tend to accumulate in aging brains. Membrane-esterified fatty acids demonstrated diverse changes with aging, while most polyunsaturated fatty acids consistently decreased. CONCLUSION We developed a high-throughput quantitative lipidomics approach and systematically characterized the lipidome-wide changes in aging mouse brains. The results proved a link between aging and disordered lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yandong Yin
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Meimei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruohong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Hopkins JL, Hopkins PN, Brinton EA, Adams TD, Davidson LE, Nanjee MN, Hunt SC. Expression of Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Severe Obesity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15:283-290. [PMID: 28657427 DOI: 10.1089/met.2016.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) generally rises with increasing adiposity, but tends to plateau at the highest levels of body mass index (BMI) with some individuals, even with severe obesity, expressing few or no components of MetS. We examined factors associated with the expression of MetS in severely obese women participating in a large observational study. METHODS Anthropometrics, including Heath equation-adjusted bioimpedance-determined fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), lipids and related laboratory measurements, resting energy expenditure (REE), and respiratory quotient (RQ), were studied in 949 women with severe obesity. RESULTS Even though the mean BMI was 45.7 kg/m2 and all participants met MetS criteria for increased waist circumference, 30% of subjects did not have MetS. Unadjusted FM (P = 0.0011), FFM (P < 0.0001), and REE (P < 0.0001) were greater in the women with MetS. Surprisingly, in multivariate logistic regression FFM was positively associated with MetS (P = 0.0002), while FM was not (P = 0.89). Moreover, FFM, not FM, was significantly associated with all five components of MetS except for triglyceride levels. REE and RQ were higher in those with MetS, and REE was strongly associated with multiple components of MetS. CONCLUSIONS In women with severe obesity, higher FFM and REE were paradoxically associated with increased rather than decreased risk of MetS, while FFM-adjusted FM was unrelated to MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Hopkins
- 1 Cardiovascular Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul N Hopkins
- 1 Cardiovascular Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Eliot A Brinton
- 2 The Utah Lipid Center and Utah Foundation for Biomedical Research , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ted D Adams
- 1 Cardiovascular Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah.,3 Intermountain Live Well Center , Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lance E Davidson
- 1 Cardiovascular Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah.,4 Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - M Nazeem Nanjee
- 1 Cardiovascular Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Steven C Hunt
- 1 Cardiovascular Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah.,5 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Heymsfield
- From Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (S.B.H.); and the Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (T.A.W.)
| | - Thomas A Wadden
- From Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (S.B.H.); and the Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (T.A.W.)
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Hamilton G, Schlein AN, Middleton MS, Hooker CA, Wolfson T, Gamst AC, Loomba R, Sirlin CB. In vivo triglyceride composition of abdominal adipose tissue measured by 1 H MRS at 3T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 45:1455-1463. [PMID: 27571403 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the regional variability of adipose tissue triglyceride composition in vivo using 1 H MRS, examining potential confounders and corrections for artifacts, to allow for adipose tissue spectrum estimation. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1 H magnetic resonance (MR) stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) spectra were acquired in vivo at 3T from 340 adult patients (mean age 48.9 years, range 21-79 years; 172 males, 168 females; mean body mass index [BMI] 34.0, range 22-49 kg/m2 ) with known or suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in deep (dSCAT), surface (sSCAT) subcutaneous adipose tissue, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Triglyceride composition was characterized by the number of double bonds (ndb) and number of methylene-interrupted double bonds (nmidb). A subset of patients (dSCAT n = 80, sSCAT n = 55, VAT n = 194) had the acquisition repeated three times to examine the repeatability of ndb and nmidb estimation. RESULTS Mean ndb and nmidb showed significant (P < 0.0001) differences between depots except for dSCAT and sSCAT nmidb (dSCAT ndb 2.797, nmidb 0.745; sSCAT ndb 2.826, nmidb 0.737; VAT ndb 2.723, nmidb 0.687). All ndb and nmidb estimates were highly repeatable (VAT ndb ICC = 0.888, nmidb ICC = 0.853; sSCAT: ndb ICC = 0.974, nmidb ICC = 0.964; dSCAT: ndb ICC = 0.959, nmidb ICC = 0.948). CONCLUSION Adipose tissue composition can be estimated repeatably using 1 H MRS and different fat depots have different triglyceride compositions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1455-1463.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Hamilton
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alexandra N Schlein
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael S Middleton
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Catherine A Hooker
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tanya Wolfson
- Computational and Applied Statistics Lab, San Diego Supercomputing Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anthony C Gamst
- Computational and Applied Statistics Lab, San Diego Supercomputing Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,NAFLD Translational Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Claude B Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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20
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Smith S, Madden AM. Body composition and functional assessment of nutritional status in adults: a narrative review of imaging, impedance, strength and functional techniques. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 29:714-732. [PMID: 27137882 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The accurate and valid assessment of body composition is essential for the diagnostic evaluation of nutritional status, identifying relevant outcome measures, and determining the effectiveness of current and future nutritional interventions. Developments in technology and our understanding of the influences of body composition on risk and outcome will provide practitioners with new opportunities to enhance current practice and to lead future improvements in practice. This is the second of a two-part narrative review that aims to critically evaluate body composition methodology in diverse adult populations, with a primary focus on its use in the assessment and monitoring of under-nutrition. Part one focused on anthropometric variables [Madden and Smith (2016) J Hum Nutr Diet 29: 7-25] and part two focuses on the use of imaging techniques, bioelectrical impedance analysis, markers of muscle strength and functional status, with particular reference to developments relevant to practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Smith
- School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M Madden
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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