1
|
Manning A, Bender PTR, Boyd-Pratt H, Mendelson BZ, Hruska M, Anderson CT. Trans-synaptic Association of Vesicular Zinc Transporter 3 and Shank3 Supports Synapse-Specific Dendritic Spine Structure and Function in the Mouse Auditory Cortex. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0619242024. [PMID: 38830758 PMCID: PMC11236586 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0619-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Shank3 is a synaptic scaffolding protein that assists in tethering and organizing structural proteins and glutamatergic receptors in the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses. The localization of Shank3 at excitatory synapses and the formation of stable Shank3 complexes is regulated by the binding of zinc to the C-terminal sterile-alpha-motif (SAM) domain of Shank3. Mutations in the SAM domain of Shank3 result in altered synaptic function and morphology, and disruption of zinc in synapses that express Shank3 leads to a reduction of postsynaptic proteins important for synaptic structure and function. This suggests that zinc supports the localization of postsynaptic proteins via Shank3. Many regions of the brain are highly enriched with free zinc inside glutamatergic vesicles at presynaptic terminals. At these synapses, zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) moves zinc into vesicles where it is co-released with glutamate. Alterations in ZnT3 are implicated in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, and ZnT3 knock-out (KO) mice-which lack synaptic zinc-show behavioral deficits associated with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Here we show that male and female ZnT3 KO mice have smaller dendritic spines and miniature excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes than wildtype (WT) mice in the auditory cortex. Additionally, spine size deficits in ZnT3 KO mice are restricted to synapses that express Shank3. In WT mice, synapses that express both Shank3 and ZnT3 have larger spines compared to synapses that express Shank3 but not ZnT3. Together these findings suggest a mechanism whereby presynaptic ZnT3-dependent zinc supports postsynaptic structure and function via Shank3 in a synapse-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Manning
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Philip T R Bender
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Helen Boyd-Pratt
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Benjamin Z Mendelson
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Martin Hruska
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barbier M, Thirtamara Rajamani K, Netser S, Wagner S, Harony-Nicolas H. Altered neural activity in the mesoaccumbens pathway underlies impaired social reward processing in Shank3-deficient rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.570134. [PMID: 38106179 PMCID: PMC10723340 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Social behaviors are crucial for human connection and belonging, often impacted in conditions like Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The mesoaccumbens pathway (VTA and NAc) plays a pivotal role in social behavior and is implicated in ASD. However, the impact of ASD-related mutations on social reward processing remains insufficiently explored. This study focuses on the Shank3 mutation, associated with a rare genetic condition and linked to ASD, examining its influence on the mesoaccumbens pathway during behavior, using the Shank3-deficient rat model. Our findings indicate that Shank3-deficient rats exhibit atypical social interactions and have difficulty adjusting behavior based on reward values, associated with modified neuronal activity of VTA dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons and reduced dopamine release in the NAc. Moreover, we demonstrate that manipulating VTA neuronal activity can normalize this behavior, providing insights into the effects of Shank3 mutations on social reward and behavior, and identify a potential neural pathway for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Barbier
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Friedman Brain Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Keerthi Thirtamara Rajamani
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Friedman Brain Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shai Netser
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shlomo Wagner
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hala Harony-Nicolas
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Friedman Brain Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang C, Dischler A, Glover K, Qin Y. Neuronal signalling of zinc: from detection and modulation to function. Open Biol 2022; 12:220188. [PMID: 36067793 PMCID: PMC9448499 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element that stabilizes protein structures and allosterically modulates a plethora of enzymes, ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Labile zinc (Zn2+) acts as an intracellular and intercellular signalling molecule in response to various stimuli, which is especially important in the central nervous system. Zincergic neurons, characterized by Zn2+ deposits in synaptic vesicles and presynaptic Zn2+ release, are found in the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb and spinal cord. To provide an overview of synaptic Zn2+ and intracellular Zn2+ signalling in neurons, the present paper summarizes the fluorescent sensors used to detect Zn2+ signals, the cellular mechanisms regulating the generation and buffering of Zn2+ signals, as well as the current perspectives on their pleiotropic effects on phosphorylation signalling, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity, as well as sensory and cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Anna Dischler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sauer AK, Hagmeyer S, Grabrucker AM. Prenatal Zinc Deficient Mice as a Model for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116082. [PMID: 35682762 PMCID: PMC9181257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown a clear association between early life zinc deficiency and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). In line with this, mouse models have revealed prenatal zinc deficiency as a profound risk factor for neurobiological and behavioral abnormalities in the offspring reminiscent of ASD behavior. From these studies, a complex pathology emerges, with alterations in the gastrointestinal and immune system and synaptic signaling in the brain, as a major consequence of prenatal zinc deficiency. The features represent a critical link in a causal chain that leads to various neuronal dysfunctions and behavioral phenotypes observed in prenatal zinc deficient (PZD) mice and probably other mouse models for ASD. Given that the complete phenotype of PZD mice may be key to understanding how non-genetic factors can modify the clinical features and severity of autistic patients and explain the observed heterogeneity, here, we summarize published data on PZD mice. We critically review the emerging evidence that prenatal zinc deficiency is at the core of several environmental risk factors associated with ASD, being mechanistically linked to ASD-associated genetic factors. In addition, we highlight future directions and outstanding questions, including potential symptomatic, disease-modifying, and preventive treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Katrin Sauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.K.S.); (S.H.)
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Simone Hagmeyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.K.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Andreas M. Grabrucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.K.S.); (S.H.)
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-61-237756
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yao M, Meng M, Yang X, Wang S, Zhang H, Zhang F, Shi L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Xu Z. POSH regulates assembly of the NMDAR/PSD-95/Shank complex and synaptic function. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110642. [PMID: 35385725 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation or disruption of the Shank/ProSAP family of genes is a high risk factor for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and intellectual disability. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction contributes to the development of autism-like behaviors. However, the molecular mechanism of Shank-mediated NMDAR modulation is still not clear. Here, we show that the scaffold protein plenty of SH3s (POSH) directly interacts with two other scaffold proteins, PSD95 and SHANK2/3, at excitatory synapses. In POSH conditional knockout (cKO) mice, normal synaptic clustering of NMDAR/PSD-95/SHANK complex is disrupted, accompanied by abnormal dendritic spine development and glutamatergic transmission in hippocampal neurons. POSH cKO mice display profound autism-like behaviors, including impairments in social interactions, social communication, repetitive behaviors, and deficits in learning and memory. Thus, POSH clusters at the postsynaptic density (PSD) with PSD-95 and SHANK2/3 and plays important roles in the signaling mechanisms of the NMDAR/PSD-95/POSH/SHANK complex as well as in spine development and brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Meizhen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee K, Jung Y, Vyas Y, Skelton I, Abraham WC, Hsueh YP, Montgomery JM. Dietary zinc supplementation rescues fear-based learning and synaptic function in the Tbr1 +/- mouse model of autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 2022; 13:13. [PMID: 35303947 PMCID: PMC8932001 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by a dyad of behavioural symptoms—social and communication deficits and repetitive behaviours. Multiple aetiological genetic and environmental factors have been identified as causing or increasing the likelihood of ASD, including serum zinc deficiency. Our previous studies revealed that dietary zinc supplementation can normalise impaired social behaviours, excessive grooming, and heightened anxiety in a Shank3 mouse model of ASD, as well as the amelioration of synapse dysfunction. Here, we have examined the efficacy and breadth of dietary zinc supplementation as an effective therapeutic strategy utilising a non-Shank-related mouse model of ASD—mice with Tbr1 haploinsufficiency. Methods We performed behavioural assays, amygdalar slice whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, and immunohistochemistry to characterise the synaptic mechanisms underlying the ASD-associated behavioural deficits observed in Tbr1+/− mice and the therapeutic potential of dietary zinc supplementation. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Šídák's post hoc test and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons were performed for statistical analysis. Results Our data show that dietary zinc supplementation prevents impairments in auditory fear memory and social interaction, but not social novelty, in the Tbr1+/− mice. Tbr1 haploinsufficiency did not induce excessive grooming nor elevate anxiety in mice. At the synaptic level, dietary zinc supplementation reversed α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction and normalised presynaptic function at thalamic-lateral amygdala (LA) synapses that are crucial for auditory fear memory. In addition, the zinc supplemented diet significantly restored the synaptic puncta density of the GluN1 subunit essential for functional NMDARs as well as SHANK3 expression in both the basal and lateral amygdala (BLA) of Tbr1+/− mice. Limitations The therapeutic effect of dietary zinc supplementation observed in rodent models may not reproduce the same effects in human patients. The effect of dietary zinc supplementation on synaptic function in other brain structures affected by Tbr1 haploinsufficiency including olfactory bulb and anterior commissure will also need to be examined. Conclusions Our data further the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of dietary zinc supplementation and verify the efficacy and breadth of its application as a potential treatment strategy for ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lee
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Yewon Jung
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Yukti Vyas
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Imogen Skelton
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Rd., Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wichmann C, Kuner T. Heterogeneity of glutamatergic synapses: cellular mechanisms and network consequences. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:269-318. [PMID: 34727002 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are commonly known as a structurally and functionally highly diverse class of cell-cell contacts specialized to mediate communication between neurons. They represent the smallest "computational" unit of the brain and are typically divided into excitatory and inhibitory as well as modulatory categories. These categories are subdivided into diverse types, each representing a different structure-function repertoire that in turn are thought to endow neuronal networks with distinct computational properties. The diversity of structure and function found among a given category of synapses is referred to as heterogeneity. The main building blocks for this heterogeneity are synaptic vesicles, the active zone, the synaptic cleft, the postsynaptic density, and glial processes associated with the synapse. Each of these five structural modules entails a distinct repertoire of functions, and their combination specifies the range of functional heterogeneity at mammalian excitatory synapses, which are the focus of this review. We describe synapse heterogeneity that is manifested on different levels of complexity ranging from the cellular morphology of the pre- and postsynaptic cells toward the expression of different protein isoforms at individual release sites. We attempt to define the range of structural building blocks that are used to vary the basic functional repertoire of excitatory synaptic contacts and discuss sources and general mechanisms of synapse heterogeneity. Finally, we explore the possible impact of synapse heterogeneity on neuronal network function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Wichmann
- Molecular Architecture of Synapses Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, InnerEarLab and Institute for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Expression Analysis of Zinc Transporters in Nervous Tissue Cells Reveals Neuronal and Synaptic Localization of ZIP4. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094511. [PMID: 33925953 PMCID: PMC8123391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, research has shown that zinc ions play an essential role in the physiology of brain function. Zinc acts as a potent neuromodulatory agent and signaling ions, regulating healthy brain development and the function of both neurons and glial cells. Therefore, the concentration of zinc within the brain and its cells is tightly controlled. Zinc transporters are key regulators of (extra-) cellular zinc levels, and deregulation of zinc homeostasis and zinc transporters has been associated with neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, to date, the presence of specific family members and their subcellular localization within brain cells have not been investigated in detail. Here, we analyzed the expression of all zinc transporters (ZnTs) and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) in the rat brain. We further used primary rat neurons and rat astrocyte cell lines to differentiate between the expression found in neurons or astrocytes or both. We identified ZIP4 expressed in astrocytes but significantly more so in neurons, a finding that has not been reported previously. In neurons, ZIP4 is localized to synapses and found in a complex with major postsynaptic scaffold proteins of excitatory synapses. Synaptic ZIP4 reacts to short-term fluctuations in local zinc levels. We conclude that ZIP4 may have a so-far undescribed functional role at excitatory postsynapses.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gandhi T, Lee CC. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Repetitive Behaviors in Rodent Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:592710. [PMID: 33519379 PMCID: PMC7840495 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.592710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is comprised of several conditions characterized by alterations in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the heterogeneous development of ASD behaviors. Several rodent models display ASD-like phenotypes, including repetitive behaviors. In this review article, we discuss the potential neural mechanisms involved in repetitive behaviors in rodent models of ASD and related neuropsychiatric disorders. We review signaling pathways, neural circuits, and anatomical alterations in rodent models that display robust stereotypic behaviors. Understanding the mechanisms and circuit alterations underlying repetitive behaviors in rodent models of ASD will inform translational research and provide useful insight into therapeutic strategies for the treatment of repetitive behaviors in ASD and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Gandhi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Imbalanced post- and extrasynaptic SHANK2A functions during development affect social behavior in SHANK2-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6482-6504. [PMID: 34021263 PMCID: PMC8760046 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in SHANK genes play an undisputed role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Until now, research has focused on the postsynaptic function of SHANKs, and prominent postsynaptic alterations in glutamatergic signal transmission have been reported in Shank KO mouse models. Recent studies have also suggested a possible presynaptic function of SHANK proteins, but these remain poorly defined. In this study, we examined how SHANK2 can mediate electrophysiological, molecular, and behavioral effects by conditionally overexpressing either wild-type SHANK2A or the extrasynaptic SHANK2A(R462X) variant. SHANK2A overexpression affected pre- and postsynaptic targets and revealed a reversible, development-dependent autism spectrum disorder-like behavior. SHANK2A also mediated redistribution of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors between apical and basal hippocampal CA1 dendrites, leading to impaired synaptic plasticity in the basal dendrites. Moreover, SHANK2A overexpression reduced social interaction and increased the excitatory noise in the olfactory cortex during odor processing. In contrast, overexpression of the extrasynaptic SHANK2A(R462X) variant did not impair hippocampal synaptic plasticity, but still altered the expression of presynaptic/axonal signaling proteins. We also observed an attention-deficit/hyperactivity-like behavior and improved social interaction along with enhanced signal-to-noise ratio in cortical odor processing. Our results suggest that the disruption of pre- and postsynaptic SHANK2 functions caused by SHANK2 mutations has a strong impact on social behavior. These findings indicate that pre- and postsynaptic SHANK2 actions cooperate for normal neuronal function, and that an imbalance between these functions may lead to different neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yoon SH, Choi J, Lee WJ, Do JT. Genetic and Epigenetic Etiology Underlying Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E966. [PMID: 32244359 PMCID: PMC7230567 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, language development delays, repeated body movements, and markedly deteriorated activities and interests. Environmental factors, such as viral infection, parental age, and zinc deficiency, can be plausible contributors to ASD susceptibility. As ASD is highly heritable, genetic risk factors involved in neurodevelopment, neural communication, and social interaction provide important clues in explaining the etiology of ASD. Accumulated evidence also shows an important role of epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA, in ASD etiology. In this review, we compiled the research published to date and described the genetic and epigenetic epidemiology together with environmental risk factors underlying the etiology of the different phenotypes of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.H.Y.); (J.C.); (W.J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen S, Sun T, Xie Z, Dong D, Zhang N. A fluorescent sensor for intracellular Zn2+ based on cylindrical molecular brushes of poly(2-oxazoline) through ion-induced emission. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01054e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazoline) molecular brushes bearing enaminitrile receptors in the side chain ends exhibit good biocompatibility, excellent fluorescent selectivity for Zn2+, and possibility in detecting intracellular Zn2+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Tingting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Dewen Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Ning Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Serine-Arginine Protein Kinase SRPK2 Modulates the Assembly of the Active Zone Scaffolding Protein CAST1/ERC2. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111333. [PMID: 31671734 PMCID: PMC6912806 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons release neurotransmitters at a specialized region of the presynaptic membrane, the active zone (AZ), where a complex meshwork of proteins organizes the release apparatus. The formation of this proteinaceous cytomatrix at the AZ (CAZ) depends on precise homo- and hetero-oligomerizations of distinct CAZ proteins. The CAZ protein CAST1/ERC2 contains four coiled-coil (CC) domains that interact with other CAZ proteins, but also promote self-assembly, which is an essential step for its integration during AZ formation. The self-assembly and synaptic recruitment of the Drosophila protein Bruchpilot (BRP), a partial homolog of CAST1/ERC2, is modulated by the serine-arginine protein kinase (SRPK79D). Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of the vertebrate SRPK2 regulates the self-assembly of CAST1/ERC2 in HEK293T, SH-SY5Y and HT-22 cells and the CC1 and CC4 domains are involved in this process. Moreover, the isoform SRPK2 forms a complex with CAST1/ERC2 when co-expressed in HEK293T and SH-SY5Y cells. More importantly, SRPK2 is present in brain synaptic fractions and synapses, suggesting that this protein kinase might control the level of self-aggregation of CAST1/ERC2 in synapses, and thereby modulate presynaptic assembly.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ishida H, Skorobogatov A, Yamniuk AP, Vogel HJ. Solution structures of the
SH
3 domains from Shank scaffold proteins and their interactions with Cav1.3 calcium channels. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2786-2797. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishida
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Canada
| | | | | | - Hans J. Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Eltokhi A, Rappold G, Sprengel R. Distinct Phenotypes of Shank2 Mouse Models Reflect Neuropsychiatric Spectrum Disorders of Human Patients With SHANK2 Variants. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:240. [PMID: 30072871 PMCID: PMC6060255 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SHANK scaffolding proteins are important organizers for signaling proteins in the postsynapse of excitatory neurons. The functional significance of SHANK proteins becomes apparent by the wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders associated with SHANK variants in human patients. A similar diversity of neuropsychiatric-like phenotypes is described for numerous Shank2 and Shank3 knockout (KO) mouse lines. In this review, we will focus on and discuss the experimental results obtained from different, but genetically related and therefore comparable, Shank2 mouse models. First, we will describe the distinct SHANK2 variant-mediated neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders in human patients. Then we will discuss the current knowledge of the expressed SHANK2 isoforms in the mouse, and we will describe the genetic strategies used for generating three conventional and seven conditional Shank2 mouse lines. The distinct impairments i.e., autistic-like and mania-like behavior and the alterations on the molecular, electrophysiological and behavioral levels will be compared between the different Shank2 mouse models. We will present our view as to why in these mouse models a spectrum of phenotypes can arise from similar Shank2 gene manipulations and how Shank2 mutant mice can be used and should be analyzed on the behavioral level in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Eltokhi
- Max Planck Research Group "Molecular Neurobiology", Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max Planck Research Group "Molecular Neurobiology", Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mossa A, Giona F, Pagano J, Sala C, Verpelli C. SHANK genes in autism: Defining therapeutic targets. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:416-423. [PMID: 29175319 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Mossa
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Giona
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Pagano
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Sala
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Verpelli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hagmeyer S, Sauer AK, Grabrucker AM. Prospects of Zinc Supplementation in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Shankopathies Such as Phelan McDermid Syndrome. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:11. [PMID: 29875651 PMCID: PMC5974951 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of one copy of SHANK3 (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3) in humans highly contributes to Phelan McDermid syndrome (PMDS). In addition, SHANK3 was identified as a major autism candidate gene. Interestingly, the protein encoded by the SHANK3 gene is regulated by zinc. While zinc deficiency depletes synaptic pools of Shank3, increased zinc levels were shown to promote synaptic scaffold formation. Therefore, the hypothesis arises that patients with PMDS and Autism caused by Shankopathies, having one intact copy of SHANK3 left, may benefit from zinc supplementation, as elevated zinc may drive remaining Shank3 into the post-synaptic density (PSD) and may additional recruit Shank2, a second zinc-dependent member of the SHANK gene family. Further, elevated synaptic zinc levels may modulate E/I ratios affecting other synaptic components such as NMDARs. However, several factors need to be considered in relation to zinc supplementation such as the role of Shank3 in the gastrointestinal (GI) system-the location of zinc absorption in humans. Therefore, here, we briefly discuss the prospect and impediments of zinc supplementation in disorders affecting Shank3 such as PMDS and propose a model for most efficacious supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hagmeyer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ann Katrin Sauer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andreas M Grabrucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ali Rodriguez R, Joya C, Hines RM. Common Ribs of Inhibitory Synaptic Dysfunction in the Umbrella of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:132. [PMID: 29740280 PMCID: PMC5928253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) is an umbrella term used to group together a heterogeneous class of disorders characterized by disruption in cognition, emotion, and behavior, early in the developmental timescale. These disorders are heterogeneous, yet they share common behavioral symptomatology as well as overlapping genetic contributors, including proteins involved in the formation, specialization, and function of synaptic connections. Advances may arise from bridging the current knowledge on synapse related factors indicated from both human studies in NDD populations, and in animal models. Mounting evidence has shown a link to inhibitory synapse formation, specialization, and function among Autism, Angelman, Rett and Dravet syndromes. Inhibitory signaling is diverse, with numerous subtypes of inhibitory interneurons, phasic and tonic modes of inhibition, and the molecular and subcellular diversity of GABAA receptors. We discuss common ribs of inhibitory synapse dysfunction in the umbrella of NDD, highlighting alterations in the developmental switch to inhibitory GABA, dysregulation of neuronal activity patterns by parvalbumin-positive interneurons, and impaired tonic inhibition. Increasing our basic understanding of inhibitory synapses, and their role in NDDs is likely to produce significant therapeutic advances in behavioral symptom alleviation for interrelated NDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ali Rodriguez
- Neuroscience Emphasis, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Christina Joya
- Neuroscience Emphasis, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Rochelle M Hines
- Neuroscience Emphasis, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jawaid S, Kidd GJ, Wang J, Swetlik C, Dutta R, Trapp BD. Alterations in CA1 hippocampal synapses in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Glia 2018; 66:789-800. [PMID: 29274095 PMCID: PMC5812820 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the major cause of inherited mental retardation and the leading genetic cause of Autism spectrum disorders. FXS is caused by mutations in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (Fmr1) gene, which results in transcriptional silencing of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). To elucidate cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of FXS, we compared dendritic spines in the hippocampal CA1 region of adult wild-type (WT) and Fmr1 knockout (Fmr1-KO) mice. Using diolistic labeling, confocal microscopy, and three-dimensional electron microscopy, we show a significant increase in the diameter of secondary dendrites, an increase in dendritic spine density, and a decrease in mature dendritic spines in adult Fmr1-KO mice. While WT and Fmr1-KO mice had the same mean density of spines, the variance in spine density was three times greater in Fmr1-KO mice. Reduced astrocyte participation in the tripartite synapse and less mature post-synaptic densities were also found in Fmr1-KO mice. We investigated whether the increase in synaptic spine density was associated with altered synaptic pruning during development. Our data are consistent with reduced microglia-mediated synaptic pruning in the CA1 region of Fmr1-KO hippocampi when compared with WT littermates at postnatal day 21, which is the peak period of synaptic pruning in the mouse hippocampus. Collectively, these results support abnormal synaptogenesis and synaptic remodeling in mice deficient in FMRP. Deficits in the maturation and distribution of synaptic spines on dendrites of CA1 hippocampal neurons may play a role in the intellectual disabilities associated with FXS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safdar Jawaid
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Grahame J Kidd
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Carrie Swetlik
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Que EL, Duncan FE, Bayer AR, Philips SJ, Roth EW, Bleher R, Gleber SC, Vogt S, Woodruff TK, O'Halloran TV. Zinc sparks induce physiochemical changes in the egg zona pellucida that prevent polyspermy. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:135-144. [PMID: 28102396 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During fertilization or chemically-induced egg activation, the mouse egg releases billions of zinc atoms in brief bursts known as 'zinc sparks.' The zona pellucida (ZP), a glycoprotein matrix surrounding the egg, is the first structure zinc ions encounter as they diffuse away from the plasma membrane. Following fertilization, the ZP undergoes changes described as 'hardening', which prevent multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg and thereby establish a block to polyspermy. A major event in zona hardening is cleavage of ZP2 proteins by ovastacin; however, the overall physiochemical changes contributing to zona hardening are not well understood. Using X-ray fluorescence microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and biological function assays, we tested the hypothesis that zinc release contributes to ZP hardening. We found that the zinc content in the ZP increases by 300% following activation and that zinc exposure modulates the architecture of the ZP matrix. Importantly, zinc-induced structural changes of the ZP have a direct biological consequence; namely, they reduce the ability of sperm to bind to the ZP. These results provide a paradigm-shifting model in which fertilization-induced zinc sparks contribute to the polyspermy block by altering conformations of the ZP matrix. This adds a previously unrecognized factor, namely zinc, to the process of ZP hardening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Que
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 North Campus Drive, Silverman 4611, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Francesca E Duncan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Lurie 10-121, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Amanda R Bayer
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 North Campus Drive, Silverman 4611, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Steven J Philips
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 North Campus Drive, Silverman 4611, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Eric W Roth
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 North Campus Drive, Silverman 4611, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Reiner Bleher
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 North Campus Drive, Silverman 4611, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sophie C Gleber
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 North Campus Drive, Silverman 4611, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Lurie 10-121, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Thomas V O'Halloran
- The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 North Campus Drive, Silverman 4611, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shank3 Is Part of a Zinc-Sensitive Signaling System That Regulates Excitatory Synaptic Strength. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9124-34. [PMID: 27581454 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0116-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Shank3 is a multidomain scaffold protein localized to the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses. Functional studies in vivo and in vitro support the concept that Shank3 is critical for synaptic plasticity and the trans-synaptic coupling between the reliability of presynaptic neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic responsiveness. However, how Shank3 regulates synaptic strength remains unclear. The C terminus of Shank3 contains a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain that is essential for its postsynaptic localization and also binds zinc, thus raising the possibility that changing zinc levels modulate Shank3 function in dendritic spines. In support of this hypothesis, we find that zinc is a potent regulator of Shank3 activation and dynamics in rat hippocampal neurons. Moreover, we show that zinc modulation of synaptic transmission is Shank3 dependent. Interestingly, an autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-associated variant of Shank3 (Shank3(R87C)) retains its zinc sensitivity and supports zinc-dependent activation of AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission. However, elevated zinc was unable to rescue defects in trans-synaptic signaling caused by the R87C mutation, implying that trans-synaptic increases in neurotransmitter release are not necessary for the postsynaptic effects of zinc. Together, these data suggest that Shank3 is a key component of a zinc-sensitive signaling system, regulating synaptic strength that may be impaired in ASD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Shank3 is a postsynaptic protein associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. In this study, we show that Shank3 is a key component of a zinc-sensitive signaling system that regulates excitatory synaptic transmission. Intriguingly, an autism-associated mutation in Shank3 partially impairs this signaling system. Therefore, perturbation of zinc homeostasis may impair, not only synaptic functionality and plasticity, but also may lead to cognitive and behavioral abnormalities seen in patients with psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang Y, Gao B, Xiong Y, Zheng F, Xu X, Yang Y, Hu Y, Wang X. Expression of SHANK3 in the Temporal Neocortex of Patients with Intractable Temporal Epilepsy and Epilepsy Rat Models. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:857-867. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
23
|
Smirnova E, Kwan JJ, Siu R, Gao X, Zoidl G, Demeler B, Saridakis V, Donaldson LW. A new mode of SAM domain mediated oligomerization observed in the CASKIN2 neuronal scaffolding protein. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:17. [PMID: 27549312 PMCID: PMC4994250 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CASKIN2 is a homolog of CASKIN1, a scaffolding protein that participates in a signaling network with CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine kinase). Despite a high level of homology between CASKIN2 and CASKIN1, CASKIN2 cannot bind CASK due to the absence of a CASK Interaction Domain and consequently, may have evolved undiscovered structural and functional distinctions. Results We demonstrate that the crystal structure of the Sterile Alpha Motif (SAM) domain tandem (SAM1-SAM2) oligomer from CASKIN2 is different than CASKIN1, with the minimal repeating unit being a dimer, rather than a monomer. Analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity methods revealed differences in monomer/dimer equilibria across a range of concentrations and ionic strengths for the wild type CASKIN2 SAM tandem and a structure-directed double mutant that could not oligomerize. Further distinguishing CASKIN2 from CASKIN1, EGFP-tagged SAM tandem proteins expressed in Neuro2a cells produced punctae that were distinct both in shape and size. Conclusions This study illustrates a new way in which neuronal SAM domains can assemble into large macromolecular assemblies that might concentrate and amplify synaptic responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-016-0140-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Smirnova
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jamie J Kwan
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ryan Siu
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Xin Gao
- Division of Computer, Computational Bioscience Research Center, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Georg Zoidl
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7760 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Vivian Saridakis
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Logan W Donaldson
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kähne T, Richter S, Kolodziej A, Smalla KH, Pielot R, Engler A, Ohl FW, Dieterich DC, Seidenbecher C, Tischmeyer W, Naumann M, Gundelfinger ED. Proteome rearrangements after auditory learning: high-resolution profiling of synapse-enriched protein fractions from mouse brain. J Neurochem 2016; 138:124-38. [PMID: 27062398 PMCID: PMC5089584 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Learning and memory processes are accompanied by rearrangements of synaptic protein networks. While various studies have demonstrated the regulation of individual synaptic proteins during these processes, much less is known about the complex regulation of synaptic proteomes. Recently, we reported that auditory discrimination learning in mice is associated with a relative down-regulation of proteins involved in the structural organization of synapses in various brain regions. Aiming at the identification of biological processes and signaling pathways involved in auditory memory formation, here, a label-free quantification approach was utilized to identify regulated synaptic junctional proteins and phosphoproteins in the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of mice 24 h after the learning experiment. Twenty proteins, including postsynaptic scaffolds, actin-remodeling proteins, and RNA-binding proteins, were regulated in at least three brain regions pointing to common, cross-regional mechanisms. Most of the detected synaptic proteome changes were, however, restricted to individual brain regions. For example, several members of the Septin family of cytoskeletal proteins were up-regulated only in the hippocampus, while Septin-9 was down-regulated in the hippocampus, the frontal cortex, and the striatum. Meta analyses utilizing several databases were employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways. Data are available via ProteomeExchange with identifier PXD003089. How does the protein composition of synapses change in different brain areas upon auditory learning? We unravel discrete proteome changes in mouse auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum functionally implicated in the learning process. We identify not only common but also area-specific biological pathways and cellular processes modulated 24 h after training, indicating individual contributions of the regions to memory processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Richter
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Angela Kolodziej
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pielot
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank W Ohl
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze Seidenbecher
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Molecular Neuroscience, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zinc Stabilizes Shank3 at the Postsynaptic Density of Hippocampal Synapses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153979. [PMID: 27144302 PMCID: PMC4856407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank3 is a postsynaptic density (PSD) scaffold protein of the Shank family. Here we use pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopy to investigate factors influencing the distribution of Shank3 at the PSD. In dissociated rat hippocampal cultures under basal conditions, label for Shank3 was concentrated in a broad layer of the PSD, ~20–80 nm from the postsynaptic membrane. Upon depolarization with high K+ (90 mM, 2 min), or application of NMDA (50 μM, 2 min), both the labeling intensity at the PSD and the median distance of label from the postsynaptic membrane increased significantly, indicating that Shank3 molecules are preferentially recruited to the distal layer of the PSD. Incubation in medium supplemented with zinc (50 μM ZnCl2, 1 hr) also significantly increased labeling intensity for Shank3 at the PSD, but this addition of Shank3 was not preferential to the distal layer. When cells were incubated with zinc and then treated with NMDA, labeling intensity of Shank3 became higher than with either treatment alone and manifested a preference for the distal layer of the PSD. Without zinc supplementation, NMDA-induced accumulation of Shank3 at the PSD was transient, reversing within 30 min after return to control medium. However, when zinc was included in culture media throughout the experiment, the NMDA-induced accumulation of Shank3 was largely retained, including Shank3 molecules recruited to the distal layer of the PSD. These results demonstrate that activity induces accumulation of Shank3 at the PSD and that zinc stabilizes PSD-associated Shank3, possibly through strengthening of Shank-Shank association.
Collapse
|
26
|
Paulpandi RQ, Ramasamy S, Paulraj MS, Díaz Baños FG, Villora G, Cerón-Carrasco JP, Pérez-Sánchez H, Muthu Vijayan Enoch IV. Enhanced Zn2+ion-sensing behavior of a benzothiazole derivative on encapsulation by β-cyclodextrin. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We report, in this paper, a benzothiazole derivative which shows selective binding of zinc ions among a pool of metal ions and the enhanced selectivity of the same metal ion by the derivative in its β-cyclodextrin bound form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - G. Villora
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- University of Murcia
- Murcia
| | - José P. Cerón-Carrasco
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM)
- Spain
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM)
- Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Two-Dimensional Peptide and Protein Assemblies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 940:29-60. [PMID: 27677508 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39196-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional nanoscale assemblies (nanosheets) represent a promising structural platform to arrange molecular and supramolecular substrates with precision for integration into devices. This nanoarchitectonic approach has gained significant traction over the last decade, as a general concept to guide the fabrication of functional nanoscale devices. Sequence-specific biomolecules, e.g., peptides and proteins, may be considered excellent substrates for the fabrication of two-dimensional nanoarchitectonics. Molecular level instructions can be encoded within the sequence of monomers, which allows for control over supramolecular structure if suitable design principles could be elaborated. Due to the complexity of interactions between protomers, the development of principles aimed toward rational design of peptide and protein nanosheets is at a nascent stage. This review discusses the known two-dimensional peptide and protein assemblies to further our understanding of how to control the arrangement of molecules in two-dimensions.
Collapse
|
28
|
Harony-Nicolas H, De Rubeis S, Kolevzon A, Buxbaum JD. Phelan McDermid Syndrome: From Genetic Discoveries to Animal Models and Treatment. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1861-70. [PMID: 26350728 PMCID: PMC5321557 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815600872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome or 22q13.3 deletion syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by generalized developmental delay, intellectual disability, absent or delayed speech, seizures, autism spectrum disorder, neonatal hypotonia, physical dysmorphic features, and recurrent medical comorbidities. Individuals with Phelan-McDermid syndrome have terminal deletions of the chromosomal region 22q13.3 encompassing SHANK3, a gene encoding a structural component of excitatory synapses indispensable for proper synaptogenesis and neuronal physiology, or point mutations within the gene. Here, we review the clinical aspects of the syndrome and the genetic findings shedding light onto the underlying etiology. We also provide an overview on the evidence from genetic studies and mouse models that supports SHANK3 haploinsufficiency as a major contributor of the neurobehavioral manifestations of Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Finally, we discuss how all these discoveries are uncovering the pathophysiology of Phelan-McDermid syndrome and are being translated into clinical trials for novel therapeutics ameliorating the core symptoms of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hala Harony-Nicolas
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang Y, Gaetano CM, Williams KR, Bassell GJ, Mihailescu MR. FMRP interacts with G-quadruplex structures in the 3'-UTR of its dendritic target Shank1 mRNA. RNA Biol 2015; 11:1364-74. [PMID: 25692235 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2014.996464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability, is caused by the loss of expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP, which regulates the transport and translation of specific mRNAs, uses its RGG box domain to bind mRNA targets that form G-quadruplex structures. One of the FMRP in vivo targets, Shank1 mRNA, encodes the master scaffold proteins of the postsynaptic density (PSD) which regulate the size and shape of dendritic spines because of their capacity to interact with many different PSD components. Due to their effect on spine morphology, altered translational regulation of Shank1 transcripts may contribute to the FXS pathology. We hypothesized that the FMRP interactions with Shank1 mRNA are mediated by the recognition of the G quadruplex structure, which has not been previously demonstrated. In this study we used biophysical techniques to analyze the Shank1 mRNA 3'-UTR and its interactions with FMRP and its phosphorylated mimic FMRP S500D. We found that the Shank1 mRNA 3 ' -UTR adopts two very stable intramolecular G-quadruplexes which are bound specifically and with high affinity by FMRP both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest a role of G-quadruplex RNA motif as a structural element in the common mechanism of FMRP regulation of its dendritic mRNA targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- a Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Mylan School of Pharmacy ; Duquesne University ; Pittsburgh , PA USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sala C, Vicidomini C, Bigi I, Mossa A, Verpelli C. Shank synaptic scaffold proteins: keys to understanding the pathogenesis of autism and other synaptic disorders. J Neurochem 2015; 135:849-58. [PMID: 26338675 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Shank/ProSAP proteins are essential to synaptic formation, development, and function. Mutations in the family of SHANK genes are strongly associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as intellectual disability (ID), and schizophrenia. Thus, the term 'Shankopathies' identifies a number of neuronal diseases caused by alteration of Shank protein expression leading to abnormal synaptic development. With this review we want to summarize the major genetic, molecular, behavior and electrophysiological studies that provide new clues into the function of Shanks and pave the way for the discovery of new therapeutic drugs targeted to treat patients with SHANK mutations and also patients affected by other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Shank/ProSAP proteins are essential to synaptic formation, development, and function. Mutations in the family of SHANK genes are strongly associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as intellectual disability (ID), and schizophrenia (SCZ). With this review we want to summarize the major genetic, molecular, behavior and electrophysiological studies that provide new clues into the function of Shanks and pave the way for the discovery of new therapeutic drugs targeted to treat patients with SHANK mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sala
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Vicidomini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bigi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Mossa
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Verpelli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS), also called 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability, severe speech delays, poor motor tone and function, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although the overall prevalence of PMS is unknown, there have been at least 1200 cases reported worldwide, according to the Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation. PMS is now considered to be a relatively common cause of ASD and intellectual disability, accounting for between 0.5% and 2.0% of cases. The cause of PMS has been isolated to loss of function of one copy of SHANK3, which codes for a master scaffolding protein found in the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses. Reduced expression of SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (SHANK3) leads to reduced numbers of dendrites, and impaired synaptic transmission and plasticity. Recent mouse and human neuronal models of PMS have led to important opportunities to develop novel therapeutics, and at least 2 clinical trials are underway, one in the USA, and one in the Netherlands. The SHANK3 pathway may also be relevant to other forms of ASD, and many of the single-gene causes of ASD identified to date appear to converge on several common molecular pathways that underlie synaptic neurotransmission. As a result, treatments developed for PMS may also affect other forms of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L. Costales
- />Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- />Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- />Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- />Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- />Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Trans-synaptic zinc mobilization improves social interaction in two mouse models of autism through NMDAR activation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7168. [PMID: 25981743 PMCID: PMC4479043 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic aspects of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have recently been extensively explored, but environmental influences that affect ASDs have received considerably less attention. Zinc (Zn) is a nutritional factor implicated in ASDs, but evidence for a strong association and linking mechanism is largely lacking. Here we report that trans-synaptic Zn mobilization rapidly rescues social interaction in two independent mouse models of ASD. In mice lacking Shank2, an excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding protein, postsynaptic Zn elevation induced by clioquinol (a Zn chelator and ionophore) improves social interaction. Postsynaptic Zn is mainly derived from presynaptic pools and activates NMDA receptors (NMDARs) through postsynaptic activation of the tyrosine kinase Src. Clioquinol also improves social interaction in mice haploinsufficient for the transcription factor Tbr1, which accompanies NMDAR activation in the amygdala. These results suggest that trans-synaptic Zn mobilization induced by clioquinol rescues social deficits in mouse models of ASD through postsynaptic Src and NMDAR activation. Zinc is a nutritional factor implicated in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but evidence for a strong association and linking mechanism is largely lacking. Here, the authors report that trans-synaptic zinc mobilization rapidly rescues social interaction in two independent mouse models of ASD.
Collapse
|
33
|
Effects of trace metal profiles characteristic for autism on synapses in cultured neurons. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:985083. [PMID: 25802764 PMCID: PMC4352758 DOI: 10.1155/2015/985083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Various recent studies revealed that biometal dyshomeostasis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Substantial evidence indicates that disrupted neuronal homeostasis of different metal ions such as Fe, Cu, Pb, Hg, Se, and Zn may mediate synaptic dysfunction and impair synapse formation and maturation. Here, we performed in vitro studies investigating the consequences of an imbalance of transition metals on glutamatergic synapses of hippocampal neurons. We analyzed whether an imbalance of any one metal ion alters cell health and synapse numbers. Moreover, we evaluated whether a biometal profile characteristic for ASD patients influences synapse formation, maturation, and composition regarding NMDA receptor subunits and Shank proteins. Our results show that an ASD like biometal profile leads to a reduction of NMDAR (NR/Grin/GluN) subunit 1 and 2a, as well as Shank gene expression along with a reduction of synapse density. Additionally, synaptic protein levels of GluN2a and Shanks are reduced. Although Zn supplementation is able to rescue the aforementioned alterations, Zn deficiency is not solely responsible as causative factor. Thus, we conclude that balancing Zn levels in ASD might be a prime target to normalize synaptic alterations caused by biometal dyshomeostasis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Whitfield DR, Vallortigara J, Alghamdi A, Hortobágyi T, Ballard C, Thomas AJ, O'Brien JT, Aarsland D, Francis PT. Depression and synaptic zinc regulation in Alzheimer disease, dementia with lewy bodies, and Parkinson disease dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 23:141-8. [PMID: 24953873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is a common symptom in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson disease dementia (PDD), and Alzheimer disease (AD), yet its molecular basis remains unclear and current antidepressants do not appear to be effective. Cerebral zinc has been implicated in depression and synaptic dysfunction. We investigated the relationship between synaptic zinc regulation (for which zinc transporter 3 [ZnT3] is responsible) and depression in a large clinicopathologic study. METHODS We examined brains from people with PDD (N = 29), DLB (N = 27), and AD (N = 15) and comparison subjects without depression or dementia (N = 24). Individuals were categorized according to the presence and severity of depression (on a scale of 0-3) based on standardized assessments during life (principally Neuropsychiatric Inventory). Western blotting was used to determine ZnT3 levels in Brodmann area 9 (BA9), and regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between ZnT3 and depression. RESULTS Reductions in ZnT3 in BA9 were significantly associated with elevated depression scores in the study cohort (β = -0.351, df = 93, t = -3.318 p = 0.0004). This association remained when only individuals with DLB, PDD, and no dementia or depression were examined (β = -0.347, df = 78, t = -3.271, p = 0.002) or only individuals with AD and no dementia or depression were examined (β = -0.433, df = 37, t = -2.924, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION Although decreased zinc levels have been implicated in the genesis of depression in animal models and in major depressive disorder in humans, this study provides the first evidence of a role for zinc in depression in people with dementia and highlights zinc metabolism as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Whitfield
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Vallortigara
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amani Alghamdi
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, United Kingdom; Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Clive Ballard
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge and Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Neurobiology, Ward Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Paul T Francis
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Characterization of the SAM domain of the PKD-related protein ANKS6 and its interaction with ANKS3. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:17. [PMID: 24998259 PMCID: PMC4105859 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-14-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic disorder leading to end-stage renal failure in humans. In the PKD/Mhm(cy/+) rat model of ADPKD, the point mutation R823W in the sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain of the protein ANKS6 is responsible for disease. SAM domains are known protein-protein interaction domains, capable of binding each other to form polymers and heterodimers. Despite its physiological importance, little is known about the function of ANKS6 and how the R823W point mutation leads to PKD. Recent work has revealed that ANKS6 interacts with a related protein called ANKS3. Both ANKS6 and ANKS3 have a similar domain structure, with ankyrin repeats at the N-terminus and a SAM domain at the C-terminus. RESULTS The SAM domain of ANKS3 is identified as a direct binding partner of the ANKS6 SAM domain. We find that ANKS3-SAM polymerizes and ANKS6-SAM can bind to one end of the polymer. We present crystal structures of both the ANKS3-SAM polymer and the ANKS3-SAM/ANKS6-SAM complex, revealing the molecular details of their association. We also learn how the R823W mutation disrupts ANKS6 function by dramatically destabilizing the SAM domain such that the interaction with ANKS3-SAM is lost. CONCLUSIONS ANKS3 is a direct interacting partner of ANKS6. By structurally and biochemically characterizing the interaction between the ANKS3 and ANKS6 SAM domains, our work provides a basis for future investigation of how the interaction between these proteins mediates kidney function.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ren F, Yang B, Cai J, Jiang Y, Xu J, Wang S. Toxic effect of zinc nanoscale metal-organic frameworks on rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 271:283-91. [PMID: 24637453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess unique properties desirable for delivery of drugs and gaseous therapeutics, but their uncharacterized interactions with cells raise increasing concerns of their safety in such biomedical applications. We evaluated the adverse effects of zinc nanoscale MOFs on the cell morphology, cytoskeleton, cell viability and expression of neurotrophin signaling pathway-associated GAP-43 protein in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. At the concentration of 25 μg/ml, zinc MOFs did not significantly affect morphology, viability and membrane integrity of the cells. But at higher concentrations (over 100 μg/ml), MOFs exhibited a time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, indicating their entry into the cells via endocytosis where they release Zn(2+) into the cytosol to cause increased intracellular concentration of Zn(2+). We demonstrated that the toxicity of MOFs was associated with a disrupted cellular zinc homeostasis and down-regulation of GAP-43 protein, which might be the underlying mechanism for the improved differentiation in PC12 cells. These findings highlight the importance of cytotoxic evaluation of the MOFs before their biomedical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Baochun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yaodong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Health Economy Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ceccom J, Halley H, Daumas S, Lassalle JM. A specific role for hippocampal mossy fiber's zinc in rapid storage of emotional memories. Learn Mem 2014; 21:287-97. [PMID: 24741109 PMCID: PMC3994499 DOI: 10.1101/lm.033472.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the specific role of zinc present in large amounts in the synaptic vesicles of mossy fibers and coreleased with glutamate in the CA3 region. In previous studies, we have shown that blockade of zinc after release has no effect on the consolidation of spatial learning, while zinc is required for the consolidation of contextual fear conditioning. Although both are hippocampo-dependent processes, fear conditioning to the context implies a strong emotional burden. To verify the hypothesis that zinc could play a specific role in enabling sustainable memorization of a single event with a strong emotional component, we used a neuropharmacological approach combining a glutamate receptor antagonist with different zinc chelators. Results show that zinc is mandatory to allow the consolidation of one-shot memory, thus being the key element allowing the hippocampus submitted to a strong emotional charge to switch from the cognitive mode to a flashbulb memory mode. Individual differences in learning abilities have been known for a long time to be totally or partially compensated by distributed learning practice. Here we show that contextual fear conditioning impairments due to zinc blockade can be efficiently reduced by distributed learning practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnatan Ceccom
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tribl F, Meyer HE, Marcus K. Analysis of organelles within the nervous system: impact on brain and organelle functions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 5:333-51. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
39
|
Chyan W, Zhang DY, Lippard SJ, Radford RJ. Reaction-based fluorescent sensor for investigating mobile Zn2+ in mitochondria of healthy versus cancerous prostate cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:143-8. [PMID: 24335702 PMCID: PMC3890804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310583110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chelatable, mobile forms of divalent zinc, Zn(II), play essential signaling roles in mammalian biology. A complex network of zinc import and transport proteins has evolved to control zinc concentration and distribution on a subcellular level. Understanding the action of mobile zinc requires tools that can detect changes in Zn(II) concentrations at discrete cellular locales. We present here a zinc-responsive, reaction-based, targetable probe based on the diacetyled form of Zinpyr-1. The compound, (6-amidoethyl)triphenylphosphonium Zinpyr-1 diacetate (DA-ZP1-TPP), is essentially nonfluorescent in the metal-free state; however, exposure to Zn(II) triggers metal-mediated hydrolysis of the acetyl groups to afford a large, rapid, and zinc-induced fluorescence response. DA-ZP1-TPP is insensitive to intracellular esterases over a 2-h period and is impervious to proton-induced turn-on. A TPP unit is appended for targeting mitochondria, as demonstrated by live cell fluorescence imaging studies. The practical utility of DA-ZP1-TPP is demonstrated by experiments revealing that, in contrast to healthy epithelial prostate cells, tumorigenic cells are unable to accumulate mobile zinc within their mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chyan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Daniel Y. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Stephen J. Lippard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Robert J. Radford
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yoo J, Bakes J, Bradley C, Collingridge GL, Kaang BK. Shank mutant mice as an animal model of autism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130143. [PMID: 24298145 PMCID: PMC3843875 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the role of the Shank family of proteins in autism. In recent years, autism research has been flourishing. With genetic, molecular, imaging and electrophysiological studies being supported by behavioural studies using animal models, there is real hope that we may soon understand the fundamental pathology of autism. There is also genuine potential to develop a molecular-level pharmacological treatment that may be able to deal with the most severe symptoms of autism, and clinical trials are already underway. The Shank family of proteins has been strongly implicated as a contributing factor in autism in certain individuals and sits at the core of the alleged autistic pathway. Here, we analyse studies that relate Shank to autism and discuss what light this sheds on the possible causes of autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juyoun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, SouthKorea
| | - Joseph Bakes
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, SouthKorea
| | - Clarrisa Bradley
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, SouthKorea
| | - Graham L. Collingridge
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, SouthKorea
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, SouthKorea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, SouthKorea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Barnham KJ, Bush AI. Biological metals and metal-targeting compounds in major neurodegenerative diseases. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6727-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metals are functionally essential, but redistribute in neurodegenerative disease where they induce protein aggregates, catalyze radical formation, and lose bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Barnham
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pathology
- The University of Melbourne
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Grabrucker S, Jannetti L, Eckert M, Gaub S, Chhabra R, Pfaender S, Mangus K, Reddy PP, Rankovic V, Schmeisser MJ, Kreutz MR, Ehret G, Boeckers TM, Grabrucker AM. Zinc deficiency dysregulates the synaptic ProSAP/Shank scaffold and might contribute to autism spectrum disorders. Brain 2013; 137:137-52. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
43
|
Abstract
AQP4 (aquaporin-4), a water channel protein that is predominantly expressed in astrocyte end-feet, plays an important role in the brain oedema formation, and is thereby considered to be a potential therapeutic target. Using a stopped-flow analysis, we showed that propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol), a general anaesthetic drug, profoundly inhibited the osmotic water permeability of AQP4 proteoliposomes in the presence of Zn²⁺. This propofol inhibition was not observed in AQP1, suggesting the specificity for AQP4. In addition, the inhibitory effects of propofol could be reversed by the removal of Zn²⁺. Other lipid membrane fluidizers also similarly inhibited AQP4, suggesting that the modulation of protein-lipid interactions plays an essential role in the propofol-induced inhibition of AQP4. Accordingly, we used Blue native PAGE and showed that the profound inhibition caused by propofol in the presence of Zn²⁺ is coupled with the reversible clustering of AQP4 tetramers. Site-directed mutagenesis identified that Cys²⁵³, located at the membrane interface connecting to the C-terminal tail, is responsible for Zn²⁺-mediated propofol inhibition. Overall, we discovered that propofol specifically and reversibly inhibits AQP4 through the interaction between Zn²⁺ and Cys²⁵³. The findings provide new insight into the functional regulation of AQP4 and may facilitate the identification of novel AQP4-specific inhibitors.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang X, Bey AL, Chung L, Krystal AD, Jiang YH. Therapeutic approaches for shankopathies. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:123-35. [PMID: 23536326 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the current treatments for these disorders are mostly focused on behavioral and educational approaches. The considerable clinical and molecular heterogeneity of ASD present a significant challenge to the development of an effective treatment targeting underlying molecular defects. Deficiency of SHANK family genes causing ASD represent an exciting opportunity for developing molecular therapies because of strong genetic evidence for SHANK as causative genes in ASD and the availability of a panel of Shank mutant mouse models. In this article, we review the literature suggesting the potential for developing therapies based on molecular characteristics and discuss several exciting themes that are emerging from studying Shank mutant mice at the molecular level and in terms of synaptic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, North Carolina, 27710
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Grabrucker AM. A role for synaptic zinc in ProSAP/Shank PSD scaffold malformation in autism spectrum disorders. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:136-46. [PMID: 23650259 PMCID: PMC4272576 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of synaptic contacts as well as synaptic plasticity are crucial factors for normal brain function. The functional properties of a synapse are largely dependent on the molecular setup of synaptic proteins. Multidomain proteins of the ProSAP/Shank family act as major organizing scaffolding elements of the postsynaptic density (PSD). Interestingly, ProSAP/Shank proteins at glutamatergic synapses have been linked to a variety of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) including Phelan McDermid Syndrome, and deregulation of ProSAP/Shank has been reported in Alzheimer's disease. Although the precise molecular mechanism of the dysfunction of these proteins remains unclear, an emerging model is that mutations or deletions impair neuronal circuitry by disrupting the formation, plasticity and maturation of glutamatergic synapses. Several PSD proteins associated with ASDs are part of a complex centered around ProSAP/Shank proteins and many ProSAP/Shank interaction partners play a role in signaling within dendritic spines. Interfering with any one of the members of this signaling complex might change the output and drive the system towards synaptic dysfunction. Based on recent data, it is possible that the concerted action of ProSAP/Shank and Zn2+ is essential for the structural integrity of the PSD. This interplay might regulate postsynaptic receptor composition, but also transsynaptic signaling. It might be possible that environmental factors like nutritional Zn2+ status or metal ion homeostasis in general intersect with this distinct pathway centered around ProSAP/Shank proteins and the deregulation of any of these two factors may lead to ASDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Grabrucker
- Neurology Department, WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurocenter of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Shank family proteins (Shank1, Shank2, and Shank3) are synaptic scaffolding proteins that organize an extensive protein complex at the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. Recent human genetic studies indicate that SHANK family genes (SHANK1, SHANK2, and SHANK3) are causative genes for idiopathic autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Neurobiological studies of Shank mutations in mice support a general hypothesis of synaptic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of ASD. However, the molecular diversity of SHANK family gene products, as well as the heterogeneity in human and mouse phenotypes, pose challenges to modeling human SHANK mutations. Here, we review the molecular genetics of SHANK mutations in human ASD and discuss recent findings where such mutations have been modeled in mice. Conserved features of synaptic dysfunction and corresponding behaviors in Shank mouse mutants may help dissect the pathophysiology of ASD, but also highlight divergent phenotypes that arise from different mutations in the same gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-hui Jiang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael D. Ehlers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Effect of 17ß-estradiol on zinc content of hippocampal mossy fibers in ovariectomized adult rats. Biometals 2012; 25:1129-39. [PMID: 22842908 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones such as estrogen (17ß-estradiol) may modulate the zinc content of the hippocampus during the female estrous cycle. The mossy fiber system is highly plastic in the adult brain and is influenced by multiple factors including learning, memory, and stress. However, whether 17ß-estradiol is able to modulate the morphological plasticity of the mossy fibers throughout the estrous cycle remains unknown. Ovariectomized (Ovx) female 70- to 90-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats without or with estrogen supplement (OvxE) were compared with control rats in three stages of the estrous cycle: diestrus, proestrus, and estrus. The brain tissue from each of the five groups was processed with Timm's silver sulfide technique using the Image J program to measure the mossy fiber area in the stratum lucidum of CA3. Total zinc in the hippocampus was measured using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Two additional (Ovx and OvxE) groups were examined in spatial learning and memory tasks using the Morris water maze. Similar increases in total zinc content and mossy fiber area were observed. The mossy fiber area decreased by 26 ± 2 % (difference ± SEM percentages) in Ovx and 23 ± 4 % in estrus as compared to the proestrus group and by 18 ± 2 % in Ovx compared to OvxE. Additionally, only the OvxE group learned and remembered the task. These results suggest that estradiol has a significant effect on zinc content in hippocampal CA3 during the proestrus stage of the estrous cycle and is associated with correct performance in learning and memory.
Collapse
|
48
|
Synthesis of two SAPAP3 isoforms from a single mRNA is mediated via alternative translational initiation. Sci Rep 2012; 2:484. [PMID: 22761992 PMCID: PMC3387777 DOI: 10.1038/srep00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian neurons, targeting and translation of specific mRNAs in dendrites contribute to synaptic plasticity. After nuclear export, mRNAs designated for dendritic transport are generally assumed to be translationally dormant and activity of individual synapses may locally trigger their extrasomatic translation. We show that the long, GC-rich 5′-untranslated region of dendritic SAPAP3 mRNA restricts translation initiation via a mechanism that involves an upstream open reading frame (uORF). In addition, the uORF enables the use of an alternative translation start site, permitting synthesis of two SAPAP3 isoforms from a single mRNA. While both isoforms progressively accumulate at postsynaptic densities during early rat brain development, their levels relative to each other vary in different adult rat brain areas. Thus, alternative translation initiation events appear to regulate relative expression of distinct SAPAP3 isoforms in different brain regions, which may function to influence synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
|
49
|
Frazzini V. Synaptic physiology revised: think zinc! FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The last few years have seen a dramatic increase in our understanding of the Zn2+ modulatory role in the physiological functioning of the CNS. The availability of new experimental tools, such as the combination of new microscopy techniques with electrophysiological recordings, along with new selective fluorescent probes and chelators has started a revolution in Zn2+ neurobiology. Zn2+ has emerged as a versatile signaling molecule involved in numerous critical neuronal functions spanning from synaptic transmission and plasticity to neuronal differentiation and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Frazzini
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience & Imaging, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kao YY, Cheng TJ, Yang DM, Wang CT, Chiung YM, Liu PS. Demonstration of an olfactory bulb-brain translocation pathway for ZnO nanoparticles in rodent cells in vitro and in vivo. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:464-71. [PMID: 22528453 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are widely used in the engineering and cosmetic industries, and inhaled airborne particles pose a known hazard to human health; their translocation into humans is a recognized public health concern. The pulmonary-blood pathway for ZnO-NP toxicity is well documented, but whether translocation of these particles can also occur via an olfactory bulb-brain route remains unclear. The potential toxicity of ZnO-NPs for the human central nervous system (CNS) is predicated on the possibility of their translocation. Our study investigated translocation of ZnO-NPs both in vitro using the neuronal cell line PC12 and in vivo in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. Our findings indicate that the zinc-binding dye, Newport-Green DCF, binds ZnO stoichiometrically and that ZnO-NP concentration can therefore be measured by the fluorescence intensity of the bound dye in confocal fluorescence microscopy. Confocal data obtained using Newport-Green DCF-2 K(+)-conjugated ZnO-NPs along with the membrane probe FM1-43 demonstrated endocytosis of ZnO-NPs by PC12 cells. In addition, Fluozin-3 measurement showed elevation of cytosolic Zn(2+) concentration in these cells. Following in vivo nasal exposure of rats to airborne ZnO-NPs, olfactory bulbs and brains that were examined by Newport-Green fluorescence and TEM particle measurement clearly showed the presence of ZnO-NPs in brain. We conclude that an olfactory bulb-brain translocation pathway for airborne ZnO-NPs exists in rats, and that endocytosis is required for interneuron translocation of these particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yun Kao
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shihlin, Shilin District, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|