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DiGiovanni AM, Peters BJ, Tudder A, Gresham AM, Bolger N. Physiological synchrony in supportive discussions: An examination of co-rumination, relationship type, and heterogeneity. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14554. [PMID: 38561858 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
During times of stress, we look to close others for support. Social support conversations are critical for relationship maintenance and well-being. Yet, certain ways of talking about problems-such as co-ruminating-can exacerbate stress. Since social support and co-rumination are both dyadic processes, it is important to examine physiological responses during these conversations in a dyadic manner. Little research has examined physiological synchrony of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) during social support conversations or co-ruminative conversations. The current research capitalizes on an experimental manipulation of co-rumination using a sample of close friends (147 dyads) and romantic partners (113 dyads) to examine physiological covariation in the context of support. Across both samples, dyads exhibited significant physiological covariation in pre-ejection period reactivity (PEP). Contrary to our hypothesis, dyads in the co-rumination condition did not show more covariation. Close friend dyads did, however, exhibit more covariation as compared to romantic dyads. We also found significant variability in physiological covariation across dyads, with a minority of dyads exhibiting negative covariation of PEP reactivity. The homogeneity of the samples limits the generalizability of the findings and highlights the need for more diverse samples in future work. These findings underline the need for further exploration into the mechanisms that contribute to distinct patterns of physiological synchrony, the conditions in which negative synchrony occurs, and what predicts especially strong positive synchrony. This work extends our understanding of physiological synchrony of the sympathetic nervous system during support conversations and emphasizes the importance of considering heterogeneity in physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M DiGiovanni
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brett J Peters
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley Tudder
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Niall Bolger
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Mohammadi M, Peyrovi H, Fazeli N, Parsa Yekta Z. Empathic Care Culture in Intensive Care Unit Nurses: A Focused Ethnographic Study. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:10497323241240902. [PMID: 38876482 DOI: 10.1177/10497323241240902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Empathy is one of the important components in the patient-nurse relationship. The aim of the study was to explain the culture of empathic care in intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. The present focused ethnographic study was conducted in the cardiac surgery ICU in Tehran. Three methods of observation, interview, and review of existing documents were used to collect data. From data analysis, three cultural models, "Predominance of task-based care over emotion-based care," "Empathy and lack of empathy, two ends of the spectrum of the nurse-patient relationship," and "Empathy, an interactive and reciprocal process," were extracted. The results showed that empathy creates a caring environment where nurses not only understand their patients but also relate to them, and both are affected by it. Policymakers should consider removing barriers as a means of empowering nurses to provide empathic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Mohammadi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Peyrovi
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center/School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zohreh Parsa Yekta
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Rahal D, Bower JE, Irwin MR, Fuligni AJ. Associations between emotional reactivity to stress and adolescent substance use: Differences by sex and valence. Stress Health 2024:e3420. [PMID: 38779940 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Although stress is often related to substance use, it remains unclear whether substance use is related to individual differences in how adolescents respond to stress. Therefore the present study examined associations between substance use and daily emotional reactivity to stress within a year across adolescence. Adolescents (N = 330; Mage = 16.40, SD = 0.74 at study entry; n = 186 female; n = 138 Latine; n = 101 European American; n = 72 Asian American; n = 19 identifying as another ethnicity including African American and Middle Eastern) completed a longitudinal study, including three assessments between the 10th grade and 3-years post-high school. At each assessment, participants reported frequency of alcohol and cannabis use and the number of substances they had ever used. They also completed 15 daily checklists, in which they reported the number of daily arguments and their daily emotion. Multilevel models suggested that more frequent alcohol and cannabis use were related to attenuated positive emotional reactivity to daily stress (i.e., smaller declines in positive emotion on days when they experienced more arguments) for both male and female adolescents. Associations for negative emotional reactivity to stress varied by sex; more frequent alcohol use and use of more substances in one's lifetime were related to greater anxious emotional reactivity to stress among female adolescents, whereas more frequent alcohol and cannabis use and higher lifetime substance use were related to attenuated depressive emotional reactivity to stress among male adolescents. Taken together, substance use was related to emotional reactivity to daily stress within the same year during adolescence, although associations differed by valence and adolescent sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Rahal
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Julienne E Bower
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- University of California, Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- University of California, Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew J Fuligni
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- University of California, Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Matas-Terrón A, Sánchez Barroso C, Matas-Terrón JM. Demographic determinants of happiness in Andalusia: insights from the 2022 social survey data. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1338494. [PMID: 38756890 PMCID: PMC11096586 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1338494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Social Survey of Andalusia is an instrument for monitoring the Andalusian reality developed by the regional government of Andalusia, whose dataset is open access to the citizens. The 2022 edition included questions related to happiness, social relations as well as socio-demographic factors. Based on this dataset, the present study aimed to analyse the relationship between socio-demographic factors and people's experiences of happiness. It also set out to explore which factors might be indispensable for experiencing moments of happiness as measured in the survey. A sample of 4,968 cases was gotten, conducting a descriptive analysis, a logit regression in complex samples, and a Necessary Conditions Analysis. The results found two very different social profiles in terms of the experience of happiness, determined by age, sex, educational level and economic status. However, neither factor proved to be a necessary condition for happiness. Both conclusions should be taken into consideration in any socio-community intervention.
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Ulichney V, Schmidt H, Helion C. Perceived Relational Support Is Associated With Everyday Positive, But Not Negative, Affectivity in a U.S. Sample. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672231224991. [PMID: 38323578 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231224991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests that perceived social support bolsters emotional well-being. We tested whether perceived support from friends, family, and spouses/partners was associated with reduced negative and greater positive affectivity (i.e., everyday affective baseline), and whether perceived strain in these relationships had opposite effects, accounting for age and relevant covariates. Using data from the third waves of the Midlife in the United States survey and National Study of Daily Experience (n = 1,124), we found negative affectivity was not tied to relational support nor strain, but instead was associated positively with neuroticism and negatively with conscientiousness. In contrast, positive affectivity was related positively to support from friends and family, conscientiousness, and extroversion, and negatively to strain among partners and neuroticism. Exploratory analyses within second-wave Midlife in Japan data (n = 657) suggest patterns for future cross-cultural study. Some relationship dynamics may vary, but perceived support might enhance emotional well-being by bolstering positive, rather than mitigating negative, emotionality.
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Chubinidze D, Li Z, Slovak P, Baudinet J, Dufour E, Tchanturia K. Introducing a Smart Toy in Eating Disorder Treatment: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:467. [PMID: 38398792 PMCID: PMC10891985 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) often encounter challenges related to body image, emotional, and sensory difficulties during nutritional rehabilitation. To address these challenges, a novel technology-enabled smart toy, Purrble, designed for immediate assistance in emotion regulation, is being explored. A mixed-method approach involving workshops, diaries, and focus groups was employed to examine the feasibility of Purrble as a therapeutic tool and its impact on participants' daily routines, sensory experiences, and emotional states. The study results demonstrate the engagement and acceptability of this device. Qualitative analysis revealed that participants independently used and integrated Purrble into their emotional and sensory regulation practices. These pilot results support the potential for a shift in the delivery of adjunct therapeutic tools through technology, particularly for ED patients with complex presentations. Future research is necessary to further explore the psychological benefits of this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Chubinidze
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (D.C.); (Z.L.); (J.B.)
- National Eating Disorders Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK;
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (D.C.); (Z.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Petr Slovak
- Department of Informatics, King’s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK;
| | - Julian Baudinet
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (D.C.); (Z.L.); (J.B.)
- Maudsley Centre for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders (MCCAED), Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Dufour
- National Eating Disorders Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK;
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (D.C.); (Z.L.); (J.B.)
- National Eating Disorders Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK;
- Department of Psychology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia
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7
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Wang J, Yang J, Yang Z, Gao W, Zhang H, Ji K, Klugah-Brown B, Yuan J, Biswal BB. Boosting interpersonal emotion regulation through facial imitation: functional neuroimaging foundations. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad402. [PMID: 37943770 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Empathic function, which is primarily manifested by facial imitation, is believed to play a pivotal role in interpersonal emotion regulation for mood reinstatement. To explore this association and its neural substrates, we performed a questionnaire survey (study l) to identify the relationship between empathy and interpersonal emotion regulation; and a task-mode fMRI study (study 2) to explore how facial imitation, as a fundamental component of empathic processes, promotes the interpersonal emotion regulation effect. Study 1 showed that affective empathy was positively correlated with interpersonal emotion regulation. Study 2 showed smaller negative emotions in facial imitation interpersonal emotion regulation (subjects imitated experimenter's smile while followed the interpersonal emotion regulation guidance) than in normal interpersonal emotion regulation (subjects followed the interpersonal emotion regulation guidance) and Watch conditions. Mirror neural system (e.g. inferior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobe) and empathy network exhibited greater activations in facial imitation interpersonal emotion regulation compared with normal interpersonal emotion regulation condition. Moreover, facial imitation interpersonal emotion regulation compared with normal interpersonal emotion regulation exhibited increased functional coupling from mirror neural system to empathic and affective networks during interpersonal emotion regulation. Furthermore, the connectivity of the right orbital inferior frontal gyrus-rolandic operculum lobe mediated the association between the accuracy of facial imitation and the interpersonal emotion regulation effect. These results show that the interpersonal emotion regulation effect can be enhanced by the target's facial imitation through increased functional coupling from mirror neural system to empathic and affective neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazheng Wang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiemin Yang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior of Discipline Inspection and Supervision, Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior of Discipline Inspection and Supervision, Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - HeMing Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Katherine Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Benjamin Klugah-Brown
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - JiaJin Yuan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior of Discipline Inspection and Supervision, Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bharat B Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
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Metts AV, Sears M, Vargas JH, Marafon T, Couto DD, Niles AN. Perceptions of Helpful and Unhelpful Responses to Disclosures of Suicidality in a Sample of Mobile App Users. Arch Suicide Res 2024; 28:263-278. [PMID: 36516853 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2152984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessment and management of suicide risk is dependent on the individual at risk disclosing their suicidal thoughts. This study analyzed self-reported data collected via Youper, a mental-health app, to explore user experiences with suicide-related disclosure. METHOD 2,952 international users who endorsed suicidal ideation reported on experiences with suicide-related disclosure. Differences in experiences were examined according to age, gender, and symptoms of psychopathology. RESULTS Just over half of users (56.17%) shared their suicidal thoughts. The primary reason for not sharing was thinking others would not understand. Of those who had disclosed their suicidal thoughts, 56.31% perceived the listener's response to be helpful, with listening and expressing care identified as most helpful. More severe depression and generalized anxiety symptoms were associated with higher disclosure likelihood, whereas higher borderline-personality and social-anxiety symptoms were associated with lower disclosure likelihood. Perceptions of what users found helpful when they disclosed suicidality varied by gender. Lack of understanding was the most frequently reported unhelpful response universally. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that listening and expressing care should be prioritized to maximize suicidal individuals' experiences of feeling supported. That said, gender and symptoms impact likelihoods of and experiences with disclosure, which should be considered when receiving suicide-related disclosure.HIGHLIGHTSNearly half of users shared suicidal thoughts and found listener responses helpful.Users most often endorsed listening as helpful and not understanding as unhelpful.Symptom severity and gender informed suicide-related disclosure experiences.
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Liu Z, Lu K, Hao N, Wang Y. Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression Evoke Distinct Neural Connections during Interpersonal Emotion Regulation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8456-8471. [PMID: 37852791 PMCID: PMC10711701 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0954-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal emotion regulation is the dynamic process where the regulator aims to change the target's emotional state, which is presumed to engage three neural systems: cognitive control (i.e., dorsal and ventral lateral PFC, etc.), empathy/social cognition (i.e., dorsal premotor regions, temporal-parietal junction, etc.), and affective response (i.e., insula, amygdala, etc.). This study aimed to identify the underlying neural correlate (especially the interpersonal one), of interpersonal emotion regulation based on two typical strategies (cognitive appraisal, expressive suppression). Thirty-four female dyads (friends) were randomly assigned into two strategy groups, with one assigned as the target and the other as the regulator to downregulate the target's negative emotions using two strategies. A functional near-infrared spectroscopy system was used to simultaneously measure participants' neural activity. Results showed that these two strategies could successfully downregulate the targets' negative emotions. Both strategies evoked intrapersonal and interpersonal neural couplings between the cognitive control, social cognition, and mirror neuron systems (e.g., PFC, temporal-parietal junction, premotor cortex, etc.), whereas cognitive reappraisal (vs expressive suppression) evoked a broader pattern. Further, cognitive reappraisal involved increased interpersonal brain synchronization between the prefrontal and temporal areas at the sharing stage, whereas expressive suppression evoked increased interpersonal brain synchronization associated with the PFC at the regulation stage. These findings indicate that intrapersonal and interpersonal neural couplings associated with regions within the abovementioned systems, possibly involving mental processes, such as cognitive control, mentalizing, and observing, underlie interpersonal emotion regulation based on cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT As significant as intrapersonal emotion regulation, interpersonal emotion regulation subserves parent-child, couple, and leader-follower relationships. Despite enormous growth in research on intrapersonal emotion regulation, the field lacks insight into the neural correlates underpinning interpersonal emotion regulation. This study aimed to probe the underlying neural correlates of interpersonal emotion regulation using a multibrain neuroimaging (i.e., hyperscanning) based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that both cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies successfully downregulated the target's negative emotions. More importantly, they evoked intrapersonal and interpersonal neural couplings associated with regions within the cognitive control, social cognition, and mirror neuron systems, possibly involving mental processes, such as cognitive control, mentalizing, and observing. These findings deepen our understanding of the neural correlates underpinning interpersonal emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Kelong Lu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ning Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200335, China
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Tran A, Greenaway KH, Kostopoulos J, O’Brien ST, Kalokerinos EK. Mapping Interpersonal Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:672-683. [PMID: 38156260 PMCID: PMC10751271 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The growing literature on interpersonal emotion regulation has largely focused on the strategies people use to regulate. As such, researchers have little understanding of how often people regulate in the first place, what emotion regulation goals they have when they regulate, and how much effort they invest in regulation. To better characterize features of the regulation process, we conducted two studies using daily diary (N = 171) and experience sampling methods (N = 239), exploring interpersonal emotion regulation in the context of everyday social interactions. We found people regulated others' emotions nearly twice a day, regulated their own emotions through others around once a day, and regulated both their own and others' emotions in the same interaction roughly every other day. Furthermore, not only did people regulate others' emotions more often than regulating their own emotions through others, but they also put in more effort to do so. The goals of regulation were primarily to make themselves or others feel better, most often through increasing positive emotions, rather than decreasing negative emotions. Together, these findings provide a foundational picture of the interpersonal emotion regulation landscape, and lay the groundwork for future exploration into this emerging subfield of affective science. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-023-00223-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tran
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Katharine H. Greenaway
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | | | - Sarah T. O’Brien
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Elise K. Kalokerinos
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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Pei R, Courtney AL, Ferguson I, Brennan C, Zaki J. A neural signature of social support mitigates negative emotion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17293. [PMID: 37828064 PMCID: PMC10570303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Social support can mitigate the impact of distressing events. Such stress buffering elicits activity in many brain regions, but it remains unclear (1) whether this activity constitutes a stable brain signature, and (2) whether brain activity can predict buffering across people. Here, we developed a neural signature that predicted social buffering of negative emotion in response to real life stressors. During neuroimaging, participants (n = 95) responded to stressful autobiographical memories either naturally, or by imagining a conversation with a peer. Using supervised dimensionality reduction and machine learning techniques, we identified a spatio-temporal neural signature that distinguished between these two trials. Activation of this signature was associated with less negative affect across trials, and people who most activated the signature reported more supportive social connections and lower loneliness outside the lab. Together, this work provides a behaviorally relevant neurophysiological marker for social support that underlies stress buffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pei
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
| | | | - Ian Ferguson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
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12
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Zhao Y, Liao M, Niu J, Wang L, Zhang J. Other-Oriented Empathetic Concern as the Underlying Factor of Extrinsic Emotion Regulation Motives and Its Positive Application for Social Well-Being. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4057-4066. [PMID: 37810275 PMCID: PMC10559902 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s429173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In recent years, research on interpersonal emotion regulation has garnered increasing attention. Extrinsic emotion regulation (EER) or the regulation of others' emotions is associated with individual personal relationships and mental health outcomes. However, investigations into why people engage in extrinsic emotion regulation are relatively rare. The current study aimed to identify the underlying factor structure of the motives of extrinsic emotion regulation, based on the Extrinsic Emotion Regulation Motives Scale (EERMS), to examine how these factors related to people's moral identity and social relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants and Methods The participants of this study were 464 adults (73.1% females) from China who completed an online survey based on EERMS and other related measures. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was utilized to examine the underlying structure of EER motives followed by a bifactor EFA (bi-EFA). Results Analyses revealed that the bi-EFA model, with an overarching factor (other-oriented empathetic concern) and three specific factors (self-orientation, reciprocation, and obligation), was best applied to the data. These factors were differently associated with social well-being indicators (moral self-identity, peer relationship quality, and perceived social support). Conclusion This preliminary study supports the use of a hierarchical perspective to understand the different dimensions of motives for extrinsic emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Liao
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Niu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
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Espinosa L, Singh L, Eimer T, Olsson A, Holmes EA. Reading others' social appraisals after viewing an aversive film online impacts mood but not intrusive memories. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 99:102763. [PMID: 37657150 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to aversive footage online can affect our well-being, but to what extent does reading others' appraisals of this content modulate our affective responses? In a pre-registered online study (N = 170), we used a digital trauma film paradigm as an analogue for the naturalistic exposure to aversive visual content online. We investigated whether online social reappraisal about the film influenced acute affective responses and subsequent intrusive memories. First, we examined whether the digital trauma film paradigm induced similar affective responses as in-lab experiments (within-subjects; change in negative mood and intrusive memories of the film during seven days). Participants reported a negative mood change and experienced intrusive memories of the film, extending findings from in-lab experiments. Next, we tested a social reappraisal manipulation that provides written comments from (fictitious) previous participants (between-subjects; reading positive, negative, or no comments) modulated participants' affective responses. As predicted, relative to controls and negative comments, reading positive comments decreased negative mood. However, reading negative comments did not increase negative mood. Contrary to predictions, the social reappraisal manipulation did not modulate the number of intrusive memories. Findings suggest the benefit of positive social reappraisal for mitigating negative mood, but not intrusive memories following aversive film content online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Espinosa
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Nobels väg 9, 171 65 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Laura Singh
- Uppsala University, Department of Psychology, Von Kraemers allé 1A, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tabea Eimer
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas Olsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Nobels väg 9, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Nobels väg 9, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; Uppsala University, Department of Psychology, Von Kraemers allé 1A, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Metts AV, Craske MG. Influence of social support on cognitive reappraisal in young adults elevated on neuroticism. Behav Res Ther 2023; 167:104355. [PMID: 37379609 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Social support offers protection from depression and anxiety, possibly through its beneficial effects upon cognitive reappraisal. The present study evaluates potential mechanisms of social support, utilizing a reappraisal task in 121 undergraduates elevated on neuroticism. Participants were instructed to reinterpret stressful images with (Social Condition) and without (Solo Condition) the reminder of a social support figure. Aversiveness, negative affect, and positive affect ratings, as well as written reappraisal responses, were collected trial-by-trial. Results indicated that participants reported lower aversiveness and negative affect and higher positive affect when reinterpreting images in the Social Condition compared to the Solo Condition. Analyses of adherence ratings of written reappraisals revealed that participants generated reinterpretations more in the Social Condition than in the Solo Condition. Exploratory mediation analyses indicated that Condition was indirectly associated with reappraisal efficacy as measured by aversiveness and affect ratings through reappraisal adherence. Results suggest that cognitive reappraisal with the influence of social support may be more effective than cognitive reappraisal without such social influence, and thus may be a suitable target for interventions for depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison V Metts
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Sahi RS, Eisenberger NI, Silvers JA. Peer facilitation of emotion regulation in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 62:101262. [PMID: 37302349 PMCID: PMC10276262 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation is particularly important for adolescents as they undergo normative developmental changes in affective systems and experience heightened risk for psychopathology. Despite a high need for emotion regulation during adolescence, commonly studied emotion regulation strategies like cognitive reappraisal are less beneficial for adolescents than adults because they rely on neural regions that are still developing during this period (i.e., lateral prefrontal cortex). However, adolescence is also marked by increased valuation of peer relationships and sensitivity to social information and cues. In the present review, we synthesize research examining emotion regulation and peer influence across development to suggest that sensitivity to peers during adolescence could be leveraged to improve emotion regulation for this population. We first discuss developmental trends related to emotion regulation at the level of behavior and brain in adolescents, using cognitive reappraisal as an exemplar emotion regulation strategy. Next, we discuss social influences on adolescent brain development, describing caregiver influence and increasing susceptibility to peer influence, to describe how adolescent sensitivity to social inputs represents both a window of vulnerability and opportunity. Finally, we conclude by describing the promise of social (i.e., peer-based) interventions for enhancing emotion regulation in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia S Sahi
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naomi I Eisenberger
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Silvers
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Sharma R, Dillon K, Williams SEE, McIntosh R. Does emotion regulation network mediate the effect of social network on psychological distress among older adults? Soc Neurosci 2023; 18:142-154. [PMID: 37267049 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2023.2218619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Socio-emotional interactions are integral for regulating emotions and buffering psychological distress. Social neuroscience perspectives on aging suggest that empathetic interpersonal interactions are supported by the activation of brain regions involved in regulating negative affect. The current study tested whether resting state functional connectivity of a network of brain regions activated during cognitive emotion regulation, i.e., emotion regulation network (ERN), statistically mediates the frequency of social contact with friends or family on psychological distress. Here, a 10-min resting-state functional MRI scan was collected along with self-reported anxiety/depressive, somatic, and thought problems and social networking from 90 community-dwelling older adults (aged 65-85 years). The frequency of social interactions with family, but not friends and neighbors, was associated with lower psychological distress. The magnitude of this effect was reduced by 33.34% to non-significant upon adding resting state ERN connectivity as a mediator. Follow-up whole-brain graph network analyses revealed that efficiency and centrality of the left inferior frontal gyrus and the right middle temporal gyrus relate to greater family interactions and lower distress. These hubs may help to buffer psychological problems in older adults through interactions involving empathetic and cognitive emotion regulation with close family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaitlyn Dillon
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Roger McIntosh
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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17
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Held MJ, Fehn T, Gauglitz IK, Schütz A. Training Emotional Intelligence Online: An Evaluation of WEIT 2.0. J Intell 2023; 11:122. [PMID: 37367524 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11060122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing popularity of online courses, there is an increasing need for scientifically validated online interventions that can improve emotional competencies. We addressed this demand by evaluating an extended version of the Web-Based Emotional Intelligence Training (WEIT 2.0) program. Based on the four-branch model of emotional intelligence, WEIT 2.0 focuses on improving participants' emotion perception and emotion regulation skills. A total of 214 participants were randomly assigned to the training group (n = 91) or a waiting list control group (n = 123) to evaluate short-term (directly after WEIT 2.0) and long-term intervention effects (8 weeks later). Two-way MANOVAs and mixed ANOVAs showed significant treatment effects for self-reported emotion perception of the self, as well as emotion regulation of the self and others, after 8 weeks. No significant treatment effects were found for self-reported emotion perception in others or for performance-based emotion perception or emotion regulation. Moderator analyses revealed no significant effects of digital affinity on training success from the pretest to the posttest. The findings suggest that components of self-reported emotional intelligence can be enhanced through WEIT 2.0, but performance-based emotional intelligence cannot. Further research is needed on the online training of emotional intelligence and the mechanisms that underlie training success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Jürgen Held
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Fehn
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047 Bamberg, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Schütz
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047 Bamberg, Germany
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18
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Clauss JA, Bhiku K, Burke A, Pimentel-Diaz Y, DeTore NR, Zapetis S, Zvonar V, Kritikos K, Canenguez KM, Cather C, Holt DJ. Development of a transdiagnostic, resilience-focused intervention for at-risk adolescents. J Ment Health 2023; 32:592-601. [PMID: 36369940 PMCID: PMC10175511 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2140790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental adversity and subclinical symptoms of psychopathology in adolescents increase their risk for developing a future psychiatric disorder, yet interventions that may prevent poor outcomes in these vulnerable adolescents are not widely available. AIMS To develop and test the feasibility and acceptability of a prevention-focused program to enhance resilience in high-risk adolescents. METHOD Adolescents with subclinical psychopathology living in a predominantly low-income, Latinx immigrant community were identified during pediatrician visits. A group-based intervention focused on teaching emotion recognition and regulation skills was piloted in three cohorts of adolescents (n = 11, 10, and 7, respectively), using a single arm design. The second and third iterations included sessions with parents. RESULTS Eighty-eight percent of participants completed the program, which was rated as beneficial. Also, from baseline to end of treatment, there was a significant decrease in subclinical symptoms and a significant increase in the adolescents' positive social attribution bias (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A resilience-focused intervention administered to high-risk adolescents was found to be feasible and acceptable to participants. Future work is needed to determine whether such a program can reduce the incidence of negative outcomes, such as the development of psychiatric disorders and related disability, in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Clauss
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kamila Bhiku
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Burke
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ylira Pimentel-Diaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole R DeTore
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Zapetis
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanya Zvonar
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Kritikos
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katia M Canenguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corinne Cather
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daphne J Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Jurkiewicz O, McGarrigle CB, Oveis C. How to Improve Others' Emotions: Reappraise and be Responsive. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:233-247. [PMID: 37293680 PMCID: PMC10104771 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
People often try to improve others' emotions. However, it is unclear which interpersonal emotion regulation strategies are most effective and why. In 121 candid dyadic conversations between undergraduate students via video conferencing, target participants recounted a stressful event to regulator participants. Three strategies used by regulators during these conversations to change targets' emotions were obtained from the regulator after the conversation: extrinsic reappraisal, extrinsic suppression, and extrinsic acceptance. Perceived regulator responsiveness was obtained from targets to examine the social consequences of extrinsic emotion regulation and its mediating role in successful extrinsic emotion regulation. We found that regulators' extrinsic reappraisal use was associated with improved target emotions measured across two distinct classes of outcomes: targets' emotions during the conversation and targets' perception that the regulator improved their emotions. Regulators' extrinsic suppression and acceptance, in contrast, were not related with improved target emotions or perceptions of improvement. Instead, all extrinsic regulatory strategies were associated with improved targets' emotions when mediated by targets' perceptions of regulator responsiveness. Finally, observer-ratings of regulators' extrinsic reappraisal and suppression use were found to be consistent with regulators' self-ratings and follow the same pattern of results on the outcome measures. These findings provide insight into why the social regulation of emotions can succeed or fail and hold implications for interventions aimed at guiding people toward more successfully improving others' emotions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-023-00183-4.
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20
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King Johnson ML, Roche AI, Markon K, Denburg NL. Emotion regulation in older adulthood: roles of executive functioning and social relationships. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:336-353. [PMID: 35057711 PMCID: PMC9296691 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2027331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although emotion regulation (ER) is often maintained or even enhanced in older adulthood, resources used to promote ER in later life are not well understood. The current study examined how executive functioning (EF) and social relationships are related to ER in older adults (N=90; Age: M=74.98, SD=5.41). Results showed associations between higher shifting performance (a behavioral index of EF) and higher use of cognitive reappraisal, an ER strategy. This effect was moderated by social relationships, such that those with lower shifting performance reported higher levels of reappraisal in the presence of positive social relationships. Positive social relationships were also associated with lower use of expressive suppression, another ER strategy. Additional analyses did not reveal associations between ER and other cognitive domains. These findings contribute to current understandings of how cognitive and social resources contribute to ER in older adulthood and provide important potential future research and intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne I Roche
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kristian Markon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Natalie L Denburg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA
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21
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Luis EO, Martínez M, Akrivou K, Scalzo G, Aoiz M, Orón Semper JV. The role of empathy in shared intentionality: Contributions from Inter-Processual Self theory. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1079950. [PMID: 36968699 PMCID: PMC10036387 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1079950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in psychology related to the conceptualization of empathy has been on the rise in the last decades. However, we argue that there is still space for further research to help capture the important notion of empathy and its theoretical and conceptual depth. Following a critical review of the current state of the research that conceptualizes and measures empathy, we focus on works that highlight the importance of a shared vision and its relevance in psychology and neuroscience. Considering the state of the art of current neuroscientific and psychological approaches to empathy, we argue for the relevance of shared intention and shared vision in empathy-related actions. Upon review of different models that emphasize a shared vision for informing research on empathy, we suggest that a newly developed theory of self, human growth and action–the so-called Inter-Processual Self theory (IPS)–can significantly and novelly inform the theorization on empathy beyond what the literature has stated to date. Then, we show how an understanding of integrity as a relational act that requires empathy is an essential mechanism for current key research on empathy and its related concepts and models. Ultimately, we aim to present IPS as a distinctive proposal to expand upon the conceptualization of empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkin O. Luis
- Psychological Processes in Education and Health Group, School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Methods and Research in Affective and Cognitive Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Martín Martínez
- Methods and Research in Affective and Cognitive Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kleio Akrivou
- Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Kleio Akrivou,
| | - Germán Scalzo
- School of Business, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martín Aoiz
- Institute of Modern Languages, School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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22
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Zielinski MJ, Veilleux JC, Fradley MF, Skinner KD. Perceived emotion invalidation predicts daily affect and stressors. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:214-228. [PMID: 35135399 PMCID: PMC9357853 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2033973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Perceived emotion invalidation is linked to the development or worsening of a variety of emotional and physical health conditions. However, prior studies are largely cross-sectional and whether there are day-to-day effects of generally feeling invalidated is unknown. DESIGN We examined the relations between perceived emotion invalidation and momentary affect, average daily affect, and the experience of daily stressors among a sample of young adults using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). METHODS Participants (n = 86) completed measures of perceived emotion invalidation and emotional reactivity at baseline then completed one week of EMA including: (1) 7x/day reports of current affect and social context and (2) 1x/day index of experienced stressors and their intensity. RESULTS Higher perceived emotion invalidation predicted lower momentary positive affect. Perceived invalidation also interacted with social context such that higher emotion invalidation predicted greater negative affect when participants were with non-close others (i.e., co-workers, acquaintances). Only participants with high perceived emotional invalidation experienced increased stress alongside heightened daily negative affect. CONCLUSIONS These results provide preliminary evidence that feeling emotionally invalidated may predict affective experiences, including how emotions are momentarily experienced and how life stressors are interpreted when they are later reflected on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Zielinski
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jennifer C Veilleux
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Marley F Fradley
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kayla D Skinner
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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23
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England-Mason G, Andrews K, Atkinson L, Gonzalez A. Emotion socialization parenting interventions targeting emotional competence in young children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 100:102252. [PMID: 36706555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although emotion socialization parenting interventions are supported by a growing body of literature, their effects have yet to be systematically examined. The present systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the evidence for emotion socialization parenting interventions for parents of young children. METHODS Six electronic databases were systematically searched from inception to October 5th, 2022. We conducted random effects meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of emotion socialization interventions delivered to parents of children aged 18 months to 6 years 11 months. RESULTS Twenty-six studies which reported data from 15 individual trials met the inclusion criteria. Interventions had a positive effect on positive and negative emotion socialization parenting practices (g's = 0.50) and child emotional competence (g = 0.44). Interventions also had a positive effect on positive (g = 0.74) and negative parenting behaviors (g = 0.25), parent psychological well-being (g = 0.28), and child behavioral adjustment (g = 0.34). Findings remained significant after considering potential publication bias and conducting sensitivity analyses. Two significant moderating factors emerged. CONCLUSIONS Emotion socialization parenting interventions are effective for improving emotion socialization parenting practices and child emotional competence. Additional methodologically rigorous trials are needed to buttress the current evidence and provide evidence for additional moderating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian England-Mason
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Krysta Andrews
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Leslie Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster Innovation Park, Hamilton, Canada
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24
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Wickett R, Muhlert N, Niven K. The Influence of Personality on Interpersonal Emotion Regulation in the Context of Psychosocial Stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3073. [PMID: 36833761 PMCID: PMC9965327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal emotion regulation is common in everyday life and important to various outcomes. However, there is a lack of understanding about the personality profiles of people who are good at regulating others' emotions. We conducted a dyadic study, pairing 89 'regulators' and 'targets', with the targets subjected to a psychosocial stressor in the form of a job interview, and the regulators instructed to manage the targets' feelings prior to the interview. We did not observe any relationship between the regulators' personality traits and the strategies that they reported using when trying to manage the targets' feelings, nor between the regulators' personalities and the targets' job interview performance. However, the anxiety levels of the targets who were paired with more extraverted regulators fluctuated less across the multiple measures throughout the study, suggesting more effective interpersonal emotion regulation. Our findings suggest that extraversion may be the most relevant trait in shaping interpersonal emotion regulation, and that the influence of personality on regulatory effectiveness is unlikely to arise due to preferences for using different types of strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wickett
- Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester M15 6PB, UK
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Division of Psychology, Communication & Human Neurosciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M15 6PB, UK
| | - Karen Niven
- Sheffield University Management School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 1FL, UK
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25
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Wampold BE, Flückiger C. The alliance in mental health care: conceptualization, evidence and clinical applications. World Psychiatry 2023; 22:25-41. [PMID: 36640398 PMCID: PMC9840508 DOI: 10.1002/wps.21035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of alliance reflects the collaborative relationship between a clinician and a patient, defined as consisting of three elements: a) the agreement on the goals of treatment; b) the agreement on a task or series of tasks; c) the development of a bond. Although much of the theory and research on the alliance comes from the domain of psychotherapy, the concept is applicable to any practice involving a person seeking help and a socially sanctioned healer. An extensive research evidence suggests that the alliance (typically measured at the third or fourth session) is a robust predictor of the outcomes of various forms of psychotherapy, even when prior symptom improvement and other factors are considered. Both the clinician and the patient bring to the therapy situation different capacities to form an alliance. Factors concerning the patient include, among others, the diagnosis, attachment history and style, motivation, and needs for affiliation. However, the benefits of the alliance have been found to be mostly due to the therapist's contribution, in particular his/her facilitative interpersonal skills, including verbal fluency, communication of hope and positive expectations, persuasiveness, emotional expression; warmth, acceptance and understanding; empathy, and alliance rupture-repair responsiveness. Placebo studies have allowed to experimentally manipulate aspects of the relationship between a therapist and a patient in non-psychotherapy contexts. In these settings, two components of the relationship have emerged: an emotional one (involving being cared for and understood by the clinician) and a cognitive one (including the belief in the competence of the therapist to select and administer an effective treatment). Here we propose a model that describes three pathways through which the alliance creates benefits, named CARE (caring, attentive, real and empathic), EXPECTANCY, and SPECIFIC. Although research and clinical attention have mostly focused on the alliance between a clinician and a patient in face-to-face interactions, there is preliminary evidence concerning the alliance between patients and other clinic staff, systems of care, or the program in Internet-mediated services. These new research areas clearly require further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Wampold
- Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christoph Flückiger
- Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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26
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Rahal D, Bower JE, Irwin MR, Fuligni AJ, Chiang JJ. Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia is related to emotion reactivity to social-evaluative stress. J Affect Disord 2023; 320:725-734. [PMID: 36162680 PMCID: PMC10392612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher resting parasympathetic nervous system activity, as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), has been considered a marker of emotion regulatory capacity and is consistently related to better mental health. However, it remains unclear how resting RSA relates to emotion reactivity to acute social-evaluative stress, a potent predictor of depression and other negative outcomes. METHOD A sample of 89 participants (Mage = 18.36, SD = 0.51; 58.43 % female) provided measures of RSA at rest and then completed the Trier Social Stress Test, a standardized laboratory-based social-evaluative stress task that involves public speaking and mental arithmetic while being evaluated by two confederate judges. Participants reported a variety of emotions (e.g., negative emotion, positive emotion) at baseline and immediately after the stress task. RESULTS Participants with higher resting RSA showed greater increases in negative emotion, guilt, depressive emotion, and anger, as well as greater decreases in positive emotion after the task. LIMITATION Data were limited to a relatively small sample of late adolescents, who may be particularly responsive to social-evaluative stress compared to adults. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that higher resting RSA may enhance emotion responses to social-evaluative stress in adolescents, potentially due to active engagement and responding to rather than passively viewing stimuli. Higher resting RSA may promote flexible emotion responses to the social environment, which may account for associations between higher RSA and better mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Rahal
- Pennsylvania State University, Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, State College, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Julienne E Bower
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew J Fuligni
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jessica J Chiang
- Georgetown University, Department of Psychology, Washington, DC 20005, USA
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Xie X, Bertram T, Zorjan S, Horvat M, Sorg C, Mulej Bratec S. Social reappraisal of emotions is linked with the social presence effect in the default mode network. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1128916. [PMID: 37032933 PMCID: PMC10076786 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1128916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Social reappraisal, during which one person deliberately tries to regulate another's emotions, is a powerful cognitive form of social emotion regulation, crucial for both daily life and psychotherapy. The neural underpinnings of social reappraisal include activity in the default mode network (DMN), but it is unclear how social processes influence the DMN and thereby social reappraisal functioning. We tested whether the mere presence of a supportive social regulator had an effect on the DMN during rest, and whether this effect in the DMN was linked with social reappraisal-related neural activations and effectiveness during negative emotions. Methods A two-part fMRI experiment was performed, with a psychotherapist as the social regulator, involving two resting state (social, non-social) and two task-related (social reappraisal, social no-reappraisal) conditions. Results The psychotherapist's presence enhanced intrinsic functional connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) within the anterior medial DMN, with the effect positively related to participants' trust in psychotherapists. Secondly, the social presence-induced change in the dACC was related with (a) the social reappraisal-related activation in the bilateral dorsomedial/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the right temporoparietal junction and (b) social reappraisal success, with the latter relationship moderated by trust in psychotherapists. Conclusion Results demonstrate that a psychotherapist's supportive presence can change anterior medial DMN's intrinsic connectivity even in the absence of stimuli and that this DMN change during rest is linked with social reappraisal functioning during negative emotions. Data suggest that trust-dependent social presence effects on DMN states are relevant for social reappraisal-an idea important for daily-life and psychotherapy-related emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyao Xie
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Bertram
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Saša Zorjan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marina Horvat
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Satja Mulej Bratec
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Satja Mulej Bratec,
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Massarwe A, Cohen N. Understanding the benefits of extrinsic emotion regulation in depression. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1120653. [PMID: 37179872 PMCID: PMC10172593 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious psychiatric illness that negatively affects people's feelings, thoughts, and actions. Providing emotion regulation support to others, also termed Extrinsic Emotion Regulation (EER), reduces depressive symptoms such as perseverative thinking and negative mood. In this conceptual review paper, we argue that EER may be especially beneficial for individuals with depression because it enhances the cognitive and affective processes known to be impaired in depression. Behavioral studies have shown that EER recruits processes related to cognitive empathy, intrinsic emotion regulation (IER), and reward, all impaired in depression. Neuroimaging data support these findings by showing that EER recruits brain regions related to these three processes, such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex which is associated with IER, the ventral striatum, which is associated with reward-related processes, and medial frontal regions related to cognitive empathy. This conceptual review paper sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of EER for individuals with depression and therefore offers novel avenues for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atheer Massarwe
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- *Correspondence: Atheer Massarwe,
| | - Noga Cohen
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Kinkead A, Salas C, Ewert CP. Couples' extrinsic emotion regulation and dyadic adjustment: an actor-partner interdependence model analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-15. [PMID: 36590009 PMCID: PMC9791156 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Couples' extrinsic emotion regulation strategies are associated with marital quality or dyadic adjustment. However, only the strategies employed according to the objective they are expected to achieve have been examined; it is not known if strategies on the bases of positive or negative extrinsic emotion regulation motivation would have the same consequences for the dyad. The purpose of this study was to examine if extrinsic emotion regulation (EER) predicts one's own and one's partner's dyadic adjustment and if this effect differs by gender and relationship length. Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (a type of dyadic data analysis, which incorporates the scores of the two members of the relationship into the analyses), data from 103 Chilean couples who completed self-report scales on dyadic adjustment and EER were analyzed. The participants were between 22 and 78 years old (M men = 39.84, SD = 11.37; M women = 38.01, SD = 10.64), and the relationship lengths were between 1 and 50 years (M = 12.98, SD = 11.53). The motivation or the intention to make the partner feel good (positive) or bad (negative) respectively predict higher and lower dyadic adjustment in both the one who uses the strategy (actor) and the receiver of the strategy (partner). There was no difference by gender or by duration of the relationship in the dyads, but there was with children in common. It is important to consider the motivation underlying the emotional management of the couple, given its implication in marital quality and the need to broaden the understanding of other EERs related to healthy dyadic functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kinkead
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Salas
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
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Chavira Trujillo G, Gallego Tomás M, López‐Pérez B. The link between cognitive and affective empathy and interpersonal emotion regulation direction and strategies. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:594-600. [PMID: 35698828 PMCID: PMC9796316 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal emotion regulation (ER) refers to the different processes aimed at changing the emotional states of others. Some authors have speculated about the pivotal role of empathy for interpersonal ER to happen. However, the very limited empirical evidence suggests that only cognitive empathy as opposed to affective empathy may be a necessary antecedent. As previous research only considered interpersonal affect improvement and showed mixed evidence for the regulation strategies, we aimed to address this gap in the current research. To that aim, 374 adults (M = 30.3 years, 249 female) reported their tendency to engage in cognitive (perspective-taking) and affective empathy (empathic concern and personal distress) as well as their tendency to improve and worsen others' mood, and to use different regulation strategies (situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change, and modulation of the emotional response) to change others' feelings. Results of the regression analyses showed that while affect improvement was not significantly predicted by any of the empathy variables, affect worsening was positively predicted by personal distress. Concerning the regulation strategies, while cognitive change and situation modification were positively predicted by personal distress, attention deployment was positively predicted by perspective-taking. Overall, the obtained results highlight the need to further investigate the link between empathy and ER and to carefully consider the methods selected for that purpose.
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31
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Shamay-Tsoory SG. Inter-brain plasticity underlies empathic learning in social interactions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:951248. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.951248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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32
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Kinkead A, Riquelme CS. Emotional interdependence: the key to studying extrinsic emotion regulation. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2022; 35:35. [PMID: 36329354 PMCID: PMC9633879 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-022-00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on extrinsic emotion regulation or the intention to modify other people’s emotions has grown in recent years, accompanied by proposals in which its definition is made more precise, the way to understand it in relation to other related processes is delimited, and the consequences of its use in the quality of close relationships are evidenced. Conceptual reviews on this topic recognize the importance of examining the affect and dyadic dynamics that arise between those who regulate each other extrinsically. This dynamic refers to emotional interdependence, the potential of the members of a dyad to shape each other’s emotions reciprocally, particularly in those who share a close bond, such as that of a romantic couple. There is little theoretical development regarding the relevance of this characteristic in relation to EER. This article has two objectives: (1) to make a narrative synthesis of the characteristics that define EER and (2) to expand and complexify the existing model by including the emotional interdependence as a vital component in the understanding of the functioning of EER. Lastly, the role of emotional interdependence in the emergence, maintenance, and satisfaction concerning couple relationships is made explicit through phenomena such as shared reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kinkead
- grid.441837.d0000 0001 0765 9762Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Santiago, Chile ,grid.412193.c0000 0001 2150 3115Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Salas Riquelme
- grid.412193.c0000 0001 2150 3115Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
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33
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Bizzego A, Gabrieli G, Azhari A, Lim M, Esposito G. Dataset of parent-child hyperscanning functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings. Sci Data 2022; 9:625. [PMID: 36243727 PMCID: PMC9569382 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “hyperscanning” refers to the simultaneous recording of multiple individuals’ brain activity. As a methodology, hyperscanning allows the investigation of brain-to-brain synchrony. Despite being a promising technique, there is a limited number of publicly available functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning recordings. In this paper, we report a dataset of fNIRS recordings from the prefrontal cortical (PFC) activity of 33 mother-child dyads and 29 father-child dyads. Data was recorded while the parent-child dyads participated in an experiment with two sessions: a passive video attention task and a free play session. Dyadic metadata, parental psychological traits, behavioural annotations of the play sessions and information about the video stimuli complementing the dataset of fNIRS signals are described. The dataset presented here can be used to design, implement, and test novel fNIRS analysis techniques, new hyperscanning analysis tools, as well as investigate the PFC activity in participants of different ages when they engage in passive viewing tasks and active interactive tasks. Measurement(s) | Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Response | Technology Type(s) | Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy | Factor Type(s) | Parenting Stress • Parental Bonding • Attachment Style | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Homo sapiens | Sample Characteristic - Location | Singapore |
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bizzego
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, 38068, Italy
| | - Giulio Gabrieli
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639818, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Atiqah Azhari
- Psychology Programme, School of Humanities and Behavioural Sciences, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore, 599494, Singapore
| | - Mengyu Lim
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639818, Singapore
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, 38068, Italy.
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Wang S, Lu J, Yu M, Wang X, Shangguan C. "I'm listening, did it make any difference to your negative emotions?" Evidence from hyperscanning. Neurosci Lett 2022; 788:136865. [PMID: 36067901 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyperscanning refers to simultaneously recording the brain activity of two or more people participating in the same cognitive activity to reveal the underlying processes. Active listening is a necessary and important part of interpersonal emotional regulation; however, few studies have addressed the corresponding brain activity. Therefore, this study aims to explore the regulatory effect of active listening and changes in the brain using functional near-infrared optical spectroscopy(fNIRS) in real situations requiring interpersonal emotional regulation. Behavioral results show that active listening has a significant effect on improving individuals' negative emotions. According to the neuroimaging results, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right dlPFC), right temporoparietal junction (right TPJ), and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left dlPFC) were significantly activated. In addition, band analysis showed interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS) increments at the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), right dlPFC, right TPJ, and left dlPFC at different frequencies. Measurements of IBS and behavioral coherence showed that the increases of IBS at the OFC, right dlPFC, right TPJ, and left dlPFC were not significantly correlated with depression, anxiety, and the empathy level of the emotional regulator. The present study provides brain imaging evidence for the effectiveness of active listening in interpersonal emotional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Educational College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jiamei Lu
- Department of Psychology, Educational College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Meiqi Yu
- Department of Psychology, Educational College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Psychology, Educational College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Chenyu Shangguan
- Department of Psychology, Educational College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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35
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Wang S, Li X, Lu J, Yu M. Perceived teacher empathy and teenagers’ positive academic emotions: The mediating effect of interpersonal emotion regulation. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/01430343221113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although teacher empathy has an important influence on adolescents’ positive academic emotions, the mediating mechanism between these two factors remains unclear. This study examines whether interpersonal emotion regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between perceived teacher empathy and teenagers’ positive academic emotions. A total of 755 teenagers completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, the Adolescents’ Academic Emotions Questionnaire, and the Interpersonal Regulation Questionnaire. The results revealed significant correlations between two subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, perspective-taking and empathic concern; two dimensions of the Adolescents’ Academic Emotions Questionnaire, high and low positive arousal; and two dimensions of the Interpersonal Regulation Questionnaire, positive and negative emotion interpersonal emotion regulation. Perceived teacher empathy positively predicted teenagers’ positive academic emotions, and interpersonal emotion regulation played a mediating role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Educational College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Psychology, Educational College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamei Lu
- Department of Psychology, Educational College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiqi Yu
- Department of Psychology, Educational College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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36
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Reeck C, Onuklu NNY. Interpersonal Emotion Regulation: Consequences for Brands in Customer Service Interactions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:872670. [PMID: 35756288 PMCID: PMC9223079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research demonstrates that interpersonal emotion regulation-attempts to manage others' feelings-influences consumer perceptions during sales and service interactions impacting brand trust and loyalty. Building on previous research linking interpersonal emotion regulation to improved outcomes between people, across five experiments, we demonstrate that antecedent-focused interpersonal emotion regulation strategies result in enhanced brand loyalty and brand trust compared to response-focused interpersonal emotion regulation strategies. Analysis of mediation models reveals this effect is explained by changes in the consumer's emotions, which in turn influence evaluations of the service interaction and subsequently impacts brand outcomes. We identify reactance as a moderator of this effect, such that customers with low (high) reactance to interpersonal regulation attempts exhibit more (less) favorable brand trust and loyalty evaluations. Further, we demonstrate that the visibility of interpersonal emotion regulation represents an important boundary condition. These findings support the process model of interpersonal emotion regulation and generate important insights for both theory and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Reeck
- Marketing - Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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37
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Morawetz C, Berboth S, Kohn N, Jackson PL, Jauniaux J. Reappraisal and empathic perspective-taking - More alike than meets the eyes. Neuroimage 2022; 255:119194. [PMID: 35413444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation and empathy represent highly intertwined psychological processes sharing common conceptual ground. Despite the wealth of research in these fields, the joint and distinct functional nature and topological features of these constructs have not yet been investigated using the same experimental approach. This study investigated the common and distinct neural correlates of emotion regulation and empathy using a meta-analytic approach. The regions that were jointly activated were then characterized using meta-analytic connectivity modeling and functional decoding of metadata terms. The results revealed convergent activity within the ventrolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex as well as temporal regions. The functional decoding analysis demonstrated that emotion regulation and empathy were related to highly similar executive and internally oriented processes. This synthesis underlining strong functional and neuronal correspondence between emotion regulation and empathy could (i) facilitate greater integration of these two separate lines of literature, (ii) accelerate progress toward elucidating the neural mechanisms that support social cognition, and (iii) push forward the development of a common theoretical framework for these psychological processes essential to human social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stella Berboth
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nils Kohn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | | | - Josiane Jauniaux
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Canada
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38
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Gurera JW, Wolfe HE, Murry MWE, Isaacowitz DM. Interpersonal emotion regulation strategy choice in younger and older adults. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:643-659. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Gurera
- Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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39
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Guendelman S, Bayer M, Prehn K, Dziobek I. Regulating negative emotions of others reduces own stress: Neurobiological correlates and the role of individual differences in empathy: Regulating others reduces own stress. Neuroimage 2022; 254:119134. [PMID: 35351648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While witnessing the suffering of other people results in personal distress, it is not clear whether regulating others' emotions in such situations also comes at an emotional cost for the observer. METHODS this novel study included 62 subjects and used a newly developed functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) paradigm to investigate mechanisms of self and other emotion regulation via reappraisal while the subject and an interaction partner outside the scanner were facing the same distressing situation simultaneously. The relationship between distress levels and individual differences in emotional and cognitive empathy were also assessed. RESULTS We found that individuals exhibited especially high levels of personal distress when relating with a partner while both being exposed to aversive photographs and that especially highly empathetic individuals were prone to such personal distress. Moreover, when engaging in social emotion regulation, personal distress was reduced in the observer at a similar rate as in self emotion regulation. FMRI analyses revealed increased activation for other vs. self emotion regulation in the precuneus and the left temporo-parietal junction, which are commonly engaged in social cognition. Furthermore, this activation was associated with lower self-reported stress and decreased sympathetic autonomic activity. While regulating others, precuneus activation exhibited a distinctive functional connectivity profile with parietal emotion regulation regions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates benefits of actively regulating another person's emotions for reducing one's own distress and identifies the precuneus as an important node for social emotion regulation. Given the novelty of the study design, the results are of exploratory and preliminary nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Guendelman
- Clinical Psychology of Social Interaction, Berlin School of Mind & Brain & Institute of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mareike Bayer
- Clinical Psychology of Social Interaction, Berlin School of Mind & Brain & Institute of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Prehn
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Clinical Psychology of Social Interaction, Berlin School of Mind & Brain & Institute of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Guendelman S, Bayer M, Prehn K, Dziobek I. Towards a mechanistic understanding of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) using an RCT neuroimaging approach: Effects on regulating own stress in social and non-social situations. Neuroimage 2022; 254:119059. [PMID: 35259523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much research has shown that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) can reduce psychological stress, it is less clear if effects generalize to everyday social situations, which range among the largest stress triggers. Furthermore, mechanisms of MBIs have not been fully established. Emotion regulation (ER) has been suggested as one key mechanism, yet the role of cognitive reappraisal and acceptance strategies is still under debate. To address these questions, a neuroimaging-based randomized controlled trial (RCT) was performed (n=68), comparing mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) with a reading/listening intervention (READ), using a novel dyadic paradigm for self and other emotion regulation under stress as primary outcome on behavior and brain levels and established empathy measures (clinicatrials.gov NCT03035669). Compared to READ, MBSR led to self-reported stress reduction through both cognitive reappraisal and acceptance only when regulating self and not when regulating others' distress. In addition, MBSR led to increased brain activation over time for regulating own (parietal cortex) and others' (precuneus, TPJ) emotions through cognitive reappraisal and acceptance, albeit this effect was also seen for the reading intervention for regulating own stress via reappraisal. Brain changes did not scale with subjective stress reduction and amount of meditation practice. More distant generalization effects of MBSR on socio-emotional functioning (cognitive empathy and compassion) could also not be shown. This study identified both cognitive reappraisal and acceptance as two ER mechanisms of MBSR, but indicates that effects do not extend to social settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Guendelman
- Clinical Psychology of Social Interaction, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Institute of Psychology. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mareike Bayer
- Clinical Psychology of Social Interaction, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Institute of Psychology. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Prehn
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg - University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Clinical Psychology of Social Interaction, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Institute of Psychology. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Two-dimensional CNN-based distinction of human emotions from EEG channels selected by multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3523. [PMID: 35241745 PMCID: PMC8894479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we explore how different levels of emotional intensity (Arousal) and pleasantness (Valence) are reflected in electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. We performed the experiments on EEG data of 32 subjects from the DEAP public dataset, where the subjects were stimulated using 60-s videos to elicitate different levels of Arousal/Valence and then self-reported the rating from 1 to 9 using the self-assessment Manikin (SAM). The EEG data was pre-processed and used as input to a convolutional neural network (CNN). First, the 32 EEG channels were used to compute the maximum accuracy level obtainable for each subject as well as for creating a single model using data from all the subjects. The experiment was repeated using one channel at a time, to see if specific channels contain more information to discriminate between low vs high arousal/valence. The results indicate than using one channel the accuracy is lower compared to using all the 32 channels. An optimization process for EEG channel selection is then designed with the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) with the objective to obtain optimal channel combinations with high accuracy recognition. The genetic algorithm evaluates all possible combinations using a chromosome representation for all the 32 channels, and the EEG data from each chromosome in the different populations are tested iteratively solving two unconstrained objectives; to maximize classification accuracy and to reduce the number of required EEG channels for the classification process. Best combinations obtained from a Pareto-front suggests that as few as 8–10 channels can fulfill this condition and provide the basis for a lighter design of EEG systems for emotion recognition. In the best case, the results show accuracies of up to 1.00 for low vs high arousal using eight EEG channels, and 1.00 for low vs high valence using only two EEG channels. These results are encouraging for research and healthcare applications that will require automatic emotion recognition with wearable EEG.
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Large-scale functional brain networks of maladaptive childhood aggression identified by connectome-based predictive modeling. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:985-999. [PMID: 34690348 PMCID: PMC9035467 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions in frontoparietal networks supporting emotion regulation have been long implicated in maladaptive childhood aggression. However, the association of connectivity between large-scale functional networks with aggressive behavior has not been tested. The present study examined whether the functional organization of the connectome predicts severity of aggression in children. This cross-sectional study included a transdiagnostic sample of 100 children with aggressive behavior (27 females) and 29 healthy controls without aggression or psychiatric disorders (13 females). Severity of aggression was indexed by the total score on the parent-rated Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire. During fMRI, participants completed a face emotion perception task of fearful and calm faces. Connectome-based predictive modeling with internal cross-validation was conducted to identify brain networks that predicted aggression severity. The replication and generalizability of the aggression predictive model was then tested in an independent sample of children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Connectivity predictive of aggression was identified within and between networks implicated in cognitive control (medial-frontal, frontoparietal), social functioning (default mode, salience), and emotion processing (subcortical, sensorimotor) (r = 0.31, RMSE = 9.05, p = 0.005). Out-of-sample replication (p < 0.002) and generalization (p = 0.007) of findings predicting aggression from the functional connectome was demonstrated in an independent sample of children from the ABCD study (n = 1791; n = 1701). Individual differences in large-scale functional networks contribute to variability in maladaptive aggression in children with psychiatric disorders. Linking these individual differences in the connectome to variation in behavioral phenotypes will advance identification of neural biomarkers of maladaptive childhood aggression to inform targeted treatments.
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Shamay-Tsoory SG, Hertz U. Adaptive Empathy: A Model for Learning Empathic Responses in Response to Feedback. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1008-1023. [PMID: 35050819 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211031926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Empathy is usually deployed in social interactions. Nevertheless, common measures and examinations of empathy study this construct in isolation from the person in distress. In this article we seek to extend the field of examination to include both empathizer and target to determine whether and how empathic responses are affected by feedback and learned through interaction. Building on computational approaches in feedback-based adaptations (e.g., no feedback, model-free and model-based learning), we propose a framework for understanding how empathic responses are learned on the basis of feedback. In this framework, adaptive empathy, defined as the ability to adapt one's empathic responses, is a central aspect of empathic skills and can provide a new dimension to the evaluation and investigation of empathy. By extending existing neural models of empathy, we suggest that adaptive empathy may be mediated by interactions between the neural circuits associated with valuation, shared distress, observation-execution, and mentalizing. Finally, we propose that adaptive empathy should be considered a prominent facet of empathic capabilities with the potential to explain empathic behavior in health and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone G Shamay-Tsoory
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa.,Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa
| | - Uri Hertz
- Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa.,Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Haifa
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Yuan Q, Fan Z, Leng J. The Effect of Emotional Reactivity on Marital Quality in Chinese Couples: The Mediating Role of Perceived Partner Responsiveness. Front Psychol 2022; 12:787899. [PMID: 35115988 PMCID: PMC8806163 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.787899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the mediating role of perceived partner responsiveness in the relationship between emotional reactivity and marital quality among Chinese couples. The survey participants included 550 couples from 28 provinces in the Eastern, Central and Western China. The ages of the husbands range from 39 to 64 years old whose average age is 46.45 years old, while the ages of the wives vary between 32 and 62 years old whose average age is 45.08 years old. The Emotion Reactivity Scale, Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale, and Quality of Marriage Index were selected for measurement. The results showed that the scores of husbands perceived partner responsiveness and marital quality were significantly higher than those of wives, and there was no significant difference in emotional reactivity between husbands and wives. Correlation analysis showed that emotional reactivity of couples was negatively correlated with perceived partner responsiveness and marital quality, while perceived partner responsiveness was positively correlated with marital quality. Based on the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM), it was found that the emotional reactivity of both spouses was a significant negative predictor of their marital quality (actor effect). It also significantly negatively predicted the marital quality of the spouse (partner effect). The mediating effect analysis results showed that the husbands’ perceived partner responsiveness played a mediating role in the emotional reactivity of the couples on marital quality of the husbands, and the wives’ perceived partner responsiveness played a mediating role in the emotional reactivity of the couples on marital quality of the husbands. The wives’ perceived partner responsiveness played a mediating role in the effect of the couples’ emotional reactivity on the wives’ marital quality. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of emotional reactivity of couples affecting marital quality and have a guiding significance for improving marital quality.
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Apgar D, Cadmus T. Using Mixed Methods to Assess the Coping and Self-regulation Skills of Undergraduate Social Work Students Impacted by COVID-19. CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL 2022; 50:55-66. [PMID: 33589848 PMCID: PMC7875683 DOI: 10.1007/s10615-021-00790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing coping and self-care strategies has always been important for social work students as they prepare for work that can take a psychological, emotional, mental, and physical toll and adversely impact their health and well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented in its impact on social work education as it forced students to quickly transition to online learning and leave field sites abruptly to do remote activities. The degree to which and how social work students effectively coped with these changes has not been adequately studied, despite recognition that understanding how personal experiences and affective reactions influence professional judgment and behavior is a critical social work competency. To help fill this void, a mixed-methods study was conducted using video narratives and survey data to assess the coping and self-regulation skills of a cohort of undergraduate social work students. Findings indicate that these students experienced multiple stressors in all aspects of their biopsychosocial functioning due to COVID-19. Many coping skills learned for use with clients were demonstrated by students themselves. Self-sufficient, avoidant, and socially-supported coping mechanisms were frequently used and relied on by students. Use of self-distraction and active coping increased, while denial decreased within the first month after transitioning to remote learning. Implications of the findings for social work education, practice, and research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Apgar
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079 USA
| | - Thomas Cadmus
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079 USA
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Flores LE, Alarcón G, Eckstrand KL, Lindenmuth M, Forbes EE. Interpersonal context and desired emotional closeness in neural response to negative visual stimuli: Preliminary findings. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2438. [PMID: 34874622 PMCID: PMC8785641 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emotions typically emerge in interpersonal contexts, but the neural circuitry involved remains insufficiently understood. Two key features of interpersonal contexts are interpersonal interactions (e.g., supportive physical touch serving as a form of social regulation) and interpersonal traits. Social regulation research has predominately focused on fear by using physical threat (i.e., electric shock) as the stimulus. Given that social regulation helps with various negative emotions in the real world, using visual stimuli that elicit negative emotions more broadly would also be beneficial. Differing from trait loneliness-which is related to lower recruitment of social circuitry in negative socioaffective contexts-trait desired emotional closeness is related to adaptive outcomes and may demonstrate an opposite pattern. This study investigated the roles of social regulation and desired emotional closeness in neural response to aversive social images. METHODS Ten pairs of typically developing emerging adult friends (N = 20; ages 18-25) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) handholding task. Each friend viewed negative and neutral social images in the scanner under two conditions: (a) holding their friend's hand and (b) having their friend in the room. RESULTS Handholding attenuated response to aversive social images in a region implicated in emotion and inhibitory control (right dorsal striatum/anterior insula/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex). Desired emotional closeness was positively associated with response to aversive social images (in the no handholding condition) in self and social processing (right ventral posterior cingulate cortex) and somatosensory regions (right postcentral gyrus). DISCUSSION These findings extend previous research on the roles of interpersonal behaviors and tendencies in neural response to aversive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Flores
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Gabriela Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen L Eckstrand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Morgan Lindenmuth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erika E Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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López-Pérez B, Hanoch Y, Gummerum M. Coronashaming: interpersonal affect worsening in contexts of COVID-19 rule violations. Cogn Emot 2021; 36:106-119. [PMID: 34886740 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.2013778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTExperiencing empathy for others has been linked to worsening others' feelings against their wishes. These paternalistic empathic goals have been theorised to happen at the dyad level when an agent aims to worsen a target's emotional state. They may also operate at a broader level when agents are third-party observers of COVID-19 lockdown rule violations. In these instances, agents can impact transgressors' affect engaging in Coronashaming. In three studies, we measured British people's (Ntotal = 767) vulnerability (Study 1), age (Studies 2 and 3), and empathy towards COVID-19 victims and presented them with different scenarios depicting a breach of lockdown rules to assess the emotions participants wanted to inflict in transgressor, the strategies used, and whether they wanted stricter rules to be enforced. Results confirmed shame as the emotion preferred to induce in violators, with this preference linked to higher use of engagement strategies (i.e. to make transgressors understand what they did wrong). Finally, empathy was positively linked to higher affect worsening and wanting stricter rules to be enforced. This suggests that empathy towards potential victims of COVID-19 rules violations can motivate people to worsen the feelings of transgressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaniv Hanoch
- Business School, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Fotopoulou A, von Mohr M, Krahé C. Affective regulation through touch: homeostatic and allostatic mechanisms. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021; 43:80-87. [PMID: 34841013 PMCID: PMC7612031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We focus on social touch as a paradigmatic case of the embodied, cognitive, and metacognitive processes involved in social, affective regulation. Social touch appears to contribute three interrelated but distinct functions to affective regulation. First, it regulates affects by fulfilling embodied predictions about social proximity and attachment. Second, caregiving touch, such as warming an infant, regulates affect by socially enacting homeostatic control and co-regulation of physiological states. Third, affective touch such as gentle stroking or tickling regulates affect by allostatic regulation of the salience and epistemic gain of particular experiences in given contexts and timescales. These three functions of affective touch are most likely mediated, at least partly, by different neurobiological processes, including convergent hedonic, dopaminergic and analgesic, opioidergic pathways for the attachment function, 'calming' autonomic and endocrine pathways for the homeostatic function, while the allostatic function may be mediated by oxytocin release and related 'salience' neuromodulators and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Fotopoulou
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mariana von Mohr
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Krahé
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Slovak P, Ford BQ, Widen S, Daudén Roquet C, Theofanopoulou N, Gross JJ, Hankin B, Klasnja P. An In Situ, Child-Led Intervention to Promote Emotion Regulation Competence in Middle Childhood: Protocol for an Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e28914. [PMID: 34751666 PMCID: PMC8663453 DOI: 10.2196/28914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion regulation is a key transdiagnostic risk factor for a range of psychopathologies, making it a prime target for both prevention and treatment interventions in childhood. Existing interventions predominantly rely on workshops or in-person therapy-based approaches, limiting the ability to promote emotion regulation competence for children in everyday settings and at scale. Purrble is a newly developed, inexpensive, socially assistive robot-in the form of an interactive plush toy-that uses haptic feedback to support in-the-moment emotion regulation. It is accessible to children as needed in their daily lives, without the need for a priori training. Although qualitative data from previous studies show high engagement in situ and anecdotal evidence of the robot being incorporated into children's emotion regulation routines, there is no quantitative evidence of the intervention's impact on child outcomes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of a new intervention model for child-led emotion regulation-Purrble-that can be deployed across prevention and treatment contexts. METHODS Overall, 134 children aged 8 to 10 years will be selected from an enriched nonclinical North American population; for inclusion, the cutoff for the parents' rating of child dysregulation will be ≥10 points in the total difficulties score on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. This cutoff was selected to obtain a measurable, but not necessarily clinical, level of the child's emotion regulatory difficulties. The selected families will be randomly assigned with .5 probability to receive either a Purrble or an active control (noninteractive plush toy). The primary outcome will be a daily ecological momentary assessment measure of child emotion regulation capability (as reported by parents) over a period of 4 weeks. Exploratory analyses will investigate the intervention impact on secondary outcomes of child emotion regulation, collected weekly over the same 4-week period, with follow-ups at 1 month and 6 months postdeployment. Quantitative data will be analyzed on an intent-to-treat basis. A proportion of families (approximately 30% of the sample) will be interviewed after deployment as part of the process analysis. RESULTS The study is funded by the UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/T041897/1) and an in-kind contribution from the Committee for Children. This study received ethical approval from the Pearl institutional review board (#18-CFC-101). Participant recruitment started in February 2021, with the 1-month deployment in April-May 2021. The results of this analysis will be published in 2022. CONCLUSIONS This study will be the first quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of an innovative, proof-of-concept intervention model for an in situ, child-led emotion regulation intervention. Insights into the trajectory of daily changes, complemented with weekly questionnaire batteries and postdeployment interviews, will result in an in-depth understanding of whether and how the hypothesized intervention logic model works, leading to further intervention optimization. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04810455; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04810455. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/28914.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Slovak
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Q Ford
- Psychology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sherri Widen
- Committee for Children, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Predrag Klasnja
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Goodman M, Wangamati SA, Maranga FKN, Gitari S, Seidel S, Keiser P. Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence Among Kenyan Males: Mediation by Self-Esteem and Impulsivity. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:9035-9059. [PMID: 31339427 PMCID: PMC9374165 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519862278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates associations between childhood social environments and current intimate partner conflict tactics in early adulthood. The subsample for this study (n = 251 men) were participants in a larger community-based study of men's mental and behavioral health in semirural Kenya. A survey questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers, including validated recall measures from childhood, collective self-esteem and impulsivity, and the conflict tactics scale short form. Analyses utilized regression and mediation methods. The recall measures evaluated the degree of relational warmth and safety recalled from early childhood and forms of abuse, neglect and dysfunction present in the childhood home. Collective self-esteem assessed the perceived value of one's social groups and one's value as a member of these groups. Impulsivity measured the propensity to act without thinking. The conflict tactics scale evaluates the presence and frequency of specific behaviors following intimate partner conflict, which lead to two factors-negotiation-based tactics and violence tactics. More early memories of relational warmth, responsiveness, and safety during childhood predict fewer violent intimate conflict tactics. More adverse childhood experiences predict more violent conflict tactics and fewer negotiation-based conflict tactics. Self-esteem and impulsivity mediated associations between recalled childhood experiences and conflict tactics. Further research is required to explore other predisposing factors, psychological processes, and cultural and social norms surrounding the use of violent and nonviolent intimate partner conflict resolution by young men in Sub-Saharan Africa. Violence prevention strategies and policies should explicitly link intimate partner violence prevention with prevention of violence against boys. Interventions should recognize men who perpetrate intimate partner violence are more likely victims of violent childhoods than men who do not perpetrate intimate partner violence. Promoting collective self-esteem and reducing impulsivity among young men may reduce violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goodman
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sodzo International, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip Keiser
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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